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Strategic Management Report
Strategic Management Report
Awareness Regarding Antenatal & Post Natal Care and Preference of Female Doctors
among Males and Females within Residence of Karachi
COURSE NAME
Strategic Management
1
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Dear Readers:
Here is the report, Awareness Regarding Antenatal & Post Natal Care and Preference of Female
Doctors among Males and Females within Residence of Karachi, which is the requirement for the
completion of Strategic Management Course, MBA in Health and Hospital Management Program.
This project report has never been used/ submitted in any other university/ program/ publication/
examination. The group members of this report declare that this report is an original work except
where citations stated. This declaration constitutes an assertion that full and accurate references
and citations have been included contributed in this report directly or indirectly. The group
members permit to use this report for consultation and using its part for personal use but rules of
I am thankful to you, for providing me with the guidance and support which has added to my
knowledge and understanding of the topic. I hope that the research findings of this study would be
useful and would pave the way to further research in the similar area.
2
Group Members Name & Profile
I am a graduate of Aga Khan University and have completed my BSCN in 2015. Currently
working as a Senior Officer in Quality Improvement & Patient Safety department at The Indus
Hospital. I am currently in my fifth semester of MBA in Health & Hospital Management &
Regulatory Affairs at Indus Pharma (Pvt.) Ltd. having a versatile experience of International
Regulatory in Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical and Medical Devices. Along with this I am also
pursuing my professional degree in Health and Hospital Management from Institute of Business
Management.
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to our teacher Dr Asima Faisal for her guidance and
support throughout this project of Strategic Management on Awareness Regarding Antenatal &
Post Natal Care among Males and Females within Residence of Karachi .Also we would like to
thanks the participants of community members of Korangi Area and Garden for allowing us to
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TURNITIN REPORT
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Contents
Group Members Name & Profile .................................................................................................................. 3
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Study Title:.................................................................................................................................................... 8
Awareness Regarding Antenatal & Post Natal Care and Preference of Female Doctors among Males and
Females within Residence of Karachi ........................................................................................................... 8
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 8
History and Background ........................................................................................................................... 8
Rationale ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Objectives ................................................................................................................................................. 9
Target segment ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Interview Strategy ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Discussion & Results .................................................................................................................................. 11
MALES OF KORANGI: .................................................................................................................... 11
KNOWLEDGE REGARDING ANTENATAL CARE .............................................................................. 16
WHO PERFORMED THE DELIVERY?................................................................................................... 17
WHERE WAS ANTENATAL CARE DONE ............................................................................................ 17
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 50
Ethical recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 50
General Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 51
Picture ......................................................................................................................................................... 52
Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................... 53
Appendix 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 53
References ................................................................................................................................................... 54
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Executive Summary
Pakistan is one of the under developing nation where their women are prevent from having basic
necessities and healthcare facilities are still inaccessible to many of women. This study is based
on maternal & child health to identify the awareness of ante natal and post-natal care among male
and females of different areas of Karachi. Methodology targeted for this study is interview and
questionnaire based by visiting different hospitals located in both privileged and non-privileged
areas. From comparative analysis most of the participants residing in under privileged areas were
found with lack of information and awareness regarding antenatal and postnatal care whereas those
also given to female doctor for any of the antenatal and postnatal care.
Ongoing teaching is recommended to provide the basic knowledge regarding antenatal and
postnatal care.
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Study Title:
Awareness Regarding Antenatal & Post Natal Care and Preference of Female Doctors among
Introduction
History and Background
Pakistani women are deprived of even the basic necessities. The health facilities are inaccessible
to many Pakistani women even after so much of efforts. According to a survey done by USAID,
It has been noticed that there are huge disparities among the utilization of various health facilities.
The reason behind the disparities are the difference between the economic status, the poor are left
underprivileged and the rich people only get the change to avail the aforementioned health benefits.
According to the USAID data, the efforts for attaining millennium development goal 4 & 5 that
are related to maternal & child health is lacked by Pakistani government. The overall population
is expected to rise till 300 million by 2050. The maternal mortality ratio was identified to be 276
in 2006 – 207. More deaths were reported in rural areas than urban area.
Various researches have been conducted regarding maternal and child health. The major topics of
that study were regarding the awareness of females regarding antenatal and post-natal care.
