THE CRUSADES A READER edited by S.J. ALLEN AND EMILIE AMT 5 broudview press23. WILLIAM OF TYRE’S HISTORY William, Catholic archbishop of Tyre in the Kingdom of Jorusalem, sas 4 Franke who had been born in the Holy Land and educited in Faunce, He wrote his Histovy of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea in the 11605 and 1170s. For souce material he relied nr only om other histories and bis oum experience, but also on the documents and recods of the ersader sates, the extracts below he deseribes the establishment of the Latin (that is; European) kingdom of Jemsalem and the principality of Antioch, the ‘hind amd four of the four eraser states tobe founded ding ad afer the Fist Che sae, as well as some of the problems facing the Franks in their ew colonies and some of the strategies by which they addressed those problems Source: ta. EA. Babcock an AC. King, A Hin of Dare Bebo the So by Wiliam ‘Ay of Tp (New Yok: Columbia University Pres, 943), 1 PB. 379, 81-83, 99193, ‘Thus [afer the fll of Jeruslem to the crusaders] through the superabundant grave of God the holy city had been restored to the Christian people and mat ters had been reduced to some degree of order. Seven days glided by in mnuch rejoicing, e¢mpered, indeed, by the fear of the Lon and spiritual gladness. On the eighth day the leaders assembled fer consultation, It was their purpose, after invoking the grace of the Holy Sprit, to choose someone from among. their own number to rule over the region and to bear the royal responsibilty for that province, But while they were deliberating over the matter, some of the clergy, pled ‘up with the spint of pride and intent on their own interests rather than on of Jesus Christ, abo gathered, They sent a message to the chief saying they had certain private matters which ehey wished to bring before those ‘were now sitting in council. On being admitted, they said, “le has been to the clergy that you have met for the purpose of choosing one of ‘number as king. This purpose of yours seems to us holy and well advised fc were reached in its proper onder, worthy of being carried out with all eis undoubtedly true that spiritual matters are of higher importance temporal and ought therefore to be consideted firs. In our opinion, the should be reversed, and, before election to a secular office is thought of, mn of religious ie, pleasing God, ought 40 be chosen who will be ‘of presiding over the church of God for its advancement and benefit. you to proceed in this order, will be most agreeable to us, ‘you in body and! sprit. But if not, we shall pronounce whate our approval invalid and without force” incesreganded the objections of the ce ‘Though intent on carrying ou thei plan, yet they took the pro= as frivolous and of noporal under consideration... [Eventually they proceeded to choose 2 Kin] rhe coal considering all aspects of the mater the (ecu electors anaitsrealy agreed upon the dake [of Bouillon] a their choice. Godey wae rane and eecned with great devoion tothe Seplcher of the Lond atend- ‘aby the singing of chants and hymns cragey ma a devout man, whose heart was filed with pious care for ll tur pertmed to the honor ofthe house of God. A few das afer He was dee ee pend ofthe Kingsiom, he began to offer the Fit fruits of his respons- fal to the Lord. He established anos inthe church of the Lon Sepulcher ane he Temple of the Lor: and spon them he bestowed ample benefces aan pecbends, AE ae same time abo he gave them noble houses inthe vient ofthese ame chrches beloved of God. He preserved the rule and vrerons obred by the rca and wea churches founded by plows Fries yond he montis nde woul have confer il ree rane ead prevented... Neverthe after is elevation to power, because aaa iy of spurt be efised tobe invested wich a crown of gold inthe Pa dies rhe Eon of Kgs. For be was content with an owed rev oe hat crown of thorns which, that ame iy the Savio ofthe Fane ienetpr our savation, wore even £0 the pasion of the cross. Henes sain people, no appreciating Gov’ service, estate topics his mame in deg ofthe Kings suc rg those outa cs which ae done i are ay of greater vale than the ofa fifa spirit pleasing 0 God. TB aoe not merely a king, bur ee est of kings ht and 3 ior t others Min about 1146) he king [aes Godcy's swecesor Baki] welza Holy city beloved of God, was almost desteate of ens There were not enough people t carry on the NeCESSArY UM eet he ream. Knied dhe were scocely enough protect Se tthe city and to defend she walls an towers agaist sk aa accordingly, he gave mich anxious thovght to the problem, uF saeco once in ison in and aking eth oters concerning in for filing it with fithful people, worshippers of the true God. The Gt lupon him. Accordingly, he made carci Fiat the non-Chrisims) who vere living dere a che tne the iy ena ee tee fore had perished by the swor sost roa man; and f ny a Be ccs yee toy Chea Bee caer escaped chey were not pemnitted to remain inthe ci Fort of ervitude and forced eibute He tndr bacon stone nox long tothe Chron fat co live in so weneted § Mi roved conditions W Je sent for these people and promised anyone ike sacrilege to the chief in their devotion to God. The ps ‘our country were so few in number and so needy that they scarcely filled ae ule the Syrians who had originally been