Creo Parametric Basic Turning by Jouni Ahola

Table
of contents
1
CREO PARAMETRIC INTERFACE
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5
1.1 THIS BOOK
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5
1.2 CHAPTERS AND TASKS
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5
1.3 INTRODUCTION TO TURNING MANUFACTURING
…………………………………………………………………………………. 6
1.4 STARTING
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8
1.5 OPTIONS AND CONFIGURATIONS
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9
1.5.1
MANUFACTURING CONFIGURATIONS
…………………………………………………………………………………………….11
1.6 CREATING A NEW TEMPLATE
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1.7 WORKING DIRECTORY
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1.8 IMPORT REFERENCE MODEL
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1.9 MODEL PROPERTIES
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1.10
CUTTING PARAMETERS
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1.10.1
CUTTING SPEED FORMULAS
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..4
1.10.2
FEED AND DEPTH OF CUT
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
48
1.10.3
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1.10.4
CONSTANT SURFACE SPEED
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
51
1.11
CAMSHAFT CUTTING PARAMETERS
……………………………………………………………………………………………….52
2
CREO PARAMETRIC BASIC TURNING
………………………………………………………………………………………..53
2.1 COMMON PROCEDURE FOR CREATING A NEW MANUFACTURING
MODEL ………………………………………………53
2.2 REFERENCE
MODEL………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.3 WORKPIECE
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
57
2.4 FIXTURE
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
60
2.5 WORKCELL
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.5.1
LATHE MACHINE TOOL
SIMULATION………………………………………………………………………………………
74
2.6 OPERATION
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
76
2.7 CUTTING TOOLS
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
80
2.7.1
STANDARD TURNING TOOLS
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
80
2.7.2
SOLID TURNING TOOLS
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.7.3
SOLID TURNING TOOLS COORDINATE SYSTEMS
……………………………………………………………………………….85
2.7.4
SOLID TURNING TOOL EXAMPLE
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
87
2.7.5
CREATING SOLID TURNING TOOL COORDINATE SYSTEMS
………………………………………………………………….88
2.7.6
SOLID TURNING TOOL
PARAMETERS……………………………………………………………………………………
90
2.7.7
SOLID TURNING TOOL ANGLES
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
94
2.8 TOOLS FOR CAMSHAFT
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.8.1
ROUGHING TOOL
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.8.2
TURN GROOVE TOOL
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Creo Parametric Basic Turning
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2.8.3
FINISHING TOOL
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
100
2.8.4
HOLEMAKING TOOLS
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
101
2.8.4.1
TOOL ATTACHMENT
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
102
2.8.4.2
HOLEMAKING TOOLS, COUNTERSINK
………………………………………………………………………………………. 104
2.8.4.3
HOLEMAKING TOOLS, DRILL
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
105
2.8.4.4
HOLEMAKING TOOLS, TAP
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
106
2.8.4.5
INSIDE AREA AND PROFILE TOOLS
……………………………………………………………………………………………
107
2.9 COMMON ABOUT NC SEQUENCES
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
109
2.9.1
TURNING MANUFACTURING PARAMETERS
………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
2.9.2
TURNING SEQUENCES
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
112
2.9.3
TURNING CUT
GEOMETRY………………………………………………………………………………………
112
3
CAMSHAFT TURNING SEQUENCES
…………………………………………………………………………………………. 116
3.1 PREPARING FOR THE TURNING
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
116
3.1.1
TURN PROFILE FROM USE SURFACE
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
118
3.1.2
AREA REMOVAL
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
120
3.1.3
EDITING NC SEQUENCE PARAMETERS
………………………………………………………………………………………….. 127
3.1.4
MATERIAL REMOVAL CUT
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
132
3.1.5
FACE AREA
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
134
3.2 GROOVE TURNING
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
138
3.2.1
OUTSIDE GROOVE TURNING
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
139
3.3 PROFILE TURNING
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
147
3.3.1
OUTSIDE PROFILE TURNING
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
147
3.4 TURNING HOLEMAKING SEQUENCES
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
158
3.4.1
COUNTERSINK SEQUENCE
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
159
3.4.1.1
BREAKCHIP DRILLING SEQUENCE
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
164
3.4.2
DEEP DRILLING SEQUENCE
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
168
3.4.2.1
TAPPING SEQUENCE
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
174
3.4.2.2
INSIDE AREA TURNING
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
178
3.5 NEW
OPERATION………………………………………………………………………………………
183
3.5.1
FACE AREA OPERATION 2
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
190
3.5.2
AREA REMOVAL OPERATION 2
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
195
3.5.3
OUTSIDE GROOVE 2 TURNING OPERATION 2
………………………………………………………………………………… 200
3.5.4
OUTSIDE GROOVE 3 TURNING OPERATION 2
………………………………………………………………………………… 203
3.6 TURNING HOLEMAKING OPERATION 2
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
208
3.7 FINAL NC SEQUENCE OPERATION 2
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
213
4
CNC LANGUAGE AND STRUCTURE
………………………………………………………………………………………… 215
4.1 NC OR CNC
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
215
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4.2 STRUCTURE OF AN NC
PROGRAM…………………………………………………………………………………………
216
4.3 COMMON G- AND M-CODES
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
218
4.3.1
G-CODE CANNED CYCLES
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
220
4.3.2
CANNED CYCLE G71 AND G70 MANUAL PROGRAMMING
……………………………………………………………….. 221
4.3.3
CANNED CYCLE G76 MANUAL PROGRAMMING
…………………………………………………………………………….. 222
4.3.4
MANUFACTURING USER DEFINED FEATURE
………………………………………………………………………………….. 223
4.3.5
MAPKEY
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
224
4.3.6
CUSTOMIZING MENUS
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
226
4.3.7
CANNED CYCLE G71 AND G70 CAM PROGRAMMING
……………………………………………………………………… 229
4.3.8
CANNED CYCLE G76 CAM PROGRAMMING
…………………………………………………………………………………… 234
4.4 TOOL NOSE RADIUS COMPENSATION
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
239
4.4.1
TOOL NOSE RADIUS COMPENSATION EXAMPLE
……………………………………………………………………………. 242
5
POST PROCESSING
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
248
5.1 WHAT IS A POSTPROCESSOR
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
248
5.2 CL DATA
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
251
5.2.1
CREATING CL DATA FILE FOR OPERATION
…………………………………………………………………………………….. 252
5.2.2
CREATING CL DATA FILE FOR NC SEQUENCE
………………………………………………………………………………….. 255
5.3 POST PROCESSOR TESTING
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
257
6
APPENDIX
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
259
6.1 CREO PARAMETRIC QUICK REFERENCE CARD
……………………………………………………………………. 259
INDEX
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
265
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1
CREO PARAMETRIC INTERFACE
1.1
This book
This book is a follow-up to the books Creo Parametric Modeling and Creo Para-
metric Basic Milling. If you already know the basis of the Creo Parametric and
modeling you can use this book easily.
If you are using the software first time, and want to go straight to the CAM module,
you can download the needed 3D models and tools:
The downloaded models are in the native Creo Parametric 2-format (.prt),
(.asm), (.drw) and (mfg).
The models are also available in the STEP-format.
Before you use Creo Parametric to machine components (CAM), it is important to
understand the complete manufacturing process and the steps involved in this pro-
cess. It is also important to understand the elements that make up completed manu-
facturing models.
Download site: http://www.gold-cam.fi/en/download
Or inquire: gold-cam@dlc.fi
1.2
Chapters and Tasks
This book consists of several chapters each dealing with a primary theme of Creo
Parametric and are meant to be used alongside the running Creo Parametric.
You will learn the material best if you take time along the way to read the text care-
fully and think about what you are doing and observing what happens.
Usually, first is the theory and then is the Task. Tasks are marked as chapter num-
bers, for example:
Task 1.2: How to use this book?
When the task is ready, there is a text:
Task 1.2 is ready.
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1.3
Introduction to Turning Manufacturing
The turning manufacturing process can be divided into different main-level steps;
1. Manufacturing Template
2. Reference Model
3. Workpiece
4. Ref Model and Workpiece
5. Fixture
6. NC Sequences and tools
7. Simulation
8. CL Data and Postprocessing CNC Code
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1. A template manufacturing model can be selected and copied during the creation
process. Using template manufacturing models enables you to standardize on the
initial manufacturing model configuration. By default, the template manufactur-
ing model includes default datum planes and a default coordinate system.
2. The reference model represents the final machined component. Surfaces and
edges are selected from the reference model and are used as references when cre-
ating NC steps. The reference model can be also imported from the other CAD-
software. You must assemble a reference model before creating NC steps.
3. Workpiece model – This represents the unmachined stock material. It is an op-
tional element and is not required to create NC steps. However, using a
workpiece enables you to simulate the machining of the stock material.
Workpieces can be standard stock billets or you can configure them to represent
models such as castings.
4. You can assemble or create a workpiece in a manufacturing model. A number
of options are available. An automatic workpiece enables you to create a rectan-
gular or round workpiece depending on your requirements.
5. Fixtures are parts or assemblies that can be used to hold the component being
machined. For example, you can create chuck assemblies and use them as fix-
tures.
6. An NC sequence is a workpiece feature that represents a single tool path. The
tool path consists of:
Cut motions, that is, tool motions while actually cutting the workpiece
material
Approach, exit, connect moves
Additional CL commands and post-processor words (for example,
feedrates, PPRINT, OPSTOP).
7. Toolpaths and machine simulations are one of the most important stages in the
manufacturing process. You can display the toolpath for an operation, a single
step, or multiple steps. You can also display tool path and machine simulation to-
gether if the machine assembly is defined.
8. Post-processing is the final stage in the manufacturing process. When toolpaths
and simulation have been completed, you can create ASCII format cutter location
(CL) data files for operations or selected NC steps. This CL data file will then
have to be postprocessed to generate an MCD file, containing the proper CNC
codes.

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1.4
Starting
Opening the software:
The main interface:
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1.5
Options and configurations
You can access the Creo Parametric Options dialog box by clicking File - Options.
The options dialog box contains the following categories:
Favorites – You can add favorite config.pro options in this panel.
Configuration Editor – Location for the config.pro editor.
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Default settings:
Save settings:
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1.5.1 Manufacturing Configurations
There are a few useful configurations for manufacturing, for example you can de-
fine where cutting tools and NC machines locates. Before that you need to create
folders and put your solid tools and machine assemblies and so on to them. For ex-
ample:
Task 1.5.1: NC Options.
Open Configuration Editor. Select Find
Type keyword: pro_mf – Find Now
These all settings are for directories.
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First, select pro_mf_workcell_dir:
Select Browse and give the full path to the folder where are NC Machine assem-
blies:
OK.
Add/Change.
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You can see the new settings in the options list:
Do the same for pro_mf_tprm_dir.
You can select option and Add to Favorites.

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When options are defined – OK. Save options – Yes.
Give the path to the installation folder where the original config.pro locates (if you
have writing rights).

