dhe sept madtone. 2) tal aan / pe ny ano ha ‘4 be ply oe: fhe Point of vrertlance Lie y Pole: motu conte a t 4 . Frnbnge rhe aes coke Saale 7 ae Po Laws , fo bob us y) Atl lisfances Ure measured fm # g f ) Jak optent cate 3) Dit rmossure din the. clreckitn Petit eta pe eee a 3 The Miphts abso dhe plincypel aris we te ard below ib are —v%. Relation het ACS cot Mong Bh (4) ant TO , we that sretdlont ane nial Sree ak les wt nl dma ‘ mn cal ani).a= L kmatonce ; o- MD , tm ao> MD . tan ie ED hae tan26 x29 | Tee mall O, peint Mp om FD= FCP fo tat 2, agMD cD p uvey cle & te pene Ps FPF a = fe £- a arleip ~AMPR p ABH for paraxial vay eee 1 gt as M P= AB Ae paleep ah ABP ae. 82 —@ AB BPeof) = =e > kh. -()- ae hea, 256n" -27 le ) oe Aes tbytot mones clacer fo fhe mire, SF : LU sbyjct Weather Fo and amoge i so a 9.2 A 4.5 cm needle is placed 12 cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Give the location of the image and the magnification. Describe what happens as the needle is moved farther from the mirror.[ 9.2 v = 6.7 cm. Magnification = 5/9, i.e., the size of the image is 2.5 cm. As uo; v > (but never beyond) while m— 0.] Aro he 456m, U2 —tllm, £ = +15 Gm bale - & vr A2bm we Id 15 : a 5 ee eeena a Wage ae) - > m = - > fo Yl Gis q hls Sx YSlme &Slm, 4 in bs object Le is mbned p> dha mervby, prage Sie dacreaw, and position we —9 ae9.15 Use the mirror equation to deduce that: a (a) an object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror produces a real image beyond 2f (b) a convex mirror always produces a virtual image independent of the location of the object. (c) the virtual image produced by a convex mirror is always diminished in size and is located between the focus and the pole. (d) an object placed between the pole and focus of a concave mirror produces a virtual and enlarged image. [Note: This exercise helps you deduce algebraically properties of images that one obtains from explicit ray diagrams.][ 9.15 Apply mirror equation and the condition: (a) f<0 (concave mirror); u < 0 (object on left) (b) f> 0; u <0 (c) f> 0 (convex mirror) and u < 0 (d) f< 0 (concave mirror); f Hag oa want @ x6 — tp hg _ Cy Sun fee © 46, 078 = he — x oc. Hin ee iit dl but it duffle age wet tnoitink wp ee ALL Sm. —O O7rOr® Sindy Sint Sin Sin = AEM Sati — Ney EIS" SSA Sita “MpaNew Nae = 1 ntn Site Nac ©\y ieee ca baNac Neb 604 Nba Nac =Nbe3) Mpuast Bp + fetlon af _ t, cppeans we be Aaa! Fink felled wile. Io OA = = Rack pth nop O'A = apparent Aepth Sat ~ Ne a O'B is AB/o'B OB | ' &— A fe Nie i = OA- OFF “ti : +) Ne ee ates) ea tmaeect mis todel Mage = on dun Pha throw oct tess a i Spal ath Ee 8 6C- TR] toe Cea of “Fat tet og a oink objet! at Ate en sas 2 w(ind) + e(I- at E = 6194 B45 1oA ‘9,3 A tank is filled with water to a height of 12.5 cm. The apparent depth of a needle lying at the bottom of the tank is measured by a microscope to be 9.4 cm. ‘What is the refractive index of water? If water is replaced by a liquid of refractive index 1.63 up to the same height, by what distance would the microscope have to be moved to focus on the needle again? eee 126. 133. Ye n> 163 them A> B deat eco or Gin 163 Bf = 14-767 = 113 Ge 9.4 Figures (a) and (b) show refraction of a ray in air incident at 60° with the normal to a glass-air and water-air interface, respectively. Predict the angle of refraction in glass when the angle of incidence in water is 45° with the normal to a water-glass interface [Fig.