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Rationale
Rational for conducting this research study is that the concerns for maternal & child health is
very significant and essential part of conception. The lack of awareness is causing a noncompliance
towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal hence, Good health and wellbeing of people
remains unfulfilled. Moreover, the antenatal and post-natal awareness may vary on the basis of
demographics hence it creates unequal care provision amongst the females and may cause maternal
and child health issues. The other rational of this study is to analyze the preference of female Obese
Objectives
1. The goal for the study is to identify the awareness of ante natal and post-natal checkup among
2. To identify the awareness of ante natal and post-natal checkup among male and females of
Garden Area.
3. To give teaching during data collection to males and females regarding ante natal and post-
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Target segment
The target segment for this research study is the residence of Korangi and Garden area.
Moreover, the data will also be collected from the women and men, visiting Sheikh Saeed
Hospital situated in Korangi. Pregnant women and those who recently delivered the baby were
chosen as target population. Moreover their husband was chosen to identify the difference of the
knowledge.
Interview Strategy
The interview was collected using questionnaire (Annexure A). The tool contained all the
demographic information and questions to illustrate the above mention objectives of the study. A
language that is easily understandable by participants will be used in order to make them
Population of Korangi and Garden was selected. Both the areas were selected for their comparative
analysis. Moreover, males and females both were interviewed independently to access their level
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Discussion & Results
MALES OF KORANGI:
While studying the population data of Korangi, following findings were noted:
The mean age of male were found to be 31.80. The minimum age was found to be 21 and
maximum was 47 years of age.
Age of participants
3
0
25 21 28 45 23 34 23 36 47 24 37 41 38 30
Number of participants
Age of Marriage:
Out of 15 males, 1 was married before he turned 15, while 8 married in the age group of 15-20, 6
11
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid Below 15 1 6.7 6.7 6.7
15-20 8 53.3 53.3 60.0
20-25 6 40.0 40.0 100.0
Total 15 100.0 100.0
Level of Education
Out of 15 participants, 8 were completely uneducated. However, 4 studied till primary school, 2
12
Level of education
7%
None
13%
Primary
The mean age of their wives at the time of their first baby was found to be 18 years of age. The
This depicts the breakdown according to age. Out of 15, one woman gave birth when they were
14 and 17 years of age. However two women gave birth for the first time at 16 and 22 years of
age. 5 women gave birth at 18 years of age and 4 gave birth at 19 years of age.
13
22, 2 14, 1 16, 2
19, 4 17, 1
18, 5
Marital Status
Occupation
As most of the males were under educated, most of the males were found to be employed as drivers,
and housekeeping staff. The table below shows the occupations of all the participants.
14
Number of People in Household
Most of the participant was found to be in nuclear family. The mean numbers of participants were
In the population of Korangi out of 15 participant, 4 have 1 and 2 live births. However, 1
15
Number of times conceived
5 participates responded that their wives conceived more than twice. However one was found to have
conceived 9 and more than 9 times.
27%
Yes
No
73%
16
WHO PERFORMED THE DELIVERY?
Most of the participants took their wife to Dai for delivery. However only four participants went to the
doctor. 4 participates saw LHV and 4 preferred nurse for the delivery.
20% Doctor
27%
Nurse
Dai- TBA
13%
40% Lady Health Visitor
17
HOW MANY MONTHS OLD WAS YOUR WIFE WHEN SHE FIRST
RECEIVED ANTENATAL CARE?
11 participants responded that their wife never received antenatal care. However, 1 did not know the
number of ties the wife received the care. 3 participants responded that wife received the care in 7 and
8 months
How many months pregnant was your wife when she first received Months antenatal care for
this pregnancy?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
18
Do you have any idea regarding post-natal checkup?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
POST NATAL
40% Yes
60% No
MALES OF GARDEN
The mean age of male were found to be 32.2. The minimum age was found to be 28 and maximum was
40 years of age.
19
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Valid N (listwise) 15
Age of participants
3
0
30 35 32 40 33 34 28 29 31 37 31
Number of participants
AGE OF MARRIAGE:
Out of 15 males, 3 married in the age group of 20- 25, 10 got married at 25-25- 30 years while 2
married after 30 years of age.
20
Age of getting married
13% 20%
20-25
25-30
67% More than 30
LEVEL OF EDUCATION:
Out of 15 participants, 1 were completely uneducated and studied till primary school. However,
4 studied till secondary school, 6 did graduation and 3 did post-graduation.