citizens of ce city ha seed through the many eibultions and trials endured in the ost tht ther number was asnoebin 8: The tweltth-century tomb of G = lth-century tomb of Godey of Bouillon fist ruler of the kitystom of nthe Chueh ofthe Holy Sopot a ape Military aed Religiows Life in the Midd ‘ swith great concern that the From P ees (London, Chapman and Hall felt thatthe responsibility for rl ng the desolation of the city regard to some ted that beyond the (Chistian living in villa 1 short time, he had the i cedions wr = fe had the satisfaction of th their wives and children, flocks and herds, and all their Toy wr st ihe a oy mer fsa ope ante ie iy Ma 1, cast off the harsh yoke of servitude and came that right the city worthy of God. To these the king granted th eaTHE CRUSADES: A READER 24. FULCHER OF the city which seemed to need this asistince most and filled the houses with CHARTRES’S HISTORY them. Th [s118}, cern pious and God-feasing nobles of knighely rank, devoted Falher of Chartres went om the Fist Crvsade with Steen of Bis and later served to the Lond, profesied the wish to live perpetually in poverty chastity and obe- 4s a chaplain in the sevice of Baldi of Boule who would bone the sco king ‘Gience [that i, a monks) In the hands ofthe patriarch they vowed themselves of Jerusalem, Pabher’ history of the ensade and its afemath, vitien between 2491 fo the service of God as regular canoss, Foremost and most distinguished tnd 1127, i one of th ber iformed sch works mong these men were the venerable Hugh de Payens and Godley of St Gimer, Since they had neither a church nor a fixed place of abode, the king tqanted them a temporary dveling plac: im hi own pale, on the northside by the Temple of the Lord... The main duty of this omler—that wa cnjoined upon them by the patriarch and dhe ther bishops for the remission ‘of sins — was, “cha, as far as their strength permitted, they should keep the sade and highways safe from the menice of robbers and highveaymen, with In the beginning of his reign Baldwin [I,the king of Jeraalem] as yet pos- especial regard for the procecton of pis.” sessed few cites [that i, only Jerusalem, Bethleher, and Joppa] and people. Nine yes after the founding of this order . [the Templars] were 28 yet ‘Through that same winter he stoutly protected his kingdom from enemies on only nine in number. After this period however, they began to increase, and All sides, And because they found out that he was avery skill fighter, their posesions multiplied. It was in the cime of Pope Eugeniss (HI, 1145= llthough he had few men, they did noe dare to atack him, IF he had had sak its said, that they began to sew on the mantles crosses of red cloth hat greater force he would have met the enemy gladly. they might be distinguished from others. Not only the knights, but abo the Up to dut time the land route was completely Blocked to our pilgrims Inferior brothers called sergeants, wore this sign. The Templar prospered 0 ‘Meanwhile they, French as well as English, or Italians and Venetians, came by treaty chat today [that is, around 170] here are in the order about cree bun= ‘68 as far as Joppa. AC first we had no other port. These pilgrims came very {ied Knights who wear the white mantle and, in addition, an almost countless timidly in single ships, ot in squadrons of three or four, through the midst of Source: rane FR Ryan Fulcher of Chase, istry ofthe Espinosa, 10951127 (novi: Unveity of Teneace Pres, 1960). p14 Book I Ses ai eane beara: pirates and past the ports of the Saracens, with the Lord showing the “They ate sid to have vast posessions, both on this se of the sea and saw that ehey had come from our ewn cou beyond, There is nota province inthe Christan world today which does not [promptly and joyfully mice them as if they were saints. From thy bestow some part of ts possessions upon these brethren, and their property i anxiously inguired concerning his homeland and his loved ones. The n reported tobe equal to the riches of kis. vals told us all that they knew. When we heard good news we rejoiced, they told of misfortune we were saklened. They came on to Jerusalem Questions: What were the immediate corns of the crusaders after taking “visited the Holy of Holes, for which purpose they had come. Following, What models did they follow in adminisering their new Middle Easter t sone remained in the Holy Land, and others went back to their native Wher problems arose, and how sere they eddesed? Why did the crusader states fil jes, For this reason the land of Jerusalem remained depopulated. There ttre Christan residents? What tensions se revealed in the text? ‘not enough people to defend it from the Saracens if only the latter dared ‘why did they not dare? Why did so many people and so many king sto attack ou lite kingdoms and our husnble people? Why di they from Egypt, from Persia, fom Mesopotamia, and from Syria at Teast times 4 hundred thousand fighters to advance courageously against ‘enemies? Why did they not, as innumerable locusts in a ite field, so ly devour and destroy us that no further mention could be made of that had been our from time immemorial? For we did not at that ‘more than three hundked Knights and as many footmen to defend Joppa, Ramla, and ako the stronghold ef Haiti. We scarcely daredplan some