(c)]. without a screen. But the image does exist. Rays from a given point on the object are converging to an image 2 , oo Glass Water = jar as Water 41° 45° point fa in space and diverging away. The screen simply diffuses these rays, some of which reach our eye and we see the image. This can be seen by the images formed in air during a laser Tapes, OBE O Myer Myeree F GuinS ; Sin 45. Sino Sin? Naw = ea Sa? Sun 35 Sim 60 ints Sin36_= Sor? Gn 0-618 =Su ? 2p-2°= 243446 Tah. 108 9.5 A si bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank containing water to a depth of 80cm. What is the area of the surface of water through which light from the bulb can emerge out? Refractive index of water is 1.33. (Consider the bulb to be a point source.) ot es ee : oe > Sak eee 1 wee Ot OTS Bp 2h = Sin (0-15) als |e t, =48-6° dn : Hani = LE ve VE BOGm Fant < " BOGm = 860m x | 134S=40:1 ull ~ = 0907 m i Area og wate = FB po = 3y x(0-90F) OE = QS 18m Wyig A small pin fixed on a table top is viewed from above from a distance of 50cm. By what distance would the pin appear to be raised if it is viewed from the same point through a 15cm thick glass slab held parallel to the table? Refractive index of glass = 1.5. Does the answer depend on the location of the slab A-R = 156 = 10G, eee LS R 156m Bhat = |5-\0=5G (eatreeeee creates Lia 45%= u (Ut) eo = eee ih JA= le uiy Mow => tesr te & vice verse : us Keun &1U7E 2 L4H oe Ue fer G&B- = B - i bse, tam 45” suffer TIR. only R is dransmittich Out4.5 31h) The ek safes 24 mrs Lo medete once. Ahot UE are. Hoo muck fire Aves te Sun take do Mifl by ("hen viewed ftom bs. earch? bw, BE? = Whe 12 = 2H hye Yin 266ie) Diamsrd :> hamonal Aas ne € yd on pall cuireal a= De® Ths fos faye verge F wpe Ff Enaialenct,(24-4° —90" ), He inc my suffer TTR. and lirrnas exAcbet wi) TLR. Palsms:— [itt rae bene dit by 10° amok £0" by a > - RX Aas iv) Opheet Frbles *~ ee of ta soe 6 phe ste cladding Ab Gre mahgh oe nr ° ne M4 and cond) Ont gi other ong, vsihaut apprecahle Les of untentily » thy ae wed in Comminicalion and ae = Ae rlrrah organs A ka erophagus stoma ch and. prlstinas.,‘ "4 Py But oe 17 (a) Figure shows a cross-section of a ‘light pipe’ made of a glass fibre of refractive index 1.68. The outer covering of the pipe is made of a material of refractive index 1.44. What is the range of the angles of the incident rays with the axis of the pipe for which total reflections inside the pipe take place, as shown in the figure. (b) What is the answer if there is no outer covering of the pipe? ‘ Cae Me 44 2 0-857] Nar Na 1-68 2, = Sin! (0-B571)= 54° = min L oT TR. fe 2754" & BS hmax = 40-59" = Sa Bi? B= Gare 168% : = 68x 0- S156 Smt = a a = MAe fo 1 < 60" npif Fn TT.F. a Ges cao re ee 99-36-5585" eae ste glass (168) Sat _ £68 = Sars 68x 0-803 Oe te eee ee ee ; Sis = 535") 7 Sur = 3504 ave°18 9.18 Answer the following questions: (a) You have learnt that plane and convex mirrors produce virtual images of objects. Can they produce real images under some circumstances? Explain. (b) A virtual image, we always say, cannot be caught on a screen. Yet when we ‘see’ a virtual image, we are obviously bringing it on to the ‘screen’ (i.e., the retina) of our eye. Is there a contradiction? (c) A diver under water, looks obliquely at a fisherman standing on the bank of a lake. Would the fisherman look taller or shorter to the diver than what he actually is? (d) Does the apparent depth of a tank of water change if viewed obliquely? If so, does the apparent depth increase or decrease? (e) The refractive index of diamond is much greater than that of ordinary glass. Is - this fact of some use to a diamond cutter? [9.18 (a) Rays converging to a point ‘behind’ a plane or convex mirror are reflected to a point in front of the mirror on a screen. Tn other words, a plane