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In-Class Exercise Three: Mechanical Engineering 375 Heat Transfer
In-Class Exercise Three: Mechanical Engineering 375 Heat Transfer
T1 T 2 T1 T 2
Q
R1 R2 R3 R4 1 1 r 1 r 1
ln o ln ins
hi Di L 2k pipe L ri 2k ins L ro ho Do L
Q T1 T 2
L 1 1 r 1 r 1
ln o ln ins
hi Di 2k pipe ri 2k ins ro ho Do
1 r 1 D 1 mo C 11 .5 cm 3.089 m o C
ln ins ln ins ln
2k ins ro 2k ins Do 2 0.038 W 5.5 cm W
The temperature drops across individual resistances are simply found by the Ohm’s law analogy.
Q 96.9 W 0.001011 m o C
T pipe
L
LR pipe m W
0.095 o C
Q 96.9 W 3.089 m o C
Tins LRins 290 o C
L m W
Almost all of the 315oC temperature drop occurs across the insulation. The resistance of the steel
pipe is negligible.
If the tank is insulated, we have to consider two series resistances: conduction through the
insulation and convection from the outer surface of the
insulation. We have the following equation for the
sphere with heat transfer from the outside into the
sphere.
As before, we compute the evaporation rate from the heat transfer and the latent heat.
Q 4233 W kJ 0.0214 kg
m
h fg 198 kJ 1000 W s s
kg
If the fiberglass is replaced with the superinsulator, we have the same analysis with different data.
T Ts
Q
T Ts
4 15 o C 196 o C 15.11 W
Rins Ro ro ri 1 1.52 m 1.5 m 1
4kri ro ho 4ro2 0.00005 W 35 W
o
1.52 m 1.5 m 2 o
1.52 m 2
m C m C
Q 15.11 W kJ 0.000076 kg
m
h fg 198 kJ 1000 W s s
kg
In this problem we have a combination of series and parallel resistances. The inner and outer
plaster walls are single resistances. Between these we have two or three resistances. For part
(a) we have resistance of plaster and resistance of the solid brick. For part (b) we have parallel
resistances of plaster, brick, and air. We also have inner and outer convection resistances for
each part. The equivalent thermal circuit when the bricks are solid is shown on the next page.
Here Ri and Ro represent the inside and outside convection resistances; R 1 and R5 are the
resistances of the plaster on the inner and outer sides of the wall. There are three components in
the inner part of the wall: R2 is the resistance of a 7.5 in horizontal length of plaster that includes
the square of plaster surrounded by four bricks; R3 is the resistance of the 7 in vertical length of
plaster and R4 is the resistance of the brick. The typical inner section has an area of (7.5 in)2/
(ft2/144 in2) = 0.3906 ft2.
L1 L h ft o F 0.5 in ft 1.0607 h o F
R1 R5 R5 5
k1 A k 5 A 0.10 Btu 0.3906 ft 2 12 in Btu
For the inner, parallel, resistances, the bricks have an area of (7 in)2/(ft2/144 in2) = 0.34036 ft2; the
longer plaster strip has an area of (7.5 in)(0.57in)/(ft2/144 in2) = 0.02604 ft2; the shorter plastic
strip has an area of (7 in)(0.5 in)/(ft2/144 in2) = 0.02431 ft2; the sum of the three areas shown here
do not add to the total area of 0.3906 ft2 because of rounding. With these areas we can now
compute the values of the inner resistances as follows.
L2 h ft o F 9 in ft 288 h o F
R2
k 2 A2 0.10 Btu 0.02604 ft 2 12 in Btu
L3 h ft o F 9 in ft 309 h o F
R3
k 3 A3 0.10 Btu 0.02431 ft 2 12 in Btu
L4 h ft o F 9 in ft 5.51 h o F
R4
k 4 A4 0.40 Btu 0.34036 ft 2 12 in Btu
The total inner resistance is computed using the formula for parallel resistances.
1 1 5.31 h o F
Rinner
1 1 1 Btu Btu Btu Btu
o
o
o
R2 R3 R3 288 h F 309 h F 5.51 h F
The total resistance is then found as the sum of this resistance plus the other resistances in
series.
T T 2 80 o F 30 o F 5.105 Btu
Q sec tion 1
Rtotal 9.794 h o F h
Btu
5.105 Btu
Q sec tion
Q wall q wall Awall q section Awall Awall h
2
30 ft 10 ft 3921 Btu
Asec tion 0.3906 ft h
When the bricks have air spaces, the equivalent circuit has an additional resistance for the air.
All the resistances in this case are the same as they were in the previous problem except for the
resistance of the bricks which now has a lower area, and the new resistance of the air gaps. The
area of the air gaps is 9(1.5 in)2/(ft2/144 in2) = 0.140625 ft2. The remaining area of brick is
0.34036 ft2 – 0.150625 ft2= 0.19965 ft2. Thus, the two new resistances are
L4 h ft o F 9 in ft 9.39 h o F
R4
k 4 A4 0.40 Btu 0.19965 ft 2 12 in Btu
L5 h ft o F 9 in ft 355.6 h o F
R5
k 5 A5 0.015 Btu 0.140625 ft 2 12 in Btu
As before, we compute the total inner resistance and then use that to compute the total
resistance and the heat transfer over the typical section.
1 1 8.62 h o F
Rinner
1 1 1 1 Btu Btu Btu Btu Btu
o
o
o
R2 R3 R4 R5 288 h F 309 h F 9.39 h F 355.6 h o F
T T 2 80 o F 30 o F 3.817 Btu
Q sec tion 1
Rtotal 13.10 h o F h
Btu
We have the previous equation for the assumption that the heat flux through this typical section
applies to the entire wall.
3.817 Btu
Q sec tion
Q wall Awall h
2
30 ft 10 ft 2932 Btu
Asec tion 0.3906 ft h
Q A hT ,i Ts ,i T4,i Ts4,i
8
300 m 2 52Wo 293.15 K Ts,i 0.9 5.6702x10 4 W 293.15 K 4 Ts4,i
m C m K
This same heat transfer is maintained by conduction through the roof.
kATs ,i Ts ,o 2 W 300 m 2
Q o
L m C 0.15 m
Finally, this same heat is transferred to the air and sky by convection and radiation.
Q A hTs ,o T,i Ts4,oi Tsky
4
Ts,o 283.15 K 0.9 5.6702x10 4 W Ts4,i 100 K 4
8
300 m 2 122 W
o
m C m K
We now have three equations with two unknown temperatures and an unknown heat flux. We
have to solve by iteration or calculator/computer approach. Using the goal seek tool of Excel, I
found the following results.
Q 3.754 x10 4 W Ts ,i 280.40 K 7.25 o C Ts ,o 271.05 K 2.10 o C
Note that the very cold sky temperature leaves the outer wall temperature less than the air
temperature. The convection heat transfer on the outside is actually going into the roof.