Strength of Material

(Module-II)

Atul Mani
Amity University
 By: Atul Mani, Amity University 2

Strain Energy
• Strain energy is an important concept in mechanics
of solids and is used to study the response of
materials and structures under static and dynamic
loads.
• Within the elastic limit, the work done by the
external forces on a material is stored as deformation
or strain that is recoverable
• On removal of load, the deformation or strain
disappears and the stored energy is released. This
recoverable energy stored in the material in the form
of strain is called elastic strain energy.
 By: Atul Mani, Amity University 3

Strain Energy
• An axial tensile load P is applied on the material gradually from
zero to maximum magnitude and the corresponding maximum
deformation is δ.
• Area under the load-displacement curve (for linear elastic material)
shown in figure indicates the work done on the material by the
external load that is stored as strain energy in the material.
• The elastic strain energy stored in the material is determined from
the area of triangle OAB.
Strain Energy = Work Done by the Force
 By: Atul Mani, Amity University 4

Strain Energy
 By: Atul Mani, Amity University 5

Resilience
• Resilience is the ability of a material to absorb
energy when it is deformed elastically, and release
that energy upon unloading.
• Proof Resilience is defined as the maximum energy
that can be absorbed up to the elastic limit, without
creating a permanent distortion.
• The Modulus of Resilience is defined as the
maximum energy that can be absorbed per unit
volume without creating a permanent distortion.
 By: Atul Mani, Amity University 6

Stress Due to Different Types of Load

A body may be subjected to following types of loads:
• Gradually applied load: if the applied load is increased from
zero to its final value stepwise. In gradually applied load the
strain energy is equal to the work done by the average load. (
Average load is half of the full load, (0+W)/2)
• Suddenly applied load: if the load is applied instantly, then it
is called sudden load. In suddenly applied load the strain energy
is equal to the work done by the full load.
• Falling or impact load: if the load falls from a height and
then hits the body and its weight acts as a sudden force. In impact
load the strain energy is equal to the work done by the full load
in addition to the kinetic energy of the load just before hitting the
body.
 By: Atul Mani, Amity University 7

Area Moment of Inertia

Moment of Inertia of any plane area is a geometrical
property of an area which reflects how its points are
distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis.
Mathematically it is equal to the second moment of the
area about the given axis.
 By: Atul Mani, Amity University 8

Area MOI of Standard Shapes

 By: Atul Mani, Amity University 9

Area MOI of Standard Shapes

 By: Atul Mani, Amity University 10

Parallel Axis Theorem

It is sometimes necessary to calculate the second moment of
area of a shape with respect to an x’-axis different to the
centroidal axis of the shape. However, it is often easier to
derive the second moment of area with respect to its
centroidal axis, x, and use the parallel axis theorem to derive
the second moment of area with respect to the x’-axis. The
parallel axis theorem states:
Ix’ = Ix + Ad2
Where: A is the area of the shape, and
d is the perpendicular distance between the x and x' axes
 By: Atul Mani, Amity University 11

Perpendicular Axis Theorem

• The moment of inertia of a plane area about an axis
normal to the plane is equal to the sum of the
moments of inertia about any two mutually
perpendicular axes lying in the plane and passing
through the given axis.
Iz = Ix + Iy

• Moment of Inertia about the perpendicular axis is

also known as Polar Moment Of Inertia.
 By: Atul Mani, Amity University 12

Radius of Gyration
• Radius of gyration is defined as the distance from
the axis of rotation to a point where the total mass of
the body is supposed to be concentrated, so that the
moment of inertia about the axis may remain the
same.
• Mathematically if `k` is the radius of gyration and
`m` is mass of the body. Then its moment of inertia
I = mk2
Then k = √(I/m)