Môn học :

Công nghệ chuyển hóa than

• Giảng viên : Văn Đình Sơn Thọ

• Thời lượng : 45 tiết
• Phone : 097.360.4372
• thovds-petrochem@mail.hut.edu.vn
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• https://sites.google.com/site/vandinhsontho
 MỤC LỤC
1. Giới thiệu chung
2. Nguồn gốc quá trình hình thành than
3. Cấu tạo hóa học của than
4. Thành phần hóa học của than
5. Động học các phản ứng chính của quá trình
6. Công nghệ cháy
7. Công nghệ nhiệt phân than
8. Công nghệ khí hóa than
9. Công nghệ phụ trợ
10. Ứng dụng chính của công nghệ khí hóa than
Sản xuất nhiên liệu tổng hợp ( F-T)
Sản xuất điện năng
11. Thu giữ và Chôn lấp CO2 ( Carbon dioxide capture storage - CCS )
12. Đánh giá tác động môi trường ( Life cycle assessment – LCA)
Phần 1 : Giới thiệu chung
1.1 Trữ lượng than trên thế giới
Table 12. Proven recoverable world reserves of coal as of end 1999 [88]

Region or country Anthracite and Sub-bituminous

bituminous and lignite

Africa and Middle East 61 355 250

North America 116 707 139 770
South and Central America 7839 13 735
Asia* 137 121 64 253
Former Soviet Union 97 476 132 702
Europe 41 664 80 368
* Excluding the former Soviet Union
Australia and New Zealand 47 329 43 642
Total 509 491 474 720

The world's proven recoverable reserves of coal are an estimated

510 × 109 t of hard coal
475 × 109 t of brown coal (sub-bituminous and lignite)
 Table 13. World hard coal production in 1999 [89]
6
Region or country Quantity, 10 t Proportion, %

Africa
South Africa 220.3 6.2
Others 2.1 0.1
Africa total 222.4 6.3
Americas
United States 919.6 26.2
Canada 36.5 1
Brazil 5.2 0.1
Columbia 33 0.9
Mexico 10.3 0.3
Others 5.6 0.2
Americas total 1010.2 28.7
 6
Region or country Quantity, 10 t Proportion, %

Asia
China* 1045 29.7
India 292.2 8.3
Indonesia 70.7 2
Japan 3.9 0.1
North Korea 71.5 2
South Korea 4.1 0.1
Pakistan 3.3 0.1
Turkey 2.7 0.1
Vietnam 8.7 0.2
Others 2.2 0.1
Asia total 1504.3 42.8

* including brown coal

** including lignit negro
Europe
18.6 0.5
Czech & Slovakia
Poland 111.4 3.2

Former Soviet 315 9

France 4 0.1
Germany 43.9 1.2
Spain** 15.4 0.4

United Kingdom 36.4 1

Others 1.5 0
Europe total 546.2 15.5
Australia 230.4 6.6
& New Zealand

World total 3513.4 100

 Table 14. World brown coal production in 1999 [89]
6
Region or country Quantity, 10 t Proportion, %

Americas

77.5 9.2
United States
Canada 36 4.3
113.5 13.5
Americas total
Asia

China .* .
Mongolia 7 0.8
India 22.2 2.6
Noth Korea 26.5 3.1
Turkey 66.8 7.9
Thailand 21.1 2.5
Asia total 143.6 17
 6
Region or country Quantity, 10 t Proportion, %

Europe
Bulgaria 24.2 2.9

Czech & Slovakia 44.8 5.3

Hungary 13.7 1.6

Poland 60.8 7.2
Romania 19.3 2.3
Former Soviet 97 11.5

Former Yugoslavia 31 3.7

Austria 1.1 0.1

Finland 8.2 1
France 0.9 0.1
Germany 162.2 19.3
Greece 61.5 7.3
Ireland 2.9 0.3
Spain 8.8 1
Europe total 536.5 63.7
Australia & New Zealand 48.4 5.7
World total 842.1 100
 Table 15. World trade* in hard coal in 1999 [90]

