st Mey Chapter 3 Short-Circuit Calculations ‘A short-cut is generally defined as an abnormal connection (possible including an {afc} of low impedance between two poins wih a significant volage dference. Inthe following, the term shor-circut willbe used 1 describe a shunt which can either be ‘+ symmetrical, imoiving al three phases and a symmetrical short-circuit Impedance. ‘+ asymmetrical, involving less than three phases and earth ‘A short-circuit calculaton is needed during the design of power systems, since the ‘dimensions, choice and topology of equipment and network not only depen onthe steady state requirements duing nominal volages and currents, bul also on the requirements regarding currents and vilages during short-circuit events. Typical Power engineering applications which require short-circuit caleulations are ‘+ calculation of fault duties which must be compared with the interruption ratings ‘of switching devices + checking of thermal withstand capabisies of power system components. «+ selection and seting of protection devices, ‘estimation ofthe dimensions of neutral rounding devices and grouné mats for substations. terforence problems between power system circuits and communication Cecuits of metal constucton. ‘+ determination of mechanical construction strengths, ‘The short-circuit is basicaly a phenomenon of relative short duration because the protecive devices wil solate the faulty element usually wihin 2 or 3 seconds. There fare two types of impedances between the equivalent EMF of a power system and te location fu ‘+ constant impedances of non-otating elements ke feeders or transformers + variable impedancas of rotating machines, ‘The behavior ofa synchronous machine during the short-circuit can be described by thee successively increasing values of the tator winding reactance: 2«The subtransiont reactances 2/ and 21 which determine the current fow uring the first fow cycles, ‘+ The transient reactances 2, and 24 which are effective up to ane second or Jonger. depending onthe design of the machine. ‘+ The synchronous reactances +4 and zy which determine the curent fw inthe ‘steady stato stuaton ‘According tothe reactance variation defined above, the successive decaying values (ofthe short-crult curent are: 1 he subtransientshort-crcult current 1° fh the transient short-cut current + i, th steady state short-circuit curent The calculation of he short-circuit currents is basically a transiont behavior study and would therefore roquire solutions of ciferential equations. However. n practice, for {he applications listed above, the quasi-steady state calculation ofthe Subtransient Curent fis accurate enough. The other two short-creut curens ae approximated ‘aterwards by means of wel established factors related to the subransient curent ‘The DIGSILENT PowerFactory software offers the following shortcut calculation methods: + according tothe Garman VOE 0102 standard ‘+ According tothe Intemational IEC 909 standard + according to the “complete method ‘+ according tothe ANSI and IEEE C37 standard 3.1. Theoretical background ‘The calculation of peak short-circuit currents and breaking currents depends on the ‘ype of power system configuration. The folowing cases are distinguished. Single fed short-circuit: The shor-crcutis supplied by only one network leeder or ‘one generator, ‘Short-circut fed from non-meshed sources: The shor-crcul is supplied parallel ‘by saveral elements (generators, motors or network oad) ‘Short-ircut fed from non-meshed sources over a common impedance: The short-circuit is supplied paral! by several elements (generates, motors or network feeders) over a common impedance, ‘Short-circuit in a meshed network: The