or convex mirror can produce a real image if the object is virtual. Convince yourself by drawing an appropriate ray diagram. (b) When the reflected or refracted rays are divergent, the image is virtual. The divergent rays can be converged on to a screen by means of an appropriate converging lens. The convex lens of the eye does just that. The virtual image here serves as an object for the lens to produce a real image. Note, the screen here is not located at the position of the virtual image. There is no contradiction. (c) Taller (d) The apparent depth for oblique viewing decreases from its value for near-normal viewing. Convince yourself of this fact by drawing ray diagrams for different positions of the observer. (e) Refractive index of a diamond is about 2.42, much larger than that of ordinary glass (about 1.5). The critical angle of diamond is about 24°, much less than that of glass. A skilled diamond cutter exploits the larger range of angles of incidence (in the diamond), 24° to 90°, to ensure that light entering the diamond is totally reflected from many faces before getting out-thus producing a sparkling effect.]& (1) to Abuser (, = 15 fous Seem, o>? Re +20 (com Ae n2ot- abve fore concane. aarface) Pecan at Libut they ae 7. 7 ys tod, R= -|OG On RUS surface Aomser. ye lM rhs o iS + o5 > B= 5Gn 3.Re +100m the poor of te : ae oe tm the Otten F ae 2 — 13° 3OmThe, nage i tym fe fe et tfc core Clee the fe nf foe atc fa viaaa a Wee ee eR 7 Re vw vi Ry hddig C&D e nN Nn n.-N oo ee TR t) oo orfeo! OB a me = ™m oe weenie Pg a earl dene cine al et smassune of ae ale ae 3 di a Ushueh a dims ain droduces a Ledenad al — ds Apt filly as the em _ by wisi ea x verges a beam i | tt pil le ef F gen the. of tend con dnd = £ yop hel, tne wo fe 2 Oy fb wets, Pe ci ! f CD MIE Dieters Pa tve for conven 4 -ve forconcowe tons62 Convexo Convert or Convex Double ewnctne Oo Corcae Convex conwKx pine Convex4 327 23 ple 9.7 A magician during a show makes a glass lens with n = 1.47 disappears in a trough of liquid. What is the refractive index of the liquid? Could the liquid be we 7 quid be water eGift t) HX 20, -0 a 7° 2°, dons Uh as flare pa Bek No US AYE fp 328 a Example 9.8 (i) If f= 0.5 m for a glass lens, what is the power of the lens? (ii) The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are 10 cm and 15 cm. Its focal length is 12 cm. What is the refractive index of glass? (iii) A convex lens has 20 cm focal length in air, What is focal length in water? (Refractive index of air- water = 7 33, refractive index for air-glass = 1.5.) () Ped 22 Diopire ae os f= 126m 5 a a fr “4 ela eines to of ei (ms “ye x15 / ee iho = OnePp 330 24 ‘xample 9.9 Find the position of the image formed by the lens combination given in the Fig. Fe ed u, 2-30, ft f= +10,-10 © +30cm epee) glee eee aan vw Ui” Ff, Ws -30 Io ° is Oa Isa : i i] ot % ferret +30 em —P wort 0,0 uxtuich acts at dm object for 2rd Lunt oo b5—10—4 Uns 1S-S= +10Gm f.=-F0 ~ tet ew us So oe Virdewt” ee ieee 34S 9.7 Double-convex lenses are to be manufactured from a glass of refractive index 1.55, with both faces of the same radius of curvature. What is the radius of curvature required if the focal length is to be 20cm? ats [k=] on isle 055) a = 20X OS5x2 = 226m Ro346 9.8 A beam of light converges at a point P. New a lens is placed in the path of the convergent beam 12cm from P. At what point does the beam converge if the lens is (a) a convex lens of focal length 20cm, and (b) a concave lens of focal length 16cm? @ 1S Pent P acti asa vie thal obpodt U=tl2Gn > f > +20 P-L: tl» 6-756 20 y jo eG 12.Gm CEE EET nes Fo 6 i. ust; F : \_f a -A > Va +86, we We 7-16 i xp 9-9 An object of size 3.0cm is placed 14cm in front of a concave lens of focal length > 21cm. Describe the image produced by the lens. What happens if the object is “ moved further away from the lens? Toy he Bows We lle 9 f= AN Om fake tote ; a -2\ u vir tial 4 treet -8-4. 