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Next time you can find and change options easily if needed.
Task 1.5.1 is ready.
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1.6
Creating a new template
New models or assemblies should be created using templates. It means that every us-
ers of the company has the same way to start the work. The model contains the same
information, for example:
Datums – default datum planes and coordinate system, named by user.
View Orientations – same standard view orientations.
Parameters
Layers
Units
The system default templates locate in installation folder:
Manufacturing template:
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When you start the new model and give the name and clear Use default template
box, you get the New File Options window. Here you can select or browse template.
Sometimes may happen, that you can´t open templates or there is no template what
you need. You can create customized templates that can be used to create new parts
and assemblies.
Task1.6: Own template.
Now the task is create manufacturing template for turning. It should be Manufactur-
ing template, because manufacturing session will be assembly.
Start new:
Select Empty.
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Create planes by selecting Plane tool. Show plane Tags:
If the you can´t see the plane names in the model tree, select settings and Tree
Filters:
Create Coordinate System:
Select up to 3 references, such as plane, edge, coordinate system, or point to place
coordinate system.
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Select planes in order. Select Orientation page. You can change the orientation if
needed.
Your coordinate system is shown in to the same direction as the spin center. Red
means X-axis, Green means Y-axis and blue is the Z-axis. (RGB).
Give the name:
You can also rename the planes. First we need to think how the lathe coordinate sys-
tem locates.
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Below is the picture of 5 axis mill/turn machine:
You have to create the coordinate system of the template match to the machine axis.
Usually in lathes, Z-axis is horizontal and pointing away from the chuck and it is
collinear with turning axis.
You can define the plane as XZ-plane and create view for it. Rotate the template so
that you can see coordinate system as below:
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Select ADTM2 – Rename. Give the new name: FRONT_XZ
You can rename the other planes also. For example:
The other useful way is Creating view orientations:
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Select FRONT_XZ as Reference 1- Front. Select Reference 2 – TOP_YZ
Template rotates to the direction. Give the name and Save. OK.
You can open saved views:
Create one Isometric (3D-view) more. Rotate the template just about as below:
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Select Reorient again, give the name and Save the view:
You can make as many views as you want. Save the template.
Next step is to define units: File - Prepare - Model Properties:
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Select Units – change:
Select new:
Give the units. OK.
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Set new unit_system1 and Convert dimensions – OK. - Close
Close Model Properties window. Save the template.
Using layers in manufacturing assembly. Similar to parts, you can hide non-solid
geometry of assembly features including assembly datum features and surfaces. Un-
like parts, you can add components to layers in an assembly. If you add compo-
nents to a layer and then hide layer, the component geometry hides.
Select Layers:
Click New Layer:
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Give the name and Layer id. Select planes from the template:
OK.
Activate layer from the tree and hide:
Planes are hided from the template and you can see the name of the layer dimmed.
Click Layers again and you can see the model tree. Planes are hided.
Make new layer for Coordinate systems.
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Give the name and Id and select coordinate system:
If you hide or unhide layers, you need to Save Status. (Right lick)
Now, unhide both layers and Save Status. Save the template.
Next parameters. Parameters are metadata information that can be included in a
model template or created by a user in his own part or assembly. Parameters enable
you to add important additional information into part and assembly models.
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You can access parameters in many ways:
Or
Parameters window:
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Click plus button and give the parameters. You can select: Integer, Real Number,
String or Yes No as type.
OK. Save the template. Now the template is ready enough for testing. Make new
manufacturing assembly and browse your own template:
Task1.6 is ready.

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1.7
Working directory
Creo Parametric is started in the default working directory, which is defined during
installation of the software. Different working directories can be set by the user.
There are many ways to define a new working directory:
Icon - Select Working Directory:
From the Folder Tree or Web browser- Right click the folder and select: Set
Working Directory.
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From the File menu:
Click (File), Open – Right click the folder:
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1.8
Import reference model
Sometimes the machinable model is made in different CAD software. In Creo you
can Open many kind of types:
In this case the original model is in STEP-format. STEP stands as Standard
Exchange Protocol or international standard for product data exchange and
extension is . STP
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Task1.8: Import STEP-file.
Crerate Working Directory first!
Open STEP-type model and create Datum Planes and Coordinate Systems:
Selec Type: STEP – Select File from the window. From Import New Model
window: Use Part as Type, Check Use Templates – Select Details – Select Options
- Select Template (here mmns_part_solid). Ok. - Ok.- Ok.
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Model opens:
You can see the Datum Planes which comes from the template. The datum planes are
in relation to the coordinate system of the model. From a manufacturing point of
view, it is important to know how to make planes, axis and coordinate systems.
You can also see the datum plane and axis names. In the Ribbon – View – Show or
hide tags:
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Axis and Datum Planes.
In the Ribbon - Select Model – Axis:
Select surface as below:
Ok.
In the Ribbon - Select Model – Plane:

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Select Axis and with Ctrl pressed TOP DATUM PLANE:
Give the angle: 42.5 – OK.
Make one datum more, angle 90, use axis and the new plane:
The new datum planes are in relation to the camshaft cam angle. You can see the
new features also in the model tree and rename them if wanted. DTM1 will be the
cam angle plane.

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Creating of the coordinate system for turning.
Hide unnecessary planes and coordinates:
In the Ribbon - Select Model – Coordinate System:
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Select plane from the model as below and the new datum planes with Ctrl pressed.
Coordinate system locates in the intersection of the tree planes:
Select Orientation page. Change surface from the model to determine Z-axis and
DTM2 to project X. Flip if needed.
Finally, give the name on Properties page:
Coordinate system is ready. Save the manufacturing model.
Task1.8 is ready.
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1.9
Model properties
Especially imported modelś has no properties - material information and the other
useful information. For example if you want to change units or material for strength
analyses. File - Prepare - Model Properties:
Note! If you use templates for start modeling or importing, the units comes from the
template. Material can also be defined in the template. However, you can change
them from Model Properties.
Task 1.9: Material – change:
Select material from the list and move it to the Materials in Model window.
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Select material and make Copy. Select copied material and Properties:
You can give the new name for the material and properties:
Sometimes when changing units, you have to select Convert or Interpret values.
Convert means for example: One inch is 25.4 millimeter. OK.
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When all wanted values are filled, OK.
The new material is in the Materials in Model window and the original remain on
the list. So you can use any material for template when creating a new one.
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After material defining, change units:
Select Info.. Now the Mass is tonne. If you want for example grams, you can create a
New set of units.
Give the units – OK.
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Set new unit_system1 and Convert dimensions – OK. - Close
Now you can calculate Mass Properties with new unit_system. Expand Mass Prop-
erties and you can see Calculation source and origin and density:
Select change for Mass Properties. Press Calculate. Mass Properties are calculated
and a lot of more information. OK. Close the Model Properties Window.
Task 1.9 is ready.
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1.10 Cutting parameters
You should know the Basics about Metal Cutting Parameters before creating
toolpaths.
1. Material machinability: The machinability of a material decides how easy
or difficult it is to cut. The material’s hardness is one factor that has a strong
influence on the machinability.
2. Cutting Tool Material: In metal-cutting, High Speed steel and Carbide are
two major tool materials widely used.
3. Cutting speed: Cutting speed is the relative speed at which the tool passes
through the work material and removes metal. It is normally expressed in me-
ters per minute (or feet per inch in British units). It has to do with the speed
of rotation of the workpiece or the tool, as the case may be. The higher the
cutting speed, the better the productivity. For every work material and tool
material combo, there is always an ideal cutting speed available, and the tool
manufacturers generally give the guidelines for it.
4. Spindle speed: Spindle speed is expressed in RPM (revolutions per minute).
It is derived based on the cutting speed and the work diameter cut (in case of
turning/ boring) or tool diameter (in case of drilling/ milling etc.). If V is the
cutting speed and D is the diameter of cutting, then Spindle speed N = V /(Pi
x D)
5. Depth of cut: It indicates how much the tool digs into the component (in
mm) to remove material in the current pass.
6. Feed rate: The relative speed at which the tool is linearly traversed over the
workpiece to remove the material. In case of rotating tools with multiple cut-
ting teeth (like a milling cutter), the feed rate is first reckoned in terms of
“feed per tooth,” expressed in millimeters (mm/tooth). At the next stage, it is
“feed per revolution” (mm/rev).
In case of lathe operations, it is feed per revolution that states how much a
tool advances in one revolution of workpiece. In case of milling, feed per
revolution is nothing but feed per tooth multiplied by the number of teeth in
the cutter.
To actually calculate the time taken for cutting a job, it is “feed per minute”
(in mm/min) that is useful. Feed per minute is nothing but feed per revolution
multiplied by RPM of the spindle.
7. Tool geometry: For the tool to effectively dig into the component to remove
material most efficiently without rubbing, the cutting tool tip is normally
ground to different angles (known as rake angle, clearance angles, relief an-
gle, approach angle, etc.). The role played by these angles in tool geometry is
a vast subject in itself.
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8. Coolant: To take away the heat produced in cutting and also to act as a lubri-
cant in cutting to reduce tool wear, coolants are used in metal-cutting. Cool-
ants can range from cutting oils, water-soluble oils, oil-water spray, and so
on.
9. Machine/ Spindle Power: In the metal-cutting machine, adequate power
should be available to provide the drives to the spindles and also to provide
feed movement to the tool to remove the material. The power required for
cutting is based on the metal removal rate – the rate of metal removed in a
given time, generally expressed in cubic centimeters per minute, which de-
pends on work material, tool material, the cutting speed, depth of cut, and
feed rate.
10. Rigidity of machine: The rigidity of the machine is based on the design and
construction of the machine, the age and extent of usage of the machine, the
types of bearings used, the type of construction of slide ways, and the type of
drive provided to the slides. All play a role in the machining of components
and getting the desired accuracy, finish, and speed of production.
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1.10.1 Cutting Speed Formulas
Most machining operations are conducted on machine tools having a rotating spin-
dle. Cutting speeds are usually given in feet or meters per minute and these speeds
must be converted to spindle speeds, in revolutions per minute, to operate the ma-
chine. Conversion is accomplished by use of the following formulas:
Where N is the spindle speed in revolutions per minute (rpm); V is the cutting speed
in feet per minute (fpm) for U.S. units and meters per minute (m/min) for metric
units. In turning, D is the diameter of the workpiece; in milling, drilling, reaming,
and other operations that use a rotating tool, D is the cutter diameter in inches for
U.S. units and in millimeters for metric units. π = 3.1417.
Example: The cutting speed for turning a 4-inch (102-mm) diameter bar has been
found to be 575 fpm (175.3 m/min). Using both the inch and metric formulas, calcu-
late the lathe spindle speed (N).
When the cutting tool or workpiece diameter and the spindle speed in rpm are
known, it is often necessary to calculate the cutting speed (CS) in feet or meters per
minute. In this event, the following formulas are used.
Feed (F): In the CNC Lathe work the feedrate is not measured in terms of time but,
as the actual distance the tool travels in one spindle revolution (rotation). Two
standard abbreviations are used for feedrate per revolution:
Inches per revolution
in/rev (IPR)
Millimeters per revolution mm/rev (MMPR)
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More formulas for Turning:
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1.10.2 Feed and Depth of Cut
The axial (or in face turning the radial) tool movement is called feed, fn, and is
measured in mm/r. When feeding radially towards the centre of the workpiece, the
rpm will increase, until it reaches the rpm limit of the machine spindle. When this
limitation is passed, the cutting speed, vc, will decrease until it reaches 0 m/min at
the component centre. The feed (f) in mm/rev is the movement of the tool in relation
to the revolving workpiece. This is a key value in determining the quality of the sur-
face being machined and for ensuring that the chip formation is within the scope of
the tool geometry. This value influences, not only how thick the chip is, but also how
the chip forms against the insert geometry.
The cutting depth (ap) in mm is the difference between un-cut and cut surface. It is
half of the difference between the un-cut and cut diameter of the workpiece. The cut-
ting depth is always measured at right angles to the feed direction of the tool.
The cutting edge approach to the workpiece is expressed through the entering angle
(κr). This is the angle between the cutting edge and the direction of feed and is an
important angle in the basic selection of a turning tool for an operation. The entering
angle usually varies between 45 to 95 degrees but for profiling operations, even larg-
er entering angles are useful. The entering angle can be selected for accessibility and
to enable the tool to machine in several feed directions, giving versatility and reduc-
ing the number of tools needed.
Feed and depth of the cut are chosen together. The ratio (f : ap) is important factor as
well as the cross-sectional area of the chip (A= f x ap)
Recommended ratio for the feed and depth of the cut in turning is:
f: ap = 1:6 – 1:10
For example if the depth of the cut is 3mm, the feed can be 0.5 – 0.3mm. Guiding
value for roughing feed is 0.2-1.0mm and for finishing 0.1-0.3mm.

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1.10.3 Surface roughness
The surface quality of the machined parts is one of the most important product quali-
ty characteristics and one of the most frequent customer requirements. The surface
roughness greatly affects the functional performance of mechanical parts such as
wear resistance, fatigue strength, ability of distributing and holding a lubricant, heat
generation and transmission, corrosion resistance, etc.
The perfect surface quality in turning would not be achieved even in the absence of
irregularities and deficiencies of the cutting process, as well as environmental ef-
fects. There are various parameters used to evaluate the surface roughness. In the
present research, the average surface roughness ( Ra ) was selected as a characteristic
of surface finish in turning operations. It is the most used standard parameter of sur-
face roughness.
The surface roughness factors are previously described:
Cutting speed
Feed rate
Depth of cut
Nose Radius
Surface roughness is decreasing with decreasing of the feed rate. High nose radius
produce better surface finish than small nose radius because of the maximum uncut
chip thickness decreases with increase of nose radius.
In turning operations, the generated surface finish will be directly influenced by the
combination of nose radius and feed rate.
Small nose radius:
Ideal for small cutting depths
Reduces vibration
Less insert strength.

