| “ WEAVING MACHINES * MECHANISMS * MANAGEMENT Or. tt. K. TALUKDAR B.Sc. Texiles, M.Sc. (Manchester), Ph. D. Chartered Textle Engineer, FIE Kusumgar Corporates, Manufacturer of Technical Textlos, ‘Mumbai-400056 Former Professor and Head of Textile Mirs, Department TI, Mumbai-400018. ‘Consultant, Capital Market, Mumbal-400 071, Prof. P. K. SRIRAMULU B.Sc, BSc. (Textiles), MSc. (Leeds), C. Text, FTI Former Professor and Head of Textle Mirs. Department, TI, Murtai-400013 Ftd, Traning Manager and Head of Raymond Training Insttute, ‘Kenya, Prof. D. B. AJGAONKAR B.Toxt. M.S(USA) Former Professor of Textile Mfrs. Department, VTi, Mumbal-400019 Rid. Principal, DKTE Society's Texte Instute, lehakaranj, Maharastra Former Advisor, SASMIRA, Murnbal-400 025. MAHAJAN PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED ‘Super Market Basement, Near Natal Cinoma, ‘Ashram Road, AHMEDABAD - 380 008, GS - INDIA.har Publications by Authors ZING * Matos" Methods * Machines 2nd Elion ) Nosonkar, Taukdar and Wadekar eduction to Wag and Wain () Tahakdar cates ttog Techpplogy raagee ealaast A = book can not not bo exported by anyone ox shines 5 anyone except the Publisher or Scanian esr cena cs tear ni po amis Kom Be jravig # 5 lished by : MAHAJAN PUBLIS HERS IMUAJAN PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED, at SUHAS PRINTEK PRIVATE LIMITED, AHMEDABAD, Fine research work avaiable on the subject, sex PREFACE The suthors are ploased to present @ book on WEAVING. MACHIIES MECHANISMS- MANAGEMENT to weaving techie ory ina technologists, giving an exhaustive ane gary nceptton fo he modem shuioless weaving ocd {rom fsrrars have ted to paint the technological Misty of wears Tre auto canvass so that some datas about weaving echone ge, ‘account of weaving technology ona (tv veraned osu. Even thn, the Pook wh he re igh reNeas Become voluminous, which was nat imagined by We Suthors when they started wth the work “Tne aim ofthe authors was not 10 give only the tals above tne wearing machines andthe mechanical working ofthe same, Set the oe cary and Row wewpoit i designing of mactngs ert Bo that an overview of ee stressed on the mind. This should help to tre rc an aalytcl thinking about the machines and mosnaret ewe? frtner improvements andor modtications coud be Tate, se ton the knowedge ebiainod on a parcuar Ope o! weetes) asee pay though tecicans may be interested in machine Sore, teereton enelaion,setings, maintenance and other PCV Prot crelgiss shoud think that how the gap betwosn tre wre ou moor and practice could be reduced. This should be he case penrical education at degree or postgraduate eve Of nie botweon te siden who has undergone a Wade * poo deter ne one wo has completed gradual oF Post graces course ant pace, The graduates shoul also ve able f fu he eeretatons of the industry when thoy work forthe Indust ortunately athe three authors had a good experience oe shoptocr woking in texto is as al of them has worked in a Sheet we ey_veluntaly choose the careers i teaching, We aa ee mney had an experiance of teaching students of Weatng wer oy trom apprentice students to post araguate students of Pe, rechclogy Ar nly that, but all of them enriched tei, persons caver ants by. participating actively in Seminars, Sympore, achievement ay even organising such activites and relresher enero of them fad worked individually in advisory Commnse canreee vooperaive research instites. They had prepared Probes oa per alas for teaching programmes for various levels eee goment, Tor workers training 10 executive's raining programmes, “Thre book is, therefore, an outcome of thelr varied experience “or eae nis BOOK Is, Te ning and their association with the Indian the mechanisms wilae Indes. To chapters of the book are wien ich & etal an xparance tency acy ete exh cmiato whic chapers or he potion ofa chapter can be Saad tothe stdets of spor, eye or pot guste dents. tead twig spec bk or te lovee of suds nec! egeaton te sur have mace asa efoto orto iw noods of hose sur shoud lo prove uel ote excuves oath ives o oer managerial eon who nav ot bon ocncaly quod bu fave a ctical/shop-floor experience. The book should be useful one oul bo sels Be rach nr esi an ele od etree sen ate end ofeach cheer othe hey need nok exe the references vagure forthe resoar war ne 18 the en, the authors thank te sa men stat mabe of V chal insu, Munbal, Text &. Engineering Intute, sharany and tne Raymond Wooten Wily Kenya, Kusunger erase wih whom haves ators had ah oppor ower Pcie on various lope cued ats book Thanks ay dof Mr, V. Subramanu oa he Are Ae nati, SASMINA Yor be evr deagn, The aor re coed to Sulzer Ld forging perme o reproduce the ograghe and Rraues, Tey a aso hand to ther eta cy mana Coats Pu, Snead ay is hoped tat te teachersin {te teachers in weaving technology wil be aba cover o ae "uve te poser bah he wang ology n'a ore rearing way wth the hap ofthis Book rea bt ncn dr ok re ore wil wesc te commas tom th Tears cota hose be sol wie binging ote next eadon of th book Prot. M.K. TALUKDAR, Prot. P{K. SRIRAMULU Prot. DB. AJGAONKAR CONTENTS: PREFACE a [AN INTRODUCTION TO WEAVING ont2 1.4. Historical Background 1 412 Main and Auxiliary Motions 4 113 Types of Looms or Weaving Machines 5 414 Time Diagram for a Loom cycle a 115 Welt Inserton Rate 8 4.6 Weave Stuctures " ‘TAPPET SHEDDING MECHANISM 1344 2.1 Functions of Shedsing 13 22. Negative or Postive Tappet Shedding and Link Mechamism 6 23. Heald Reversing Motion 8 24 Shedding Motion Principles 30 3S Fimng of Shedding and Other Primary Motions 32 26 Spit Shedding or Staggering of Healds 34 27 Assymotic Shedding a7 28 Lease Rods 38 29 Back Rest 39 Bo. Effect of Shed Timing and Back Rest Settings ‘on Propertos of Fabrics 39 [SHUTTLE PICKING AND CHECKING MECHANISMS 42-57 8.1. Function of Picking 2 32 Over Picking 44 33 Under Picking 8 34 Disadvantages of Shuttle Picking 84 [ADVANCED STUDY OF SHUTTLE PICKING AND CHECKING MECHANISMS 50-83 ‘4.1 Essential Foatures of a good Picking 58 42 Complexes of Shuttle Propulsion 59 45 Factors Affecting the Initial Speed of Shutle 60 4 Nominal Movement of Shuto e 45. Theory of Picking 6 46. Experimental Studies of Shuttle Propuision 7 427 Strain on the Picking Stick During Picking 69 ‘48 Variation of Loom Speed During Picking 69 49. Power C-nsumption During Pickina n 410 Sh king n4.71 Welt Tension Dung Propulsion and Retardation af Shute 0 BEAT UP MEcHaNism exo 51. Fureton 52 Kinomates of Sey 53 Sle Eecontty Ratio £4 Seting 55 Sly That Dwels 5 Accoratng Force 87 Mechanics of Beal Up 58 Routon Between CP. and BoatUp Force 59 Roallon Setween Beat Up Foe ara Pack Spacing 510 Raion Between Cit Fell Poston and Pick Spacng 5:11 Bumping Condon 5:12. fet of Welt Yam regulary on Pick Spacing TAKE-UP MECHANISM 6.1 Function 0 62 Nogave Take-up 63 Poste Take Up 84 Winding of Crt on The Cio oer 85 Elon Take Up LET-OFF MECHANISM 7A 72 73 74 78 76. 77 78 79 710 mm 72 sToP aa a2 83 aa Function [Negative Lett Motion Positive Let-otf Motion oper Let-Off Motion Bartlett Let-Off Motion ut Let Off Motion Gimmeo Lett Toyoda Let-Off Hunt Let-of | Sulzer Ruti Let-off Warp Lot Off with Electrical Drive Warp Tension Variation MOTIONS sat Function Weft Stop Motion Warp Stop Motion Warp Protector Motion 1 ig MULTIPLE BOX MOTIONS 9.1 Function 9.2 Types of Box Motion 93 Welt Patteming on Unconventional Weaving 10 AUTOMATIC WEAVING MACHINE: Wett Feeling 10.1. Introduction 10.2 Pim Changing Welt Replenishing Motion 40.3 Welt Feeler Mechanism 10.4 Wett Fork as a Means of indicating the im Change 11 AUTOMATIC WEAVING MACHINES ‘Changing Mechanism 11.1 Pim Changing Mechanism 44.2. Shutle Changing Mechanism 413 Bobbin Loader “Mechanism 114 Automatic Loom Winder 41.5. Multple Box Automatic Loom 12 GENERAL DRIVES WITH REFERENCE TO Looms 421 Function 122 Methods of Drive 123 Power Transmission Elements 12.4 Reversing Motion 125. Brake 13. DOBBY SHEDDING 431 Introduction 132 Types of Dobby 133 Double Lit Negative Dobby 134 Cam Dobby 485 Dobby with Paper Pattern 186 Positve Dobby Shedding Motion 137 Cross Border Dobby 43.8 Thwoe Postion Device 189. PickFinding Devices for Dobbies 14 JACQUARD SHEDDING 1441 Function 442 Types of Jacquards 143 Principal Pars of The Jacquard Machine 144 Sizes. and Figuring Capacties of Jacquards 145 Types of Sheds in Jacquard Shedsing 166 167 178 180-191 120 181 164 189 192.015 192 200 205 206 200 216-231 216 217 218 227 228 202-260 232 233 235 285 286 249 256 258 258 261-300 261 262 263 272 273ig Goren coe 14.10 Harness Building 2 14.11 Hamess Ties 28 14.12 Design Ties zr 14.13 Casting Out an 14.14 Card Cutting Fo 14.15 Card Lasing on 1 Importance of Loom 380F Ot 152 The Shuttle — a. 15.3 Picker ae 154 Picking Bands Pf 15.5 Butters om 15.6 Healds ml 15.7 Reed oa 158° Temples an INTRODUCTION TO UNCON : WEAVING MACHINES ee a7. ied for Better Weft Insertion Met pd 16.2 Large Weft Supply Package es a 16.3 Selvedge Information 38 = Weft Accumulator ae 16.5 Welt Measuring Systems 7 if Weft Cutters oe oa 16.7 Requisites for Successtul ie Me set nn # St aes Minimur Downtime - 16.9 Buliding and Floor Const = ot ‘Humidification Sonstucon be] 11 Control of Dust, Fibre oa toe te 16.13 Training br WEFT INSERTION BY ia 17.1 Introduction ae er 17.2 Main Features of Pr oy Hf el been dstenylerrsiclmmcia bed ; 20 Welt End from The Projectile 474 Transter of Feeder to The Projectile 8 4785. Projecie Picking Mechanism 353 {76 Beat-Up Mechanism 356 477 Selvedge Formation 358 {78 Projectile Monitoring 358 479. Setting 358 17 $0 Wert Tension Variation on Projectile Weaving Machine 260 47.11 Fabvic Density 363 47.42 Energy Utilization 363 WEFT INSERTION BY RAPIER 364-986 yea Function ‘364 482 Inventors 364 122 Wreafeain of Rapier Weaving Machines 579 a4? Rapier Driving 78 485 Rapier Heads 383 WEFT INSERTION BY AIR JET 307-408 18.1 Introduction ‘387 492 Invention 387 Je3 Working Principle of Maxbo-Murata 387 494 Air Requirements 301 485 Main Jet and Its Operation 393 Jas Traverse Aids for Maintaining Air Flow 395 48.7 Methods of Ai Jot Conta 398 488 Tining Diagram 399 429 Automatic Wet Repalr 400 49.10 Practical Problem aot 1a Faclrs Atfocing Pneumatic Welt Propusion 49.12 Motion of Weft 408 49.19 Nozze Design. 405 48.14 Welt Running in Shed 407 WEFT INSERTION BY OTHER METHODS 409-431 20.1 Water Jet Weaving Mactines 409 202 Multiphase Weaving Machines 420 WARP BREAKS 492.442 24.1 Introduction 432 212. Aetion on Warp Threads During Weaving 432 213. Why a Warp Breaks? 439 2ka_ Analysis of Warp Breaks 438 436 Bis Factors Afecting the Warp Breaks2 WEAVING OF SYNTHETIC YARNS AND BLENDS 22.1 Iniroduetion 222 Polyester Blended Fabrics 223 Weaving Mulilament Yams 224 Monofiament Fabrics 3 WEAVING OF CERTAIN COMMERCIAL FABRICS 23.1 Introduction 282 Weaving of Poplin 283 Denim 234 Tyre Cord Fabris 235 Weaving of Tapes 236 Weaving of Aramide (Kevlar) Fabrics ‘4 WEAVING AND FABRIC ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS. 24.1 Inroduetion 242 Conversion Tables 243. Folded Yams 244 Average Count 245. Weight of A Piece of Cloth 248 Heald Calculations 247. Reed Calculations 248 Take-Up Motion on a. Plain Loom 269 Loom Speed 24.10 Produetion of Loos 24.11 Average Rpm, Average Reed Space, ‘And Average Picks ete. ete, 24:12 Eficioney 24:18 Shute Movement 24.14 Accelerating Force of Sley 24.15 Calculation on Shutleless Weaving Machines. 24.16 Fractional Cover And Cover Factor 24,17 Cloth Sotting Fes | FABRIC DEFECTS AND VALUE Loss 25.1 Grading of Fabrios 252 Value Loss 253 Types of Fabric Defects 25.4 Common Fabric Defects And Their Causes 255 Control of Fabric Gualty At Loom State MANAGEMENT OF A LOOM SHED - | 26.1" Organisation 262 Optimum Loom Assignment 4468 463 443 448 460 465-479 465 465 487 an 474 a 510519 510 510 Ey Appent 263 Weaving Plant Layout 264 Ventlation and Humidiication 542 26.5. Lighting 550 MANAGEMENT OF A LOOM SHED «11 551-576 27.4 General Information About Maintenance 551 27.2 Matorial Handling 558 27.3 Productivity: Its Measurement and Control 561 27.4 Monitoring and Control of Weaving Machines by Microprocessor 870 y8 MODERN DEVELOPMENT IN WEAVING MACHINERY 577-583 28.1 Introduction S77 28.2 Projectie Weaving Machine 577 28.3 ‘Rapier Machines 578 284 Air jet Weaving Machine 579 285 Water Jot Woaving Machine 581 288 Quick Style Change 581 28.7 Wider Width Weaving Machina 583 Warp Deformatioon and Tension Variation During Sheding se ‘Solution of Equations of Motion for a Linear Picking Cam 586 Labour Complement of Non-Automatic Looms. 587 Labour Complement of Automatic Looms 588 Labour Complement of Projectile Weaving Mactine 58 Labour Complement of Air Jet Loom 589 “Table For Calculating Machine Interference 89 Cleaning Schedule of Conventional Looms 580 ‘Schedule of Lubrication for Conventional Looms 591 [Append X Types of Lubricants 592 ‘Appendix XI Schedule of the Periodical Maintenance Job Standard 593 Appendix XII Overhauls And Checks During Warp ‘And Sort Changes for Sulzer Ruti Projectile 596 Weaving Machineni Sa Monty Maonance Sovee pense XN Sofa Coour Ser Ru Prete Weaving Machine onde XIV. Noms For Speeds of Looms of *epen N orent Ws Aopen XV Losses i Laem Eiency by Srp Sty tnx cot aR 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO WEAVING 1.4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Since the beginning of civislion weaving of cloth has beon cate cut in one for or the othr by people of many counties. Fi, 1-1 shows two Egyptian women of st century weaving a eth by hand. Whoever produced a cloth in the early days, must have folowed a similar method, tht Is, converting the texto fires ke Caton and wool info yams (leads) by spinning process and then weaving those yams ino a cloth Fig. 11 Egyptian Women Weaving # Cloth Inthe First Contry ‘A woveh cloth consists of two sols of yarns, namely, warp and welt, The yarne that are placed lengthwise or parallel to the elvedges (edges) of the cloth are called warp yarns. Each head‘oF yarn inthe warp is called an end. The yamns that run crosswise 17 called weR (Tilig' American term) yams nd each tread in the welt is called a pick. The weaving of a cloth is the result of Intoracing of a single wet thread ove and under a rumber of warp fonds (Fig. 1.2) according to a parizuar design of weave Fig. 1.2 nteracing of Warp and Welt {nthe beginning when weaving was cared out by hand, as shown in Fig. 1.3 there were three main operations, namoly, shedding, picking and beating up. The warp ends were streiched botween two sicks and separated by tomo crude means. Some warp ends were raised and others were lowored according to @ particular design, to form an opening caled a shed, for insertion of '8 pick, This operation i caled shedding, Thon a welt thread (a pick) was inseried one at time inthe space botween the raised and lowered ends, This operation is caled pleking. The third operation, called. beating up, consists of pushing of @ wot tvead (a pick) which was laid inside the shed, against the preceding wef, by means of a comb Rke part (604), All the three operations we Mutated in Fig 13, ‘One of tho earls! methods employed for he insertion of wet in the warp shod was by moans ofa sick wth a hooked end and the ‘weaver would pass the waft trough the shed, st in one direction ‘and then in the other. in 173 a fly shuttle was inverted by Kay (1) 2 dhs shut with wot package nie, was tron trough the Wap shed tom ane tie ard then fm ho the. k shal 8 ‘exanglar poo of word apa a ach endo pot. The main ty shat w socommadte wt package towne pln. With the