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Medical Asepsis
Medical Asepsis
Asepsis is the state of being free from disease-causing contaminants (such as bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and parasites) or, preventing contact with microorganisms. The
term asepsis often refers to those practices used to promote or induce asepsis in an
operative field in surgery or medicine to prevent infection.
Medical asepsis
1. Includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific
area
2. Limits the number, growth, and transmission of microorganisms
3. Objects referred to as clean or dirty (soiled, contaminated)
Surgical asepsis
1. Sterile technique
2. Practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms
3. Practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores
4. Used for all procedures involving sterile areas of the body
Principles of Aseptic Technique Only sterile items are used
within sterile field.
1. Sterile objects become unsterile when touched by unsterile objects.
2. Sterile items that are out of vision or below the waist level of the nurse are
considered unsterile.
3. Sterile objects can become unsterile by prolong exposure to airborne
microorganisms.
4. Fluids flow in the direction of gravity.
5. Moisture that passes through a sterile object draws microorganism from unsterile
surfaces above or below to the surface by capillary reaction.
6. The edges of a sterile field are considered unsterile.
7. The skin cannot be sterilized and is unsterile.
8. Conscientiousness, alertness and honesty are essential qualities in maintaining
surgical asepsis
Infection
Signs of Localized Infection
Localized swelling
Localized redness
Pain or tenderness with palpation or movement
Palpable heat in the infected area
Loss of function of the body part affected, depending on the site and extent of
involvement
Signs of Systemic Infection
Fever
Increased pulse and respiratory rate if the fever high
Malaise and loss of energy
Anorexia and, in some situations, nausea and vomiting
Enlargement and tenderness of lymph nodes that drain the area of infection
Factors Influencing Microorganism’s Capability to Produce Infection
Number of microorganisms present
Virulence and potency of the microorganisms (pathogenicity)
Ability to enter the body
Susceptibility of the host
Ability to live in the host’s body
Anatomic and Physiologic Barriers Defend Against Infection
Intact skin and mucous membranes
Moist mucous membranes and cilia of the nasal passages
Alveolar macrophages
Tears
High acidity of the stomach
Resident flora of the large intestine
Peristalsis
Low pH of the vagina
Urine flow through the urethra
NANDA Diagnosis
Risk for Infection
State in which an individual is at increased risk for being invaded by
pathogenic microorganisms
Risks factors
Inadequate primary defenses
Inadequate secondary defenses
Related Diagnoses
Potential Complication of Infection: Fever
Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirement
Acute Pain
Impaired Social Interaction or Social Isolation
Anxiety
Interventions to Reduce Risk for Infection
Proper hand hygiene techniques
Environmental controls
Sterile technique when warranted
Identification and management of clients at risk
Chain of Infection
1. The chain of infection refers to those elements that must be present to cause an
infection from a microorganism
2. Basic to the principle of infection is to interrupt this chain so that an infection
from a microorganism does not occur in client
3. Infectious agent; microorganisms capable of causing infections are referred to as
an infectious agent or pathogen
4. Modes of transmission: the microorganism must have a means of transmission to
get from one location to another, called direct and indirect
5. Susceptible host describes a host (human or animal) not possessing enough
resistance against a particular pathogen to prevent disease or infection from
occurring when exposed to the pathogen; in humans this may occur if the person’s
resistance is low because of poor nutrition, lack of exercise of a coexisting illness
that weakens the host.
6. Portal of entry: the means of a pathogen entering a host: the means of entry can be
the same as one that is the portal of exit (gastrointestinal, respiratory,
genitourinary tract).
7. Reservoir: the environment in which the microorganism lives to ensure survival;
it can be a person, animal, arthropod, plant, oil or a combination of these things;
reservoirs that support organism that are pathogenic to humans are inanimate
objects food and water, and other humans.
8. Portal of exit: the means in which the pathogen escapes from the reservoir and
can cause disease; there is usually a common escape route for each type of
microorganism; on humans, common escape routes are the gastrointestinal,
respiratory and the genitourinary tract.
Asepsis and Infection Control