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Large nose radius:
Heavy feed rates
Large depths of cut
Stronger edge
Increased radial forces.
The radial forces that push the insert away from the cutting surface become more ax-
ial as the depth of cut increases.
The nose radius also affects the chip formation. Generally, chip breaking improves
with a smaller radius.
As a general rule of thumb, the depth of cut should be greater than or equal to 2/3 of
the nose radius, or 1/2 of the nose radius in the feed direction.

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1.10.4 Constant Surface Speed
To maintain a constant rate of material removal as the cutting diameter decreases,
most CNC machines automatically speed up the spindle, based on how far the tool
moves towards center. This constantly variable spindle control is called Constant
Surface Speed (CSS) mode. It is commanded on most machines using G96 to acti-
vate, and G97 to de-activate.
When the tool moves down the face of the part, the diameter where the cutting edge
contacts the part gets smaller.
When invoked, you will hear the lathe spindle increase as the tool moves from the
perimeter of the cut to the part center. The G50 command is important because it
keeps the spindle from over-speeding.
CSS does not apply where the tool does not change its position along X. For exam-
ple, don’t use CSS mode for drilling or tapping on part centerline.

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1.11 Camshaft cutting parameters
When a high quality camshaft is required, engine builders and camshaft manufactur-
ers choose to make the camshaft from steel billet. In this case the material of the
camshaft is EN40B. It is a chromium-molybdenum nitriding steel and usually sup-
plied in the hardened and tempered condition, which offers high wear resistance to-
gether with good toughness and ductility. It is characterized by its suitability for ni-
triding, which can give a hard wear resistant core in the range of 61-65Rc. The rela-
tively low temperature of the nitriding process produces components with a scale
free surface, and minimum distortion.
EN40B Related Specifications - 1.8515, 31CrMo12, 30CD12, 722M24
Tensile Strength Rm = 850/1000 N/mm2
Yield Stress Re
= 650 N/mm²
Hardness HB
= 248/302
Cutting speed (V) for High Speed Steel (HSS) tools is 60 foot per minute (ft/min) =
18m/min.
Cutting speed (V) for Carbide tools is 300 foot per minute (ft/min) = 90m/min.
Note! Keep in mind previously mentioned the Basics about Metal Cutting Pa-
rameters.
For example: The diameter of the bar is 50mm and when using carbide inserts the
cutting speed is 90m/min.
The spindle speed is 573 rev/min.
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2
CREO PARAMETRIC BASIC TURNING
2.1
Common procedure for creating a new manufacturing model
The first step in the manufacturing process is creating manufacturing models. Manu-
facturing models contain all manufacturing information:
Operation information
Workcells
Reference models
Workpiece models
Fixtures
NC Machines
NC Sequence information
When you create a new manufacturing model, the manufacturing model assembly is
created. The filename format is”filename”.asm
If you check out the Use default template, you can select or browse the Template
from the list. Template manufacturing models enables you to standardize on the ini-
tial manufacturing model configuration. You can also make user-defined template
manufacturing models. Using a template manufacturing model is recommended.
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The new manufacturing model is created by using template. You can see three de-
fault datum planes and a default coordinate system.
2.2
Reference model
You must assemble a reference model before creating NC sequences. The reference
model represents the final machined component. Surfaces and edges and the other
features are selected from the reference model and are used as references when creat-
ing NC sequences.
Task 2.2: Select Working directory. Start New – Manufacturing.
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Toggle all display filters on and show datum plane tags. Select Assemble Reference
model:
Select model:
Component Placement: Use Automatic and select Coordinate systems from the tem-
plate and reference model:
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NC Assembly is ready – Fully Constrained - Accept.
You can hide the other coordinate systems from model tree so that only visible is
from the reference model.
Select View from the Ribbon and from Named Views - ISO_1
Note! If you are using different template, you can Reorient the model and save
views named by you.
Save the model.
Task 2.2 is ready.
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2.3
Workpiece
Workpieces represent the unmachined stock material in a manufacturing model.
They are optional components, but if used, you can simulate the material removing
when creating and running NC Sequences. There are different methods how to create
workpieces – for example default Automatic. This enables you to create simple rec-
tangular or round workpiece. You can also create workpieces using the Inherited
Features option. As well you can select the model as workpiece. Picture below the
reference model is inside workpiece.
Task2.3: Create Workpiece.
In this case you can use Automatic Workpiece:

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Rectangle workpiece is created automatically by the system:
No you need round bar for workpiece. Select Create round workpiece-icon:
Select Coordinate System for the direction of the round bar. System creates bar from
the boundary dimensions.
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You can change Overall Dimensions from Options Page:
Change as below:
Now the reference model is inside the workpiece. All green color means the material
what is needed to remove. Save the manufacturing model.
Task 2.3 is ready.
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2.4
Fixture
Fixtures are parts or assemblies that can be used to hold the component being ma-
chined.
Task2.4 : Create Fixture.
Select Components and Add a fixture component. Browse to the folder where the
fixture locates:
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Select Distance constraint and surface from the jaw and surface from the reference
model as below.
Give Distance 30mm.
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Next constraint is Coincident – select surfaces as below:
Status is now Fully constrained, but you can add one constraint more, Angle Offset.
Set Datum Planes visible and select datum plane from the jaw:
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Select Datum Plane from the reference model:
Give value 0 for Offset and Flip. The orientation should be as below. Coordinate
System X-axis positive pointing to the jaw number 1.
Accept Component Placement.
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Fixture setup is almost ready. Give the name for the fixture setup. Select Properties
page:
Give the name and Accept.
Adjust the jaws. Select jaw number 1.from the fixture. Select Edit Definition, Give
value 25 for Distance as below. Accept.
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Fixture setup is ready.
Now you can see the Fixture Setup and in this case it will be better if you add more
length to workpiece and fix it more than 30mm.
Select Workpiece from the model tree and Edit Definition:
Add 50mm more length and accept:
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Edit fixture assembly:
Change Distance to 70mm, Accept.
Task2.4 is ready.

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2.5
Workcell
The workcell specifies the type of machine used when creating NC sequences, for
example, mill, lathe, or mill/turn. You must specify a workcell before you can create
NC sequences.
Workcells consist of a number of different elements that describe the capabilities of
the machine tool, including post-processor options, multiple axis output options, site
parameter file options, and the ability to configure a PPRINT table.
Workcell Configuration:
Name
Type – Mill, Lathe, Mill/Turn,
or Wire EDM
Number of Axes
Post-Processor
Probing Option
Machine Tool Elements:
Output Tab Options
Multiple Axis Output
Parameters
Properties
CL Command Output
Milling Capability
Cutter Compensation
Tools Tab
Travel Tab
Cycles Tab
Assembly Tab
Workcell Configuration
You configure a workcell within the Machine Tool Setup dialog box. You can speci-
fy many different options that describe the type of machine tool configuration. You
must specify the workcell name and the workcell type. This can be Mill, Lathe,
Mill/Turn, or Wire EDM. The number of axes you can specify is dependent on the
workcell type.
For Mill – 3 axis (default), 4 axis, or 5 axis.
For Lathe – 1 turret (default) or 2 turrets.
For Mill/Turn – 2 axis, 3 axis, 4 axis, or 5 axis (default).
For Wire EDM – 2 axis (default) or 4 axis.
You can also specify a number of other items including the controller name.
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Machine Tool Elements
The Setup: Work Center dialog box has a number of tabs that enable you to config-
ure different optional elements of a machine tool.
The Output tab has a number of options including:
Cutter location (CL) Command Output Options – You can specify how
the FROM, LOADTL, COOLNT/OFF, and SPINDL/OFF statements are
output in CL data files.
Multiple Axis Output Options – These options are only accessible for a
mill type machine tool when you set the number of axes to 4 axis.
Use Rotation – When you select this option, the system outputs
the applicable TRANS and ROTABL commands to specify linear
and rotational transformations. If this option is not selected (de-
fault), all CL data is transformed and output in the coordinates of
the program zero coordinate system.
Rotation Output Mode – Only available when you select Use Ro-
tation. Controls output of ROTABL statements. The values are:
Incremental (default) and Absolute.
Rotation Direction – Only available when you select Use Rota-
tion. Enables you to specify the direction of rotation. You can al-
so specify the rotation to be about the A axis or B axis.
Cutter Compensation – When you expand this field, the following output
cutter position options become available:
Tool Center – Cutter location (CL) data is output with respect to
the tool center.
Tool Edge – Cutter location (CL) data is output with respect to the
cutting edge of the tool.
Parameters Tab – Specifies the maximum spindle speed, and the spindle
horsepower. As well as the rapid feed rate units and the rapid feed rate.
Tools Tab – Specifies the time needed to change a tool, in seconds. You can
also access the Tool Setup dialog box to configure tools associated with the
machine tool.

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Travel Tab – Specifies the travel limits and the stroke for the machine tool
along the X-, Y-, and Z-axes. Note, values for the travel limits along the axes
should be the actual dimensions that indicate the extent of the machine tool
workspace relative to the Program Zero coordinate system. If you output CL
data that exceeds the defined limits, an information window appears, listing
the values of the limits that have been exceeded and their corresponding val-
ues.
Properties Tab – Enables you to specify the location of the machine, and type
comments associated with the machine tool in a text box.
Cycles Tab – Enables you to configure custom cycles for holemaking.
Machine Assembly Tab – Specifies the machine assembly to be used when
displaying tool motion on the machine tool.
The Output tab:
Cutter Location (CL) Command Output Options – You can specify how the FROM,
LOADTL, COOLNT/OFF, and SPINDL/OFF statements are output in CL data files.
– Cutter Compensation – When you expand this field, the following output cutter
position options become available:
Tool Center – CL data is output with respect to the tool center.
Tool Edge – CL data is output with respect to the cutting edge of the tool.

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Tools tab:
Specifies the time needed to change a tool, in seconds. You can also access the Tool
Setup dialog box to configure tools associated with the machine tool. Turret 1:
Parameters tab specifies the maximum spindle speed, and the spindle horsepower
and the rapid feed rate units and the rapid feed rate.
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Assembly tab specifies the machine assembly to be used when displaying tool mo-
tion on the machine tool. You need to give full path to the location in config.pro.
Also you have to select Mach_Zero-Coordinate System from the fixture. (See more
in the next chapter).
Travel tab specifies the travel limits and the stroke for the machine tool along the
X-, Y-, and Z-axes. Note, values for the travel limits along the axes should be the ac-
tual dimensions that indicate the extent of the machine tool workspace relative to the
Program Zero coordinate system. If you output CL data that exceeds the defined lim-
its, an information window appears, listing the values of the limits that have been ex-
ceeded and their corresponding values.

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Cycles tab enables you to configure custom cycles for holemaking.
Properties tab enables you to specify the location of the machine, and type com-
ments associated with the machine tool in a text box:
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Task 2.5: Create Lathe Work Center using previous information:
After needed information, you should have work center in the Model Tree and you
can change or add information if wanted.
Task 2.5 is ready.
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2.5.1 Lathe Machine Tool Simulation
Within Creo Parametric you can simulate the CNC machine running the various NC
sequences you created. The Lathe machine assembly is selected within the Assembly
tab of the Lathe Work Center dialog box. This machine assembly can be edited to
represent your CNC machine. You must specify a reference coordinate system for
the machine assembly. (MACH_ZERO) This reference coordinate system should be
the same location as the machine zero coordinate system for the operation.
Once the machine has been properly defined, the simulation of the operation with the
machine can be reviewed. The system displays the machine tool simulation in a new
window. You can then use typical play commands from the Animate dialog box.
Some commands include controlling the speed of the simulation, stopping the simu-
lation, and capturing the simulation to an MPEG file. As the machine simulation
plays you can zoom and rotate the machine to any desired view. When you close the
machine tool simulation display, the system returns you to the manufacturing model.
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Playing the Machine Simulation
You can play the following types of machine simulations:
Entire Operation.
Individual NC Sequences.
To play the machine simulation, select the desired operation or NC sequence in the
model tree, right-click, and select Machine Play.
Location of Machine Assembly Files
You can select machine assembly files from the following locations:
Current working directory.
Can be retained in a directory controlled by the config.pro option
pro_mf_workcell_dir.
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2.6
Operation
Configuring manufacturing operations form part of the set up for the manufacturing
procedure. An operation and a machine tool must be configured before NC steps can
be created.
Manufacturing operations contain:
Fixtures (Optional)
Machine Coordinate System
Retract Plane
Start/End Points (Optional)
NC Sequences
Turning Manufacturing Operations:
Contain configured elements such as machine zero coordinate systems and
fixtures.
Manufacturing operations also contain NC steps that reference the configured
machine tool (workcell), and the specified machine coordinate system.
An operation consists of a number of configured elements such as:
o The machine coordinate system (specified by the machine zero position).
This also specifies the direction of the X- and Z-axes on the machine tool.
o A retract plane (or surface) which the tool retracts to between NC steps.
o An optional fixture setup.
When these items have been specified, you can create NC steps to machine
components assembled into the manufacturing model. These NC steps refer-
ence the machine tool and the machine zero position. You cannot create NC
steps until you configure the manufacturing operation and configure a ma-
chine tool.