advent of power the shale was propeted machencaly om Sheil he wig mace ou shar A weaving machine lead, 8 « Warp, C = Shute, O = Rood, E = Fl of cot Fig. 1.3 Shodan, Picking and Beat - up A simple hand loom iustated in Fig. 1.3 explains tire ‘motions of 8 weaving machine. The taising and lowering of warp tends is cried out by the heald aes that old the ends by means 2of healds and heal eyes, As the heal ramos move up and down, fn opening is formed beiween the ends, called a shed, Then a _shule wih a welt pin is passed through the shed from one ond 0 lnather AS the shutle passes tough tho shed a length of welt tvead is unwound from th wet pin and it reraing in the warp shed. ‘Then a comb lke device called the reed pushos the pick towards the cloth already woven. The fne separating the woven cloth trom tho warp i alld the fell ofthe eloth Alr new pick is pushed into the fl, he reed moves back towards the heal rams. The threo ‘mations repeat again. The cycle of ration consists o () shedding, (picking, and (i) beat up. 1.2. MAIN AND AUXILIARY MOTIONS esides the thes main basle motions, there are other two subsidiary motions necessary for weaving coiinuousy a cith on a weaving machine. Tey are, take-up and. letotf mations to move the cloth away from the weaving zone at a desired rate. To sccomplsh this funetion a take-up motion to wind the cloth onto role is-required, As tho cloth rolled up, the warp ends from the warp beam ‘must bo unwound so that yams will nat be stretched lo the pein of break and the cloth fel postion is mainiained atthe desired point keeping the average warp lension constant. This function is accomplished by the lof mation. In order to produce a good quality of cath and to prevont ‘damages itis necessary to have some stop mations provided onthe loom. They can be termed as auiiary motions: () Warp Protector @ Warp Stop (a) Welt Stop. Anolber ausilary motion known as temple motion is used 1 keep the width of cloth fl same as that of ‘warp in the reed. ‘The various mations on the loom’ should be fixed and sat propel to perform tec functions to preduce afautloes cloth that is ‘accoplable to the consumer. For example, the take-up motion not only pul the woven cloth foward and winds onthe cloth roll, but it's also responsi forthe crret spacing ofthe wet threads inthe cloth so that thiek (carving) and thin places (cracks) Le. cloth ‘unevenness are avoided. Similar the lof mation should not oy maintain a constant length of warp between the fol ofthe coth and the beam but also muiniain a constant average tension of warp a ‘tweaves fom the ful beam the empty one, The impocance of tis wil be discussed later inthe chapter 7. To summarise, tho mot machines oroome in Toes Shedding "functions on weaving To 40 pate th 36 pthread ito wo lye, lye is sed and the “chor wma Peking To nse a wot 7 Tent a wot teed eon he mrp anda P+ Tosh th wel red tha hs bon inonad Titeup Sates wan ee aetna Te Pl th ckth tard ator he beatap of ‘osc tought wong’ Sat we 9 the woren eth on arater eo Warp protector ning r To protec the wap teade som nt ha say iter the sub ance Warp Stop: To stop the loom when 2 warp ty el a thread breaks or P Teo step the loom when @ welt breaks or the welt Temple, Rt 2 ote pin wat peckapah To hokd the cloth fly at the fell to assis tn the formation of a untonm width cloth ‘13. TYPES OF LOOMS OR WEAVING MACHINES At present the types of looms or ‘avaiable can be broadly fooms, and shuttle looms. St 5‘huts determined toa large extent he stncural massiveness ofthe “whe kom. However, ineerting a rth pim nthe hutle or changing the whole hustle is an unproductive work, Towards the end of th ‘inelseth contuy an Engishman, JH. Nortvop (1) devised an Auton pan changing mation thal proved a great commercial ‘sucess. Along with the pim changing automatic looms, shutle ‘Change motions wore also developed prinariy for sik and viscose ‘weaving. In ercular weaving the shut i kopt in continuous one ‘way mation and i& not atlemately accelerated and decelerated. However, these looms were not proved commercially much Sues because ol echnologcal prcblome excopt fr sackshbags. ‘With te inrodtion ofthe Sulzer Weaving Machine In 1950s, tho ‘Shutlewas replaced by a projectile, which would draw the wet yarn recy of the large supply cone. The yam is always Inserted from the sane side and in most ofthe cases each pick of the weft i & ‘Sopanie piece of yarn and the welt does not fon a continuous {ead the fabric In some cases every adjacent pai of welt picks fe carscied at one ond. A naw technology of shutiolss weaving ‘was theealler developed and many versions euch as ()raper, (i) Ar ja and (@) water Jet weaving mactines eze now in vouge in ‘dale to gripper projecties. Al these weaving machines are ‘Generaly wider width mactines compared to shutle looms and two Sr mae narrow fabrics are woven simiancously, naxt 10. One ‘noth. These looms are versatia, iv thal not onl eon, sik oF ‘woollen yams but all ther weft yams, made from diferect chemical fibres end their blonds can be used wihout dicuy. The recent ‘dain to the development ofthe weaving machine tat instead ‘Of haveg one. shedding, one picking and one beat-up meton for one revolion of the main diving shaft many sheddngs, pickings and ‘Beaig ups operations are taking place for one revaluion of the ‘main shal. Thus instead of one phase many phases of weaving are {king place simuttaneously from one ond to the ater end of the Warp treads on the weaving machines. They are thertore called ‘uliphase weaving mochines and at preset the highest rate of ‘Wall mertan is available on these. machines. Small shutles or ‘Spook apie oF alls are used for wel insertion “The malptly ofthe lms are nowa-days povided fr uso of ‘one ot more kinds of wets. welts of diferent colours, counts, ‘ates, oF twistlevels are to be used in the same fabric thon [Proviso ‘hould be made to accommodate these wells on looms, ‘Such boms are called looms with multiple box motions on one of ‘both ses. tn some shutleless weaving machines mary types of ‘woe colours even upto 16, are nowadays used This preliminary knowledge of types of oom i just elementary ‘to untastand the toxin the folowing chapters Fig, 14 Main Parte of «Loom ‘The pats. ghing main and subsidiary motions are ilustrated in Fig. 14. The warp yar from the warp bear () pass over the back teat (8) and come forward through the heals () and reed (T) and form the coh at th fall It is then passed over the front rest (A), ‘ound the take up roland wound on the cloth roller. Al the motions are put into operation by a iain shaft in an ‘ordinary power kom and this shalt is caled a crank shaft. iis ttiven by an elect mesor. There are two other shafts, bottom and tappet shafts, For plain weave design (which will be discussed fate) normaly two shats are equied. They ee, a crank shalt and {a botlom sha, The crank shaft always makes one revolution for one ‘ickinsertion, wil the bottom shaft makes haf a revolution. n thet (rows, or ever one revolution of the botom shaft the crank shat ‘makes two realions. Thereloe, the ratio ofthe teeth of the gear tainees connecting the crank shaft to th bottom shafts always 12 ‘2 20 tooth gear wheel on crank shaft wil dive a 40 teuth gear 7‘A Crank Sha, B = Btlom Shaft Fig 15. A Loom Frame «se, 8 = Gene Wha, © = Oia Ger etm st, Meio dum eek F= eck wt olg saat lx Shing wr = Pekin am. tig Cs Crank Sha and Botiom shat vena one btm shat Tae are wo pking mectaioms on 8 ve am ene on each a, and they a operated Dy ert mound onto botom shat Silay the seding ie Fee eal cpr by wo sedg came mounted 0 a ah Ti ony ease lla weave Sx hat, ° [2 design roquing only two hoslé ames. In the caso of design Tequsing mere than 2 picks por repel, seperate tappat shat Is requted and tho shedding came are mount on that shall A fom ‘ram with xan shat and botlom shat is shown in Fig. 1.5. Some ef the important pats mountod on thee two cats are shown in Fi. 18. 1.4 TIME DIAGRAM FOR A LOOM CYCLE (On a conventional loom, the crank shalt is normally driven by ‘an elec motor either through 8 gear ot a belt. Wihin one Tevoldion of the erank shalt various loom mechanisms function at erent mes wit diferent time Intevals. The timings of the most Fol mations inthe loom eyele are governed by the postion of the rood (and tho sly). For studying tha vious motons of a foom the 8 are described in relation tothe angular poston ofthe crank {fom wich the. reed (and the slay} derive thet motions. The ath traced by the crank pins represents crank ciclo. Mis then [graduated in dogees, starting from the forward most postion, Ths [poston is O* or 360" (Fig. 2.17). Any timing can then be indicated in degrees. For example, the heals are normaly levelled at 270". In some erature of oom mings, the terms fr, bottom, back and top “eaves ao used fr 0°, 80",160" 270" respectively. For most of the Fooms the crank shaft moves from opto rent to bottom fo back and Pbeck lo top contre, while In some ofthe looms such as Draper, ‘Grompton and Knowles, ute looms the crankshaft tums in opposite deacon may also bo indicated her that though we have said 270° ‘as the lop cerite poston, i is not exactly so because the fine ;ssing through the axes ofthe sword pin ofthe slay and the cranks ‘Shafts ited or incined, The exact postion at wich the heals are ‘normaly lavelled ie, tharlor, 200". Hence tis advisable to use the degrees of crank shaft instead of the toms lop canta, etc, For timing the loom, itis recommended to provide a granted ‘wheel or disc onthe erank shaft and a fixed poiner.The foom may than be turned fo any desired postion and the disc may be adjusted 100" on the graduated scale when the reed is atthe forward most poston, Io this txt we have relered to these timing scale wile ‘descing the various loom motions. However, on certain looms, the ‘manuctuersincaté the tings wih releronce tothe postion of ‘eed rom a fed reference mark on tha breast boam. 1.5 WEFT INSERTION RATE For one revoaion of @_1oom crank ane shedding, one picking ‘and one beat-up takes place. This iscalld a single phase of weaving ‘Exeap the weaving machines of musiphaseiypes, all the looms are single phase mactines, The production of Goth depends on the °‘evolutions of the crank shaft, The speed ofa or, exprested as ‘tha picks per minuta (ppm) or roveiions por minut (pr) doponds ‘on weit inzerion systom, the red space, type of shading, type of ‘bax motion, cloth qually and yam quality. There is an optimum int ff revolutions as maximum high speeds may lead to more warp and ‘walt yarn breakages and more woar and tear of the loom pat, thereby involving stoppages and expensive repairs. However, resting tha loom speed in tetms of revolutions per mito, the ‘orn of the loom width for reed space and the number of phases are overlooked, Hence a concept of Weft Insertion Fate (WF) as been evolved wherein the quanites picks per minut, Feed spsce in meters and numberof phases are taken info account [NVIA (meters por minute) = roed with meters X picks por minute X number of phases), Thus, i two loom shafts withthe same reed ‘pace run a dilrent spoods of rotation, for mechanical reasons {such as dwell period avaiable fr shut passage o forthe long ofthe shutle varying, the WIR wil be dtfeor. A crear loom can lchiove a very high ate of welt inserton asi is inserting the welt Continuously throughout the pick cyele. Looms using jos fr wel Insertion do not requir dynamic forces of the same magntudo as {hose involved in a convertional ehutlo loom. has been found that though the revolutions per minute decrease as the reed space increases, the vale of welt insertion increases. Hence, WIR has now ‘= Ste Loon, 8 = Rag Wang Maco, C= Pct Waring Machin ‘= Aa aring Machin E = Wate Wang Machin. Fig. 17 Welt insertion Rats of Diterent Weaving Machines 10 replaced rpm for modern weaving machines as the major design tnterion of loom manufacturing. Walt insertion rates for diferent looms re shown in Fg. 17 (Lalast development in WIR i given fn last chapler). Also economical aspecis of investment are based on th ratio of cost to WIR. This willbe lacussed later in thie Book. 1.6 WEAVE STRUCTURES It's also essential to know the basi principles ofa orn ‘ae weave sttures before we go ahesd with the mechanisms, The ‘mest common and sinploitelacement of warp and wal thoade is ‘opresented by a plan weave, the head diagram of whichis shown in Fig. 18 a. AS mentioned eatier, the treads, paral to tho seWvedges caled warp threads, interlace withthe threads at ight angles to thor called welt threads. Each individual thread of warp ‘and welt called end and pick respectively It is eoan that wo ends ‘ad two picks complete one repeat ct the pain weave, Most of the ‘commonly used appaelfabres use this emple weave, though the ‘ormamentaon of decoration of tis weave can be achieved by & fumber of ways. From the thinnest ight weight abre known as ‘mustn lo the thickest and the heaves fabs such as canvas cloth, an be formed by using a plain weave. The same plain weave can be represented on a point paper or graph paper as shown in Fig. 1. whet the soy filed equaros ofthe graph paper represent the warp thvead on he tep of th welt thread, while the Blank postions represent the revere, thal i, tho wat thread onthe top ofthe warp thread. Thus, in a plain weave thre are two dierent ways of iting the ends. On the fst pick end number one and athe odd ends lite and on the second pick ond number two and the even ends are lited As there are two difrert ltngs minimum two healds are Fequted for rawing the ends all the odd ends though, say the fst Eno same Fig. 18 Weave Notation 1hoald snd all the even ends through the second healds (but in pracice 4 Hoalds are used 1 reduce the cramming of hoald eyes). This is shown af the tp ofthe design by two horzenal spaces of apn popcr Tho cross in tho squares indicates the eads crawn Inecugh thal parieuar hal, This fs called the drat onthe leo. In the gen illistraton the fist and tho ethor odd ends are crown through the fist head and the second and the other even ends are av through the second heal. This order of drawing the ende through the Heald fe caled a daft. n order to get the nelacerent col ends and picks as per the weave shown inthe design, a cotin ‘order of iting and keeping the heals down fs required. (This tting and lowering of heals is achieved by the shedding mechanisms Which is ciscussed in Chaper 2). For example fo the given design {and wih tho given draft ofthe ends, on the fist pick, heald number 1s tobe ited and on the second pick heald number 2i io be Med. This i shown conventionally by making use of a graph paper Fig. 1.8. The vertical spaces othe right ofthe design represent a heakd hia across in the square indeates thet a heald Is Wed on Paicular pick. This order of ting the healds pilose is called a Iiting plan. inthe case of a debby shedding iis called a peg plan othe weave and inthe case ofa jacquard shedding, k gives the card cating instructions. me Fig 18 Gaale Weaven AI these preliminary terme of design, drat and peg plan ‘shouldbe understood propery before the fabric forming en the oom could be diseustad, Some other basic weaves e.g, Twi, Satin oe, ae also shown in Fig, 19 REFERENCE 1. Fox TW, The Mechanism of Weaving, Macmilan Co, Ld 1961 2 TAPPET SHEDDING MECHANISM 2.4 FUNCTIONS OF SHEDDING (he function of shedding mechanism is to raise and tower the healdrames which cary the warp ends to make an opening fr tho Shuto fo pass tough