feat against our ene ‘against our season for sailing further. Their leet was of one hundred and twenty ships, ‘excepting stall boats and skiff, Some vessels were beaked, some were mer chant ships, and some tritemes. They were bui to assemble our knights when we wished to vee, We feared that inthe meantime they would do some damage deserted fortifications. ofthese three types. In them Ty marie co all tha i wos @ wonderfal miracle dat we Hed were loaded very long timbers which when silflly made sto siege machint- among so many thousands and as their conquerors made some of them OME cy by the carpenters could be used for scaling and seizing the high walls of vtiries and rained others by plundering them and making them capeives, cites. Thur whence came this vie? Whence this power? Truly fom him whose In the spring when the sea routes were open to their ships the Venetians ei dhe Alinghty, who, not unmindfa of his people laboring in his rare, dehyed no longer in falling their long-sanding wows to God. After they had sve eueey aid in their tribatons those who trust him alone, Moreover ‘made ample provision for the voyage and haa set fire co the huts in which they God promics to read with evedasting glory in the if te came thors whom, hhad wintered and had invoked the help of God, ty joyflly sounded heir the sometimes makes happy with very ial temporal reward. trumpets and hoisted their sis. The ships, painted n vatious colors, delighted eh cine so worthy tbe remembered! OFen indeed we were sad when we ‘with their brightness chese who beheld them from afi, In them were fifteen could got no ad rom ou fiends acres the ea, We fed let ou ene thousand armed men, Venetians as wells pilgrims whom they had associated Tearing how few we were, woul sometime rsh down upon us fom ses swith themselves. In addition they took three hundred horses. And so when earn en atack when none but God could help us. We were in need of the wind blew gently fio the north they experdy cutaway from their gang vrdhung if ony men and horses dd not fall us. The mem who came by #31 planks and set course for Methone [on the coast of Messinia and den t0 Gruen coukt not Bring hones with them aid wo ons cae € ws PY hand. Rhodes “The people of Antioch were notable help ws nor we them. [Around the beginning of June the Venetian feet] entered many of the ‘Dering that same winter season [of 1100-1108] a leet of beaked Genoese ports of Palestine, Indeed rumor had for a long cme foretold its atrival, As anette ships ha is, warships] hal stayed atthe port of Laodices. i ee soon as the doge [that is, che leader] of the Venetans, who commanded this speing when dhe men sw thatthe water was cal and sable fo ni fleet, had landed at Acre, he was informed at once of what had happened in doer dey sald as fa s Joppa with afavoring wind. When they reached pow {Joppa by land and sea, and how ehe Babylonians [that is the Egypeians} ad vy were aly received by the King, Because tan near Batra ies {as much damage as they could, and having accomplished their purpose, ey sremary for all who could 1© celebrate this solemn occasion, DP departed. But ifthe doge wished to pursue them energetically he could Tena cher ship and went up to Jerusalem with the king, On Paster S85 ly overtake them, with God’ help, [The Fankish military operations aah everyone was unch disturbed because the holy fre filed to appear a8 cl with Venetian help] Sepuleher of the Lord. When the Eater solemnity was ove, he ng es While we were waiting [during che summer of 1124] with ears open to Teak ee Joppa and made a convention with the consuls of the above any bit of news, behold! three messengers arrived in great haste bearing vane lee Ie ws agreed tha slong. the Genoese cared fo stayin che from our pattiarch announcing the capture of Tyre. When ehis sas vor the love of God i with hs consent and asiance they amt che ‘4 most joyful clamor arose, The “Te Deuns Laushmus” was forthwith ould take any of the cies of the Saracens they should have in o with exultant voice. Bells were rung. a procesion marched tothe Temple hurd pare of dhe money taken fom che enemy with no injury done and fags were raised on the walls andl towers. Through all the streets ‘Genoese and dhe king should have the fst and second parts. Morcoves red ornaments were displayed, thankful gestures make, the messen- CGenvere] should possess by perpen and hereditary right a section in city caprared in this way. congratulated themselves, and the ginks were delightful a they sang an a Jerusalem like 4 mother rejoices over her daughter Tyre at whose she sis crowned as befits her rank. Ana Babylon mourns the Jos of ta um he sian we gid 0 lw po et Which sustained her unl recently, and the loss of her hostile lect, “ee with the help of God to extend Jerusalem and the aea adjacent sed to send out against us each year. Indeed although Tyre i kess- the advantage and glory of Christendom. They had lef their own lly ponip she # augmented in divine grace. For sear before and had wintered on the land called Corts swaing * the city hada high priest or arch- pris in authority, according to—— the instittions of the fathers she shall Lave a primate or patriarch in Christian law: For where there were high priests, Christian archbishops shall be insti have countless bezans