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Task 2.6: Create an Operation.
Select Coordinate System:
Select the Clearance tab and Cylinder as a type:

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Select Coordinate System to specify orientation, give (radius) for the cylinder:
Parameters and Options:
Select the Options tab from the dashboard and click the New button. Type EN40B
in the Stock Material text box and press Enter. Click Accept Changes.
When the material is saved the system creates the workpiece material list named:
Mfg_wp_material_list.xml. The file locates in the folder which is defined in the
config.pro option: pro_mf_tprm_dir
<MfgWpMaterialList>
<MfgWpMaterial Name=“EN40B”/>
</MfgWpMaterialList>
You can manually add more materials to the mfg_wp_material_list. xml file as re-
quired. This enables you to select from more than one workpiece material.
For example:
<MfgWpMaterialList>
<MfgWpMaterial Name=“EN40B”/>
<MfgWpMaterial Name=“Steel”/>
<MfgWpMaterial Name=“Aluminium”/>
</MfgWpMaterialList>
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Then you can select the new materials from the Stock Material drop-down list.
Fixture Setup: Select Fixture Setup from the pull down list:
Select Properties tab and give the name for the operation and Comments:
Accept and save the manufacturing model.
Task 2.6 is ready.
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2.7
Cutting Tools
Tools are an essential step in the manufacturing process. You must configure a tool
for each NC sequence you create. You can create tools when the workcell is created
or you can configure them as needed for each NC Sequence.
Once you configure a tool, you can store the information and use it again. There are
three different tool types: standard, solid, and sketched. Each type of tool is created
in a different way and is designed for a specific purpose. It is important to under-
stand the differences between each type of tool and when you should use them.
2.7.1 Standard Turning tools
When you start configure a tool, the default is standard tool:
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You create standard tools by configuring tool parameters within the Tools Setup dia-
log box. The type of tool, for example turning or drilling, determines the tool cross-
section and therefore which parameters are available for configuration. The tool pa-
rameter values control the tool shape, for example:
Length
Nose_Radius
Note, when playing a toolpath, the tool is displayed based on the parameter values.
A number of tabs are available within the dialog box that enables you to configure
different types of tool information.
General – In the General tab, a graphic image of the tool appears during configura-
tion. You can configure the tool name and tool type. Many different standard tool
types are available for selection. The selected tool type determines the displayed tool
shape.
When the tool type has been specified, you can then configure the tool geometry
parameter values that specify the tool dimensions.
When configuring the tool geometry, you can also configure tool holder dimen-
sions. This provides you with a visual representation of the tool holder when you
review a toolpath. Tool holder dimensions are also used for automatic gouge
avoidance.
Note! The same numbers of tabs are also available when using solid tools!
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Settings:
You can specify a number of items relating to the tool table, including:
Tool Number – This corresponds to the number field in a tool table, which speci-
fies the tool’s pocket number.
Offset Number – This corresponds to the offset field in a tool table, which sup-
plies a value for the gauge length register.
Gauge X Length and Gauge Z Length – Optional parameters used to create
length qualifiers in the LOADTL or TURRET statements.
Cut Data:
You can create cutting data for tools, enabling you to configure optimum feed rates,
spindle speeds, and depth-of-cut. This data can then be passed into NC steps. The
cutting data is based on the material that you are machining, the specific tool you are
using, and the application, which can be either roughing or finishing.
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2.7.2 Solid Turning tools
You can use solid model turning tools to enhance CL data display and check for in-
terference when verifying toolpaths. You need to complete the following steps to
use solid models as tools when creating NC steps.
Create a part or assembly with the tool’s name.
Create the desired tool geometry in the solid model.
Create a coordinate system in the model, and name it TIP. For holemaking tools,
the Z-axis of the coordinate system must point to the tool. This coordinate sys-
tem represents the tool tip (often referred to as the control point). This point
specifies the X-, Y-, and Z-positions for the tool in NC steps.
Add parameters to the model with the names corresponding exactly with the tool
parameter names or associate solid model dimensions with tool parameters. You
can do this by changing dimension symbols to correspond to tool parameter
names. For example, length and nose_radius.
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Solid tool coordinate system and parameters:
You can find existing models from:
Ptc.com
Your supplier - Kennametal, Iscar, Seco, Sandvik..
STEP, SAT, etc.
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2.7.3 Solid Turning tools coordinate systems
Understanding a coordinate system in the solid tool model is very important. There
are different coordinate system for tools and holders. For Turning, the axes of the
tool coordinate system must be oriented so that they coincide with the direction of
the NC sequence coordinate system’s axes when the tool is in default orientation.
Change the coordinate system’s name to TIP.
TIP-coordinate system represents the tool tip (often referred to as the control point).
This point specifies the X-, Y-, and Z-positions for the tool in NC steps. The other
needed coordinate system is TOOL_POINT when using assembly type solid tool and
Machine Simulation. You have to create TOOL_POINT-coordinate system for the
tool and NC Machine.
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When simulating tool path with Machine Play you can see there is a many coordinate
systems for different functions:
If you want use Vericut-software for simulations, you need one coordinate system more
named INSERT.
Vericut-simulation:
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2.7.4 Solid Turning tool example
In this case the tool is assembly, which has three parts, two holders and one insert. If
you don´t want to make all by yourself, you may need to find supplier who offer 3D-
models. The tool below can be found from Sandvik Coromant.
Order code ISO and ANSI: DWLNR 2020K 06
The 3D- model is STEP-file. The STEP-file is downloaded and opened in Creo
Parametric.
Imported STEP-model.
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Create a new Creo Parametric model of type Assembly, give it the name of the tool.
Assemble holder for turret, tool holder and insert:
2.7.5 Creating Solid Turning tool coordinate systems
At the assembly level, create coordinate system named TOOL_POINT: Any solid
tool model present in the machine assembly should contain a coordinate system
named TOOL_POINT. This coordinate system is used to assemble the solid tool
model.
At the assembly level: Create coordinate system named TIP:
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For Turning, the axes of the tool coordinate system must be oriented so that they co-
incide with the direction of the NC sequence coordinate system’s axes when the tool
is in default orientation. Tip Coordinate System have to be the same as turning oper-
ation directions (+X, +Z)
In the picture above is RIGHT_HAND tool. The same (left side picture) tool is from
back side when it is in the machine. Notice the coordinate system directions! Nose
radius is 0.8mm and the TIP-coordinate system is center of the nose.
NC Manufacturing uses the XY plane defined by the INSERT_CSYS to compute the
profile and the position of the INSERT_CSYS to assemble the insert on the tool in
Vericut. The profile of the tool and the rotation and translation information to define
the position of the insert are exported to Vericut.
In part level, activate insert, and create coordinate system to the center of the insert
named INSERT:
The axes of the INSERT coordinate system must be oriented so that they coincide
with the direction of the TIP coordinate system’s axes.
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2.7.6 Solid Turning tool parameters
You need to define a number of parameters for the tools. If an assembly is used as a
tool model, the system will search the assembly first, and then all the component
parts in the same order as they were assembled (that is, the first component will be
searched first), for the tool parameters and origin data. Once a parameter is set, all
values for the same parameter found later will be ignored. In other words, the top-
level assembly parameters take precedence over component parameters, and after
that the precedence is determined by the order of assembly.
If, after all components are searched, some of the tool parameters are missing, an er-
ror message will appear and you will be asked to select another tool.
If you are using your own made tool or PTC standard solid tools, you can find pa-
rameters from part level as below:
You can select the dimension and edit it properties:
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You can toggle between dimension values and names using Switch Symbols:
Also you can use relations:
If you give symbolic name for the dimension, for example length, it is also pa-
rameter!
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If you are using solid tools from the supplier and download model for example in
STEP-format, you have to create all needed parameters by yourself. For example
previously created tool assembly from the STEP-file:
For INSERT you have to create parameter as below:
Only needed is VERICUT_TYPE = insert, this is for Vericut simulation.
For HOLDER you have to create parameter as below:
The other holder:
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At the assembly level, you need parameters as below:
When selecting the tool for NC Sequence
You can notice that all assembly parameters are shown in General tab.
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2.7.7 Solid Turning tool angles
The Geometry dimensions (parameters) are coming as below:
Tool orientation: 90 degrees
Turning Tool Orientation: The area, profile, groove, and thread steps enable you to
orient the tool using the manufacturing parameter TOOL_ORIENTATION. This pa-
rameter enables you to set the tool angle to any value between 0 and 360 degrees.
The TOOL_ORIENTATION angle is measured counter-clockwise, with 0 degrees
setting the tool holder to be parallel to the Z-axis.
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The default, 90 degrees, sets the tool to match the display in the Tools Setup dialog
box (that is, with the holder held parallel to the X-axis). For outside and face steps,
you would normally position the tool to match this display (at the default of 90 de-
grees). For inside NC steps, you would normally position the tool to 0 degrees (ro-
tated clockwise).
The HOLDER: option in the Tools Setup dialog box automatically mirrors the tool
to the proper orientation depending upon whether you are using a left or right side
tool holder.
You can mirror the tool about its vertical axis by setting the Holder_Type parameter
to Right or Left. This allows you to perform back turning of diameters behind the
shoulders of parts.
1. Holder_Type: Left
2. Holder_Type: Right
In the case above the tool is Right Hand Tool (DWLNR 2020K06 ), but when it is
mounted to the machine you have to use HOLDER_TYPE: Left
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2.8
Tools for Camshaft
The camshaft part needs different type of tools for outside and inside areas. There
are numerous types of tools available for both. It is not so easy to find out which is
the best one. There are also numerous suppliers as well as different type of machines
and holders for them. You can ask from suppliers to help you and ask if there are
3D-models of the tools. The 3D-models what are used in this book can be found
from the author’s website.
2.8.1 Roughing tool
The tool for roughing is defined previously and you can return to that information
when crating the new tools.
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2.8.2 Turn Groove tool
One of the most important advantages of the GROOVE-TURN systems is the ability
to machine between walls.
The tool is imported from the supplier, so you need to define parameters. The needed
parameters for the Turn Groove tool are listed below:
The red cross shown in the picture above left indicates the default tool control point,
that is, the point for which the tool path will be calculated.
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You can also use Relations for creating parameters:
Some of the parameters come from the relations and some are written. Relations (al-
so known as parametric relations) are user-defined equations written between sym-
bolic dimensions and parameters. Relations let you capture design intent by defining
relationships within features or parts, or among assembly components.
You can see and set Local Parameters under the Relations window:
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The picture below show all needed parameters for TURN-GROOVING tool:
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2.8.3 Finishing tool
The next tool is for profile finishing:
The tool is Right Hand Holder type, but in this case when mounted to the machine it
is HOLDER_TYPE: Left.
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2.8.4 Holemaking tools
In the picture below, you can see different type of holes of the model. Youĺl need
different types of tool for countersink, drilling, and tapping. Also you need tools for
inside area removal sequences.
Holemaking order in this part for the first operation:
1. NC-Spot Drill for countersink
2. Drill 8.5 for M10 thread
3. Drill 12
4. M10 Tap
5. Inside tool
For the holemaking you need different types of holders as well. In the picture below
are a few holemaking tools and holders. The tool in front is called Tool Attachment.
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2.8.4.1
Tool Attachment
Tool attachment is an assembly of a tool and an attachment. The tool and the attach-
ment can be part models or subassemblies. You can define a tool attachment, such as
a right angle head, and use it in a NC Manufacturing session. The attachment holds a
cutting tool in a fixed, non-vertical position, to extend the capabilities of a 3-axis
machine. Typical examples include machining of oil grooves in an engine block, or
drilling holes in the side of a component. Below is an example of turning tool at-
tachment:
When you specify a tool attachment at the time of NC sequence setup, you select a
previously defined Creo model (part or assembly). This model may be as simple as
two coordinate systems, named SPINDLE_CONTROL_POINT and
TOOL_ATTACH_POINT, or it may be a complete solid model with the appropriate
coordinate systems defined.
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The model also has to include a parameter ATTACHMENT_NUMBER, which will
be used for the CL file output as an identification of the holder. The possible values
for the TOOL_ATTCHMENT parameter are YES and NO. For the attachment part
or assembly the value must be set to YES. When an attachment is used, the tool path
display includes both tool and attachment.
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2.8.4.2
Holemaking tools, Countersink
Countersink tool can be Center drill or NC Spot drill.
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2.8.4.3
Holemaking tools, Drill
Basic drills dia 12 and 8.5