and to. change the positon of warp threads ‘tor each pick go that warp and woR yarns wil be interlaced as per hae are three pes of shedding mectaniame NERS). lappa, dobby and jacquard. Weaving machines ere valsble wit he required type of shedcing mechanism. Sometimes. the looms aro claseed as lappet looms, dobby looms and jacquard eae Re poe sae ee BOR ada Wich anh fea.anY 24.1 Tappot Shedding ° cont 8 item iC ptr ite ah = St Tea twessutesatem res ar oped by - on i Rea apart cle pet earn oe ae cures (9.29, Each appa as be Se erg ee weave sce. The runber oot Feat fhe eng Spec upon the woowe FF 8 1 coe ee nomaly two teppea ae reqaed, TRY. 6 are ee: ome atm shy For atl wea peaibg rl, ur pt fo rogue, Foal tb waves Se re aS one ta 2vetoes, fo ple weave woven wih four opps they may be Ia on he pe sh Orca Yo pte Nee Sed ‘and cast for a particular design. they cannot be used Tor any other design, Ths moana weaving ley hc to sore @ nunber of ange hem whanever a eange n Weave HEE ‘equed. Ag wih i, the gesting tt ves the cour shat on hich the seeking tppets are Toute, eso To Be charged fo {ve he correct speed rato Daween Hi cfank shal ad appt shat (Fo. 2:), Channa appts nd gor Wis Tae sopping of the weaving machine for fnget tines, ts belag prodacton, The cher disadvantage the fppet shodng fs that tho nurbor ef {appets that can be used economaly and conversely, for aru weawe "ops, wil be upto eight or mannum asi $2 ‘weave sinctires rogating on More ban 12 heal shalt and 12 Dek reqre merovorstlo shading mechartam than the appa Shedding, 1, debby or Jacquard sheding mochaniam, (io scortages of ee (a) the mechanism is simpl; () the nal cot i low: (© mattorance i ex, (9) the machanam doce no couse design fsute in tho waver Yast ad) does ot Impose Hnkaons on the speed ofthe wasting machine Pai, simple til and simple san designs can be reduced by tappet shedding necharism ) 2:12 Dobby Sheddig In dota sheng the head frames are operate by jacks ae levee (Hg, 22), The oder tng or oweng ofthe hen ares, 2s pe! Ming plan, controled by a paten chain thal ges Unde scope for weaving deslgns, repesing on lange murder ot picks. This mechani can contol up 2¢ head ames, depending thon te can am hog “The deagn pessblis are til ea, crepe, honeycomb, hhc back mode, badord cor, double oth ee The dsarhataes of by mecharieme are (a) mechanism is complicated: (b) initial cost high; (c) tnsnananco ena is hig (ean produce design fauks in woven {abre, and (e) tend tit The loom speed when compared othe Tappa sheding 2.44 Jacquard Shelding tn this shedding the War onde are controled inital by harness cord, F623. Thee ullbe many cords there re ene im th warp. There aro esl frames, Because the Wap onde are “ LET Ey ‘A dk, 8 Hal Fane, © Spin mrring mton Fig. 22 Dobby Shedding controlled individually by the shedding mocharism, the patterning possbilios ar vitualy unlimited. Tharelore, complicated designe tke portraits, animals, oometical gues or even a landscapes can ‘be woven with this typeof shedding mechanism. Disadvantages ofjecquad shedding are (2) the mochaniem contains more moving pats; () iil cost | very high; (€) maintenance cost i also high; (d) can produce design faults in the fabric; (e) preparing a design and cuting pattem cards requie skiled labour, and () imitations on the speed of the loge du to complex mecharism. ‘2 NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE TAPPET SHEDDING AND LINK NECHANISIE hore are two types of shedding mechanisms, namely negative and posive. th the former the heald Yams are ether ‘aise ot onated by the shedding mechanam but the revetsng of ‘he motion fs caied og by a sepa ouasing mechanism ahh consi of sirela spange- ingoes, or connacinas a lapses. jal mochaniom. The simple commonly used tappet 15A ols 8 «Haas con ©» Hames, ©» Wap en K = Ug i Ws Nedes, 8 = Pata ee Fig. 23 Jacquard Shedding 16 shedding mechanism shown in Fig 2.4 seems appo tly 10 be poalve sein bt the shang lps ae negates, ae ty lo isl Tames poavely Buono false Thom rest The reversing crag out by he op a ‘al hth a8 f ae fatness ee a (eda wat art wrth he id of a roversng motion. Fig. 2.10. There w no ever ‘mechan Those appa a xo oe ‘The bosses and recesses posed over the tappel counter, determine the sequence of heal! ting or lowering of temas, Somatines counter apps (naiched came] are provided Io enue Inet dations Sich aprets can bo and fe ‘wesving machines. Theso wo Wypos of Shedding are dscussed below in dota 22:1 Nogative Tappet Shedding ‘Toe negative tappet shedding mechanism shown in Fig. 24, sort nt bed et eo iaed the lapels the afaf-and pat the ‘shedding mechanisms in action (The whole mechanism consists of ‘regan ada bsnl bel famoe sie ap ‘ol cevrsng motor. Tha-bead fames are ted atthe tp oe torsade oder sage Wile iy te st ta tna ena Soe oui be con The ire ever ae fre atone a the Goss aia ck ot ete depends upon the number of eps whch tum depends pon the weave don. ‘ih tho appt foe, The frend ofthe treacle connected othe lower pat the held ramos by means ‘aa ods. The head ramos cary a numberof heals ard each Nas a Illy ough whch geraay_one wa eed i hing the prepa othe warp. nthe eas of © plain th try or are dvd ht and even ond, Atha odd ‘ave dram trough tho heals belonging fo ana heal ame ‘al he een ends ere drawn teugh the heals belonging To & frame, Te two heal tomas are conoted by two seperate ‘opel. op ofthe head frame is connected Yo 8 ening 7‘hs Hel 9» Wad oe, = Had sy = Hal ane, «Shag tt, Fo Bono aa = Tae lens kane = ieee. = Top ae |” A {HEED NegntveTappat Sheddig Motion (teen fom backalde of oom) The. rales are diferent in thec ameter, The ron heald frame i connect ia te top rolar ota smaller dameter and the ch jameter, This is fi arto a fame tea eta. ‘Th enn fo a mae hf taster bo Secon re es na cae ‘Each shedding tappet in the case of a plain weave, normal rin ta ‘ an by the patil roan af the top roller sannacied Io, oe designing ofthe shedding tappet is very important the morement of heat ames ently dopo Upon Tho heal ames move slew, eter coming rom th op eft postions and the sigh eros pod afar Te arp toads Gross each oth, and again move tow Uni te shed hy ‘pened, The advange ef Ws ind of motion thatthe warp ade fo move fit when Rial anda wen th But ‘educing the chances ot breakages of wasp Theres ‘hed lnmation and hence tnaion varia oar dng sheen 6 ower me owen Fig. 25 Plain Loom Timing Diagram ays acy dlormation of warp yam taking place ng each cycle, Tse cussed bly the Appodix-1- Aer the torsion ‘ofa warp shod he hold frames have fo remeinsalonay for some Dorod alow tho sus the other. Thi period i cated a wel period of the hand Lars ‘nd it varied according tothe width and the speed: For ‘wih Toor, for The dae is one tid of pick (120% of crank eye), endfor a wide, show runing om the del is ‘bout hal pick (180° ofthe crank cycle), Fig. 25. 22.3 Designing of a Shedding Tappet 22.31 Polnts tobe noted in constructing a shedelng tappst profile 1. During one revolution of the bottom shaft two sheds are formed, To obtain an equal height of both sheds, it -ereater fronL_one, The back held tapnal has a inet ihe seems ba dlsance banat and sre asf let) 2, Fhe scconttly ond the leverage eysiein transiting the trovemers tothe heads delrine te shed heh 3. The diel ofthe heals fs Gonray 120" ofthe main shat tevodon and therfore, two ths of main sal revolaon & forthe heald placement, 4. Shed hight at the shut ot wal must be 915 an reser ian the height ofthe shut font wal 5. Asmat point which an attention may be drawn in tonsrtcion ot a appeal the warp veads St exachy trove tnough the same dance asthe heals, but ere & 8 Iie ciflornce dust th sz el the held eye and hence an towance of one om & made for bea-ye depth 19 distance thaneee ree eee ‘nace eta raha ic aa ong as eset satieyihie centeenyree Sailers aes ml bigeceyestnas atin ie ey vt SPL MAROC = fra Rtn Cam H = Ut toma ig 28 oben o Cae HM is the most commonly used motion for shedding, especialy ft coericnal notradonate shale tas, Wh Ns inoton, ample of acceleration i comparalvel fon, bu a ho begining ad tha end ofthese, he maton hae sion changes {in sccnloraton hich ead os and ot stab fot Neh spond toome {her i a cos postive ot nea areaton wth fe tappats paring prabose mation, the heads veocy creases. Seeenzey a's cancion ale oo hal eg er at teapectey, This hebsngting approximately 15% her tossing ‘elt, but the maton hs sudden change in acoaeraion at the Doginlng ane end of mation. This wil res in coneierabl fort {he tealde and unautable for highspeed ome, 20 ‘The flowing factors are to be considered while constucing | The weave suc (0.9 pa, i, ano), The urbe of ick 6 a rpms, The poht where tho aad on is nant the bos of F tappet (nearest point of contact Le. np). Z |The tance the bows mved fromthe ees poh ‘trahest point, that is, stroke of the tappet. ees The dame oth vende bona The drt potodo th eat tame, Th eset data eq forte constcon of shading ‘are ereore 2 bia . ©) cet pao: tok; () nore point of cantat ‘td (9) weeds tow dana," "res at ot "Pain weve ‘wel pation 1 pet Econ ore = 0mm p Weedie bow! diameter _The construction ofthe poe Is shown in a crane shedding tappet is shown in Fig. 2.7 | Constuct a cco A wih a raSus of 60 mm, + radius bowl.) pide Sens ancter cle 8trom the same centre with radius 20 me (add 60 mmol the soe to tha rai of he kee sy Stee the lain weave repeat on two pcs to runde the Pgarkoyc, cin tacit ho to eal nate ty wae HV! ech pa reset one ok ae Seco the del periods Is 19 pck, die each segment XY ito tree ex parts by tho ines MN and Rs eter ee GN eon he do he ape The segments MQ and PN ropreten ne hea cee pao a nF. 27 = cae aFig. 2.7 (a) and o)and() Contruction of Nopaive Shedding Tappet (@) Divide the segments MO ane PN into six equal pats (for ‘greater accuracy inthe tappet outine, the segments can be vided into more than six runber of equal pats) by drawing radius from conte O. (9 Wit Mi or PP" as damoters draw somiccle and divide this ‘als into six equal pas (the eame number asin the case of ‘stop 8). (Fig. 2.7 8). (9) From each point inthe somickce drop « perpendicular to cut fhe Ines OM and OP. sas te Kua ‘The purpose of this graduation is to enable ramos to move quiet atthe time they are crossing each other and ‘move slonly as thay reach the extreme points of shed opening (@) With 0 5 centro and radius equal to each of tho bisecting points on the lines OM and OP, mak of pots of interaction fon the radial ines a8 shown in Fig. 27 | (From each ofthe pois on the radial is constructs circles ‘equal in sie fo the waa bow, 2 Draw a smooth curve jining the edges of the bow! in diferent postions as shown in Fig. 27 c. Shapes of diferent 'ypes of tappets are shown In Fig. 2.8 ‘Ae 2 Toi B21 Tl C= 1 1 Ph Fur pik ohne O = 22 Tt Fig, 28 Profiles of Difrent Types ot Tappete ‘A smooth movement of head frames is possible when a large tread bow is used sinc tf the creumference ofthe teaule bow! thal decides the cutine ofthe shedding tappet. 2.24 Geometry of the Warp Shed Tho stroke of the tappet is decided from the following measurements ; _ (@) eight of the shut trom inside the warp shed; (©) the postion of the heal frames in relation tothe cloth fl {the cstance of the heald frame connection onthe teadle lve from the fulcrum ofthe treacle lover, 6) the distance ofthe centre of read bow from the fulcrum of the tread lever and (6) the sweep ofthe sey. In Fig. 29 sinpliiod tagram of the relative postions ofthe ‘above mentioned pars, with numerical values, are given, (@) - the angle betwoen the eed andthe raceboar, which is known, 15 the bevel i ten as 90%; (0) the sly -sword has moved trom the vertical beat - up positon to Rs backward mst postion tough 15% FyFig. 29 Tppet Shedaing wih Top Rollers (6) the distance ofthe shut ron om the fll ofthe cloth is 11.0 e the height of the shuttle at the front is 3.5 om; 6) & lance of 5mm. is given between help tor de of the shuttle and the top warp fine; ne anf (Be dns he es tom of of te cl i832 om (@) the distance ofback head fame fom the fel of the chat 98 em: From the dla given above, tis posse cae the eat movement of he Wom and back heal frames, forthe same shed os The ted caluaons ae a8 flows : — 2000 is he shed angle; — OB isthe op Wa fo; (C (00) a te btom wap tne ‘is he hszetl Ke ning the font ad back rei Bevel ol he read (angle been he raceboard and the red i 0%, ‘ice the sey has moved 15° rom the font poo 0 the backward postion tho angle ZAOC ls 15" (see Fig 29°D and Consider at the sum fags fa tangle fs 160. To find ct the shod ang 800 : 4 {an ZB0C = [Height ofthe shutle + Shut clearance wah te top Ine fhe warp |= ( Distance ofthe shutle from the cloth fel) #135405] + 110 = 0.2636 2006 = 19° 59 ZBOA = 19° 59 — 15" = 4° 5 In tingle AOB, AB = tan ZBOA x OA = 0.0872.x32 = 2.79 am. In wiangle AOC, AC = tan ZAOG x OA = 02679 x 32 = 8.57 om, BC = AB + AC = 2.79 + 857 = 11.96 om. Since the tangles BOC and FOG ara similar » (FGIBC) = (OE/OA) = 3802) FG © 1136 x 9602 =1278 om. “Thus, the front heald frame has to move through a distance of 136 em andthe back heald fram has fo move tough a distance of 1278 em. 224A Calculation of the stroke of the shedding tappets and felative diameters of the two top rollers St = soko ofthe tappet that controls the front haald frame; 82 = stoke ofthe tappet that controls the back head frame; ht = verzal movement of front heald frame; he verieal movement of back head frame: Ly the dance of the ont heal tana orm the Wea ulerus tho distance of the back heald frame from the treadio fuera; 61 = the ameter of he tp roller which controls the front heakd frame; (2 = the dametor ofthe top roller which conrls tha beck heat frame. 7 82/1 = (2/1) X (L112) Lot L1 = 80 om, L2 = 48 em. then, $2/ St = (12.78 / 11:36) X (0 / 46) = 1.22 ‘The stoke of the tappet operating the back heald frame should be 22% greater than that operating the front heal fame, ‘The relatne diameters ofthe top rollers shoud be 21 dt = 2 hh = 12.78 / 11.96 = 1.125 that is, the clamator of th top roller ofthe back heak! frames, reversing. machenism should be sbout 125% greater than that ‘contol the fet frame. B 2sSince the treadle lvers controling the heakd frames are fulcrummed at the back of the loom, the actual leverage of the tread lover operating the back heal fame is loss than that ofthe fron frame, Because of the shorter lverago tho back heal frame wil move shorter stance compared tothe movement of the front fame, whereas, a por the calculation shown before, the back fame {thould move a greater distance o mains the same depth of shed “Therlore, the tappat operating tho back heal frame has a greater throw (or stoke) than the font tappet 2.25 Positive Tappet Shedding : In postive shodding the heald ames are raised a5 woll lowered by he Sh0SBny estan There & no need of overshg ‘mechanism, Al modem highspeed weaving machines have positive shedding maton. The tappets are made fo control the healds ‘movements in both dcections, An ouline af the heald connactions fr 2 postive action is shown in Fig. 2.10 ‘As shown in Fig. 2.10 a tappet flower A follows the groove. ortho lappet track nth tappet B, The lappet is mounted ona lappet haf and driven by pation and bow wheels fom the main shat ‘Wen the appt rotates, the tappet follower moves up and down and the tappet lever C, which is uerurened at O, moves to and fo, thus raising and lowering the heald frame D. On Sulzer Ruti Projectile Weaving Machine and other shutclecs weaving machines, shedding cams are mounted low et the side of the machine. Each pal of cams operate one shat as shown in Fig. 2.10 b. The metal head frames move up and down in the heal me guides provided on either sees ofthe tame. The bottom of the heald frame i connected to the rol lever tvo ‘guide pate, angle lover, connect t a 1 Two Tink rods C are adusiable by Toosening the {Ek ScTew" Smaary the forked link may be adjusted by unfasening the clamp screw. Moving the forked fk 8 upward on the rl lover ‘Avmakes the healds frame opening larger. Moving i downwards makes the opening smaller. The hoight ofthe heal frame can be ‘Susie by untastoing the locking serew and moving the bnkrod {The anion rollers are alays in contact wih the cam face. AS per weave, the shocking cams are fited on the tappet barrel amped together and placed in ol casing. When the cams fl the toad levers oscilte and tough the connecting ods raise oF tower the heakd frames. ith the postive shedding motions the weaver has a clear view ofthe warp behind the red since Mere po mechanical parts to obstruct his wiow. Thore 60 no ASK ol the warp tome Mewet ete ae a 26 o ‘As Toppa iolowe 8 = Tapp C= Tape tee, ©» Flr FZAMeoalive Cam Shedding Motion Since the heald frame ends are supported by guides fixed to the foom frame, the heald frames remain saight daring thei up and down movement ‘The terms postive and negative are aso used with reference to debby shedding. However, ths wil be discussed in a separate chaplr under dobby shedding. 