0-6 fen So Frage m= = u : ad m< loo smaller. hi. Of : , As As the object 4 mbvek aurey ia ple O-6X3Gm= [BGm — dhe tows vi Wied : oe ~ dowerds the fotus of The Lens (memer beymal F). ge Chase 9.10 What is the focal length of a convex lens of focal length 30cm in contact with a concave lens of focal length 20cm? Is the system a converging or a diverging Jens? Ignore thickness of the lenses. Au f= +3060 fy = 2006 a > fe 60Gm ie chi maging (concert) | fe i 20 20Pa BYF 26 9.19 The image of a small electric bulb fixed on the wall of a room is to be obtained on the opposite wall 3m away by means of a large convex lens. What is the maximum possible focal length of the lens required for the purpose? welt we 8 thy Le -(L-¥) there L = 3m = olist 6}, B5be | ee En é v a § ' tee oe -_—_ v I)” fF <—L——” 2 Le | eee alee wae Heese Boe eee § Lv-v § ge Ghat [een el en te me Te FO V(L-v) the i pore root a ve_Lvtlfzo fe oe SUF 2 Oo L*pUlf ‘ Rood. Jb 4ac % J f 23m =15ln Ben Fe mw FSB Samia wbe 2 FO 9.20 A screen is placed 90cm from an object. The image of the object on the screen © js formed by a convex lens at two different locations separated by 20cm. Determine © the focal length of the lens. : ) Bed i qo- x y L L204 . ‘20 U2 U ig eel qo-x . ui 49,= 90 =20 u+¥=% — @o-x) -* ae er Quo TO U,- VW, = 20 w-yv=20 -O OL x12 35m 7. 10-% = S56. Us 256, we +556 O+@O\ YNV=\lo MB=SS eel ae a fw UW" 58-35 fro 5 npn +55 Jj. 3S +55 ae he f° 36x65 an f Saini27 9.21 (a) Determine the ‘effective focal length’ of the combination of the two lenses in Exercise 9.10, if they are placed 8.0cm apart with their principal axes coincident. Does the answer depend on which side of the combination a beam of parallel light is incident? Is the notion of effective focal length of this system useful at all? (b) An object 1.5 cm in size is placed on the side of the convex lens in the arrangement (a) above. The distance between the object and the convex lens is 40cm. Determine the magnification produced by the two-lens system, and the size ee ee Lit Conver be om loft Site Aus we Wee + 306m. The as aviv tual Fwoge PL Up = B0-G = +22Om he a -~t.t — i 20m ———> Gi= ¥B0b fy= 20m U, 22 —20 SoTs 62206, om Left of Feme2 the Lens Ayllim.= = team Cente ee ee 2 12K20..-2434 q2 - 2 VM. 22434 oe =-O0-21F tee -3x -O21F = 652 Totoh nificbean > ™) HM = : 6: 652 (2. his 06524 LS Gms 0:98 Gm9.38 Figure shows an equiconvex lens (of refractive index 1.50) in contact with a liquid layer on top of a plane mirror. A small needle with its tip on the principal axis is moved along the axis until its inverted image is found at the position of the needle. The distance of the needle from the lens is measured to be 45.0cm. The liquid is removed and the experiment is repeated. The new distance is measured to be 30.0cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid? Ca hee “ne ttrn’® Ub prstibe R= 306m Re PRR oo. , Ein enc te fad I (mI -d Lo=Ma7 ee R,) *~4o datas Ty, -!) > ts tyr! 90 ee 3cusvelive 100m, {29 Fina te focat tingdd vy AS” | 1 } : = agua Lima of n= b6 has redix 10Gm & 206. Gap. Find i fool tng Msp e +. (59(=8 aT e--I i 7 of coruretiinea 10m. 2 tat Quy What Dn ken tmmerseol Sobwi[a-a]: tet oo Ngw 4 i LL Tpke Pes foo a & BIT e O ard Ad hn nt ie § te At ek _ fo 18 -! i CH oe 1 ho!) Re th aefanabllel we MmMUlnt Ow (a) Conwx thus eigen dol Truc. te