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2.8.4.4
Holemaking tools, Tap
Tapping.
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2.8.4.5
Inside Area and Profile tools
Because the tool and tool holder are inside the part, you have to think carefully the
size of the tool and inside dimensions of the part.
The diameter of the hole after drilling is 12mm so the tool has to fit inside the hole.
A few of the needed parameters are shown on the picture below right.
The other needed parameters for the holder:
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The other holder parameters and coordinate systems:
Notice the coordinate system directions of the tool tip!
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2.9
Common about NC Sequences
NC sequence is a workpiece feature that represents a single tool path. When you
create an NC sequence, a dialog box corresponding to the NC sequence type is dis-
played. Each of these dialog boxes has the following options:
Parameter - Open the parameter tree.
Comment - Type comments regarding NC sequences
Define - Specify the tool, parameters, and geometric references. You
can also apply some low-level control depending on the NC sequence
type.
Info - Display parameter and NC sequence information.
Preview - Display the tool path for the NC sequence prior to comple-
tion of the NC sequence. Available after all elements have been de-
fined.
Done - Completes creation of the current NC sequence.
Cancel - Terminates the creation of the current NC sequence after
confirmation.
Next - Completes the current NC sequence and starts creating anoth-
er Nibble Edge NC sequence with the same tool and parameters.

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2.9.1 Turning Manufacturing Parameters
Manufacturing parameters enable you to control how an NC sequence is generated.
You can specify and edit parameter values as needed. You can configure and store
manufacturing parameters in global site files or in NC specific parameter files. You
can retrieve these files, enabling you to quickly and easily set suitable parameter val-
ues when creating NC sequences.
It is important to understand the different ways in which you can configure
manufacturing parameters!
Parameter types are divided by six logical categories:
Required parameters must be configured (marked yellow color).
You create NC sequences by selecting or creating geometry to machine. You then
determine how to generate the toolpath by modifying manufacturing parameters. The
parameters available for configuration can vary depending on the type of NC se-
quence that you are creating.
Some parameters such as feed rate and spindle speed are present in all NC
sequence types.
Some parameters are specific to certain types of sequences. When you create
NC sequences, only the relevant parameters are available for configuration.
Required parameters – If a parameter is highlighted in a light yellow color in the
Edit Parameters dialog box, then it is a required parameter. You must specify a value
for this type of parameter to calculate a toolpath.
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Optional parameters – If a parameter has a default value of “-,” it is an optional pa-
rameter. –You can leave this type of parameter unchanged if required. For example,
APPROACH_FEED = -.
– This type of parameter is not used unless you specify a value.
Numeric assigned parameters – This type of parameter is assigned a specific nu-
meric value by default. – For example, CUT_ANGLE = 0. – You can change these
parameters to other specific values if desired.
Non-numeric assigned parameters – This type of parameter is assigned a specific
non-numeric value by default. – For example, COOLANT_OPTION = OFF.
– You can change these parameters to other specific values if desired. You can select
the available values from a drop-down list.

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2.9.2 Turning Sequences
Turning sequences allow you to create 2 axis and 4 axis tool paths to machine parts
on CNC lathes. There are 5 types of Turning NC sequences:
Area
Profile
Groove
Thread
Holemaking
Each of these types (except holemaking) can be used for either Outside, Inside, or
Facing NC Sequences.
Tool Orientation and the part boundary determine whether the system processes the
outside, inside or face of the part.
2.9.3 Turning Cut Geometry
To define cut geometry for a Turning NC Sequence, you have to create a Turn Pro-
file. A Turn Profile is a separate feature (similar to a Mill Volume or Mill Window),
which you can define either at setup time or when you define an NC Sequence. You
can then reference the Turn Profile in more than one Turning NC Sequence. This
functionality enables you to define the cut references once, and then use this defini-
tion to create rough, semi-finish, and finish NC Sequences.
The Turn Profile is the shape of the material after the cut is applied.

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There are many ways to develop a Turn Profile (Cut Geometry):
1. Create an envelope on-the-fly to create a turn profile.
2. Use surfaces to define turn profile.
3. Use sketch to define turn profile.
4. Use cross section to define turn
1. Turning Envelopes are intended for use primarily when machining parts with
a non-circular cross section. The system generates a Turning Envelope by
rotating the reference part or the workpiece around the turning axis (that is,
about the z-axis of the Turning Envelope coordinate system), and then inter-
secting the outside perimeter of the rotated shape with the XZ plane of this
coordinate system. The resulting chain of entities can be used to define a
Turn Profile.
2. For Area and Groove NC Sequences, the intent is generally to define an area
to be removed. This is usually done by selecting edges or surfaces on the de-
sign model to be machined from inside the Turn Profile dashboard. The area
is then automatically extended out to the edges of the workpiece/stock
boundary. If you use the Select Surface option, you must pick a start surface
and an end surface on the reference part. All the surfaces in between the se-
lected start and end surfaces are automatically selected. This option is par-
ticularly useful when defining an area with several surfaces (such as fillets
and chamfers) in between the start and end surfaces. If you desire to machine
only one surface in a particular step, then only select the surface once, not
twice (the second time de-selects the surface).
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3. When sketching a Turn Profile, keep in mind that the sketch must lie in the
XZ plane of the NC Sequence coordinate system and completely on one side
of the x-axis (either positive or negative). The default orientation of the mod-
el upon entering Sketcher is as follows:
If the workcell is defined as Horizontal (with the z-axis pointing to the
right and x-axis pointing up).
If the workcell is defined as Vertical (with the z-axis pointing up and x-
axis pointing to the right).
The tool follows this profile based on a Start Point. The Start Point is defined
in the sketch and can be moved to any curve endpoint in the sketch.
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4. If a reference part for turning has a complex contour, the process of defining
the cut by selecting edges, or sketching and aligning, can be time consuming.
You can accelerate this process by using the cross section option.
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3
CAMSHAFT TURNING SEQUENCES
3.1
Preparing for the turning
Because of the final product you need to think machining order and fixtures.
For the premachined camshaft (left side) you need basic lathe and for the final prod-
uct, mill-turn machine. Now the premachined part needs two operations – two fixing.
Now it could be the best way, if first fix is 74mm bar out from jaws and the
workpiece length about 110mm. For the second operation you need soft jaws and fix
as shown below:
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Task 3.1: Change the length of the workpiece and the bar length from jaws.
Change Length Total to 110m and Length (+) 1.0 and Length (-) 16.4.
Edit fixture and give the new value 36mm:
Regenerate:
Task 3.1 is ready.
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3.1.1 Turn Profile from use surface
By selecting the start and end surfaces, the system automatically selects all the sur-
faces in between. If doing a Face cut, for example, you only have to select the single
end surface once.
Task 3.1.1: Create a turn profiles from use surface.
See the prompt:
After selecting coordinate system:
While holding the control key, select the two surfaces shown below:
Click Apply Changes from the dashboard.
Turn Profile 1 is ready.
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Create another Turn Profile for Grooving. Select surfaces as below:
Create next turn profile for a Face cut. Select the face surface as below:
Turn Profiles are ready.
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3.1.2 Area Removal
Area Turning NC Sequences are utilized when you need to remove of a large volume
of material (requires multiple cuts). The tool path for area sequences are automatical-
ly generated by referencing the manufacturing parameters and scanning the area to
be removed between the part and the workpiece.
There are three types of Area Removal NC Sequences:
1. Outside Area Removal
2. Face Area
3. Inside Area
In this case the first area to be removed lies outside the part, so the system generates
outside turning sequence. The Area option enables you to rough material from the
outside of the part. When the profile and orientation are set up properly, this option
enables the tool to machine stock from the OD toward the centerline in a series of
parallel passes.
Key parameters used by Outside Area Turning:
ROUGH_STOCK_ALLOW – Amount of stock left by the roughing portion
of the toolpath.
Z_STOCK_ALLOW – Sets the amount of stock left on the faces; defaults
to the same value set for PROFILE_STOCK_ALLOW.
PROFILE_STOCK_ALLOW – Amount of stock left by the profiling por-
tion of the toolpath; must be less than or equal to the
ROUGH_STOCK_ALLOW parameter.
CUT_ANGLE – Change the angle of cuts relative to the NC Sequence coor-
dinate system. A value of 0 creates cuts along the z-axis.
TOOL_ORIENTATION – Orientation of the turning tool relative to the Z-
axis; default value is 90.
STEP_DEPTH – Sets the incremental depth of each cut.
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Task 3.1.2: Outside area NC sequence.
Select Area Turning from the Turning group.
Select Edit Tools:
Select tool for roughing:
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Tool information is shown. Notice! Holder: LEFT_HAND. Next, configure cutting
data for a roughing tool by selecting the Cut Data tab.
Notice EN40B is selected from the Stock Material drop-down list. Type the values
as below. The Speed is surface speed and Feed is mm/rev.
Click the Apply button and Yes to save the changes to the tool. In the Tools Setup
dialog box, click Save to save the tool information. Click OK to close the Tools Set-
up.
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Note, the saved 14020dwlnr2020k06.xml file now contains feed and speed infor-
mation, as shown:
You can use the cutting data to specify optimum speed and feed parameters when us-
ing this tool in NC sequences.
Select Parameters tab:
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Notice that the required parameters are highlighted in pale yellow:
Edit CUT_FEED to 0.2.
Edit STEP_DEPTH to 2.
Edit SPINDLE_SPEED to 573.
Later you can change parameters as needed.
Select the Tool Motions tab:
Click Area Turning Cut.
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Select Turn Profile 1 from the model:
In the AreaTurning Cut dialog box:
Set the Start Extension to Positive Z.
Set the End Extension to Positive X.
Click Apply Changes.
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In the dashboard, click Display Toolpath and Play:
You can slide the Display Speed arrow right or left to speed up or slow down the
toolpath display.
Click Close from the PLAY PATH dialog box.
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3.1.3 Editing NC Sequence Parameters
In the most cases the Required Parameters are not enough for the best toolpath.
You have to add some optional parameters.
Task 3.1.3: Edit Area Turning Sequence Parameters
Select Edit Definition:
Select material Removal icon:
The Vericut NC simulating software opens and you can simulate the path:
Press Play.
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You can slide the Animation Speed right or left to speed up or slow down the
toolpath display.
The red color means that you have Gouge violation in the model. Also you get the
Error messages:
Error: Maximum Allowable Gouge violation for tool “1” and Cut Stock of “Stock 1”
at line: (70) GOTO / 13.3000000000, 0.0000000000, -21.5000000000
at line: (71) GOTO / 13.3000000000, 0.0000000000, -26.5500000000
at line: (72) GOTO / 27.2500000000, 0.0000000000, -26.5500000000
Close the Vericut. Select Play Path icon and Pick a location on the tool path as
above:
You can see the collision of the side of the insert.
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Select Edit Machining Parameters Icon:
Select: Parameters Basic/All – You can view either the basic set of parameters or all
parameters for a specific category. All parameters give you much more options how
to change tool path. You can select All Categories or you can select one of the six
different type.
Now find parameter GOUGE_AVOID_TYPE and select TIP_&_SIDES:
OK. See the toolpath and Play Path again
Tool side avoids gouging the collar of the camshaft.
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The other needed parameter is ROUGH_STOCK_ALLOW . It is the amount of stock
left after the rough cut for the finish cut. You can select this parameter from the Cut
Depth and Allowance Gategory. Give the value 1.
Check also ROUGH_OPTION parameter and select ROUGH_ONLY - No
profiling is done. The tool cuts by horizontal rough passes for Area turning and by
vertical passes for Groove turning. Accept changes and Play path.
Now there is 1mm working allowance for the finishing. If you look at the path, the
tool is going in the air before taking chip. To avoid air machining you can change
one parameter: TRIM_TO_WORKPIECE and set it YES.