2.26 Link Mechanism ‘The movements of heald shalt in both the deections with a ‘shorter dwells can be contoted by a fink mechanisms as shown in Fig, 211, Rotating crank A along wit the coupler 8 rocks the tee “art follower C which gives the healds sha upward and downward ‘movement through a series of inks, The Ink mechanism i simple fand ie cost of production i lower than tht of tappet mechanisms. 2A Cah, 8 = Cor € = Te am rc D = Henk Fig. 211 Shedding by Link Mechanlam srher it gives less vibrations which result in reduced warp eakages, The mechanism ly eutaba for high speed lems. 3 HEALO REVERSING MOTION ‘As explained eater, the hesld reversing motion is necessary the ease of negative shedding. The reversing Is cartid out by top ters or by siple springs ora special machanism. The simple top der system for plain weave has alreedy been discussed under ative shedding. The top rolt arrangement for operating twee, ut and five heald frames is shown in Fig. 2.12. Howover, this echarism is used for a weave where the same number of shafs ® lila on each pick. hn Fig. 2.13 separate top roller arrangement thee, four and fv heals weave designs are show. In all those stems th top roa ole A reals in fixed bearings and the others eared fal, Inthe case of fv roler eystem, the top rolor A and B ate i xed bearing, and the ower rere C,0 and E workin sts tha they can move up and down, Fig. 2.12 Top Rolle for Opaatng upto Five Heald Frames a Fig. 213 Top Roller for Three, Four and Fiva Heald Frames ‘An all pupose Lacy tp motion used on Bish Norttvop Loom {i shown in Fig. 2-14. tis mounted on a stand 5 a one end of tho {op al ofthe loom. It consists of tvee rollers A.B and C,a long lever ‘Mand a short quadrant lever N. These two levere can be locked in Postion or they can be made free to escilte, ele Mg lc N= Chat or 8» Send Fig, 244 Lacy Top toton Th har ype of evering th hess the spin top motion. This noon costs of pa of loan for every hood ae, Ioaried on he top ral Ue lo, and each arb comectd ‘ horzotl sping The negative shetngtppet placed beneath the bom cans tho head iames down hu eronting te op‘ring tension an be vari to sult the warp strong ‘ck sprig pe revericg motion es shown Imountd on the ede. Ths does nl cbaturs to Hee ee i prestressed by the hand wheal 9s pad sa : ‘worm gating The 9 motion hs a cine cata ove tn ly reed motion since the former ‘ ‘Hen since the omer operates india eal shal epg F218 Spring Rerering ton 24 sieoona worion Prmicriee Stwcking moons ar dergned on fur trent pc pamely Spon shed. Semopen she, Bote hed, Btimetoeed eat Carte‘ aed These we cn PS Me are bad on te poston of wa fetes eres 241 Open Shed Prince In this eas th hai aes nove cont teston the boom pston oc aa eo sp er design, require to rman up or down for wo erent tee ice Pre: Inig. 216 theft Neat moves opt eee %0 Fig, 216 Type of Sheds ‘down ster the insertion ofthe fst pick. Then they remain stationary in thor respective postions forthe second andthe thd pick. On the fourth pick they move again changing positions. This type of shedeing cen be attained In tappetshedsing, double acting double lit dobbies and certain jacquard. The maximum speed of working is achieved with this shed formation, The unnecessary movement of tha threads i avoided. Hence. less powor is required to dive the loom. However there is difeulty in lovefing the threads during repaing of warp ends for weaves eter than pain, 242 SembOpen Shed Principle In this eaze the heals that ae requied to romain stationary for two.or more consecutive picks at the bottom position remain at ret. However, the heald frames which are required 10 romain stationary atthe lop postion for more picks in succession, do not fomain slaionary but move about hal the distance ofthe depth of tha shed and go back to thei tp postion or he Tormation of a shedfor the next pick. Here, i ie e800 that some warp ends ave lunnecessariy’ strained, This type of arrangement te found i [ncauard, Fig. 2.16. The speed of working is eighty caduced asthe top shed ine moving fom the top tothe eect tine and again back to the lop line ~ an unnecessary inevitable movement. Tho disadvantage of this prince i the difculy of leveling the oaks ‘when broken theads have to be repated 24.3 Centre Closed Shed ln this caso, after every pick, the raised and lowered ends ‘return fo the contre postin belo 'a new selection is made. This tnoare all tho warp ends are eainod unnecessarily. Some of the dobby shedding used for gauze and lo weaving form the eanie dosed shed (Fig. 2.16 ¢. 244 Bottom Closed Shed Here allthe ends, whether they ae requed to remain up for {wo or more consecutive picks, come down to the botlom postion before they ae ited up forthe next shed opening. This means no end wil remain stationary atthe top postion afer a pick is inserted Af them move down before a new selection is mid forthe next shed. There is unnecessary strain on afew ends. This {ype i found in single it jacquards, (Fi. 2.16 d). The speed ofthe mechanism gels reduced duo to this extra movement of the heals, As al the {weads come to ene level ater every pick this pnp Is especialy fsiable for weaving gauze cath. But tis requires large amount ot power to dve the loom. 25 TIMING OF SHEDDING AND OTHER PRIMARY MOTIONS The tining of tho shodding motion varies. considerably for “Tho shutle box shown in Fg. 24 i geen on cone over picking loom. The plcker B runs on a picker spindle A which is screwed in Place by mans of a flat spring clip Tt he bax end. The othar ond tthe pind is held by a spindle slud I. The picker is connectd to the picking stick bya strap H. A butler L composed of several paces eather, i treaded on the spindle between the picker and spindle ‘ud. pravens the picker dung ts forward movement fom beating {Up agalnt the sod stool stu, “The other two. important pars in the shstle box are (@) Check Sap; and (2) Swot. ‘The function of these pars isto act as checking devices {or the incoming shute. The shutle which has boon pushed by the picking mechanism from the opposite end, has to be ‘deceleraled within a short datance, This is only’ possble by stfectvechocking device. immediately the shutle enters ino the Box i skes against the swell which is placed in tho back of tho box, ucrummed at one end and kept projected though the gap in the box back by means_of springs 9s shown in Fig. 3.10 0. The tfectvenessofhingd swells is ow, tha is why they are not suitable for high speed shuttle Tooms, For such los, floating swels shown in Fig, 340 b aro used. These aspects are discussed in dota inthe next chapter. The fictional force batwoan the shtleHINGED SWELL shure: @ swe ‘AvauaRY ‘SWELL ‘SWELL te Fig. 3.10 Swell Motion 56 bck and the swell reduces the shutle speed but the final breaking clon is oblained whon the shutlesirkas the picker. Howaver, the inet of the plckor aloe le Insufficient to produce the necessary fotardalion to the shutla and some addiional moans of sbeorbing the residual energy ofthe shutla are required. This is provided by the check strap K which eonsists of two additonal straps, namely spindla strap J and conta trap C. “The chock strap passes alongthe entire font ofthe sey, inking up witha sindar arrangement at tho other end, I is therefore, s8en thatthe check sap eases the impact ofthe shutla on the picker. fe) Fig. 211 Check Stap for Under Pik Loom In the case of underpicking motion where tho picker i ed the picking sick ® check evap shown fh Fig. 2.11 1s provided 08 a restaining device, In adon, « bul, sping loaded, tyeraulc oF peur is proved. Inthe case of hyarause and preumaic bulls tC punger le piace by the pking sick (Fi. 2 Tn some of the madem looms # swell easing motion is used instad of erdnaryswebe The Rincon ofthis swaleasing motion e that trode the pressure ofthe wel on the shute back when the ‘hut s ready fo be pused Ise tho warp shed, thus saving a grat ‘mount of power in pidang, Swol easing mation consists of & L = Shaped lover conroed by «pion the crank arm. Research work + ard out with theee Nee of walls discussed inthe next chap.ADVANCED sty; DY 4 OF SHUTTLE PICKING AND CHECKING MECHANISMS a I neNTIAL FEATURES OF 4 4000 Picking R07 in the picking mechanism pking should ‘atone woh of aig” ”' P80 tom and Ae — eipetnatnrte eat et top staring and 5 at the warp, FP Or, whather he settee ean ‘COMPLEXITIES OF SHUTTLE PROPULSION {shuttle weighting about hall a Klogram is used to insert welt yarn weighing only «few grammes. Ths is necessary to ‘overcome the resistance of drawing the wel for the sual 8s voll as 10 reduce the ik of shutle fying out ‘Since a shut leaves a ne of welt behind each tie t moves ‘across a loom, a constant ciation of weight and eneray ‘ecurs unil tho shut Is emply. During the traverse ofa shut trough the shed, does not move in straight Ene but folows a complex path in all the three co-ordinates with tho mation of soy. As the ley moves ‘tom tho bottom contre to back cents, the shutle travels ‘across, moving back and fling wih the sley. A the back onto of tho sloy whore a sight pause of sey taka place for the reasons given in chaper8, the chute simply continues to ‘move across the om. Betwoon the back cete'and the top cent, the shutle moves up and forward wih the sley unt finaly reaches the opposite shuttle box. ‘The centre of gravity in a shutle does not occupy a fixed positon but is constanty changing. @ shuttle is ded wth is centre of gravy isa the centre of the mas, everytime moves across the warp, the point recedes in proportion fo the ‘weight of welt drawn away, because the welt is pulled ftom the forward end of a pir. the line of force doesnot pass through the conire of gravy, then the shutle has a tendency to revel. In practice, rotation is checked by the reed and race ‘oar, The shutle tips are fied to the shutle nearer the top ‘and the front than that atthe back and baso ofa shutle. By this the line of force wil be above and belore the centre of ‘raviy so thal the pressure is exoted against the reed and race board, ‘Thor is'@ vation in oom speed (Section 4.8) resuting in vation in the picking force. ‘Thor is variation in the rest poston ofthe shutle (section 410.2) due to ineffectiveness of the shuttle checking ‘mecharigm, Tis also resus in vaiation of shut speed from ik to pick Because ofthe asymmetric poston ofthe shut, a side way pal ol varying inten s exerted depending upon he diction ‘of movement of shut The ehutle iz accelerated om rest to a speed of 10-15 ms ina dstance of only 15:20 em.Considerable research work has been cartid ou to deal with the problem of shutlo propusion. Tha basic mathematical theory of ‘shutle propulsion was fist investigated by Vecont (2) and lator that ‘work was extended by Vincent and Catow (2). Ener, Hanon (4) ‘sed graphical mehds 1o determine the well and acceleration ot shutlo during propulsion. Thomas and Vincent (6) earied out ‘experimental stucies and compared tek results with those abained ftom the Vincent's theory with a view To giv, the loom designer a ‘sound footing 10. optimize the design parameters of picking ‘mechanism. What folows i this chapter are he excarpls of esaareh ‘work carried out by Vincent, Thomas, Catlow and others 10 Understand the complexities ofthe picking mechani. 43° FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTIAL SPEED OF SHUTTLE Inia shutle speed is tho velocity of a shuttle tthe instant leaves the picker and starts ils oe Tight. This vlocly ls very Important for saistactory working ofthe loom. The inl speed of shutle i almost equal to the average shutie speed unless the ‘movement of shutle is seriously impeded by the top shed. The factors which influence the ial speed of shutle are discussed below wih reterence to most laid and comprehensive work by Thomas and Vincent (5) (2) Shape of picking tappat Tie shape of the picking tappet in contact wth the picking bow! 