path for © 79, OB NOK — Gnven Len. Gncwe =e LL (m-vft - ) Lae te i Cle eee ye ~ a lets RR it = ae Ballina Q@Fe 127%, 9 Na, 7 | ve fetve Convex ai @ Fo. neni 9-b = O few if i a plane pass ny fn) men V Fe <7 Ae ge Nyy b=-ve n lg eae Ov f= ae S$ CadeThe sme eget og Bh ed > Fretted pa x bled dhe Oe ae &. Ly qpatatoteed AQNR, LO=LREI0 So [A+ Ln = 80? —~O BU MO Ne 44% +1N2 l€0° —O o pe O 2@® LA a, t4, —@ Thy po deh clon'adin i. tet ce, o- Gt Gs f-)+ €-») $= @+8 - (4%) Ge pte AG. S depend mm 7 be pot S¥)e 5 Tha nin!’ mlr Ca = Da coseshords to v+€ (aril BC) eee =v (lt o ©) Meermes Ardr ea AeA Deash (4) Aecomet Boe neh Die BOA & Re gu. AtD-. cae At rd muir a prin tecontt ; “sn (AtDe) Prison formals nm, = Me = ~ nn Sor & Sah 2 Fo thin pusme (LA <0) , De RA ara x AtDm ge Th = \+ De o (Ma AMD, A pall) Dns Wirall mat demnte mutch Eph, a Dned PF Avil . ay: afgules dafentin'- Sy» BGA346 9.6 A prism is made of glass of unknown refractive index. A parallel beam of light is incident on a face of the prism. The angle of minimum deviation is measured to be 40°. What is the refractive index of the material of the prism? The refracting angle of the prism is 60°. If the prism is placed in water (refractive index 1.33), predict the new angle of minimum deviation of a parallel beam of. light. Dm= 40's A= 60. nz Sin(GOL42) Sin 50° = 0-766 2 1532. When putin Sin (B2) Sina taller , 2 ' = Ve : Sin Gorda) Sun GosDe ogy : TL > ' ae i GotDe = Si (0.5754) > So4de oo] 9-22 At what angle should a ray of light be incident on the face of a prism of 2,| refracting angle 60° so that it just suffers total internal reflection at the other face? The refractive index of the material of the prism is 1.524. \ . Le 2 66561 > Sur = Sm(O-6561)= 4 nN 1-524 : As 114% BLA BY, = Le Y, +42 = 60> w= 19° Seat = 1-524 2 Stn b= 1 524x 03255 Sine? Sin C= ONL = = QTPYS! 9.23 You are given prisms made of crown glass and flint glass with a wide varicty of angles. Suggest a combination of prisms which will (a) deviate a pencil of white light without much dispersion, (b) disperse (and displace) a pencil of white light without much deviation_[ 9.23 Two identical prisms made of the same glass placed with their bases on opposite sides (of the incident white light) and faces touching (or parallel) will neither deviate nor disperse, but will mearly produce a parallel displacement of the beam. (a) To deviate without dispersion, choose, say, the first prism to be of crown glass, and take for the second prism a flint glass prism of suitably chosen refracting angle (smaller than that of crown glass prism because the flint glass prism disperses more) so that dispersion due to the first is nullified by the second. (b) To disperse without deviation, increase the angle of flint glass prism (Le., try flint glass prisms of greater and greater angle) so that deviations due to the two prisms are equal and opposite. (The flint glass prism angle will still be smaller than that of crown glass because flint glass has higher refractive index than that of crown glass). Because of the adjustments involved for so many colours, these are not meant to be precise arrangements for the purpose required. ] 2 235-1 Gore = 702° Dye [O° Sint =| Netinsl Kernonera tee fo Si 3 2° ibe. cre thea soniye3) Sex btring of Aight = As Sunlight paced, ia As S ja Destin) by leye ee le em _ scatowig ; > iy i mo of mole inthe almetplae \ ) > A> 4 tile of vncislonte IO bk Ve Galume of SLO, Qs wld fee a> AY ttl oe Tadensity of salted (Z) x oe eas he a propust pore a ap bein mone C Lever). Wet scalliied ever why than poe (Av < de), but Cur ane Oe ee as wee See the© Su tt feet