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Edit parameter as below
Play path:
Close Play Path, accept and save the manufacturing model.
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3.1.4 Material Removal Cut
Material removal is an assembly (or workpiece) feature that can be created to repre-
sent the material removed from the workpiece by an individual NC sequence. NC
Manufacturing provides two methods of generating material removal simulation:
Automatic—The system automatically calculates material to remove based
on the geometric references specified for the NC sequence. When you create
an automatic material removal feature, the system lets you specify whether or
not the feature should be visible at part level (that is, when you retrieve a
workpiece in Part mode).
Construct—Create material removal feature yourself as a regular Creo feature
(Cut, Hole).
The purpose of this feature is to reshape the workpiece so the part looks just as it will
during the actual machining process at the completion of that NC step. The easiest
method to create material removal features is to create them automatically, where the
system creates it based on the information it has. Sometimes the system does not
have sufficient information. The system then provides the option of manually
constructing a material removal feature (except for Thread steps). The means for
constructing a manual material removal feature are identical to those for creating
other sketched features.
When the cut geometry for Area and Groove turning has been defined by sketching,
the system enables you to create the material removal feature automatically. Since
Area and Groove cut geometries are determined by the workpiece boundaries, it is
recommended that a material removal feature be created following each NC step to
avoid air machining in later steps.
Model without a Material Removal Feature on the left side and Model with a
Material Removal Feature on the right side.
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Task 3.1.4: Create Material Removal Cut.
Select Material Removal Cut from the Manufacturing Geometry drop-down menu.
Select Area Turning from the NC SEQ LIST:
Select Automatic – Done. Select AutoAdd – OK.
The material removal feature is created by the system:

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3.1.5 Face Area
The Area option enables you to rough material from the faces (surfaces which are
perpendicular to the Z-axis) of the part. This option causes the tool to machine stock
from positive Z towards negative Z in a series of parallel passes.
Many materials and/or tools require a specific tool for facing operations. In other
words, roughing and finishing tools for facing can only be used on faces that are ei-
ther exactly perpendicular to the Z-axis or nearly perpendicular. If separate facing
operations are not required, you may be able to rely only on profiling (or outside) us-
ing the SCAN_TYPE set to TYPE_1. Facing operations are also utilized for remov-
ing a large area of material which is not very long, but lies along a large diameter.
The key parameters used by Area Face Turning:
Z_STOCK_ALLOW – Sets the amount of stock left on the faces; defaults
to the same value set for PROFILE_STOCK_ALLOW.
CUT_ANGLE – Changes the angle of cuts relative to the NC Sequence co-
ordinate system. A value of 0 creates cuts along the z-axis.
TOOL_ORIENTATION – Orientation of the turning tool relative to the
Z-axis; default value is 90.
Task 3.1.5: Face Area NC sequence.
Select Area Turning from the Turning group.
You do not need to select a tool for this step; the system is using the last tool speci-
fied.
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Required parameters:
Select the Tool Motions tab, Select Area Turning Cut from inside the Tool
Motions tab:
Select Turn Profile 3 from the Model Tree:
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In the Area Turning Cut dialog box:
Set the Start Extension to Positive X.
Set the End Extension to Positive Z.
Click Apply Changes
Play Path:
Vericut simulation shows that there is material left after the Face Area:
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You can change a parameter that controls cut motion.
And you can Edit Area Turning:
Edit Options as below and Play Path:
Create Material Removal Cut for the Face Area and save the manufacturing model.

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3.2
Groove Turning
Groove NC Turning sequences are similar to Area NC sequences in that the area has
been defined, and the toolpath is automatically generated by scanning the area and
removing it in step increments.
In practical terms, the toolpath needs to be created vertically for outside and inside
sequences and horizontally for face sequences. In Creo Parametric, you drive the tool
parallel (in and out of the groove), parallel to the tool orientation angle.
One of the biggest differences between Groove and Area sequences is that groove
tools have cutting edges on both sides which enable them to cut in either direction
and are generally shaped to fit the groove.
The key parameters used by Groove Turning:
For Groove turning, the tool always cuts normal to the groove bottom. The distance
between two neighboring cuts is defined by the STEP_OVER parameter, the height
of retract between the cuts (the system start level) is set to CLEAR_DIST. The final
retract is controlled by the PULLOUT_DIST parameter. If you specify the
ROUGH_OPTION parameter value as ROUGH_&_PROF, the tool will also make
a profiling pass across the groove. The ROUGH_STOCK_ALLOW and
PROF_STOCK_ALLOW parameters define the amount of stock to be left for the
finishing NC sequence. TOOL_ORIENTATION – Orientation of the turning tool
relative to the Z-axis (default value is 90).
OUTPUT_POINT – Defaults to CENTER, controls the XZ-values output to the
tape file. Tip & Center are the most often used options.
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3.2.1 Outside Groove Turning
Groove NC Turning sequence is needed next because there is too much working al-
lowance for the finishing tool as described below. In addition, there is straight wall
after collar of the part.
Task 3.2.1: Create Outside Groove Sequence.
Click Groove Turning from the Turning Group.
In the dashboard, select the drop-down arrow next to the No Tool box and select Edit
Tools:
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Select New-icon and check the settings tab to ensure there is a new number. Select
General tab and from File – Open Tool Library – By Copy.
Select Groove-type tool from the folder and Open.
Select the Cut Data tab and give the values as below:
up.
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Select the Parameters tab. Edit required parameters:
Edit STEP_OVER to 2.
Edit CLEAR_DIST to 5.
Select the Tool Motions tab and Select Groove Turning Cut from inside the Tool
Motions tab:

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Select Turn Profile 1 from the model or model tree:
To change the start or end point of the turn profile, drag the start or end point to the
desired location along the turn profile. Select the directional arrow in the graphics
window. The arrowhead moves to the next valid direction in a clockwise fashion.
In the Groove Turning Cut dialog box, click Apply Changes.
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Play Path.
Click Apply Changes from the dashboard. Save the manufacturing model.
You can perform Finish Groove Turning by changing a few parameters:
Task: Adjusting of the NC Sequence parameters
Select the Parameters tab and Edit Machining Parameters:
Select Cutting Motions category:
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Edit parameters as below left. You can also change CUT_DIRECTION from
STANDARD to REVERSE if needed.
To make NC Sequence more effective, you can adjust Feeds and Speeds. Play Path
after changing parameters:
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Perform material removal simulation:
Close Vericut, Click Apply Changes from the dashboard.
Create Material Removal Cut for the Groove Turning
Save the manufacturing model.
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Now the model should look like below. Next step is Profile Turning.
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3.3
Profile Turning
Profiling enables you to follow a series of edges or sketched curves with the tool. As
with Area, you can extend the edges to force the tool to enter and exit the part be-
yond the actual geometry.
The type of sequence you create, whether it is Outside, Face, or Inside, is based sole-
ly on the location of the surfaces you select or the machining geometry you sketch
(and the material side you select). If the surfaces you select are located on the outside
of the part, the system assumes you want to generate an Outside Profiling sequence.
This means that the tool moves along the side of the surface which faces away from
the centerline (Z Axis). If the boundary or faces are vertical, the system generates a
Face Profiling sequence. If the faces are on the inside of the part, or the material side
of a sketch boundary faces away from the centerline, the system generates an Inside
Profiling sequence.
3.3.1 Outside Profile Turning
The Profile option enables you to remove material leftover from an Area cut. When
the profile and orientation are setup properly, this option creates a finishing toolpath.
The following is a summary of the key parameters used by Profile Turning:
STOCK_ALLOW – The amount of stock left by the toolpath applied to all
surfaces.
Z-STOCK_ALLOW – The amount of stock left on the faces. The default
value is the same value set by STOCK_ALLOW.
axis. The default value is 90.
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Task 3.3.1: Create Outside Profile Turning Sequence.
Click Profile Turning from the Turning Group. In the dashboard, select the drop-
down arrow next to the No Tool box and select Edit Tools:
up.
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Select the Parameters tab. Edit required parameters and select the Tool Motions tab:
Select Profile Turning Cut
Select Turn Profile 1 from the model or model tree:

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In the Profile Turning Cut dialog box, click Apply Changes.
Play Path. You can see the tool is gouging the part.
Actually, the groove is ready from the previous NC Sequence, so you can Edit Pro-
file Turning Cut in such a way that the tool is not gouging the part.

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You can edit the Start and End using drag handles, or double clicking the value.
Edit the values as above and in the Profile Turning Cut dialog box, click Apply
Changes.
You can add another Profile Turning Cut by activating Insert Here from the Tool
Motions tab and select Profile Turning Cut again.
Drag handles as above and Apply Changes.
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Now there are two Profile Turning Cuts. Play Path.
Material removal simulation:
Profile Turning Cut is ready. In the Profile Turning Cut dialog box, click Apply
Changes. Click Apply Changes from the dashboard.
Create Material Removal Cut for the Profile Turning.
In this case the Automatic Material Removal feature fails. The reason is because the
tool path is “broken” as below left.
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You can Construct material removal; it means that you Cut the part by solid feature.
Select Cut and Revolve – Done.
Select Placement tab and define Sketch.
Define Sketch Placement:
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Select Sketch References:
Create Centerline for Revolve, Use Project to create geometry:
Create closed sketch:
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Apply Revolve:
Revolve is ready – Done/Return.
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Additional task: Add a chamfer to the toolpath.
Select Profile Turning from the model tree and Edit Definition. Select Tool Motions
tab and the first Profile Turning Cut from the list, right click – Edit Definition:
Expand the Customized Corners section of the dialog box.
Select the corner vertex in the path:

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Edit SHARP to CHAMFER and set the value to 0.5. In the Profile Turning Cut dia-
log box, click Apply Changes.
You can see the chamfer in the tool path:
Close the feature tool without saving:

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3.4
Turning Holemaking Sequences
Turning Holemaking Sequences are used to create drilling, facing, boring, counter-
sinking, tapping, and reaming features on a part.
The process for creating these features in a lathe workcell is identical to the methods
used to create them in a milling workcell. The biggest difference between mill and
lathe Holemaking sequences is that all lathe Holemaking features must be parallel to
the Z-axis.
Note!
The order of the different sequences is very important as well as what kinds of tools
are available. The following pages are for basic tools and purpose is describing dif-
ferent holemaking NC Sequences.
If you are using Solid Carbide Drills or Indexable Head Drills with Coolant Holes
you don´t need Countersink or Breakchip or Deep drilling sequences.
For example the picture above, first operation could be:
1. 12 dia hole, solid carbide drill
2. 8.5 dia hole, solid carbide drill
3. Tap M10
4. Inside area dia 16.5, deep 11, Mini Shaft holder
Second operation:
1. Indexable Head Drill dia 16

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3.4.1 Countersink Sequence
The Countersink cycle enables you to create a centerline countersink cycle to drive a
tool along the center axis until a countersink to a specified diameter or depth is creat-
ed. You define the hole and start surface in the same manner as a drill. You enter a
countersink diameter and the system drives the tool to the depth required to create
the countersink diameter in the start surface.
You can define the diameter for countersink using the following:
Start Surface – The surface the required diameter is defined on.
Diameter Value – The programmed value of the countersink needed; the sys-
tem will calculate the depth required from the tool defined.
Countersink and Spot tools:
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Task 3.4.1: Create Countersink Turning Sequence.
Select the Turn tab and click Countersink from the Holemaking Cycles group.
In the dashboard, select the drop-down arrow next to the No Tool and Edit Tools. Se-
lect NC_SPOT_HM_16_SQT. Next, configure cutting data for a Spot Drill tool by
selecting the Cut Data tab.
CSS does not apply where the tool does not change its position along X. So you
can’t use CSS mode for drilling or tapping on part centerline!
up.

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Select references tab and select axis from the model for the Holes and select end sur-
face of the model for Start. Edit value 10 for Countersink diameter:
Select the Parameters tab and edit values as below:
Select the Clearance tab and select Reference surface from the model and edit value
5.
Select the Options tab:

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Select the Attachment:
Click Display Tool Path:
Click Close from the PLAY PATH dialog box. Click Apply Changes from the dash-
board.