Level of education
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
21
Level of education
6%
7%
None
20%
Primary
27%
40%
Secondary
Graduate
The mean age of their wives at the time of their first baby was found to be 26.2 years of age. The
minimum age was 18 and the maximum age was 31.
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
22
AGE OF DELEVERING FIRST BABY
18
13% 6%
7% 22
7% 23
13% 24
7%
25
7%
28
27% 13% 29
30
MARITAL STATUS:
Out of 15 males, 10 were married, 4 were divorced and 1 was separated.
What is your current marital status?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
23
OCCUPATION OF MALES OF GARDEN:
Out of 15 males as most were educated, 2 were business men, 1 was driver, 1 was finance agent
and others belong to different professions. However, one was noted as Uber driver.
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
15 1 5 2.87 1.187
How many people (adults and
children) live in this household?
Valid N (listwise) 15
24
LIVE BIRTHS:
Most of the families had 1 and 2 number of live birth. However 3 and 4 live births were observed
by 3 and 2 number of people respectively.
Knowledge
20%
Yes
No
80%
25
WHO PERFORMED THE DELIVERY?
Most of the participants took their wife to doctor for delivery. However only one participants
went to the nurse.
Where did your wife receive antenatal Home care for her pregnancy?
HOW MANY MONTHS OLD WAS YOUR WIFE WHEN SHE FIRST
RECEIVED ANTENATAL CARE
2 participants responded that wife received the care in 1 month. While 1 answered that their wife
received care in 3 months. The answered were varied from 1 till 8 months. 1 participate had no
idea regarding the antenatal care.
How many months pregnant was your wife when she first received Months antenatal
care for this pregnancy?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
26
7 months 3 20.0 20.0 80.0
27
Knowledge
40% Yes
60% No
FEMALES OF KORANGI
Mean age of participants
The mean age of females were found to be 22.8. The minimum age was found to be 18 and maximum was
35 years of age.
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
28
Age
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Age
4
2
Series 1
0
18 19 20 21 22 25 30 35
29
DELIVERED FIRST BABY
The mean age at the time of their first baby was found to be 17.80 years of age. The minimum
age was 16 and the maximum age was 25
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
LEVEL OF EDUCATION:
Out of 15 participants, 10 were completely uneducated. However, 3 studied till primary school, 2
till secondary school.
Level of education
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
30
AGE OF MARRIAGE
Out of 15 females, 3 married in the age group below 15 while 10 got married between 15-20
years of age, 2 married in 20- 25 years of age.
MARITAL STATUS:
Out of 15 people, 13 were married, 1 was divorced and separated.
31
OCCUPATION
Most of the husbands were found to be employed as gardener, fruit & vegetable seller and
housekeeping staff. The table below shows the occupations of all the participants
What is your husband's occupation?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
32
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
15 1 15 6.60 3.334
How many people (adults and
children) live in this household?
33
KNOWLEDGE REGARDING ANTENATAL CARE
Out of 15 participants only 6 had an idea regarding antenatal care. While 9 had no idea about the
antenatal care.
Do you have any idea regarding antenatal checkup?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Did you see anyone for antenatal care for your pregnancy?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
34
WHERE WAS ANTENATAL CARE DONE?
2 participants responded that the antenatal care was provided at home, while 1 participant see
government hospital for the delivery. While 12 did not receive any care.
Where did you receive antenatal care for this pregnancy?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
How many months pregnant were you when you first received Months antenatal care
for this pregnancy?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
How many times did you receive Number antenatal care during this of times pregnancy?
35
RECOMMENDED ANTENATAL CHECKUPS
12 participants did not have any idea regarding antenatal checkups. While 1 responded that
recommended checkups are 5, 2 and 1 .
How many ante natal checkups are recommended in pregnancy?
36
VISITIED ANYONE FOR POST NATAL CHECK UP
Only 2 participants responded to have seen someone for post-natal care. However, the majority
did see anyone post-natal care.
MEDICATION CONSUMPTION:
Only 1 participants consumed medication however 14 did not receive any medication.
Did you took your medicines?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
37
Female Garden
The mean age of male were found to be 30.27. The minimum age was found to be 25 and
maximum was 35 years of age.