's the primary factor controling the shutle speed at a given oom speed. This can be specified in terms of relation between the nominal displacement of shutl (fer next ‘ecton) and the rotation ofthe crank shal. Highe the nominal movement of picker more is the stengh ef picking. Dots are offen punched onthe picking nose toindcate the strength of picking: Figher the number of dots, moe isthe strenglh_of pecking (©) Loom speed As the loom speed increases the inal shut velosty ao increases but is not sricly roparional tothe loom speed. ‘This means thatthe relative shuttle speed which i the rato between the shutle speed and kom speed decreases as the loom speed increases. This is due to deflection of picking device under dynamic condition, (©) Timing of pick ‘There is tendency fora ater timing to give @ higher oom speed. Hamed and Lord (@) established a conelation relaing tine of departure of shutle wth fs veloc: In most casos the strong picks are fate and the weak ones are early, as shown in Fig. 4.1, because ofthe folowing reasons o 0 @ @ @ Co) 0 @ 5%SLOW Fa. 41 Rlaion Baten Peking Tring tnd Shut Seed "evan the potion oti sap rl tote picking fae : ing mectaisn might be having torent scat Tie cla e he onmencoment ofeach pick due To ‘tion athe chosing mectrism. : “Taina ration of bot shat dng noma ting TerBom cased cane tha potion of tng tppe wh repost ping bon ths ating the tng. Length of the pking band J change ith length pein bar oan over pik am A ele os ars th ining othe pik or vo ptr a ares btw expect te bowt a which the picking band Is taut. Shortoning ofthe picking band and Mester sraone Teed to arkad nrese io ra spat common rated acoptd i the ‘nsf erence thw ping foc ’ ‘Swallrecistance ‘Changes in the swell pressure sffect the intial speed of the shut In two ways : : Direct eft resuting fram changes in the resistance fered to the shutle during propusion. . Indio affect resting rom the variation inthe position of hut at rest. ‘Thomas and Viecent have found that when the shuttle is iMwoned manually to nulity the variation of rest postion of 6“The nominal movement of the shut dtfers from the actual shut, an increase in swell pressure increases the intial Shute speed marginal. The explanation is tel the picking movement, because inde ths attr condion the mecharism ot ‘mechanism is placed under sin by swol resistance, and ‘and detections ofthe flexble pars of the mechanism €9. ‘when this stain diminishes suddenly there remains. an flaking stck, picking sep, bottom shalt et. take place. For Unbalanced free which sevalabl for accoloratng te shut. Gp, fora fnear cam tho maximum velcty ofa shle is Wie Novener ence corral weding contin of a om, sth oa (hata under nominal conditon, The actual deplacerent of shutle Increase in swel pressure href a coresponcing decrease an esdsed by Us Vincents Theory, inthe int enue vlchy bacasie of vorton hs poeion fe thule eatin he cae bot 45 THEORY OF PICKING (9) Mass of the shuttle The ellact of mass of shutle on the shutle vlocy ie a inscant. However has been obseved that wh higher tase, hove isa tondency lle pein, (@) Height of picking bow! Raising the piling Bow ofan ore om win he Ants setup by the maker (13 on) reduces the tue speed, (8) Distance of pleking appet trom the pling shaft er : Shuttle speed is imversly propoianal to tho distance of 5 Picking tapet tothe ping shaft As tho tance reduces, {hore wll be 2 larger increase in the anguler movement othe picking shalt. (0 Postion of buttor No sigifcant fect is found es long ast dows not intro SPRING Uj oamrer 5 wth the picking 0) Inkiat gap betwoon picker and shuttle With sandard nose ithe fl in shut vaocy is consHerable ‘hen the india gap exceeds 25. cm 44 NOMINAL MOVEMENT OF SHUTTLE ‘The nominal movement ofthe shut, as defined by Vincnt (2) isthe postion of tho shut fora given crank postion occupied pow. by the shuta when the lom is tuned over slowly by hand. Thus pole ofthe cam gives the nominal movement when al th fede pars of picking mechunsam are rit Thus nominal meverant of the shutlo i samo as thal under sal condi. Tappate are designed with diferent types of nosnal movements, Linear cam, =p Oo Parabolic cam, 5 « ait Potyomial cam, S = p+ 0 + 0? Where S = Nominal movemsnt of shutle and picker. Fe 2. ete tre ty ol Ja ation of crank shat in dogs. “iecrt (2) represertod the picking mechanism by smole oe = ystems shown ing. 42 which consis of weight M ving on «2 6 cam‘smooth plane wih one end atachod to @ spring having sifoees |For simply, he has ignored damping Force = 2 (S — X) : : | Force = Mx as 80, MX? =A (8 = Xn ee (43) Whore, M= Mass of shutle and picker X= Actual acceleration ofthe shut X = Actual displcement ofthe shutle 2 = Siftness of the sysim, S = Nominal movement ofthe shuttle 2, function of @ ‘depending upon the shape of picking cam. © = Angle in radians through which the erank shaft hae rotated since the movement of the shutle began, q (43) can be writen as :X* = QL1 M) (S - X) Ma) ork! 20 (=X). 45) Where n= Q/ Mi ‘Tho quanily n expressed in number por soe may convenient be expressed as alacrity of the syeiom (The form was orginally suggested by Dr. P. S. H. Henry of Shily Institute, Manchester) ‘lacy is aterm wich expresses the degroe of rapiy with which 2 shufle responds to the picking stick. I is related to the natural {requency of the picking machansim. The slacry ofthe two side ot the loom is not same because on the off side of the loom on Wb ws Sag so ag sete a ene eee SuLSten eens Sette oie patie ogoaeee iar Transm adnate ce eaten enemies race naeomecraey Semete eee taern eee es seen rasa armor tes ‘value of sbout 409 when, n= 80 5". Catlow and Vincent (0) Theoretically investigated several altemative forms of nominal ‘RSvoment wih th objective to minimize the maximum scceleraing {rve consistent with a paricuar pojecton velcty, They showed {theoretical eptimum conditions are achieved with a curve ging ‘2dual acceleration in a shusodal movement X° = A Sin KL, were, Ais the maximum acceleration and Kis a constant controing the fine, Callow (2) selected the mest promising one for further lhvestigaion. By working on this twas found that 8 polynomial car inthe form of S = p® + 9B! + 1% gives @ much closer epproach to form acceleration. These types of cams are nowadays used for ‘eone-under pick mechanism. 4s. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SHUTTLE PROPULSION Fig 44 Nomina and Actual Movements of « Shute ‘Thomas and Vincent used optical method 10 plot the am nt Pe cnn nt rt jccinesaroea tna acre voit cinema Ata ty cts = Tate pti wf at a ns me ae ot 0 ananoemraet er ore en ns ween eran ee an Eq, (4.20) _ gun pnt west eames rae rumah moremeermae aia cena conte Fee i tnt anc a fee Si arent = ramus go ite ma ananassae (420)‘lating te sgl ot inoact (1), neater inact {frestun (andcotce often) ag eee iF, Ne rived the folowing equation to doomine ‘velocity of shutle after rth impact. . pee = Vor (an CoB) Coen (2B agIKxeylSney ee cn 2 Where Ve = Velcy tthe shat tr fay npn Vo = Initia velocity of the shuttle : = Number of ‘pet = Confit of retition between cot between the shut andthe = Coco of estan batwoan he shut ad tho 41) WEFT TENSION ouR MET TENSION, OURING PROPULSION AND {sellin ocussing atonon on to the inpeiant eapecs crue fc i raspect of changes of the wel'Ai fe to Cor, te ‘tuto issatenary end the tee Welt yam batwoon cabedee oor shutlo-oy Is having a steady tension, The moment picking begins, the yon's slackened and as tension diops to 2er0, nnd remains a 210 unt al th slacknoss inthe yam i akon up. Ai some pint the ‘nat bogs to be withdrawn from the shutlo, the tension Won rises ‘api (os igh valve and ten Rctuales rapidly uring unwning. ‘Tho magnitude of the tncion level when the shutla& in fre gh across the loom ie determined by the nature of welt, tho intemal fing of shulo,shutlo veloiy, asymmetric postion of shutl-cye rd 0 on. The wal tension arcs th foe ight of shut ie known 25 the unwinding tension or running tension. When the shutle is checked, immodistly tho tonsion begins {o al, The fale at which the tension falls must depend, 10 some ‘eter on the eflency ofthe shutle checking arangements in tho ‘hutlebox. Obviously, the shutle rebounds trom the picker, the tension wil fll to 2070. The aclual tension in the weft immexatly bole lls tapped by the wep threads, known as retained weft tenston, wil dopend not oni onthe running tension, but also on the postion o the kom cycle, at which the closed shed occurs. ‘Another special feature of welt tension traces for the conventional looms Ie the dlference in duration of the umwindng {ension plateau between consecutve picks. The dfferonce reculs trom the asymmeitic postion of the shutlo eye creating ferent lengths of slack yam between the selvedge and shuatle eye (21) Fa 12 Wot Tein Vrain during Compete ‘Ueindog ota Pan‘The tearin inthe yarn whi the chit sin ether bo, does ‘ct rama completely sate btwoon pick, Thee are onsen peaks ‘Sectted wms the nora corracion of areas tho rood eves the shed. This elect maybe soen in tho wah lenin aces eng ftom the ptt mere esl-up lakes place, A secondary eo here {ete wihdrwad of yan from the shi a the soy undergoes fe beck ening, tu heteasing the dance fom sebedge 1 dale tye Wah sce wet moto, there ea smal peck tension medially ther he sate eaters the box oppo, 5) ‘vation in terson during the complete unwinng of a is shou i, 12. To widh lt ce arane om herd ‘aration in onion as unin proceeds rapt suecatsion om the nove and seule fa pn A tet he mognte of fenton tow bt as unwancng proceeds the verae ertioniereace aed trortunty reaches a value of about 5° ties valve a te tegen tis @de strip tension change fom ihe ene of the pin to the begining of nex that ge rises some fais t the wel tou cop change defect. Onan automate pn changing em, te trl on the fst puck la pen isnot hy hooded ane ihe ton, bawasze ‘The way a which he lesion towards the endo a gm comes shou 2s folowe When unwinding sar rom a il pr be Yam Batons oway tn he axe of pi, but os & proceeds the boon lengthen and tse sme lcking the ya found the Pn. As Be winding eorfimses the Kling exende over 2 peste’ leh of ‘tnpy pun and fe th tat ery reponstle for foe inten ‘on accu lth tonal resistence fo he moverert ef the ym {thas Beem found that the best way of rducng thei inthe tension 1 use conical base pn oie te ste Be ged twin 9 ron loop atts (25-24) or fr Use oS monfament yon {bops at an angie of S045" to the slo wale also hel Cntoing ters. The ameters of monotlaer rion yarn 8 ito 1 mm, fr medium snd ares cous and 0.4 O18 en {iw an supine counts REFERENCES 1, Fox, TM, The Mechanism of Weaving, Macmitan Co, Li 1961, p. $29. 2. Vincent, J, J Tex. ist. 30, 1930, T 108: 3. Vincent JJ, and Callow, MG. Text tet, 42, 1951 T 413, 4. Harton, WA., Mechanics for Textle Students, The Texile a vane, i c SEEITIe t m ¢ Terratec hoes ‘ vo wah 8 fe «vorrei tth ws : We adn nn a en a nnn pean eo 2 ve ata Tt Pn Soe ee ee Me erat omen soma acon en mt 2 Se eigen we " own me Pn certo 2 ee aim ns le 2 ete ontop paneeeorenyeameoetar 'ATIRA Publication, 1974, p115.BEAT UP MECHANISM 54 FUNCTION The function of beat up mechanism isto push the welt thread that has boon inserted across the warp thveads in shed, upto the fet of ceth Fell of cloth ic the portion of the lat pick inthe oh woven on the loom, TAT rs —) Fig. 5.1 Sley Mechanism The beating up of the wet tothe flo the clth is cated out by the reed which is fied on the sley by means of reed cap 0s ‘shown in Fig. 6.1. Tha slay mounted on wo sly swords, each sly ‘sword being fucrummed on the rocking shat receives lis motion ftom a crank on the crank shaft though a erank arm as shawn ft Fig 82. In technical terms, a sley mechanism ie a four bar linkage mechanism as shown i Fig. 3.2b. Oy 0, isthe fixed link (oor tare), 0, A is the crank, AB isthe Super, known as connecting ‘arm, 0,B'%s the rocker, known as sley sword, The postions end dimensions ofthese links affect the sley movement CONNECTING CRANK “UlaRM SHAE] cea Fig. 52 (¢) Connecting of Crank, Crank Arm and Sley Sword 52 KINEMATICS OF SLEY Kinomatc analysis i the study of placement: velocty and acceleration lc. of ® mechaniem involving only two physial Simensios vie. leagth and tm. Ths onal can be dere y (8) fraphical mothod and () analytical mothod. The frst method Involves a lt ol gaptical constuction and eo chances of ociing tore are ver) hgh especialy, while messaring ihe relive positions of two points. Hanton ( 1) and Lord ( 2 ) used a simple Sraial eceiqe fo calete the placard Ofte sword pin {rom the bosing up postion wih respec to crank shat ration. They assumed that the point 6 in Fig. 5.2b moves along a straight fine rather than in an ae (sine the radius ©, is very large a8 ‘compared lo cra wth respect, andthe ans speed of bom i contort.ow 2} * >! SN ‘a \ . 9, Stee sa PN. 7 °@ na cedifes tint 9 some mk en, 08» Sey sword, BD Raed, ‘eo ih mac ta 1 POS Seek eee toad t > Riss se. ‘Meet ha ‘0 52-0) Stey Mechanem at « Four Bank Linkage Mechanem X=0+1~10084,~1 con 0, PEG = Cov 0) +1 (1 Cos 0, wate, Xi 1 = 608 8) nsnnnenl6t) from begining of te ence Pat B i, displacement of sey 1 length of ermak | long of conmecing. rod crank angle with respect of dead zi centre postion ie. 0,8 (ads angle of connecting rod wih respect w ogo Mth Asan h= Sin 0, =1 Sin here, h= Perpendicular distance of pont A ; Sin 8 = (171) 8in 8, Cos 8, = (1 ~ Sint 04)! © CTV) CU = Si 8)! enn B2) Subsituing Cos 6, in Ea. (5.1), we get Xiea 14 (1 ~ Cos (ir ~ Sata 0%, Keel + (11) ~ Cos 0, - Ml. (53) where, ME = (1 1 Fs X ser{Sin 6+ (Sin? /M)) OF = wr (Sin 8 + (121) Si 28 Jenn (SA) Since, Se¥ 8, is noghgble as compered to (1/1 Xow eH {008 G4 (111) 008 295 Joe But in practice, the swt pin meves inane is placed atthe lop botom of the horizontal Ine ofthe rank corre. Ray ot al (9) cbserved thet, these assumptions ae valid fo Tooms upto about 200 em wide, but for wider looms, Raver's (8) complex conjuete method or Chace’s Vector (5) method should be Used which takes ro account all the fou inks end thi positon Displacement stom ssmiet — nmenanic Movenenr oF stey Seo HaRbcn MOVEMENT Fig. 53 Kinematic Moveronts of Slay “The postions and the dimensions of aks afet the movement ‘ofthe sley mechanism. The extent o which & deviates rom simple harmonie motion ie known eccentricity of slay. Typics ordeo ty nan agg setae Ser ear ts ac eae trees ae ne aa el ete Fay rant St cant Seti Sete tee cela tare orks eat ag SY ea Sa Ree ate Siw ease ieemeae. its its Sea Soc ty mete a Seis te te ree ope a eRe Sy lhe hs SS SP te he et Seles atts ve teers Sate aa tase re rae SECRET cant en a i ns meni Table 6.1: Eccentricity Values Mateotthe | Loom Type |wiath |] a Loom! em_| em lem Sauer | Cotontappet | 110 | 625 | 150 | 042 Loom automatic FuaiLoom | Coton dobby | 110 | eae [a7sa| os sutomatic GaancO | Cononrappet | 110 | G67 [asselo.tz6 automatic Ficanaitoom [Coton dobby | 110 | 72 | 924 [oes automate Nerirep | Conon awomatie | 110635 _|048|0.208 Prince Rayontappet | 190 | 333 | 229 [0.145 shuftelass Woawop | Wide oom tppet] 320 | 08 [203 [Ose Sooper [Eaton 0] S08 [9048 [0767 om automaic - Bateman | Coton 20 | 888 [arsaloare nomautomatic Northrop blanket loom, wih @ reod epace 3.2 m and a loom epoed 0 65 pectin has an eocentaly ratio f O54, The higher set's obtained by a shorer crank arm and a larger crank recs (ate case of some normal width looms the crank acs varies (rm te. cm ond the eank arm length from 15 to 34 em. However, the 7 th eran arm has to be considered according 10 the lender of held ames provided by the shedding mecharism. A aft shading motion can be designed to cared up 10 26 hheakd inde ‘sry a wider oom weaving heavy fabric roquresthickar frames for operating the healds, which mears more space betwoon {heswoed pin and the crank shat One way of ereasing this space ire our attcting the eccentric rai Is by having lage sword eas. weap 1 shows he eccentc aio of dierent looms 54 SETTING : (@)__ The sey is nomally sot at guch a height that awn trough he exter sword pn postion {feo sons ston Fa EA. Howe, es ahore ger Gwol of the sey W required Fee we Ook hat conte is lowered below the ) The rocking shah should bo set in such a postion sham iy bres ren tan he reduces he Fee eh once te beatup fore ented on the Be Z il tower, ants pro Wiig aoe the wo @ The two cxank ams shoud be of 9 spacing wi bu alot oe rn ‘foie Simi aus wi cccur ocean ss re we pa ae iy wo wear nthe on un a i can sac Te are ig te ater propery. Fo Ss G2) sme ‘ifeert pos at rar om (a) The ween race board rt bo sth. (6s weno sik oct amet ys the on ear covered thik cory cet ‘So race board andthe box base plates chou be road i gh ene and peal teed by means of aMERNS fac yhoher& ee m al etal Tg) the racateardis worn ok by te constant rubbing ot the the 1h ew one shold be feo” can be Fepaed by ing erica she rte rand shuld rt overace the box hack this wi cause Nh sao be deletes tom ts real cures and shale SLE Sas ou or oven ak te stlshould correspond withthe tangle formod bythe back and base ofthe shut, Ths cod the ‘paver, iis normaly 87"-00" 55. SLEY THAT OWELLS AB Matted came CD = tation ow Fig. 58. Reed Drive by Matched Cams Wah contin projectie weaving machines, jot and rapier weaving machines, the Picking mechanism is mound statonary on the machine frame and the reed must, therelore, be at rest during the wet insertion, Cams have becn used for sey diving to give @ Gefrite dwell 0 te sley wih the required range of 220° to 250° To U of SLEY Ws Rosa Sa K = Hold Pd, Fig. 61, Negative Take-up rack wheal. This pul akoup cach s maximum when he Sok PT Create ik A todng