short-circuit is supplied by sources in a ‘meshed power system, ‘See Fig3.1 for examples ofthese network configurations. “ mca nace @Q—o Figure 3.1: Relevant types of power system configurations 3.2. Initial short-circuit current [7 iS Ina practical ates, is posse detainee sar elt ent at he ‘atone hop f an egiaetvotape suc. Opasional gaa ane led consumers ap range poston of taster extaon gene tar dopenanl dona calaatone aout al ren posse oa al ine moment hore are sperivos. ‘The equivalent voltage source at the fault positon isthe only active voltage inthe system during the calculations. All network feeders (feeding extemal gris), ‘synchronous and asynchronous machines are replaced by tel intemal impedar In addition to this all ine capactances and parale admittances of non-ctating ‘except those ofthe zero-sequence system, are neglected ‘The used equivalent voitage source atthe faut location, using a voltage factor rom ‘he tate of voltage factors, is JetTable of voltage factors ¢ (1EC909 Table I) ‘maximum —— minaurh Nominal short-circuit shor-creult voltage curent current Un ‘omer emin Low votage (100 to 1000¥) ') 230V 1400 1.00 09s ») Other votages: 1.05 41.00 Medium votage (1kV 10 35K) 1.10 1.00 High votage (35KV and higher) 1.10 1.00 ‘etaled formation about te assuriplone made forte ealculation of ‘minimum or maximum shor-crcult curents are sted below. 3.2.1 Minimal Short-Circuit Currents ‘Assumption made for calculation ofa minimal short-circuit curent: «# voltage factor cis soto cin, ‘+ motors are neglected ‘+ transmission lines (overhead lines and cables, phase conductors and neutral Conductors) are assumed to be at their maximum temperature (Max. End Temperature). See te ine type information (TypLne, TypCOn, etc) fr this ‘maximum end temperature parameter, ‘The postive, negative and zero-sequence ine resistances Rin.» Rane.2+ Rimne.o 8 calculated according to this maximum temperature Tina Rime = Rage s*(1.0+0.004 (Tmax ~20.)) “Wpica values: = for unom (ated voltage) = 1kV and higher: Trae = 145°, Rie = Rage # 1.5 = otherwise: Taz = 80°. Rine toe # 1.24 Optional settings: + A presault transmission line temperature can be defined. ‘+ A voltage factor‘ diferent from the ones given inthe table of voltage factors an be used. 3.2.2. Maximal Short-Circuit Current ‘Assumptions made forthe calculation @ maximal short-cut curent: + voltage factor cis set to cmax. + Asynchronous motors are either: 1. always considered: the internal impedance is used. 2, automaticaly neglected when the sum of the rated curents ofthe motors is less than 1% of he short-circuit current without the influence of te ‘motors, 3. Neglected when ther contribution i less than 1% or when the neglecton 's confirmed by the user. ‘Optional settings: ‘+ A pre-ultransmission line temperature can be defined, ‘+ A voltage factor c” different rom the ones given inthe table of voltage factors can be used. 3.3 _ Initial short-circuit power Sj ‘The intial short-circuit power wil be calculated as: «incase of asymmetrical faut st ViUn Mi incase of an unsyrnmetical faut: aU gs = SBI va 3.4 Peak short-circuit current ip ‘The Peak short-crcult currents the highest possible short-circuit current. is calculated as: iy eevETe wth ® 1.02 + 0.986~38/% een Reet 7Severe 10 enrecey | meshed power systems the FUX ratio willbe calculated with the equivalent frequency method. Ri. Rh zs sf wth Re = Re(Z.