6
Exports 10 t Imports
United States 34 European Union 144
Canada 33 Other Europe 30
Columbia 29 Japan 136
Venezuela 7 South Korea 53
China 37 Taiwan 40
Indonesia 53 Honkong 6
Poland 16 India 17
Former Soviet 18 OtherAsia 15
South Africa 66 Latin America 20
Australia 172 Others 11
Others 66
472 472
1.2 Some Major Coal Producing Countries

United States

 Reserves. The United States possesses economically recoverable

hard coal reserves of ca. 111 × 109 t — one-fifth of total world
reserves. For brown coal the respective figures are 135 × 109 t and
over 25 %.
Production. The United States has maintained a high level of
production for decades, producing one-fourth of the world's coal..
Consumption. Domestic coal consumption, which absorbs more
than 90 % of production, has varied little in the past few years, with
power stations being the main consumers.
Australia

 Reserves. Australia possesses economically recoverable

reserves of 47 × 109 t of hard coal and 43 × 109 t of brown coal,
each representing 9 % of world reserves.
Production. Coal production has risen steadily in the last few
decades and is expected to do so in future.
Consumption. The high-quality coals found in Queensland and
New South Wales are of value as steam and metallurgical coals,
and most of production is for export. In 1984 Australia became
the world's foremost hard-coal exporter with 61 × 106 t. In 1999
exports nearly tripled these figures. Production from Western
Australia, Victoria, and South Australia (bituminous and sub-
bituminous coal, lignite) is geared to local thermal electricity
generation.
Germany

 Reserves. Due to its very large deposits of brown coal, unified

Germany possesses nearly 7 % of the world's economically
recoverable coal reserves.
Production. Output of hard coal has fallen from a peak of
150 × 106 t in 1957 to 44 × 106 t in1999 and further reductions
are planned. Brown-coal production dropped continuously with
the closure of mines in the eastern Länder. Nevertheless, with
> 160 × 106 t, Germany is by far the largest producer of brown
coal in the world.
Consumption. The majority of the hard coal (65 %) and nearly
all of the brown coal is channeled into the generation of
electricity. The second largest consumer is the steel industry.
Following the decline of indigenous production hard-coal
imports have steadily increased.
Poland

 Reserves. Polish recoverable coal reserves amount to 12 × 109 t

of hard coal and 2 × 109 t of brown coal.
Production. Poland boosted its production for export reasons
for a long period. In the mid-1980s government officials
expected to increase hard-coal output to 205 × 106 t and its
brown-coal output to 100 × 106 t by the year 2000. Instead,
production in 1999 fell to 111 × 106 t of hard coal and 60 × 106 t
of brown coal.
Consumption. Inland consumption decreased every year
during the last decade and may decrease even further. In the
meantime, Poland tried to maintain its exports. In 1984, when it
was able to export 45 × 106 t, thereby attaining a 14 % share of
world trade, Poland set its intermediate export goal at
42 × 106 t/a of hard coal. During the last few years, exports
reached only 30 × 106 t.
Republic of South Africa

 Reserves. South Africa has recoverable reserves of ca. 55 × 109 t of

hard coal, which at current production levels would last nearly 300
years.
Production. Production has raised to over 200 × 106 t/a.
Consumption. The slight increase in production in the last few years
was initiated by higher internal demand. Coal is the main primary
energy for the generation of electricity (95 %). Exports are over
60 × 106 t/a.

China
Reserves. China accounts for ca. 11 % of the world's recoverable coal reserves.
Hard-coal reserves are concentrated in the north and northwest of the country.
Substantial lignite deposits are distributed throughout the country.
Production. Production has been reduced during the last four years,
nevertheless China is still the world's largest producer (1996: 1393 × 106 t hard
coal; 1999: 1000 × 106 t).
Consumption. China is very dependent on its vast coal reserves. The bulk
being used internally for electricity and heat generation. Transportation of coal
is a major problem, with a significant proportion of production being in the
north, but with the most rapidly growing demand in the southern and eastern
regions. Only minor quantities (30 – 40 × 106 t/a) of coal are exported.
India
 Reserves. India possesses over 10 % of world reserves, mostly bituminous
coal.
Production. Coal is the main source of energy and vital for India's economic
development. A steady increase in production to nearly 300 × 106 t of hard coal.
Consumption. Consumption doubled since 1984. Despite increased production,
some coal is imported, mainly for quality reasons