at Sunrise avol Surcef :—> [8 Sum At sunvse aro Sunsex [_ 7 Ro Sum to pass Hrough 2 OF ode in Eanth = s ‘ pe Pe 2) me Ce The oe SA ss wig) me oe— alight, teite. than te “ virtial anol Lier disfance & least although ie caste is is im firs (most aan it) When dhe oD ate Co Oe [7 7 mS ™ “He 2 “@429, ae 9-30, 93)Winena map. of the obfectine it wy , object (30 dis objective. Ge in Vee ee tray Als dhe dyeOa, 412, 4-33it in Wy a a (angle Substerslad & the dendled! by dha 8} x (angle bub +fe . ~fe Mapriigay poose = £- of the recess cope ibe ftfe cp«) flx finek ae K Lina Hs E Cass CeLimi deteins + > 4S Ainge Uh cauy Amol hurefere olitfr ult PR. Sat sapped by bad an " as a ah Aized Lomas which form | i. o. Reflects Teleocepe (Cate Plam ) in Tt “es a : instiad ¥¢ a Lynx as an ob jectin Aromatic Ma QQ) Tee 6Bue ee 47 9.11 A compound microscope consists of an objective lens of focal length 2.0cm and an eyepiece of focal length 6.25cm separated by a distance of 15cm. How far from the objective should an object be placed in order to obtain the final image at (a) the least distance of distinct vision (25cm), and (b) at 4 What is the magnifying power of the microscope in each case? ey I | fo+ Fin 78h ong Ue fe” efeaseeeaeaee ) - 5m 7 Va = + 106m tis Us = ~25Em 5 M=M, Me = |5-6-25= 8-15lm 9IZA pers with a He) al near point (25cm) using a compound microscope with objective of focal length 8.0 mm and an eyepiece of focal length 2.5m can bring an object placed at 9.0mm from the objective in sharp focus. What is the separation between the two lenses? Calculate the magnifying power of the microscope. oe = 8mm; fer 2-Slm 5 7 = —Vnm , Sharp focus means Ue =~ 25 bm cee ee See em Us fe alll eau lle eet StU ee ale 2c ane te (14R)= BA IE ~ 88 Us fe OF \cz 4g 346 4 9.13 A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 144cm and an eyepiece of focal length 6.0cm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope? What is the separation between the objective and the eyepiece? m= ido, thu . 24 3; Sopanatiin > fo + lfe] ea ele = TMyt6 = ISOC. 9.14 (a) A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal length 15m. If an eyepiece of focal length 1.0cm is used, what is the angular magnification of the telescope? fe = 1S» fe = 1m (b) If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image of the moon formed by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.48 x 10°m, and the radius of lunar orbit is 3.8 x 10°m. (a Bae = 1S = 1500 C7 2 6. = De ph a he Defoe. sueniox 5 Sal foe Net reeetRIT Re Sax Rm A= 13-73Cm 348. 9.28 A man with normal near point (25 cm) reads a book with small print using a magnifying glass: a thin convex lens of focal length Sem. fo = +5Om (a) What is the closest and the farthest distance at which he should keep the lens from the page so that he can read the book when viewing through the magnifying glass? (b) What is the maximum and the minimum angular magnification (magnifying power) possible using the above simple microscope? lee © lent (closet) cistence of da t'nct visto we; = 250 ee eee ate Us —4 26, 755° u BUF a 25 that Aistence V2 7 | [4D , [+282 6 = Max an 5 ® tn the divst care Me Hin angulan mag. = E> a.Ad 49 4 9.29 A card sheet divided into squares each of size 1 mm2 is being viewed at-a distance of 9 cm through a magnifying glass (a converging lens of focal length $0 cm) held close to the eye. (a) What is the magnification produced by the lens? How much is the area of each square in the virtual image? {b) What is the angular magnification (magnifying power) of the lens? © Is the naar ee in (a) equal to the magnifying power in (b)? Explain. We —Tm 