pont K proves He rak thd tm uring the opoata ction. Ti mune of peks per ant tance can be inoaed by mducitg bo wohl Hand Gecraco by aking more we “oth wound dec on be csth oer A nce the clots has be emoved fam ob, fw worm ngage wih oe wea te oer an ou om th a 3 POSTIVE TAKER 3.4 Seven Whoo! Tate-up Motion Iron tout chs owe wad tora vem ser Oran whows, ata nor ate, The “Son tne bom posses ovr to forrest ound te Tee eG ones br and own otha eb ol 103The lak oer which draws with perforated stoel filet for w = Ap Teeup Ra 8 «Rata a retamerat = Rte he ©» cs vn, soeeeectpam fie CESS Pe eases A commonly used seven va oh Suet an ‘and sso the cicumference of the take-up role are constant, so that 2froc elton is possible between the pcks per uni space anc te ‘umber of teeth On the. change wheel. For example, a 40 tocth ‘Change whee! would give 40 picks per inch (Note : These calculations are based on established mechanisms, of which most are designed fo ge the tame number Gtpicks per inch as the numberof teeth of the change of wheel. The onciion would be upset they are expressed in S| Units. That ‘ey the Wradional unt of picks per inch is celained here) In this mechanism ratchet whee! is turned by one tooth for 1 pick inserted. However, fr very less ick densily with normal ‘salable change or pick wheel, ratchet wheel is tured two teeth. ‘The amount of cloth drawn forward for each pick can be caleited from the following geer wheels, + Circumference of take up roler 15.05 inch Ratchet whoa! 24 teeth ‘Siandard wheel 36 teeth = Change wheel CW ‘Swing pinion 24 teoth CGarier wheel 89 teeth Compound pion 15 teeth ‘Beam whee! 80 teeth Picks J inch = (24 x CW x 89 x 90) + (96 x 24 x 15 x 15.08) = cwxos8 ‘The picks per inch wit be slightly less than the numberof testh in the change wheel, However if 1.5% is considered for the Conraction of he cloth lengthwise when is taken out rom the loom, the picks per inch wil be equal tothe number of teeth in the change wheel. Nermally standard wheel is 36, however, for very high oF low ick densies, i the change whee isnot avaiable, then standard ‘whee's are also changed, 63.1.4, Setting Since diferent change wheels have to be fited from time to time to obtain the required picks per inch, every care as to be taken {o see thatthe wheels mech propery. '@ wheel binds at any point, thick place will occur in the cath thal is being woven, W they are meshed too closely the teeth on the wheel may be broken; on the oer hand, if they are not meshed close enough, the gears might te. {ta tooth in gear ie broken, there wil be variation in pick spacing and t would recur vith an interval corresponding 10 one revolution of thal wheel. For example i 2 Iooth on the compound: Pinion Gis broken, the defect in ie cath would recur as por the fotowing calation: (15 X1S.0S: . 90 = 251 in ie, every 251 in zonmooe> 105,= Rating Cae, M = Wo Fe Leva, Ne Foger Love, P= Sad Rw Rathet Whoa T = Brac, Fig. 63. Slip Catch A faulty soting of the pawl that works the ratchet whos! may so cause defect inthe cloth. Keeping the slay atthe back posiion land the eranks atthe back cori, the ratchet pawl is adjusted 80 that itis about half @ tooth bayond the one wil engage atthe next forward movement as shown i Fig: 63. This seting ean be tested bby moving the slay forward ui the hl stoke ofthe pawl has moved the ratchet wheel one tooth plus a tle clearance between the looth 1 the reining catch. In cases required to cause the motion 1c take two picks 1s possible by changing the postin ofthe stud P con the sey sword. The soting of caning catch. Kis also Wit tals to crop over the looth ofthe raicht whoo thick places wil fccur in the ctth Provision is made for he take-up mation to workin eoncton with ‘Sido or Centra’ welt fork motion, and 10 lt Bock for 1, 2 0 3 Tooth when the loom is std By the action of wel fork. This 108, frrangement wil prevent ‘Cracks* or thin places in the cloth as shown in Fig, 63: Tis motion is known as AnthCrack motion. ‘Ani-Crack mation: When the loom i stopped by the wet fork maton, the wel fork over M moves back against tho finger lever N thus Hing the eatchK eu of contact with tho ratchet wheel teeth. So the rachel wheel sips back but the numberof teth the wheel can move backward depende upon the ap catch P and ts esting. The ‘ip catch sides losel in the brockat T. 162.2. Worm Wheel Take-up Motion A Si tak, 8» Sale Wom C= Wom Wal O = Pein, cc! Fran ined Fe Pon Gs Gartr Whol H = Charge Wes “nuns Prin = Carlet Whe, Kn Takoap Whe Fig. 64 Worm Wheel Take-up Motion ‘The woim whee! tako-up motion shown in Fig 6.4. is usual geared to the postive rotary debby. Whenever the dobby is tumed forward or backward for pick fining, the take-up motion is also pt {nto working, The object ofthis sto bring the elo the cht fo the ‘covvct postion when the bran pick has been found thus to avoid Staring place.” This type of take-up motion is most suabe for weaving conimuous flamer yams. The side shat A, which dives the take-up motion, being geared eect to the dobby and crank shat, tunis one complete 107‘tevoticn foreach pick. At foe ond ofthe shot i single worm B which dives a72 teth worm wheel C. ‘Compeunded with ths worm wheel sa pinion D which gears wih anater prion whee! E. Whee! € fe mounted a one end othe oss shalt which extends to @ postion insie the bam framing, At {he other end ofthis shafts mounted anathe pinion F which gears through a cartier wheel G with the pick change wheel H Compounded wih the change wheel is a change prion | wbich ‘gears thvough anchor carer wheel J, withthe lane-up roller whoa! KC ln this mechanism the pick change whoo! H isa arven whee. ‘The motion is designed to give one pick pot tooth of the change wheel and the numberof teeth on the whele areas lows, Worm Wheel © 72 teeth Pinion © 24 teeth Pinion Whee! € ey Pinion F 28 teath CCarier Wheel 14 tooth ‘Change Pinion Wheel H Change Whee! (Change Pinion | A teat Carrier Whoo J 54 tea Tako up or roar wheel K-42 teeth The worm take-up shown in figure is cect civen by the tappet shat of bottom shat 632 Lakshml Ruti © Take-up Motion ~ ‘Tako-up mation of Lakshmi Rut C type loom ie Hustatd in Fig, 65. This is simlor to pickles 7 wheel take-up mation, bu the intemitet dive eysiom iz obiained by means of a double tow take up cam B, mounted on the picking shaft B and oscitng the follower bracket D. The motion is trarsmited tothe actuating lever 6, bosely mounted onthe ralzhet wheal stud, trough a connector ! The left hand ofthe connector E rose in a sealed slot of the actuating lover. The scale F facilites the quick adjustment of pick ‘ensty. By adjusting the positon of the connector on the scala, the actuating lover mad to ride over selected ruber of teeth al a lime. The actuating lover asa driving pad which actualy rides over the ralchet wheel. When iti adjusted to cale 6, ony one tooth is taken per stoke and or scale of 10, the amber of teth taken pot stroke ‘re we. A stop paw! is mounted on the spring loaded hand release lover A. Catching or liming pawl J also acts as @ retaining awl and can be dsengaged by pressing the pul release lever L Wwhon the paw! rloase bracket allows limiting av to swing ou 108 Fig. 65 Lakshmi Rut-C Take-up Motion simutancous operation of foot release lever the take-up roller cam G ‘can be rolled backward or forward Se pcase payee eee ne en tg ee sg rae ine a Me seen Fa 08 rt Sey oan eee cheat tere coe me ogame te at er ne ag tS re Sart te Pt Sinn i ey ee ‘penn crests a regina nes Aa ona nosh NE OFT cee wg tant ht gone heater = So 7 ht ss alle. the cloth eee4.8.6.0, Change Whee wih tobies woven th hard fidge of thicker celccge arene avg strong skp ley on te sea ete Cth wie ne ‘A Dat Sou, B = Tarp Baar, C= Fo Cond Por, ‘= Omate Sort,» ot tar Fig. 67 Winding of Cloth on Cloth Roller For Indust! fabrics and coarser doth iis wound on a rollor ‘mounted separately at the front of tho bom. This system known 8s batching device; can accommediate more length of fabric than the above system. 65 ELECTRONIC TAKE-UP Electronics take-up motions were exhibited at ITMA-91 by hich itis posse to contol the pick epacings precisely by moans ‘la ervo metor. Emery or ruber covered rollers are now dispensed wi anLET-OFF MECHANISM 7 FUNCTION umeton of the eto mechaniem isto alow the war to move forward by unwinging it fam the: weavers beset ee ‘jeden wa onion. Ths wap esi em 8 80 WO shed or The eaky postage of hw shate arn insetion lament and_in_hebing tha falc ia cations ee" potion sung ie beste en oe Baia way omer eae so SBieey oa ier fo oo wating es alan eo ‘Theoughoit The weaving process The te ‘warp must TOTOW ‘ctiteria which are as follows : spa eel aeleaaalind {The wary shut pete ed no yer am a sel ee pscage ose an rom ng wean eee Te ete vasa a ‘cover. This aspect will be discussed in detail later on, mr set good (9 |The ton on wp shu be oy,» pariadr ) the welt fork.oe ion ean fp ‘orate lr quality abs end nna ar See Wl ot be ee needa te = Cun, 8» Top Gove Pte C = Fad Pan = Te Mon, ‘Than euros Fe nad se, © Sar are 1 Wat Pat Hane alae Laat» Ganpason Spa Fig, 107 Three Try Motion In case, the loom continues to work salisfactory, alter the fst forthe second welt break, the three ty slider eset to the starting postion by the wot fork hammer H stiking against the tll of the Feleace lever I. As the old back paw and feed pava are raised the Sider jumps back to the orginal postion due to compressing of his ring J. The release lover is pivoted on the walt fork sid self so thal the hammer H cannot contact K when the welt breaks, The set stew F can bo adjusted to knock of the starting handle ater one, two, tree of four leks of which three Is commonly used ‘The three-ty mation on Fut loom s sinar to that of Ginmeo- Skamota foom, but the reseting takes place alter 90 picks by ‘means of a pin fited on the take-up ratchet wheel. REFERENCE 1, Talukdar MK, M.Se, Thesis, Vieoria, University of Manchester, 1967 "ake place, but then the oom wil toy sng dhvee-tty motion of @ Cimmeo:Sakamota loom’ iesnr ti gh ra es seme at he Eanes Ga va ats WEAVING MACHINE - Changing Mechanism 414. PIRN CHANGING MECHANTSH Following an ination from the welt fel for ofl pin tant he hoe ae wh ns cee ih a no breast beam ts, periniyotsted s0 80 10 ipstt ‘ah Upward movartntio tha thls protedot iver A, which conto the eq 8 and gves aforwardttowio the shilepctetor ©The etch 1 AUTOMATIC ‘A= sti Pc ant, 8 Pog, C= Sula Prot, = Lach opty, E = Pep mtg on i Opes, Reta Sg. eee Fig. 11.1 Change Shaft and Shuttle Protector Fig 112 (a 8 8) Pim Changing Mechas! 192 193allows the lach G to swing upwards int ine withthe bute H which {is fxedon the sley front. Under normal runing candions the sping loaded iransfer lich G is held inthe depracsod postion by moans of peg E which ress against the itch depressor O. As the sloy moves forward for beating up of well and tho shutle Raving reached tho Battery ond, tho Bunter H engages the natch on tha latch G, (Fig. 11.25) forcing it backwards against the Fesistance of the hammer col spring'S thereby depressing the Wrensfer hammer | fulerummed on the stud J, together wih the Iwanster depressor K. During the downward movomet, the harnmar ‘and the depressor K imparts a sharp blow to the full” wound im that immediately undemeath, held by the battery. When & {Ul pi is forcod into the shutla,k expels tha almost empty in cut ofthe chutl, making i passthrough the slots provided in the bottom ‘of the shutlo and the box and fall inlo a container. The. new im which is forced into the shutlef Firmly held Inthe spring jaws tthe shut, Connected to the transler hammer 1 isthe feed paw! L the each of which rests in one ofthe loath of the ratchet wheel HAS the hammer iy depressed forthe traneer ofthe new pie into the shutle, lowers the feed paw L so thal the catch slips into the next {oath ofthe ratchet wheel. As soon as the anster of the pien has taken place, the receeding sley breaks the contact betwoen the: bbunter‘and the lalch and enables the hammer to move up 10 Is ‘orginal postion due to the pressure of the hammer col spring S, and im doing it pushes the feed paw L upwards aided by a spring Underneath the paw, end tums the ratchet wheel M one tooth ‘benging the next fl pin inthe baler right below the hammer for the subsequent tanser. ‘As the sley recedes the tipper heel (Fig. 1.3) releases its ‘pressure on the tipper lever and enables the return spring o pull the Protector arm and latch to their normal postions. 11.1.1 Plan Change on Lakshmi-Ruti C Type Loom “The distinguishing feature of LakahmeRUt C type om i is slectomechanial pin changing mechnism as shown ft Fig. 113. | The iniating lover 8 is actuated by aniniaing cam A, mounted on the bottom shatt ofthe loom, trough various inks as shown inthe figure. This i turn causes a eatch lever C Wo osclate over iting lever shat A protector fork lover D is mounted onthe inating shat and on this lover mounted a small convex shaped meal piece which in tho nora running fz always kept away from the path of the ‘scitating calch lover © by spring (ot shown in figure). A plunger Mis placed above his piece whan ts not energised bythe solenoid 104 Fig 11. (@) Pin Changing Mechanism on Lakshm-Auti C Loom ok er icomece 0 @ pret ver Se ee a ed ayerod NA shot iver F which Ijummod ard extends 10 bow H which ceceStina the sping loaded cam fae Cam face and ach ee ated on the same stud of which he lter 6 normally Clown potin, to aso be away fom te path fhe burs Find DDeatup positon, The protector lever © & pivoted on 195114.44 Working satel 8° Penge wet ol ndats » change he Bust the met ice Eo Eee a, noe M Inada tere al B® Eo ing the tar nents mee ‘on, Pager = Pros Lnoe Pr Bouse inser. Gv Lach Laer Rs Song Cecio, 5 Edaued Fm T= Fl Ben bog Boat 5a. 11.3 (6) Pen Changing Mechanism on Lakshmi Putt G Loom 196 the protector fork lever to push tha protector lever tough the spring [teded eye-tod and causes tho protector insert to move forward tomas the shutle box mouth, When the shuttle fe not positioned propery inthe Box, the protector inert wil be pushed back wo that fhe curved lever connecting the protecting lever and the cam bow Wl be pushed back so that the cam face and the lich wi more own against the spring tension. When this happens, no trast takes place. Fingless lens and a spit shuttle sro used on this foom. n this case the shuttle back springs out atthe time of pn tranefer and then relums to is orginal postion under the force of spring ‘The shuts tapered inside atthe point of pm bettom entry Yo aw an ncrease degree of iatude inthe in rest positon. The device tleminses the danger, as sometimes seen inthe ease ol pis wh fing, gotig io the shale and suppted by one ing only. Api helt inthis manner may cause warp breakages. 11.1.2 Galetatlon of Pn Transfer Time ‘Assume the. speed of the foom as 180 picks per mint ‘he numberof picks per sec. = 180/60 = 3 ‘The lime taken for ono pick = 0:3 sec. of his tie the shut remains inthe box (approx) = 0.16 aoe. ‘The pim transer takes place approximately 70% of this ime that is in about 0-1 soe. tis, therefore, very dear that accurate sting ofall the pars is very exzental for smocth working ofa pin changing mechanism ‘Since th timo ceqied for transfer of pim vary accoréng to the speed ofthe loom, is adiseble to run automatic looms a bt slower (10%) compared 10 nonautoraic oma of simian wih, Honever with high spoed automatic looms fk Lakshmi Rut © & is possible to run at higher speed. 