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Age 15 25 35 30.27 3.494
Valid N (listwise) 15
Age
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
38
Age
5
4
3
2 Series 1
1
0
25 28 29 30 32 33 35
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
Out of 15 participants, 1 studied till primary school, 3 till secondary school and 8 did graduation and 3
post-graduation.
Level of education
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
AGE OF MARRIAGE:
Out of 15 females, 1 married in the age group of 15-20, 4 got married at 20-25years while 8
married after 25 years of age.
At what age you got married
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
39
DELIVERED FIRST BABY
The mean age at the time of their first baby was found to be 29 years of age. The minimum age
was 21 and the maximum age was 34.
MARITAL STATUS:
Out of 15 people, 10 were married, 3 were divorced and 2 were separated.
What is your current marital status?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
40
OCCUPATION
Most of the husbands were found to be business men, and few were found t be at different
positions of different fields. The table below shows the occupations of all the participants
41
NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTH
In the population of Garden out of 15 participant, 7 have 2 live births. However,8 participant has
1 live birth babies.
How many live births have you had?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
42
WHO PERFORMED THE DELIVERY?
Most of the participants took their wife to doctor. However only 3 participants went to nurse.
Whom did you see?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
43
TIMESRECIEVED ANTENATAL CARE
4 participants went for antenatal checkups 4 times however 7 went for checkups thrice. 1 the
answers varied from 0 to 5 times.
How many times did you receive Number antenatal care during this of times pregnancy?
4 responded that recommended checkups are 5, while 5 responded that the recommended
checkups are 4. The answers ranged from 0 to 7.as minimum and maximum values. The mean
answer was calculated as 4.33.
How many ante natal checkups are recommended in pregnancy?
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
15 0 7 4.33 1.633
How many ante natal checkups are
recommended in pregnancy?
Valid N (listwise) 15
44
KNOWLEDGE REGARDING POST NATAL CHECK UP
13 participants responded to have awareness regarding post-natal care. However, 2 did not have
any ide regarding the post-natal care.
Do you have any idea regarding post-natal checkup?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Did your husband accompany you for the antenatal and post-natal checkup?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
45
PROVISION OF IRON SUPPLEMENTS:
8 received iron supplements. However 7 did not receive iron supplements during pregnancy.
MEDICATION CONSUMPTION:
8 participants consumed medication however 7 did not receive any medication.
46
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Variables Males – Males- Garden Female- Females-
of age
Graduate
self or Drivers & men and officers. Gardner, fruit & Business men
staff.
people in house
hold
47
Outliers: 8
live births
twice.
Outliers:
more than 9
regarding
antenatal care
antenatal
checkups (
female only)
48
for the first
time
antenatal
checkups.
natal checkups
accompanied
during
antenatal &
post-natal
checkups
supplements (
females)
doctors male
49
Conclusion
The comparative analysis answers the agenda of conducting the research study. Most of the
participants of Korangi were found to found lack of awareness regarding antenatal & postnatal
care. Whereas population of Garden were aware about the aforementioned variables. Since there
was lack of knowledge regarding the antenatal & post-natal care, Majority did not seek proper car
and landed to local Dai’s and home based deliveries. Moreover, their husbands’ did not accompany
them for any checkups or during delivery. The opposite responses were received from the
population of garden. This shows the population of korangi needs education regarding antenatal
and post-natal care of that maternal and child mortality and morbidities can be minimized.
Moreover, the females of korangi did not take any iron supplements during their pregnancy that
The other objective was to identify the preferences of male and female doctors and most of the
people responded that they prefer female doctor over male doctors. This leads to unfavorable
Ongoing teaching was provided to The koramgi population to enhance their knowledge
Ethical recommendations
Sheikh Saeed hospital is providing free of cost care to the female population in order to reduce
the occurrences of maternal & child mortality and morbidities. However, due to lack of
awareness and facilities a very limited population can be catered. Resources should be arranged
to occupy more population in order to facilitate the underprievelied one with the antenatal and
post-natal care.
50
NGO’s should provide teaching to the females and males of these areas so that they approach
Government should increase medical facilities for those who cannot afford high cost of birth. So
that no body is left deprived of the basic right of health which is one of the sustainable
development goal.
General Recommendations
Males should be given equal rights to practice obese & gynecology in Pakistan. Females & Males
should be provided with the knowledge to give equal chances to male for their care and treatment
Knowledge regarding population control and education should be provided to korangi population
51
Picture
52
Appendix
Appendix 1
53
References
54