9 f= lOC api a ete bel -Lebs ve -10lm 7 Limasar. magni freates my UO £7 a -4 lo lom becarnes mm mein 12 2 10 fp Stdle of Gant a [6D mm rae 2, fran 7 © nya. magrietin ts ma Bat tow 2 = D_ Aa5_28 oo gage ae Be aa ect satu (©) No, magnification of an image by a lens and angular magnification (or magnifying power) of an optical instrument are two separate things. The latter is the ratio of the angular size of the object (which is equal to the angular size of the image even if the image is magnified) to the angular size of the object if placed at the near point (25 cm). Thus, magnification magnitude is |(v/u)| and magnifying power is (25/ |u|). Only when the image is located at the near point {vl = 25 em, are the two quantities equal. ]348 A 20 7 9.30 (a) At what distance should the lens be held from the figure in Exercise 9.29 in order to view the squares distinctly with the maximum possible magnifying bowser? (b) What is the magnification in this case? BaD (c) Is the magnification equal to the magnifying power in this case? Explain. 9.31 What should be the distance between the object in Exercise 9.30 and the magnifying glass if the virtual image of each square in the figure is to have an area of 6.25 mm2. Would you be able to see the squares distinctly with your eyes very close to the magnifier? [Note: Exercises 9.29 to 9.31 will help you clearly understand the difference between magnification in absolute size and the angular magnification (or magnifying power) of an instrument] . Ha is 4.20@) man im i possible when B= —D=-26Om, f= 0G aed be bo Us -7N4G, wou 7-25 UU 10 aw sr, we dSu As m=25>+U oe nee ae ee Lots ee een a tt L? ee ee ~I5eQ5u sus 6% ae UK DS cant Ae Bem clés tineltycs 9,32 Answer the following questions: (a) The angle subtended at the eye by an object is equal to the angle subtended at the eye by the virtual image produced by a magnifying glass. In what sense then does a magnifying glass provide angular magnification? (b) In viewing through a magnifying glass, one usually positions one’s eyes very close to the lens. Does angular magnification change if the eye is moved back? (c) Magnifying power of a simple microscope is inversely proportional to the focal length of the lens. What then stops us from using a convex lens of smaller and smaller focal length and achieving greater and greater magnifying power? (d) Why must both the objective and the eyepiece of a compound microscope have short focal lengths? (€) When viewing through a compound microscope, our eyes should be positioned not on the eyepiece but a short distance away from it for best viewing. Why? How much should be that short distance between the eye and eyepiece? [ 9.32 (a) Even though the absolute image size is bigger than the object size, the angular size of the image is equal to the angular size of the object. The magnifier helps in the following way: without it object would be placed no closer than 25 cm; with it the object can be placed much closer. The closer object has larger angular size than the same object at 25 cm. It is in this sense that angular magnification is achieved. (b) Yes, it decreases a little because the angle subtended at the eye is then slightly less than the angle subtended at the Jens. The effect is negligible if the image is at a very large distance away. [Note: When the eye is separated from the lens, the angles subtended at the eye by the first object and its image are not equal.] (c) First, grinding lens of very small focal length is not easy. More important, if you decrease focal length, aberrations (both spherical and chromatic) become more pronounced. So, in