11.13 Shuttle Protector Shuttle protecion mechanism is necessary to prevent damage to the shutle when it incorrect boxed at the tims of api change. A pm transfor shou 0 take pace if les than tvee rings nie pm are not in correc postion 16 engage the spring jaw on the she, The postion ofthe shut inthe box sometimes may be Astutbed Because of various reasons as ciscussed in chapter under Picking the shutle el comecty housed the pin and she might be damaged When the pim changing mechanism is put into action the Protecor arm’ (Fg. '.1) moves forward and feeches postion trot ofthe shutle mouth Ifthe shut Is not correctly boned and 197‘beng ou of the box ‘rested from {he wanstr otha a pan wt ce ae ot wa eat {8 withdraw those ends and hots re cut by @ lemple thread enctec rom ‘utara few le-eye thread cuter i o cut ims, ater the tanet a thom ‘A Cater Operating Stat 8 «Lowe, Ew Polen, Fn Rater coat Si, D = Cat lade, °F Role ha, @ = Si Pe Fig. 114 Shutto-éye Thread Cutter ‘The thread cuter as ‘the batery and wor ‘Salgy Sed works in conjuction withthe shut pense eae meta car od opens the cutter biades, When the shutle protector rlurne 10 ke Perma postion the cutter nit ie lao returned, th role E thi time passing under the swivel plate G to lower the ror arm F so closing {fe eller blades. The cuter unit consis of four Blades, two for ‘uting the ends of welt and two for holding them when cut 41:15 Temple Cuttor ‘A eulng blade attachod to the tomple block on the battery side is mado to oselato from tho reciprocation ofthe slay. As soon tthe wot ends of now and ected pime, tha are hed ospacively bythe boss of magazine and the outing Blades, each the temple ter they are cut, say, afer & few picks. 41.4.6 Timing and Setting Tor, 240° E ° A 180° BACK FRONT 0° so at dts or han, 8 = Sei Pees a Fes Se, "Sur cathe Stay Scr Ba 0 = Br Coie wah Lach Teh bn a Compe, F = Sta ied tae tay Se Fig. 115 Pin Changing Timing Diagram ‘The timing diagram shown in Fig. 11.5 indicates various ‘ctons ofthe pin change mechanism. Is sen from the tining Sagem thot the shut fs picked hom the feser side 10° 0 18 blr the bottom conve nd roaches the magazine side 20°19 SO fer the beck centro, I remains inthe shutle box fr ovet 240° babes is picked from the magazine side In spe ofthis long vel 199 eitis not posse to actuate the change mechani bere the ley ould reach the font centre. Tho Tanslr of th Tul im can bo Sect ety athe font cere ora few dogroas belo. However to avoid! 3 sudden impact on the buner, sulin ino alowed or tho acon ofthe pm Wansfor and itis bout 85 10 60 dogroes, 11.184 Sebing Since the pn changing mechanism operates during the uening ‘atthe bom, fis very essential o seta the motions for correc timing. Fors ston the loom manuaclrers have provided Suitable gouges. Fuly comprehensive slings are given m the {ppropiao operating sition leaflets. 112. SHUTTLE CHANGING MECHANISM ‘The shut changing automatic looms ae sub fr weaving very decate wets Ike sik rayon and fine counts of cation yar, because there no hammer acon on the wt package. As soon as {he we gets exhausted onthe pim the en shuts replaced by 2 now sl witha ly wound pir, “There are two main types of shut changing looms. (2) One which doesnot stop for change or in which change is ellecied during the running of the loom. e.9. Toyoda (Gopanese) (©) Ore which stops for afew seconds fora change and estas automaticaly 0.9. Vicker Stallord (English); Hatleriey (Eraisn) Inthe second ype, thats one which stops for a change, the action i ge, aking 28 much as tee seconds for 8 chang However the is some les of production ond there are chaness of ‘showing staring marks in tha cath ater the loom ie restarted. Because ofthese csedvantages this Ye of tom hardy exits rocco, nevertheless dv 1 the gone treatment, ose 10 the Shutles end othe mechani are minimum. Inthe case of nonstop changers, thee isa harsh reatment to he shuts and the mechrism. Tho ine aveiabo as smal 1/18 ofa second. But due fo non-stop there is no loss of production and no chances of starting matks in the cloth. The shuttle Consumption mig be very high f slings are nal precise 11.2.4 Vieker-Stafford Automatic Shuttle Changing Loom The mechanism usted in (Fig. 11.6) has tee special ‘cams mounted on a separate cam shaf which eperate the change ‘mechanism. Cams are ship cam, front board cam, conveyor cam, FULCRUM ~ ed ~ co ey 1 Cam, 8 = Lav © = Set Supering Ls 1 Poe Blach Cam, ev tv Fx Une, Sa 142 Box Pot Pat, lc Un, J» Reco, K = a "Fw Spar Cam, 8 = Say Cae ‘ec Shuttle Changing Machine Fig. 11.6 Vicker Stafford Aut 200 201Having dotected the need for a change of the almost ‘exhausted pi, the loom is stopped wih the shutle on tho magazine ide and the si atthe back conte posion and the cam shalt is ‘ctuated. In this case the magazine is slored with a number of Shuts having uly wound pis. The shutles are placed one above the other, When the shutle al the botom is Iranfered into the shutle box, the next shutle a the magazine moves down by graviaton. ‘One complet rotation of the cam shalt recut fn the folowieg ‘operations being cared out ina proper sequence. ‘2) Shute box front plate erased, 1b) Shuttle wih the empty pim is ejcted fom the box from the front side 7 : ©) The conveyor takes a shutle from the magazine.and places it into the box. ) The shultlo box tront plate is fuly lowered. ©) The stating handles ut on and the cam shalt s disengaged. xing the rotation of the cam shat, the conveyor cary A ‘moves it lover B sighlly tothe lft so thatthe shut supporting lever also moves back alowing a shut from the magazine to fall ‘on 10 platfonn fixed atthe top of the lover B. The cam A then Allows the lover 8 to move othe ight Jowards the box for, where {the lever is held temporary by a safely catch S: Meanwhile the front ‘board eam D operates to dopress the lover E and pulls through lever | F upon the shod link G (lerummed at the box back) to ft the box {ron plate H. The raising bax font pate comes in contact wih the ‘ejector lever | which sweeps though a slat inthe box back Wo eect ‘the shutle withthe empty pin through the box font. This sburtle ‘glides down to the receptacle J. As soon as the shut is ejected Tram the box the spring acting on lever B moves ts bow to came in contact withthe conveyor cam A again 10 alow tha conveyor lover 1 to carry the new shutle forward ito the box, where k leaves the ‘shuttle bebind, During this tina the front board cam D operates the link G to lower the box front plate sighty fo prevent the shut to move back withthe top‘ tho lver 8. CContned rotation ofthe cam shalt causes the cam Ato move. the conveyor back 1o the oiginal poston, whle atthe same time eam D lowers tho box front plate complatay. As soon as this is Caried out the shipper cam T operates the lever K and estas the loom, A tourth cam is used Yo move the pickor away from the shutle 4 tip botore the shuttle when the em am is eject, tee 2 Toyoda Nonstop Shuttle Chang ing Motion en. Se Se = Stes Pbk = Stihar Block, F = Pushing OSS. W = Red, M = Sings actor = a cig. 17 Tota Hoey Sei ang MeN vd carne Te se hang at oe ms el ns the starting er i roid on he ean sues, plc om SPOS Tan ide moe he tela walt lnk an PP fea ‘change of shuttle. anismWhenever the fonars ctaruntnenere the forward movement of the Etiker block over Eyl, £18098, the Sing Mm ito scm Fee atislactory, the loom is broughl toe arrangement. 5 The procedures of changin ampere lng time forthe a, wien the crank is positioned at about five degre centre of the crank i Brenortry proces fRetacual charaes oe hut change an about ‘of higher loom speed, A Toyoda automatic foam of 110 em feed Space can eucceseuly run at 200 picks por mint, z 113 GOBBIN LOADER MECHANISIA ‘The conventional welt battery which can accommodate only ‘24 to 90 ful pime, 1s considered uneconomical er view of the increased wage tales. A special batery flor is requied to fil the bbateries and the number of looms he or she can attend depends. ‘pen the wet unwinding tine. I'he wet yam on the fl pn can last {oc minutes then each loom wil require about 12 pire per hour ‘Toe operator can put 20 pims in every minute and & hall or about 520 pis in 40 mutes, which is the normal working time per Hour, ‘Therefore the baller fle ean atland to 45 looms ani In order to einate the work ofa battery filer and ai the same time inerease the pim storage capacty in the magazine, George Fischer Lid. of Swizerland and others have developed a device called Bobbin Loader. Ths replaces the conventional welt magazine. ‘he ful pms, 72 10 180, are placed in a special container and auiomatcally stacked atthe pin winding machine. These pims are ‘lacked wh al the heads to the samo side. Thon these containers fare placed on the sido of the transfer mechanism of the loom. Somaiimes two containers are placed on each loom, The wel pis from the container moves down though a slot provided atthe batom of the container by gravy to the preparation ‘and change posiion. Bobbin change is inated in the normal way by the wot feeler. The shutle protector, the shutle-eye cuter and the transfer mechanism are af operated by the change mation shaft, as in the case of a conventional automatic loom. Howover, certain ‘dications are necessary lo operate this mechanism. BUM aif WEFT yaRK. Fig. 11.8 Pims for Bobbin Loader They are, 1. Pins are wound with a bunch of yam near the tp (Fig. 11.8). 2, The pin winders are equipped with a special attachment to produce the buneh of yar near the pim tip. 2, The base ofthe pm container is provided with @ movable side ‘or shater contd by a hand lever.4. ‘Alter is proved forthe ale anstrof ho ful pie trough the shutter opening to the pin guide 5. _Eachloomis connected © 2 compressed ai system proving a pressure of about 6 bars, 6. Aceniral motion is arrange, wich consists ofa veal shat ‘on which are mounted a numbor of eacentic cams: Tis hat is operated by a special eloctic motor swiched on when the ‘in ianster hammer is depressed for 8 pm change 7. Compressed air valves fo cay ouf various functns i he {equed coquonce of pm proportion nd tranalr of the ‘ame into the shutlo ore provided. 8. A welt hoking device which incorporates. @ pneumatically ‘operated gripper plate anda suction nozzle for Grawing ithe wot ond and hoking i wih tension during the time of pin Transler, is also proved. 11.34 Working When tho transfor hammer is depressed for a pim change ‘switches on the motor and releases the pneumatic condo cay ‘ut the folowing functions in the requted sequence. {@)a psi ot stipping jaws move fo the let and close behind the pi tip burch (@)the gpper plate is opaned. (@)closed stipping jaws move to the right ths stipping the pie ‘nose bunch which is drawn ito the nazz by suction. (ithe welt end is clamped by the closing oper plate. {e)the pi liter delivers a now fl pen tothe pen guide ‘Thus, the preparation of the ful pi completes forthe next transtr ito the Shute In actual commercial use the bobbin loader is not very successul because ofthe following reasons. (tts tinted edvantage over the rotary battery as compared 68 too winder. (Panty used pis cannet be used since they may rol ste ways snd aus a jam {3 1 takes time to prepare a bobhin and a second transer cannot take place wihin 3s 114. AUTOMATIC LOOM WINDER Automatic loom winder (Fig.11.9) section in the yarn (ory eliminates the pin winding section in the yarn repos Preparatory department. - 206 Ol wae mn ptaoine essen Ee | <= \ ener 2 oom Fig. 1.9 Uni Loom rte stoma Pio sate tease ried Ue nese ‘mact i Town es Leesona UNIFIL joo, winder. —_ a roa nt pn evar ma advantages ate, room ig required, hence sme saving moO" seperate weng i. ‘e, and floor relaled costs. on a thence saving of 2, No winding erations. . 9 fing. 2, Non crn ot 2 Teta ave ote By he Bln 4, No sting of almost ee PT cot ™ set edvcos labour cos hanging mechani, ; gona tis automate oo ih higher efi and cn igh gully of jeder ave ereasng at oe nr warty of yrs tre 2synthetic. Yams ranging trom 4 Ne 10 120 No (20 fo 600 ctex) ‘Be'woven bt economical only fr coarse counts, The changes ‘one count 6 ana o om eaton to syne ean bo mac wi Sy major departmental reorganzation. Loom winders are ‘sed for waaping fo cord fabs, The welts wound automaticaly from a large supply pack ‘and wanslomed sutemoctcaly to a Small capacty magazine Frost to sc pms. After the transfer ofthe fal pm wth thes the spent pin ci and carrie to a sttpper wtich removes lst Wo en ate pm ae The dare pe ae ‘iouped in away tobe picked up by the magna on the con fd liver to the wining head. . . ‘There aro thus sic important atachments 19 cary out tuncions 1. Tho supply cee: located atthe back ofthe loom and takes ailconventonal packages such as cones, choeses and bobinm 2. The tension device : itis mounted on a plate suspended on spring lo reduce vibraion. To merease ‘ecrease the tension i is necessary to add or romero the washer ype of weighs 23. The winding head Ii the heat ofthe loom winder. inca 1 winding spine, a Waverse cam and a buaer mechanism “The eyeing mochanism contol the transfor a ul pins tothe ‘magazine and the Teeding of empty pis 10 the spine. Al mezhanisms operate ina eareluly designed kisicaing system {ssutng long service He wih low maienance, é The spindle speed can be adjusted to suit all conditions. Norra spine speed of S000 rpm. considered suison to heep wa esd of loom eonsumpion 4, The magazine : The magszte contain sc fl pi. As the ful pi drops down ino the magazine from the winder, the Yar ‘i automatialy ‘andthe ord trom the pr posloned on rum that hoit the thvesd in readiness Tor ranser Io the Shale. A ear system automaticaly crows away the bose fds afer the temple cuter has operated, end doposis 8 '5. The slipper: The stipper aulomaticaly removes the bunch oF waste yin om the ected pam fom the shut. Afr siping, the pins are euomatcaly ropped ilo a conveyer trough. | 6. The conveyor system : A permanent magnet attached to an ‘enclose conveyor carries the empty pa fom the conveyor through Back the winder. For the enle operation, only eloven or twelve pis a ‘needed and ou ofthese ony si or seven wil cay yam at any one 208 Deoxnntge fh were, 1 Addit cpt ot od 2 Under Inn evn, I ey scinnia o exase ya cours 09 240 Na 115 MULTIPLE BOX AUTOMATIC LOOM Jou be bul hare yon on donate a ose nth Suan on woh ators wee it conte tensa ne ype ace adanate epee oh wel ot chen cerae anes oom enter wh Sree Rican Tho pence stax moto om ret aect | ss eae pce s wet change macy, ny eel reacted mopar aczmosna th oF moe ry cat recutel ed eoncng meta Wo eee that eee Bae ce' ropeed wih ware pe ot wel ot cesta shuto"crying te pic wat rogoed races cute bx atone re pm charge ype Ser ase ces ing on tot ‘ni Msclr shat cargjn lnm pk ond pk alco aera are novrentton Doone of compheated nec, he ehartages ug ape Bx oma ons oer mp Sd tanstonicbe ny trash waver ry csnesn wh ew Oi ation os ote guy me a og iho wok bade a woo (aetna xan cn henrrapo of hm that pk nd cD ca ve yaaa re opaced by ule ore th my otc re wenvig wich mule tox albu wea 0) clr ro cl woven om cued ye wih ete . to be woven on welt maxing type of @ loom to cover variation. (opens, ly pin weave which wel ya lS and Tinta eve (0 ck ef pot chck bcs Sao we od wa 0 wed 1151 Pe of Wong hove heveriun ype el mie tot orto nse but wap arto og EH a saaurangonat oe wt masz : There (9) [uo lupes avaiable viz, vercal magazine and rotary 00 en various colou's or~ magazine. The forier is used on Northrop, uti looms whereas the later is used on Sauer loom, (©) The