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Create Material Removal Cut.
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3.4.1.1
Breakchip Drilling Sequence
The Breakchip holemaking cycle is similar to the Deep cycle except that the retrac-
tion at each increment does not come all the way out of the hole.
Task 3.4.1.1: Create Breakchip Drilling Turning Sequence.
Select the Turn tab and click Breakchip from the Holemaking Cycles group.
lect new and File – Open Tool Library – By Copy:
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Next, configure cutting data for a Basic Drill tool by selecting the Cut Data tab.
up.
Select axis for Holes and Start Surface and End depth: 25
Edit Parameters and check the Clearance tab:
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Select the Attachment and the instance:
You can see how the tool is going in 3mm depth for each pass but does not come all
the way out of the hole.
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board. Create Material Removal Cut.
Task 3.4.1.1 is ready.

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3.4.2 Deep Drilling Sequence
The Deep Drilling holemaking cycle means that the retraction at each increment
comes all the way out of the hole.
You can define the hole to drill by selecting either an axis, or selecting a rule-based
method. The depth of the hole is controlled with several different options. When you
define a depth, you can cause the tip of the tool or the shoulder of the tool to drill to
that depth.
You can define the depth for holemaking in one of four ways:
AUTO – The hole is drilled to the actual depth represented by the hole fea-
ture, or through the part if the hole is a thru hole.
SELECTED REFERENCE – You can select a surface or other defined fea-
ture to set the depth for drilling.
THRU ALL – The depth is defined by the thickness of the part.
SPECIFIED DEPTH – You can define the depth by entering a positive value,
as measured from the start surface, for the end of the drilling.
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Task 3.4.2: Create Deep Drilling Turning Sequence.
Select the Turn tab and click Deep from the Holemaking Cycles group.
lect new and File – Open Tool Library – By Copy:
Select as below:
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Select instance diameter 8.5
Next, configure cutting data for a Basic Drill tool by selecting the Cut Data tab.
up.

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Edit Parameters and check the Clearance tab:
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You can see how the tool is going in 3mm depth for each pass.
board. Create Material Removal Cut.
So far the first operation looks as below. There are two NC Sequences to define,
tapping and inside area.
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3.4.2.1
Tapping Sequence
Many times the hole diameter that needs threading is too small for conventional
threading tools used for internal threads. If this is the case, you can program tapping
cycles, just like in milling. You must specify a start surface and a depth for the tap. If
the tap has a chamfer on its end, the system will actually drive the tap beyond the end
of the threads until the OD of the tap reaches the end of the required thread. If you
are not using a bottom tap, you must enable relief behind the bottom of the thread so
that the tap does not collide with the part.
Task 3.4.2.1: Create Tapping Sequence.
Select the Turn tab and click Tapping from the Holemaking Cycles group.
lect new and File – Open Tool Library – By Copy. Select: tap_m3_m12_sqt and
instance M10.
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Check the geometry. Next, configure cutting data for a Tap M10 tool by selecting the
Cut Data tab.
up.
Edit Parameters. Notice the THREAD_FEED and THREAD_FEED_UNITS. The
pitch of M10 thread is 1.5. So if the SPINDLE_SPEED is 200, the FEED will be
300.
Click OK in the Edit Parameters dialog box.
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Check the Clearance tab:
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Play Path:
board.
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3.4.2.2
Inside Area Turning
The Area option enables you to rough material from the interior faces of the part.
This option causes the tool to machine stock in a series of passes which are parallel
with the centerline of the machine tool. The inside area is basically the same as the
outside area and facing toolpaths, except that it steps away from the centerline in-
stead of towards it.
Since tool movement is generally of greater concern during inside machining (be-
cause the tool and tool holder are actually inside the part), you may find it is useful
to utilize the position option to visually check for tool holder interference at selected
tool positions. You can also use Sections with Play Path:
The following is a summary of the key parameters used by Area Turning:
ROUGH_STOCK_ALLOW – Amount of stock left by the roughing portion
of the toolpath.
PROFILE_STOCK_ALLOW – Amount of stock left by the profiling portion
of the toolpath; must be less than or equal to the ROUGH_STOCK_ALLOW
parameter.
CUT_ANGLE – Changes the angle of cuts relative to the NC Sequence coor-
dinate system. A value of 0 creates cuts along the z-axis.
axis; default value is 90. (Edit TOOL_ORIENTATION to 0).

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Task 3.4.2.2: Create Inside Area Turning Sequence.
Click Turn Profile from the Manufacturing Geometry group drop-down menu.
In the dashboard, click Use Surfaces.
Press Ctrl and select the two surfaces shown above. Select the inside surface first and
then the chamfer surface. Click Apply Changes.
Select Area Turning from the Turning group. Select Edit Tools:
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Select boring_bar_8.asm. Apply
up.
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Edit parameters as below and select the Tool Motions tab.
Click Area Turning Cut and select Turn Profile 4 from the model:
Set the Start Extension to Positive Z. and the End Extension to Negative X. Set Op-
tions Start to -1 and end -0.3.
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In the dashboard, click Display Toolpath and Play:
board. You can change the name of the NC Sequence from the model tree for exam-
ple INSIDE_AREA.
Now the first operation is ready and the turned part looks as below:
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3.5
New Operation
After the first operation you need to rotate the part and fix it to the soft jaws. You
need also to select or define a new coordinate system. The real part looks as below
left after the first operation.
Soft jaws are machinable jaws. Basically, the standard jaws are removed and a set
of aluminum or mild steel jaws are bolted onto the chuck where the standard jaws
used to fit. It is important to make a plug for the new set of machined jaws. A plug is
turned to a diameter close to the diameter you wish hold in the new soft jaws. Prior
to machining, the jaws should be tightened around the plug towards the rear of the
soft jaw set. This will provide rigidity while the jaws are machined and will insure
that clamping pressure and scroll looseness are removed while turning.
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In this case there is space enough for the collar of the model. The reference model is
shown in a red color and material which has to be removed in a green color.
To ensure the part fits to the soft jaws, you can make the Global Interference Analy-
sis; it displays information about interference between each part or subassembly in a
model.
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Task 3.5: Create a new Operation.
The Work Center and Clearance are the same, Select a new coordinate system.
Select the Fixture Setup tab and Click Add Fixture:
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Select Coincident and surfaces from the part and fixture as below:
Select another Coincident and surfaces as below:
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Status is now Fully Constrained, but you can add one more definition, Angle Off-
set.
Enable Csys Display and Plane Display. Select the middle Datum Plane from the jaw
as component item.
Select datum plane from the reference model (assembly item).
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Set Offset to 0 and flip if needed. The result should be that the jaw number 1 is in the
same direction as coordinate axis X. Click Apply Changes for the Component
Placement.
Select the Properties tab and give the name for the operation.
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Select the Options tab from the dashboard and select EN40B in the Stock Material
text box.
Click Apply Changes for the Operation.
Once an operation is created, it stays current until another operation is created or ac-
tivated. To activate one of the previously created operations, right-click the operation
in the Model Tree and click Activate. All newly created NC sequences are includ-
ed in this operation.
After Activating:
Task 3.5 is ready.
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3.5.1 Face Area Operation 2
Now there is a lot of material to remove from the other end of the part.
Task 3.5.1: Face Area NC sequence for the opposite end.
Select Area Turning from the Turning group. Select previously used tool from the
list.
Select Edit Tools
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Select the Cut Data tab. Notice EN40B selected from the Stock Material drop-down
list. Check Cutting Data values as below:
Click the Apply button and Yes to save the changes to the tool. Click OK to close
the Tools Setup.
Select the Parameters tab and Click Edit Machining Parameters. Select All parame-
ters and edit the CUT_ANGLE to 90. CUT_ANGLE of 0 (default) cuts along the z-
axis. A value of 90 cuts along the x-axis, 90 is normally used for Area Face cuts.
Click OK.
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Select Turn Profile from the Geometry Group. Define the Turn Profile as below and
Apply Changes.
Resume back. Select tool Motions tab and Select Area Turning Cut.
Set the Start Extension to Positive X. Set the End Extension to Positive Z. Set Op-
tions.
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Accept and simulate with material removal. You can see that there is a little notch at
the center of the workpiece.
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Edit Area Turning Cut again. Set the parameter TRIM_TO_WORKPIECE to YES.
Simulate the toolpath again. Click Apply Changes from the dashboard.
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3.5.2 Area Removal Operation 2
You can use the same tool for the next sequence.
Task 3.5.2: Outside area 2. NC sequence.
Select Area Turning from the Turning group. Select Tool Manager from the dash-
board:
Check Cut Data as below:
Apply – OK. Select Parameters and select Copy Machining-parameters icon:
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Select the All Operations check box, and select Area Turning 1. OK. Next, select
the Tool Motions tab:
Click Area Turning Cut.
Now you need to create a new Turn Profile. Select the Geometry icon:
Select Turn Profile and Use surfaces from the Turn Profile group:
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Select up to two surfaces to define the start and the end for turn profile:
Edit the Area Turning Cut as below:
Accept.
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Play Path:
Area turning 4. for Operation 2. is ready. Apply.
Create Material Removal Cut for the Area Turning 4. and save the manufacturing
model.
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3.5.3 Outside Groove 2 Turning Operation 2
Now you can use the Groove Turning Step from the first operation as reference.
Task 3.5.3: Create Outside Groove Sequence for Operation 2.
Click Groove Turning from the Turning Group. Select the Tool Manager icon:
The TURN-GROOVING tool should be activated by default. Select the Cut Data
tab and Read DB. Apply-OK.
Select Yes if asked:
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From the Parameters tab, select Copy machining parameters and select as below:
Select Groove Turning Cut:
Select TURN_PROFILE_6 as below:
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Adjust the profile as below:
Accept and Play Path:
Create Material Removal Cut for the Groove Turning 2. and save the manufacturing
model.
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Now the part should look as below. You can continue with the same Groove Tool.
3.5.4 Outside Groove 3 Turning Operation 2
The next NC Sequence is Groove Turning Step for the material between two collars
as shown above and below.
Task 3.5.4: Create Outside Groove Sequence 2. for Operation 2.
Click Groove Turning from the Turning Group. Select the Parameters tab:
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You can copy parameters again from the previous NC Sequence:
Select Groove Turning Cut:
Create the Turn Profile:
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Select Use surfaces:
Select Surfaces as shown below:
Accept surfaces. Edit Start and End as below:
Play Path:
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If you are using MDT-type of grooving tool, it means Multi Directional Tool; you
can change the parameters from TYPE_1 to SIDE_TURN. See the video.
You can see the Tool Path after changing of parameters below. Entry/Exit Motion
parameters are on the right.
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Cut Depth and Allowance- and Cutting Motions- parameters:
Accept parameters and create the Vericut simulation:
Create Material Removal Cut for the Groove Turning 3. and save the manufacturing
model. The next NC Sequence is 16 diameter hole.
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3.6
Turning Holemaking Operation 2
The other side hole, diameter 16, can be drilled with indexable drill.
Task 3.6: Create Standard drilling Sequence.
Select the Turn tab and click Standard from the Holemaking Cycles group.
Click Tool Manager from the dashboard.
Click New Tool in the Tools Setup dialog box. Select Open Tool Library By Copy:
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Select tool assembly. Edit the Cut Data as below:
Select the References tab. In the Holes dialog box, activate Holes and select axis
from the model. Select Start surface:
Select end and give the value: 39.
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Select the Parameters tab, edit as below. Select the Clearance tab and select the sur-
face from the model as below and give the value 5. outside from the surface.
Play Path:
Click Close from the PLAY PATH dialog box.
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Create Material Removal Cut for the Drilling_16 and save the manufacturing model.
Now there is material left in the 16 dia hole, because of the indexable drill has flat
end. There is also chamfer in the 16 dia hole. Finally, the right outer end surface fin-
ishing and the part are ready.
You can use Inside Area Turning Sequence or Inside Profile for the finishing of the
16 dia hole.
Create Inside Area Turning Sequence 2.
Tip! Use first Operation Inside Area Turning as reference (chapter 3.4.2.2)
Create Turn Profile as shown below:
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Use the same tool, Check Cut Data:
Change parameters. Edit the Area Turning Cut as below
Play Path:
Task 3.6 is ready.
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3.7
Final NC Sequence Operation 2
There is the last NC Sequence left for now. You can use the same kind of NC Se-
quence than in first Operation, (chapter 3.3.1.)
Task 3.7: Create Outside Profile Turning 2. Sequence.
Click Profile Turning from the Turning Group. In the dashboard, select the drop-
down Tool Manager and select Edit Tools. Select tool and check the Cut Data:
Copy parameters from the first operation:
Create Material Removal Cut for the Final Profile save the manufacturing model.
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Now you can consider the part is ready. At least the toolpaths looks like ready. There
could be still something to change after final simulation and checking.
The part may need chamfers or rounding’s or better surface quality. These all you
can add later if needed by changing parameters or toolpaths.
Chamfering Example: Customized Corners.
Below is the workpiece from start to final shape:
Before the creating of the CNC Code you should know the basics of CNC language
and structure. As well you should know the CNC machine what is available for the
work and what is the needed CNC code type.
Task 3.7 is ready.
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4
CNC LANGUAGE AND STRUCTURE
4.1
NC or CNC
In a Numerical Control (NC) machine, the program is fed to the machine through
magnetic tapes or other such media. The original NC machines were essentially
basic machine tools which were modified to have motors for movement along the
axes.
In a Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machine, the machines are interfaced
with computers. This makes them more versatile in the sense that, suppose a change
in dimension of a part is required. In a NC machine, you would have had to change
the program in the tape and then feed it to the machine again. But in a CNC machine,
you just change a variable in the computer and your modification is done.
In order to understand where CNC Machining first appeared, it is important to note
that the said machine’s advent can be traced back to the invention of the NC (numer-
ical controlled) machine made by John T. Parsons during the 1940s-1950s. The NC
was a breakthrough invention that led the way towards modern automated machines.
The CNC machine first appeared when John Runyon managed to produce punch
tapes under computer control. This showed dramatic results in terms of time, reduc-
ing the normal production duration of 8 hours to 15 minutes. In June 1956, the Air
Force accepted the proposal to produce a generalized “programming” language for
NC.
Today you can see that the both terms are used. For example, there can be job adver-
tisement for the CNC Programmer or NC Programmer.
In this book the language is based on G-code which is the common name for the
most widely used programming language. In the world, the standard ISO 6983 is of-
ten used, although in varied states of Europe sometimes used other standards, exam-
ple DIN 66025
There are also the other languages as Heidenhain, Siemens, Mazak and more. Many
of the other languages can be translated to G-code if needed.
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4.2
Structure of an NC program
An NC program is a text that is normally stored as a sequence of ASCII codes in a
file on the hard disk. It consists of a sequence of NC blocks separated by line breaks.
Usually it is executed by being interpreted and worked through, character by charac-
ter and line by line.
The NC program can be divided by three parts:
Program start (optional)
A number of blocks (NC words)
Program end
Program start
At the beginning of an NC program the character ‘%’ can represent the start of the
program. The name of the program is then found following this character.
%
O1234 (program start)
N10 G0 X100 Y100 Z0
M30 (program end)
NC block:
Each NC blocks consists of one or several NC words, or even of none (an
empty line), separated by spaces or tab characters. It is therefore not possible
to use a space within a word.
N10 G0 X100 Y100 Z0
NC word:
The first character of an NC word specifies its meaning. It is either a letter or
a special character. The optional following characters specify the meaning
more precisely, or supply parameters for the execution. In G-code we refer to
the letters as “words” because each is a “word” telling the controller some-
thing to do
G0 = Move in a straight line at rapids speed.
Program end:
The end of the program is indicated by an M-function. Either M2 or M30 is used for
this.
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Between the start and end of the program are NC Blocks as mentioned above. NC
block can have a certain number – usually N-word.
N10 G0 X100 Y100 Z0
N20
N30
Mostly used G-code words are G and M (for General and Miscellaneous).
%
O1702
N10 G50 X100. Z50. S2800
N20 G00 T0202 M41
N30 G96 S120 M04
Modal or Non-Modal codes:
Many G codes and M codes cause the machine to change from one mode to
another, and the mode stays active until some other command changes it im-
plicitly or explicitly . Such commands are called “modal”.
Non-modal” codes effect only the lines on which they occur. For example,
G4 (dwell) is non-modal.
You can find a lot of G-code lists from the internet for example. The G-codes can be
varying depending if you are programming lathes or milling machines. Even every
machine could have own codes. So you should know the machine functions and con-
trol before making CNC programs!
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4.3
Common G- and M-Codes
Not all codes are available on all controls, and some controls have other codes. See
your machine manual for detailed explanations.
G00 - Positioning at rapid speed; Mill and Lathe
G01 - Linear interpolation (machining a straight line); Mill and Lathe
G02 - Circular interpolation clockwise (machining arcs); Mill and Lathe
G03 - Circular interpolation, counter clockwise; Mill and Lathe
G04 - Mill and Lathe, Dwell
G09 - Mill and Lathe, Exact stop
G10 - Setting offsets in the program; Mill and Lathe
G12 - Circular pocket milling, clockwise; Mill
G13 - Circular pocket milling, counterclockwise; Mill
G17 - X-Y plane for arc machining; Mill and Lathe with live tooling
G18 - Z-X plane for arc machining; Mill and Lathe with live tooling
G19 - Z-Y plane for arc machining; Mill and Lathe with live tooling
G20 - Inch units; Mill and Lathe
G21 - Metric units; Mill and Lathe
G27 - Reference return check; Mill and Lathe
G28 - Automatic return through reference point; Mill and Lathe
G29 - Move to location through reference point; Mill and Lathe (slightly different
for each machine)
G31 - Skip function; Mill and Lathe
G32 - Thread cutting; Lathe
G33 - Thread cutting; Mill
G40 - Cancel diameter offset; Mill. Cancel tool nose offset; Lathe
G41 - Cutter compensation left; Mill. Tool nose radius compensation left; Lathe
G42 - Cutter compensation right; Mill. Tool nose radius compensation right; Lathe
G43 - Tool length compensation; Mill
G44 - Tool length compensation cancel; Mill (sometimes G49)
G50 - Set coordinate system and maximum RPM; Lathe
G52 - Local coordinate system setting; Mill and Lathe
G53 - Machine coordinate system setting; Mill and Lathe
G54~G59 - Workpiece coordinate system settings #1 t0 #6; Mill and Lathe
G61 - Exact stop check; Mill and Lathe
G65 - Custom macro call; Mill and Lathe
G70 - Finish cycle; Lathe
G71 - Rough turning cycle; Lathe
G72 - Rough facing cycle; Lathe
G73 - Irregular rough turning cycle; Lathe
G73 - Chip break drilling cycle; Mill
G74 - Left hand tapping; Mill
G74 - Face grooving or chip break drilling; Lathe
G75 - OD groove pecking; Lathe
G76 - Fine boring cycle; Mill
G76 - Threading cycle; Lathe
G80 - Cancel cycles; Mill and Lathe
G81 - Drill cycle; Mill and Lathe
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G82 - Drill cycle with dwell; Mill
G83 - Peck drilling cycle; Mill
G84 - Tapping cycle; Mill and Lathe
G85 - Bore in, bore out; Mill and Lathe
G86 - Bore in, rapid out; Mill and Lathe
G87 - Back boring cycle; Mill
G90 - Absolute programming
G91 - Incremental programming
G92 - Reposition origin point; Mill
G92 - Thread cutting cycle; Lathe
G94 - Per minute feed; Mill
G95 - Per revolution feed; Mill
G96 - Constant surface speed control; Lathe
G97 - Constant surface speed cancel
G98 - Per minute feed; Lathe
G99 - Per revolution feed; Lathe
M00 - Program stop; Mill and Lathe
M01 - Optional program stop; Lathe and Mill
M02 - Program end; Lathe and Mill
M03 - Spindle on clockwise; Lathe and Mill
M04 - Spindle on counterclockwise; Lathe and Mill
M05 - Spindle off; Lathe and Mill
M06 - Toolchange; Mill
M08 - Coolant on; Lathe and Mill
M09 - Coolant off; Lathe and Mill
M10 - Chuck or rotary table clamp; Lathe and Mill
M11 - Chuck or rotary table clamp off; Lathe and Mill
M19 - Orient spindle; Lathe and Mill
M30 - Program end, return to start; Lathe and Mill
M97 - Local sub-routine call; Lathe and Mill
M98 - Sub-program call; Lathe and Mill
M99 - End of sub program; Lathe and Mill