Indonesia
 Reserves. Indonesia has vast resources of high-quality accessible coal. In
terms of tonnage, southern Sumatra contains the highest proportion although
much of it is lignite. The coal from Kalimatan includes some deposits of very
high quality (low ash and sulfur, high volatile matter).

Production. Since 1984 the annual production has tripled up to over 70 × 109 t.

Consumption. The national policy is to expand internal use; the target is for
80 % of electricity to be generated from coal-fired plants. But the main impulse
to increase the production is the expanding export market. Indonesia has
become the world's third largest exporter of coal .
United Kingdom
 Reserves. With the decline of prices for imported coal the estimates of reserves
which were regarded as economically recoverable have been reduced to about
1 × 109 t.
Production. Due to the high cost of extracting the coal, production has had to
be steadily diminished and will be cut even further.
Consumption. The United Kingdom is still among the major consumers of coal
in the world, but with competition from other energy resources, especially oil
and gas from the North Sea, a further decline is expected

Former Soviet Union

 Reserves. With 230 × 109 t of recoverable coal reserves, 97 × 109 t of which is
hard coal, the former Soviet Union accounts for 25 % of total world reserves.

Production. Due to its vast resources the Soviet Union still ranks third among
world producers. In 1999 coal production in the Russian Federation reached
only 60 % of the 1989 level. Ukrainian production dropped by nearly 50 %.

Consumption. Coal consumption has mirrored reduced production. Major

changes will depend on future economical developments.
1.2 Tình hình ngành công nghiệp than ở Việt Nam

Trữ lượng (nghìn tấn)

Than quảng Ninh 4,049,559
Than bùn 331,790
Than địa phương 37,434
Than khác 165,109
Khoái Châu 1,580,956
Antraxit 4,118,349
Sub-bitumious 1,580,956
Than nâu 96,319
Than bùn 331,790
 Khả năng khai thác

2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 2025-

Tổng 3,695,447 285,357 391,376 473,347 547,024 1,998,334

Quang Ninh 2,826,620 269,247 368,945 390,101 393,100 1,405,227

Khác 16,109 22,432 83,246 153,924 593,117

Than khác 9,276 11,073 11,897 11,474 46,320

Than bùn 235,438 1,833 2,500 2,500 2,500 9,145
Than địa
phương 18,478 5,000 7,222 11,667 17,222 194,327
Khoái châu 524,871 - 1,636 57,182 122,727 343,326

Năm 2010 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050

Sản lượng 41,340 49.015 51,850 44,815 42,315 38,740
1.3 Tình hình năng lượng điện ở Việt Nam

2007 2010 2015 2020 2025

Nhập khẩu 510 758 2250 5724 5724
Điện hạt nhân 0 0 0 1000 11000
Thủy điện nhỏ & NLTT 250 1196 2451 2951 4051
NĐ dầu – khí 6029 8579 11579 18329 18329
NĐ than 1830 5924 27424 65024 118424
Thủy điện 5561 9133 16049 18449 23749

Đơn vị đo : MW
MW 200,000

180,000 Thủy điện

160,000 NĐ than
140,000 NĐ dầu – khí
Thủy điện nhỏ & NLTT
120,000
Điện hạt nhân
100,000
Nhập khẩu
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
2007 2010 2015 2020 2025
 2010

3%0% 5%
Nhập khẩu
35%
Điện hạt nhân
34%
Thủy điện nhỏ & NLTT
NĐ dầu – khí
NĐ than
Thủy điện
23%

2020

1%

3%
17% 5% Nhập khẩu
16%
Điện hạt nhân
Thủy điện nhỏ & NLTT
NĐ dầu – khí
NĐ than
58%
Thủy điện