here, and those who did not have a villa possess here by vedo eae over provinces... Prise be to God om high because he has returned. the gift of God a city. Therefore why should one stuen to the Occident who ‘Tye to us,not by the might of men but by his own good pleasure and without has found the Orient like thi? God does not wist those to sufer want who the effusion of blood [that is, by surrender rather than by assault]. Tyre is 2 with their cross dedicated themselves to fallow him, nay even to the enel Tneble city, very strong and very difficalt to take wnless God lays upon it is ‘You sce therefore that this a great miracle and ene which the whole world sown right hand. The people of Antioch failed us in eis afr, for they fur ought to admire. Who has heard anything lke i? God wishes to enrich wall snahed us no aid nor wished to be present at the task, Bur blesed be Pons of anid to draw us to himself a his dearest friends. And because he wishes it we "Tripoli since he was our most faithful lly. abo frely desire it, and what is pleasing to im we do with a loving and sub- "The atfars of Tyre were settled a: was proper. A wiparite division was missive heart in order that we may reign with him chroughout el made in which two equal parts were turned over to the authority of the city “The thind part, Iying within the cty as well as around he harbos, was a8 2 result of reciprocal concessions made ene by one turned over tothe Venetians Feral? Whar addon ways weve found to addes 42 Why did Christian Maslin to hold by hereditary right. Then all turned home. ure coin air the Fit Crasade was wer? Accning to Fal, how di the “Ac that time the sun appeared £0 x8 in dazzling color for almost one how. European sees adap 10 life im Palestine? Whar ws hs aide sowwrd this change? te was changed by a new and hyacithine beauty and ansformed into the How thoroughly do you think the sters were assinital? shape ofthe moon asin a &wo-pronga clips. This happened on [August 1 vag) when the ninth hour ofthe dey was waning. Therefore do not marvel Teton you sce sigs in the heavens Eecause God works miracles there 26 he Toor on earth, For just as in the heavens s0 also om earth he transforms and Srranges al things ashe will. For i those things which he made are wonder- In the preceding document, Fale of Chartes desis the involvement of Vnetion fal more wonslerfl is he who made them. Consider, { pray, and reflect how i lectin the rity affis of the Kingdom af Jerusaln acing the sige of Tre i four time God has transformed the Occident [that i, the Wet] into the Orient 1124, Jst bore the sige gan, he fling tea of alance sas dan up fete [chat is, the East th Kingdon ond the Venetians; is psered in the wus of Wiliam of Tre For we who were occidental hase now become oriental, He who was a ‘Roman ora Frank has in this nd been made into a Galilean ora Palestinians He who was of Rheims or Chartres has now become a citizen of Tyre oF “Antioch. We have already forgotten the places of our birth; already these are Inevery city of the above-mentioned king ff Jrialem. ner the rule of is Occident, God makes rich in ehis land. Those who had litle money there Questions: What does Fulcher sce as the greatest problems fixing the kingdom of 25. VENETIAN TREATY Soure:tas. EA, Babcock nd ACG Kicy A Hite of Dl Loe hyn tS by Wil Aa Bap of Te Sew York: Calambia Uinrsy Pr 143) Topp 388-5 tunknown fo many of us or not mentioned any more. Some already possess successors ako, and in the cities of all his barons, the Venetians shall have a homes or households by inheritance, Some have taken wives not only oftheir ‘iurch and one entire street of their wn;also sare and a bath and an even ‘own people but Syrians or Armeniars or even Suracens who have obtained the to be held forever by horediary right, fee from all taxation a i the kings teice of baptism, One has his father-in-law as well as his daughter-in-law liv ‘own property ih with him, or his own child if no his stepson or stepfather. Out here there In the square at Jerusalem, however, they shall have for their own only as ive grandchildren and great-grandcildren. Some tend vineyards; ochers ti ich asthe king s wont co have. But ifthe Venetians deste to st up at Acre Fields, People use the eloquence and idioms of diverse languages in conversing their own quarter, an oven, a ill, a bath, scaks, measures and bottles for hack and forth, Words of different hnguages have become common. ring. wine, oil, and honey, it shall be permitted freely to each person mown to each nationality, and mua faith unites those who are ignorant ing there without contradiction to cook, mill, o bathe jus sii rely their descent, Indeed it s written, "The lion and the ox shall eat straw sd on the king’ property. They may use the measures the seals, and fr” [faih 62:25]. He who was born a stranger is now as one born here uring bottles a follows: when the Venesians trade with each othe ‘who was born an alien has become a native ‘must use their own measures, tat is the measures of Venice: ane when “Or relatives and parent join us from time to time, sacrificing, even ins sell theit wares to other races, they must sell with heir own reluctantly, all that they formerly possessed. Those who were poor it that is, with the measures of Venice: but when the Venetians pur-