} Xe = ImiZ) Zoos Retiiehbe 4 Irom i nom = 50H, 4 Irom Ht from = 60H Were fi the equivalent frequency and fnom the rated frequency, 3.5. Short-circuit breaking current J, ‘The short-circuit breaking curent i calculated 2s Mas Aly = iXSesTiay wines the second and thie term on the right involve the infuence of motor and ‘generator curents, Top Fast ane pend onthe minimum tne day na the rato B= 0.844 026exp(—0.261f/Iec) for 071+ 0.Stexp(~0.3017/1,g) for 0.624 O.72exp(=0.321f /Ipg) for 056 +0.04exp(-0.38/, /Iq) for # * (00 IEC 909, par. 122.13) 3.6 Short-circuit breaking power S, ‘The ital short-circuit breaking power is calculated as a sete cana «symmetrical faut: $= V3-Un- bl ‘+ unsymmetrical faut: = Un lbl 5 = Sop With 07 the nominal otage and J, the short-circuit breaking curent. 3.7 Steady-state short-circuit current [; For meshed power systems, a choice can be made to calculated the steady stato shor-reuit curent 1, according tothe VDENEC orto the DIgSILENT method. ‘The VOENEC method calculates the steady state curent a3, Te = M(vithout motors) {£(ovthout motors) isthe ital symmetrical short-creitcurent, calculated without ‘motors (a0e IEC90H/VDE0102), The DIgSILENT method neglects all asynchronaus motors. The sleady state ‘short-circuit curentiscaloulated a8 Le EPR witha, ety Where is calculated with tm in > 0.28 sae. 1 seradng wm veh need te set ste src care tshotr hen sce Cato cometh Soha ne Dove sw lon oc 3.8 Thermal Equivalent Short-Circuit Current [,, The thermal sess depends on the magritude, the behaviour in te and the duration ofthe actual short-circuit curent. The thermal equivalent shor-crct current isthe thermal effecive mean value during the faut clearing te. t equals he AMS value hich would generate the same ammount of heat during te fault clearing ime as the 19AC and DC components ofthe actual short-circuit current. The thermal equivalent ‘short ret currant may in some cases, be higher than the inal short-efeut eorvent Ti especial for vary short clearing times ‘The thermal equivalent short-crcut curant is calculated according to the VDE 0103/02.82 and IEC 60865-1. Fora single shortcuts tnett-youatdvn(En) Where 7; isthe faut clearing time entered in the short-cut command dialog. The functions m(-) and n:) are shown in Fig3.2 and Fig 33, TT ti | WS a - aS at a ea Oe Figure 3.2: The VDE 0103 curve for factor m 3.9 Short-Circuit Calculated Results ‘The folowing resuits are avaiable ater a successful short-circuit calculation has been performed. The described resut parameters may be selected ina IntMon object inorder to be dspiayed in single ine result box or in anctner report faci 3.9.1 Branch Results, 3-Phase Short-Circuit (Balanced) a ntemens TT = i = T uy Thy A TOTS Sead 1-5 a HT ASANTE ETA a Pe TT LT be | T * + ~ il | I I oH ent : = ar a Figure 2.3: The VDE 0103 curve for factor n omar: {ine to grounc) W(L < eps) then Z = 00, R= 00, X = 00, phiz = 0. «ff; phil : Positive Sequence Currents * phiul: Angle between Voltage and Current hint = pitu— phi {ottage Angle - Current Angie) ‘+ Phiutit: Angle between Voltage and Current in Positive-Sequence System hulil = phiui + cosphiui: Cosi) cosphii = coo(phini) + Phe, Qshe : Active and Reactive Power V3=Ut er = line to line voltage Pohe = Re(S) Qshe= Im(s) {the branch is drecty connected tothe short-circuit bus, the following resis are calculated additionally: ‘Ip: Peak Short-Cireuit Current Views Thee ee a+ lb: Short-Cireutt Brooking Current 10= Tbyyy# Thss/Th8 8640 ‘+ Sb: Short-Cireult Breaking Power Sb= 3s Una Ib + ik Steady-State Short-Cireult Currant Th = Tiga Thss/Ththon ‘Ith : Thermal equivalent Shor-Circult Current Ith = Ith, + Tess/Thsspus 3.9.2 Branch Results, Unbalanced Short-Circuit + Z phiz : Fault impedances dss hve In= Snf(v8«Un) + phiuOl, phiut/t, phiutit: Angle between Voltage and Curent in Sequence Systems hiudi0 = phiud ~ phiio Phiniil = phiu2 — phii2 Positive Sequence cos(y) cos(phiuti) + cosphivti cosphinist 2 Teens ‘+ Pshe, Ashe, Pshcsum, Qshesum : Active, Reactive Power 2 Phases to Ground aut) = Up/ty has to Phase felt, 3 Phase teuk 27 = Vac (Lp Ic) Zf=lzf\ Phist = se(Z1) 4+ 2111 phiatt : Postive-Sequence Fault Impedance From the balanced, 3 Phase, Shor-Cecut clcdaton Zu=WL Zl = |zpul phizfll = arg(Zfil) ko, ephik0 : Earth Factor For single phase to ground fats: Zy = Ua/ Ia. c40 = ve — (zyizpr-ivig eeiz birt For two phase to ground faults: Z = Up/ Ip. ck0 = ‘KO = |ckO| and cphik0 = arg(ckd) For other fais, no earth factor is calculated. 