PORIFERA AND CNIDARIA

By :
Name : Yasmine Aurellia
Student ID : B1B017019
Entourage : VI
Group :4
Assistant : Solikhul Amin

ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS II LABORATORY REPORT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2019
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Porifera and Cnidaria are a phylum that is included in the invertebrate animals.
This classification is based on several things, namely based on body construction, the
presence or absence of body symmetry, the initial formation of the mouth and anus, the
presence or absence of the coelom (body cavity) and the presence or absence of
metamerism and tagmatization. Sponges, also called Porifera, are primitive
multicellular animals. Porifera is the simplest multicellular animal. The body has no
real tissues or organs. The word “Porifera” comes from the Latin word “Porus” means
small hole, while “Ferre” means to carry or bear. The word is to show the specificity
of the animals concerned, namely animals that have many small holes and when
abbreviated enough to be called porous animals (Rusyana, 2013).
Phylum Porifera is a sessile animal (life is attached to the substrate). Porifera live
heterotrophically. The food is plankton and bacteria. Food that enters the body is in
liquid form, so that the Porifera is referred to as a liquid eater, by the process of water
being drawn through the pores into the middle cavity, spongocoel and then flowing out
of the sponge through a larger opening called the osculum (Rusyana, 2013). The body
of a sponge consists of two layers of cells, there are two cells (in between) composed
of soft material called mesoglea. The inner layer cells are formed with flagea, which
regulates the flow of these cells to capture food particles.
Phylum Cnidaria includes various forms such as jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone
and coral. Cnidaria is a phylum from the simplest animal that has more complete tissue
compared to the Phylum Porifera because the body's walls already have three layers,
namely ectoderm (outermost layer), mesoglea (middle layer) and gastroderm (inner
layer, and has a more complex body structure). Cnidaria cells are organized to form
tissues and functions are coordinated by simple nerves, including this Phylum Cnidaria.
Cnidaria has a digestive cavity (gastrovascular) and mouth, but does not have anus
(Nontji, 2005).
The majority of Cnidarians prey on organisms ranging from the size of plankton
to animals that are several times larger than themselves, but many of them get nutrients
from endosymbiotic algae and some are parasites. Like Porifera and Ctenophora,
Cnidarians have two main layers which surround the jelly-like middle layer called
mesoglea, more complex animals have three main cell layers and no jelly-like
intermediate layer. Therefore, Cnidaria and Ctenophora are traditionally referred to as
diploblastics, together with Porifera (Seipel, 2005). Cnidaria is an animal that does not
have a real intestine, but giving the name with the term "Hollow Animal" is still not
 appropriate considering that the coelenterata is an animal that does not have an actual
body cavity (coelom), which is owned by only a central cavity in the body called
coelenteron. In reality coelenteron is a tool that has a dual function, namely a digestion
tool for food and as a means of distributing food saris to all parts of the body.

B. Objectives

The objectives of this laboratory activity are:

1. Students learn and observe some members of Phylum Porifera and Cnidaria.
2. Students learn some basic characteristics for Phylum Porifera and Cnidaria
identification and classification.
 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The Phylum Porifera is the only phylum from the Parazoa branch of the Animalia
Kingdom, those without real tissue, which deviated from the bloodline long after the
multicellularity of the colonial protists. The characteristic of Phylum Porifera is that there
is no definite symmetry. A multicellular body, some tissues, no organs. Cells and tissues
surround the space that is filled with water but there is no true body cavity. All are sessile
(life is attached to something). Generative or vegetative reproduction, generative
reproduction can be gonochoristic or hermaphrodite. Do not have a nervous system.
Having different larval stages with planktonic. Live in an aquatic environment, especially
the sea. All are food filters. Often has a spicular skeleton (Nontji, 2005).
The characteristic of Phylum Cnidaria are radial symmetry, diploblastic body. It is
called Cnidaria because it has stinging cells (cnidoblasts) on the ectoder part. Cnidoblasts
contain nematocytes which function to capture prey. Has two body shapes, namely polyp
(tubular body, unable to move freely / attached and medusa (umbrella shaped body, can
swim freely). Vegetative reproduction by forming buds and generatively by fertilization
of the ovum by spermatozoid. According to Danko et al., (2018), as asexual reproduction
is typically less costly than sexual reproduction, the clonal population can increase
rapidly. The presence of a large number of clones, which can initiate sexual reproduction,
contributes greatly to the pool of sexually produced propagules. Asexual reproduction
enables many Cnidarian species to form dense populations. In extreme cases, the high
population density among medusalike Cnidarians can result in the so-called “jellyfish
blooms” which occur mainly in estuaries and along the coasts of temperate and boreal
regions. Jellyfish populations undergo seasonal fluctuations, with sudden outbursts being
followed by population crashes. The large aggregations of medusae are typically formed
by Scyphozoa and Hydrozoa.
Phylum Porifera or sponges are traditionally divided into three classes. Class
Calcareae (calcispongiae), Calcaspongiae word comes from Latin, namely “Calca” means
chalk and “Spongiae” means Porifera, an example is Leucosolenia. Next is Class
Hexatinellidae (glass sponges), an example is Regadrela. The last is Class Demospongiae,
an example is Hipposongia. However, research has shown that Homoscleromorpha, is a
group thought to belong to Class Demospongiae, which is actually phylogenetically
separated. Therefore, they have recently been recognized as the fourth Class Porifers. If
its based on the composition of their framework, Bergquist (1998), states Porifera was
classified into all of above (Calcareae, Hexatinellidae, Demospongiae and
Homoscleromorpha).
Phylum Cnidaria based on the dominant form in its cycle and habitat, Cnidarian or
Coelenterata is divided into three classes. The Class Hydrozoa derived from Greek,
namely “Hydro” means water and “Zoa” means animal. Then the Class Scyphozoa
derived from Greek, namely “Scyphos” means bowl and “Zoa” means animal. The last is
the Class Anthozoa derived from Greek, namely “Antho” means flower and “Zoa” means
animal. While based on the body form, cnidocyte types and reproduction, Cnidaria can be
classified into five classes. Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Staurozoa, Cubozoa and Anthozoa
(Seipel, 2005).
The first classis characteristics are from the Phylum Porifera. There are four classis.
The first is Calcareae, the Class Calcareae is a Porifera that has a body frame (spicula)
from calcium carbonate. Calcareae usually live in shallow seas. Most of his body is pale
with a height of approximately 10 cm and is usually shaped like a flower vase. The second
is Hexatinellidae, the Class Hexatinellidae is a Porifera that has a silica body frame
(spikula) or better known as sand or quartz. Generally these animals live in the deep sea.
The Third is Demospongiae, the Class Demospongiae is a group of Porifera whose body
framework is composed of sponge fibers. Generally live in deep and shallow seas, but
some live in fresh water. Demospongiae is the only Class Porifera whose members live in
fresh water. Demospongiae is the largest class of Porifera, 90% of all Porifera are this
class. The body structure of all Demospongiae is a type of Leukon or Rhagon. Its body
size reaches more than 1 m and its colour is bright. The class Demospongiae represents
almost 80% of all known sponges (Morrow et al., 2019). The last is Homoscleromorpha.
According to Gazave et al., (2010), Class Homoscleromorpha can be predominant and
they seem to be strong competitors for space, overgrowing massive sponges, sea fans and
erect bryozoans. Homoscleromorpha possess flagellated exopinacocytes and
endopinacocytes, peculiar flagellated apopylar cells, a cinctoblastula larva, cross-striated
ciliar rootlets in larval cells, a basement membrane underlying both choanoderm and
pinacoderm and zonula adhaerens cell junctions in adults and larval epithelia.
The second classis characteristics are from the Phylum Cnidaria. There are five
classes. The first is Hydrozoa, the Class Hydrozoa are Coelenterata groups that live in
both shallow sea and fresh water Generally, cnidocytes present in the epidermis, solitary
life is polyp (settled in one place), and solitary life can be polyp or medusa (Gazave et al.,
2010). Generally measuring 0.5 - 6 cm. The second is Scyphozoa, the Class Scyphozoa
has cnidocytes present in the epidermis and gastrodermis, included in Coelenterata groups
that have the shape of a bowl. Scyphozoa are more predominantly medusa (free life)
during their life cycle. The size of the body is around 2 - 40 cm. If the polyps from this
group reproduce asexually, they will produce medusa offspring. The third is Staurozoa,
the Class Staurozoa is mostly marine, especially in cold water, medusa is absent, and
attached on substrate, sexual reproduction. Staurozoa is a class of benthic cnidarians, the
so-called stalked jellyfishes represented by approximately 50 species (Miranda et al.,
2016). The fourth is Cubozoa, the Class Cubozoa is marine, medusa is prominent and
cuboidal in shape, cnidocytes present in epidermis and gastrodermis and with high toxin,
sexual reproduction, gametes gastrodermal in origin and released into gastrovascular
cavity. The last is Anthozoa, the Class Anthozoa are a group of coelenterata that have
colorful tentacles such as flowers. Anthozoa do not have the form of a medusa, they are
only found in the form of polyps (living in one place). These animals usually live in
shallow seas in a colony or solitary.
 III. METHODOLOGY

A. Materials

The instruments used in this laboratory activity are specimen tray, forceps,
magnifying glass, light microscope, stereo microscope, camera, animal identification
book, gloves, surgical mask and stationary.
The material used in this laboratory activity are some specimens of Porifera and
Cnidaria.

B. Methods

The method used in this laboratory activity are :

1. The morphological characters of the specimens are observed, drawn and
described by students.
2. The specimens identified by students with identification keys/literature.
3. Simple identification key was made by students based on the observed characters.
4. The discussion and conclusion constructed by students based on the result data.
 REFERENCES

Bergquist, P. R., 1998. Porifera. Oxford: University Press.

Danko, A., Schaible, R., Pijanowska, J. & Danko, M. J., 2018. Population Density Shapes
Patterns of Survival and Reproduction In Eleutheria dichotoma (Hydrozoa:
Anthoathecata). Marine biology, 165(3), pp.1-10.

Gazave, E., Lapebie, P., Renard, E., Vacelet, J., Rocher, C., Ereskovsky, A.V., Lavrov,
D.V. & Borchiellini, C., 2010. Molecular Phylogeny Restores The Supra-Generic
Subdivision of Homoscleromorph Sponges (Porifera, Homoscleromorpha). PloS
one, 5(12), pp.42-90.

Miranda, L. S., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Falconer, A., Fenwick, D., Marques, A. C. &
Collins, A. G., 2016. Systematics of Stalked Jellyfishes (Cnidaria:
Staurozoa). PeerJ, 4, pp.1-48.

Morrow, C., Cardenas, P., Esnault, N. B., Picton, B., Mccormack, G., Soest, R. V.,
Collins, A., Redmond, N., Maggs, C., Sigwart, J. & Allcock, L. A., 2019.
Integrating Morphological and Molecular Taxonomy with The Revised Concept
of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean
Society, 1(2), pp.1-12.
Nontji, A., 2005. Lautan Nusantara. Jakarta: Djambatan.

Rusyana, A., 2013. Zoologi Invertebrata (Teori dan Praktek). Bandung: Alfabeta.

Seipel, K. & Schmid, V., 2005. Evolution of Striated Muscle: Jellyfish and The Origin of
Triploblastisty. Developmental Biology Journal, 282(1), pp.14-26.