method of selecting the welt colour forthe transfer, is ‘mechanical of eletical ‘Tho functions performed by the mechanism are simat. A wot Placed atthe magazin sie is used to register the need for replenishment. The change is effected when the shuttle Concerned has completed two picks and returned tothe magazine Side, Iwill be apparent, thereore, that operation ofthe walt change ‘mechanism must be related tothe box motion, £0 that in the event ‘f a box change taking place dring the two picks refered to, the welt transfer will be delayed until a further change brings the particular shutle again ino the operation, In the meantime: a transfer of the correct colour of welt may be made o any ofthe other shutles which may requie renewal oftheir wet, Mutiple shutle box automatic looms are normaly operated at speed about 10-15% lower than that of single shut loo. 11.52 Northrop 4 x 1 Shuttle Automatic Looms Northrop check looms are made for two. shuts or four shuts working as per welt pattem and the princpie of working are the same in both the pes. The stationary four elour magazine is mounted onthe breast ‘beam atthe right hand so ofthe loom ; the four compartments of tho magazine are numbered 110 4, reading fom front io back and + workin conjunction wth the box mation, thé four shutles are aso | ‘numbered 1 19 4 reading from top to bottom. Thus No.1 shut ‘replenished from No. 1 eompariment in the magazine and #0 on (On this loom, the operation of the replenishing the wet is affected panly mechanically and party electrically. The actions of : inciating forthe change of welt, and alo inating the wel transfer ‘mechanism are performed eloctical, thereafter, the actual transfor ofthe wel is done by mechanical means. Th box motion on this loom may be controled from a debby, 4 jacquard oF a card reton 11.53 Electrleal Equipment Whenever a change of shutle boxes i made, the mechanism Conwoling the box motion causes a plunger in the conact box © (Fg. 11.10) to be deprosted, thereby indicating which ofthe shutle ‘boxes is about o be brought oeey love, and also puting ito ut Jin the solenoid box D the electomnagne! cortling the wo supply 210 — re owt . Dae. oh oe mE Lops Fig. 11.10 Electric! Connections for Mutleoiour nn ne the bobbin ‘exhaust tethat parca stl hehe we on te bobbin ars exaustion (Reteder Catt mogehe orsglebox ecto soy compat the fe act, ctl enegy then cause planet rt ‘br to depres © Wager above tho apt ard Bg Sette ctr te change poston, realng te fol reat ce re ert crt, Te eon a now et fc at ate ht te magnet box Fs ened an ts tho Bete ne wth eter ond lho com pert ‘shale etn pct toms ig oma ero rt 115 tn hn apt tame to he mapaine so, ieLccmateay wnstered oth shut by the mechanical pat of the mon Ia pasion bower i roainess forthe turf tat sare “tt ale ier ad tw sabsoquent completion ofthe Set chen ory cont bx Tv a echt dled that tutte ogam returns tothe magazine unt tht Srarechangos of char colours ck wat ay OECUT reac acting be can whch has been corded provost 1154 Mechanical Eument In non oh tp heel mochariam raed 0 revs wich putas hs she peter andthe ator echasins, The Telowng ancl agape is #0 erly, an(©) the well tension device for holding the tiveads from the bobbins under tension unil after the transfer; (©) the shuto-oye thread cutter which cuts and hold the end of wet (rom the expelled bobbin; and (©) the temple thread cutter, housed in the right-hand temple wich cuts the weft ends from both the expelled and newly. ‘wansfered bobbins near to the eelvedge ofthe cloth, The mechanism of the magazine i composed of three ‘separate but complementary devices, (©) the tigger oF bobbin release mechanism: (©) the transfor mechanism for competing the actual tanster of ‘the bobbin; and (©) the bobbin protectors salely device to prevent the operation of the transtor mechanism should the bobbin be incorrectly postioned. ‘1155 Trigger Mechanism ‘A bobbin is released from its compariment in readiness for transfer by the operation of a trigger mechanism mounted on an Cscilating sit, the movement of which is controled by a diving ‘unit stuated immediately behind the magazine, Tis unt iscriven by 12 chain from the loom erank-shatt and coneite of the cam which ‘ctuatas the diving arm. As the cam rotates, fveoothed quadrant ‘tached to the driving arm meshed withthe quadrant fixed to the rocker shalt E, causing this shalt o oscillate eppraximately 50" every ik, ‘The tigger mechanism isell comprises four trigger unit-one for each compartment in the magazine-wtich are mounted on the rocker shat E (Fig. 11.11), rectly baneath thar respective pingors in the solenoid box. Each trigger unit is composed ofthe iting lover F which swivels onthe rocker shalt, the tigger lever G which s held Jn is normal or inoperative postion by the spring pllar H, and the ‘screwed eye rod J connected to the reseting cam inthe solani ‘box. When the magnetic colin the solenoid box is energised, the ‘eaemst plunger descends and depresses the tigger lever G binging ste NOI] BOX ELECTRO MAGNET {| PLUNGER — - = iio tne wih te tigger boss K which is secured the ockar eh en = pre ee [As this shaft tums, the trigger lever engages withthe trigger boss 10 = Reta Shah C= US an Lae = Bain form one completo "igger uni” that urs wh the rocker shat Fi tae Pe lem In conseqience, the bobbin hoWler arm Li aged, svivetog ig, 1.41 Bobbin lease both the bobbin base holder M and the tp hekder N 10 allow the 212ser and broken parts. in order ‘bottom bobbin fo fal into the central wel of the magazine, ready for ctendant rick of @ fully tans Iranster. Al tho same time, the movement of the tigger nk pushes Shae ti, err, a devices neroraedconating of wo Nepe the screwed eye rod upwards, breaking he contac in the soled oan plot on ether sie ofthe central postin that is ooctpk box and resoting # forthe next neato Te bein ewaling tanser, ls purpose being to try and saighlen hr pad te emir er pana ee Co ae re Bs on te tng to er se wich is 20 decigned, iat ‘te he atin le Tense, to ora ; ester ean ke pce, sce the immmacitcly ove ix held and preveried Vom fling; ths tis sssuing he voi tsa ona wy ne oe, impossible for two bobbins from the sama compartment to be transit hat re Gop aide does ot move cu othe path of te roped seman a et tit be bin peters ar nto vl posite. A hand lover Qi povided on te oso ofthe Hp end ebb ting ithe canal casing reach comparer, This enti tho ttm bain a ta ee ot ep ten ond Non compartment to be dropped by hand, ond is useful for seting ip PS rica eves to prvert a ranetr by retin purposes oF for checking existing sot pendum lve rae the movement of the bobbin prtecors 1145.6Transtor Mochantem When the magnet box is energised the cam-operated tip heal ‘engages the raised tip lever to sing the shuttle protector ino the ‘peraive postion. The subsequent forward movement ofthe shultla protecior permis the spring bos, to. raise the latch socket. Hf the shuttle is fly home inthe box, this rise wil be auficient o bring the transtr latch into the path of the bunt onthe front ofthe sley. As the sley advances towards fron centa,the bunter engages wit the V shaped cut-out on te front a he lac, forcing t beck and since the laich unt ie atached to the bate ofthe tanefor hammer, the. lator pots on its fulcrum and the transer stud projecting inside the ‘magazine descends to strke the bobbin at both the bul and tp ends ‘through the agency o the depressors. ‘ALthe rear ofthe magazine he sprng-controle, arm H holds in positon the back release lover J which sides in guides on the underside ofthe butt end easing: this lever, together wih the tp bholders K and L, supports the bobbin prior to transter. When, thereore, the loom crank reaches front cent, the hammer forces the new bobbin past these supports to replace the spent bobbin in the shut 11.5.7 Bobbin Protectors ‘Ove tothe fact that the but ond ofthe bobbin is the heaviest ‘ad, there & always a tendency for this end to fall fest. Thus, Ris possible for a bobbin to fall nto a crooked position, with the a1 2 GENERAL DRIVES | WITH REFERENCE TO Looms 124 FUNCTION 216 122 METHODS OF ORIVE some ar cin by one ofthe folowing two methods: (9 ll Ore, nd 0) roy rv. 1224 nvidia! Drive Inia node yam ch mh Bs ow etl mer. esata. The ctr may dive the om trough abl o eae individual drive should be used for automatic looms: and Snconvanoal looms Howey ano sed for non-siomac looms, The main advariages on invita dive re (3) Tap concen enn lowe a pve te ae (0) In cme of meta ae, ony partelar oom rmsine ie {nd is doesnot alt the wong of eher machines (©) Nghe a der view ofthe shad and the working hazard boing retiead, There i pracicaly no chance of any acifet Glaniness and ighting are iso Improved because of ttrmaton of overhead shafts and ng bak (2) Lay of tos vay ony. (6) Rocament of bal aks place vor it news rect trtr enpoys grooved plays and Boks. “i aadartagos fal eo eo = (a) High ital cost.) High mahlonaice cost. 1222 GROUP DRIVE Inthe syste a very power motor dives an overhead sha (sometimes ergo otl called ran shal, et uns Fem ore tw oer end ofthe omehed. Ths main sth ves we pulleys on he can that ota om twough flat bats. For sting Sa oping tw bom fat and lace pugs re proved on te Cran sta. Averages of up dive are (0) Ezenomial with reeped fed charges nd maintnance (0) ta ont vay tow Crop cre ctlete nowe-days because ofthe folowing sisadvertages. (a) Shaft, puleys, bots ts. sbeord greater power andthe etic iow (0) ncaceo motor axe lhe machines become ide (©) Ges achmoy apoarnce and there are grater chances o sectors Clestzon and ting sre bay flood bythe provence of overhead sate and main belts. Fu 275 hence th chara of ek a the fes Pore Fri pes wate a ne os mut Bo uc OPEN © cross Fig. 12.1 Types of Belt Drive 218 There are two common types of bot dives. (Fig. 12.1) (2) Open bet pe, (0) Crossed bel ive In open belt hive the ckver and the follower move in the same _deecton, whl in tho crossed bet deve, the sense of waton of the “ven pully & opposite. For bet dive tis important Wat the cons fine of that prof the bot epproaching a puley ut fin the cont plane ofthat pulley; the ang at whieh the bot eaves tha ply i ‘material. The volt rato of a bolt eve is, (cpm. of dtvon pully) _ (ameter o tho evr put (pan. of éaver pulley) ~ (damater of tho riven play) 423.41 Botting Bots are made of diferent materials and of varied crots- section (Fig. 12.2) fat or V-shaped. The materials commonly used {or power transmiting in fom are: eather, 8) eaton and carwas, ‘and i) Indian rubber. Fig. 122 Types of Bot mado tom te bu prion fei. The mmetod t eating up te bl rte prodeson of ting ofthe ‘put qay ery impor. Te ba son 15 mong bt els Cray tenth con bende By asa about evry 1.8 Bats are made of gl nd douboichss. Sige beting Le. wth te neknse corgned one pice ony ro made ted trad ces 8, 6,0 Fe. De ek ed ‘emer, sowing vrei ogtber Wo these sto comaines employed tr teary os, bt tebe avted ee itr as possble becatce thy a ase enble and abeob more owe nbening und the pls Oak aed nd eve anced Teter at city Used, hear bing usu combied with he ter es sttehos too mach ana, The bat slgpage shold bo - 29controled win 3%. Canvas'ot woven bols are manufactured from ‘cation or cama hair They are made in two dine vats, Known, commercialy as canvas and sold woven respectively. Canvas beling is made.trom stout canvas or eaion duck folded to the required width and thickness. Sotd woven beling i produced in th 4 fom in one pio ofthe required width and thickness. Canvas end woven belings are stonger. Indian rubber bois ere made by cementing together the canvas pos wih a compostion of vucanised India rubber. This kind ‘of boling is conskiored the best in damped situations, but Is expansive and must be kop re from oll or grease. ‘Two ends ofa bel ara jointed by some form of fastener 18 produce an endless belt Thvee matbods are used, namely lacing, metal fastener of various kinds, comonied of solution jolts. Leather bots are often jointed by raw hides. For lacing the ‘ends ofthe bets ar cut square and buted WSghther-and the lace. | threaded through round oF oval holes made wih a hand tool, known 96 belt punch. Mota fasteners in common use are aligatr type fastener, jackson button fastener, clpper fastener ele. Number of joints should not be mace fan ihre por bel. 4222 V Batt ‘When a bet, trapezoidal in section and designed to run in a V.sheped groove, is known at a V-bok The modem V-bots are made oa fabric and vukanised rubber with a ctton-ord tension tlement, The bets run in V-grooves. V-bots ara largely used in looms. V-bet transmis a larger amount of power fom a puley of a given width of face, aed being almost postive and sipless in action, ‘when calculating speed ratios for V-bok drives, pulley dametors measured at the centre ofthe beR should be taken into account, since contact between bel! and puley extends over appreciable ‘stance, 123.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Vbek Drive Over Fist 4 Bolt Drive Advantages (@) The V-belt gives compactness due to tho small distance | between centres of pulleys. (©) The dive can bo considered as postive, because the slip between the bet and the puley groove is negligible. (@) The operation of bat is quiet. 220 e Disadvantages 0 ov 0 1234 Care and Maintenance of Boks -The bots havethe abty to cushion the shock when mactines © are sari. ‘The velocity ato tha can be obtained is high (masimum 10). Bell cannot be used wth large cenire distances se are nok as rable 0s ft bo’ Construction ot pays toe V-bats t= more complicated than pleys of flat bes. at ore rn arte aS SRS chan re rom ny and ta a sel ee an nai ae te toring he cng face ofthe bel aed preventing em forming ‘proper contact with the face of the pulley. ‘reece rcsmunee nga voncapamtea ta Seats spammers eta Seco oe sera te con beweun tobe te poly. has the greatest I ‘necessary inthe out 1235 Pulleys eee from main shaft to crank Pls lp ing ee ae mom by eae 2 pos set Tey They areusaty mae smn over wich 2 ot 2aUsualy, pulleys are proved wth arms (as shown in Fig. 12.3) which may be straigh! or cuved and the cross-section te usualy dascrbed ‘ovat. The central pat of pul scaled boss, To add strength and stifness large pulleys ore proved wih rib betwoon the rm and the boss. The rims of cast iron plays are goneraly crowned, that is, slighty greater in hamote a tho cere than at tho edges. As the bel seeks the highest postion on the pulley, the effect of crowning is lo kaop tho bel i the cenal positon, 1235.1 Loose and fast pulley Two pulleys, known as fast pulley and loose pulley aro ‘mounted on the crank shaft of a loom. A fast of loose pulley ‘rangment enables the loom tobe sared of stopped at wil wiout ‘stopping the motion of the bet. Loose pulley revolves freely on the ‘haf, but the fast pully is fly fed on the shat, To stop @ oom the bel is moved fom the fast pulley to th loose pulley by moans ol @ ahiter. The diamoter of the lose pulley 1s often made shh ‘male than that of fast puley. A loose pulley 1s usually produced wih a brass or gun metal bush and needs effilent hibition for ‘moath running, 1226 Clutches ‘A clutch is a form of conection between a driving and a whore a «The a = 2 Other eof Kcton surface 10 the al of cach a ese same asin Ea (121) = cach Pie (oos, =H, 0 = Fc Pa, Foc @ = Pang, n= Tat Bonin. = Swebe= ine chs, L-Band Fig. 126 Clutch Pulley on Sulzer Projectile Weaving Machine rer12366 Electromagnetic clutch

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