4 tthe branch is connected cirecty with he short-circuited bus, the folowing results are calculated adctionaty Pak Short-crcult Current Ip:AsVensla Ip: B= Vowel pCa Viensle “The following resus are not avalable incase ofa mute aut calesaton Zi phief: Measurement Faut impedance Zittphiatt :Posiive Sequence Faut impesance ch, ephikd + Eat Factora DVRHENT Pewee, ‘The ine to ine ital short circuit curents, Fess and phil are calculated as ~Ke) 3.9.3 Bus Results, 3 Phase Short-Circuit (Balanced) + 2 phiz,R, X: Short-Cireult mpedance Zz ‘Remark: Only valid atthe fault location. ‘+ 4, Wi, ur, U, phi, UI: Voltages: ‘Un/V/3 «w: Line to ground votages Ul = Uns Line to line votages ‘uu ur : Por unit voltages ‘ phiul : Angle between Voltage and Current hii = phiu = phit * Ithioed : Thermal equivalent Current Loading Tehload = Ith] Tthkim + 100% + Ipload : Peak Short-Cireuit Current Loading Ipload = Ip/ pli «100% 3.9.4 Bus Results, Unbalanced Short-Circuit ‘+ unuiu.U,phia.ul Uiphiul : Voltages Phases A,8,C for ph = A,B,C: ur ph, ui: phy: ph: Per unit volages, + 0,U0,U0x3,phiud,ut,U1,phivt,u2,U2.phiu2 : Line to neutral sequence Voltages 24 5 een 32) m-(23) wiha=—}+j~4VE VO=Un/¥3* luo! phin0 = ate(ug) a (B)-m.- (i) ela, Be UM = Un / V3« lull), phiudl = arg(ulr) Wat = Un / VB ll phiu2t = arg(ula) with Un = nominal voltage at Busbar Fault Position Results «+ off: Earth Feult Factor = Single Phase o Ground phase A> eff phase 8: ff phase: eff = Phase to Phase pnase A: eff: phase 8: eff phase C: eff = Two Phase to Ground phase A> eff: phase B: eff: phaseC e/f ‘ff describes the wage increase ofthe ines which are nt ialved inthe faut. + 100r104100%3,phi0.0,/4¢/4111, phi J2r/21,2,phil2: Sequence Currents ‘ig vie V9 42+ Z0/z1) +53) waa (+24 Z0/Z1) ~31 wihe=-}+564vi In = LOMVA/(V3 + Un)Irn ei) intl medal Tox3 =3+10 «+ phiuiphiv1H4,phiu212,phiu0l0 : Angle between Voltage and Current forall phases phiui = phiu ~ phi ‘Phin = phiud — phiid Phiolil = phil = phil hiu2i2 = phind — phii2 « Ipload : Peak Short-Cireuit Current Loading Raines = Rave 4*(1.040.0044(Tinas ~20.0)) Chapter 4 Power Stations Power system stations are the principle terminating end for al electrical power elements within the power system. Within the power stations connections are made through the busbar systems which offor the actual termination end in the form of Cubicdes. Staton objects combine busbars, cubicles and transformers in logical ‘groups and make it posible to get a better inside in their main functonalty, which ia the distibuion of electrical power. This is dane by generating singe line station ‘raphs, which show all station objects and connected objects, together with the ‘eel of, for instance, a load flow calculation ‘Station abject ara craated by adding busbar systems and feeders to an empty ‘station element, or by selecting a number of busbar systems and combining them ‘anew stalon, For more information about how fo create staton objects, see the User's Manual Typtar Figure 4.1: Ciasses Relate tothe Stain Element Class ‘The graphical dlagram ofthe data model used in defring stations is given in Fig. 4. ‘The following relatons between objects exits «A busbar (StaBar) element is derived from a busbar type (TypBar)