practice, you cannot get a magnifying power of more than 3 or so with a simple convex lens. However, using an aberration corrected lens system, one can increase this limit by a factor of 10 or so. (d) Angular magnification of eye-piece is [(25//e ) + 1] (fe in cm) which increases if fe is smaller. Further, magnification of the objective is given by Ye i (i which is large when |uo| is slightly greater than fo. The microscope is used for viewing very close object. So |uo | is small, and so is fo. (e) The image of the objective in the eye-piece is known as ‘eye-ring’. All the rays from the object refracted by objective go through the eye-ring. Therefore, it is an ideal position for our eyes for viewing. SIco If we place our eyes too close to the eye-piece, we shall not collect much of the light and also reduce our field of view. If we position our eyes on the eye-ring and the area of the pupil of our eye is greater or equal to the area of the eye-ring, our eyes will collect all the light refracted by the objective. The precise location of the eye-ring naturally depends on the separation between the objective and the eye- piece. When you view through a microscope by placing your eyes on one end,the ideal distance between the eyes and eye-piece is usually built-in the design of the instrument.] 349 9.33 An angular magnification (magnifying power) of 30X is desired using an objective of focal length 1.25cm and an _ eyepiece of focal length Scm. How will you set up the compound microscope? | ae ie He microscope Mm merrell use (@=-D =~ 25m) ome = [tD = 1425.6 5 M= MoMe fe Bo Bo= m6 MAS math = eS D> U,> Sto , fn the objeetive - dn-petat tet we Ups -)5tn L Uo fe 5p Ue NDS 2. Uys ~ Ste = ~S(-1SG) = F156 ae Us = WIT : -lels»t-t-27 *% fm yepiice 3 Ce Ue =§ Aisne by objective & eyepibee = Vs + [Ue] = 87S E417 = Ih 67% 9.34 A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 140cm and an eyepiece of focal length 5.0cm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing distant objects when (a) the telescope is in normal adjustment (i.e., when the final image is at infinity)? (b) the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision (25cm)? [9.34 (a) m=(folfe)=28 (b)m= Ar )=33.6)249 a 33 9.35 (a) For the telescope described in Exercise 9.34 (a), what is the separation between the objective lens and the eyepiece? (b) If this telescope is used to view a 100m tall tower 3 km away, what is the height of the image of the tower formed by the objective lens? (c) What is the height of the final image of the tower if it is formed at 25cm? Ans (a) fo + fe = 145 cm () Wo, X= tows bh » A= 4-76. (mn SS Bory Tuoe a : 5 = TX te © = 2. feral tig = 9.36 A Cassegrain telescope uses two mirrors as shown in Fig. 9.33. Such a telescope is built with the mirrors 20mm apart. If the radius of curvature of the large mirror is 220mm and the small mirror is 140mm, where will the final image of an object at infinity be?[ 9.36 The image formed by the larger (concave) mirror acts as virtual object for the smaller (convex) mirror. Parallel rays coming from the object at infinity will focus at a distance of 110 mm from the larger mirror. The distance of virtual object for the smaller mirror = (110 —20) = 90 mm. The focal length of smailer mirror is 70 mm. Using the mirror formula, image is formed at 315 mm from the smaller mirror.] ER, Nowe Fon obpechice mine Ri 220mm a> frie secnolaay tarvine mitner R= 10mm fee Be = Tome hae pny fective, fale Meiae fort pant areata ticL ata 0. Cigar +e) F = + 70mm [ieee ane este ete reared wv % To wl 2% 2 2b 90 630 6200 31S follow Se Ve ee oye Sl Gh io Gee iene halle