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4.3.1 G-Code Canned Cycles
What is the definition of “canned cycle”? A sequence of machine operations initiated
by a single G-code. Canned cycles act as shortcuts that simplify the program.
A powerful and common option available on most CNC machines is the ability to
perform canned cycles. Canned cycles give the programmer the option to do some
routine functions with a simple G-code instead of writing many lines of information.
G70 finishing
G71 rough turning or rough boring
G72 rough facing
G73 pattern repeating
G74 grooving
G75 peck drilling
G76 threading
NOTE: A canned cycle stays in effect until cancelled by a G80.
Most CAM systems will take advantage of CNC-based canned cycles. If you want to
use canned cycles with CAM, you need to set up the postprocessor less or more. In
addition you need to specify more parameters in NC Sequence.
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4.3.2 Canned Cycle G71 and G70 manual programming
G71 and G70 Programming example for manual programming:
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4.3.3 Canned Cycle G76 manual programming
G76 threading cycle example:
G76 X_ Z_ I_ K_ D_ F_ A_ P_
X
= Final thread diameter
Z
= Position of the thread end
I
= Amount of taper
K
= Single thread depth
D
= Depth of the First Cut
F
= Thread Lead, Pitch
A
= Thread Angle
P
= Thread Cutting Method
All other rules of threading applied to this cycle, they are as follows.
1. You must be in G97 mode
2. You must maintain the same Z start position
3. You must start your tool clear of the part in X and Z
4. You must start the thread at least one to two threads in front of part
5. You must finish at least ½ to 1 thread after your full thread requirement
6. To recut a thread you cannot change spindle speed, Z start position, Z offset
or use a different tool without risk of destroying the thread.
Before you can use Canned Cycles in CAM programming, you need to make some
preliminary work. This work will be useful later as well. The next chapter shows how
to make user define feature (UDF) for customizing cycles.

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4.3.4 Manufacturing User Defined Feature
A User-Defined Feature (UDF) consists of selected features, all their associated di-
mensions, any relations between the selected features, and a list of references for
placing the UDF on a part. User-defined features can be subordinate or standalone.
The UDF dialog box provides a running status of these UDF elements during UDF
creation and modification.
Manufacturing user-defined sequences (MUDF’s) provide a great way to copy man-
ufacturing features into other models. MUDF’s can create any number of features,
including datums, manufacturing geometry such as mill windows or turn profiles,
and NC sequences. Common applications for MUDF’s include hole-making (espe-
cially auto-drilling), pocket roughing and finishing, and lathe programming.
UDF file is a file with the . gph extension that you want to insert in the manufacturing
model.
For the Area Turning Cycle – G71-MUDF, you need to define:
area_turning_cycle_G70_G71.gph
Mapkey + icon
Pro/NC-GPOST post-processor definitions
Area_turning_cycle_G70_G71.gph - prompts:
CSYS
OPERATION
Home Point
Reference Model
Finish Profile (area turning curve)
You can define a Mapkey to load the UDF and create your own Icon to call the
mapkey:
In the following example, the Area_turning_cycle_G70_G71.gph is placed to the
Working Directory.
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4.3.5 Mapkey
In Creo Parametric, a mapkey is a keyboard macro that maps frequently used com-
mand sequences to certain keyboard keys or sets of keys. The mapkeys are saved in
the configuration file mapkey, with each macro beginning on a new line. You can de-
fine a unique key or combination of keys which, when pressed, executes the mapkey
macro (for example, F8). You can create a mapkey for virtually any task you perform
frequently within Creo Parametric.
By adding custom mapkeys to your toolbar or menu bar, you can use mapkeys with a
single mouse click or menu command and thus automate your workflow.
To Define a Mapkey:
Click File - Options - Environment - Mapkeys Settings. The Mapkeys dialog
box opens.
Click New. The Record Mapkey dialog box opens.
Type the key sequence that is to be used to execute the mapkey in the Key
Sequence text box.
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Click Record and start recording the macro by selecting menu commands in the ap-
propriate order.
Activate Model from the Ribbon - Select User-defined Feature –Open the Group.
Stop recording:
Test your Mapkey from the keyboard.
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4.3.6 Customizing Menus
You can add commands to toolbars or to the menus in the menu bar. The new button
or command can be an existing Creo Parametric command or a user-defined mapkey.
Click File - Options - Customize Ribbon
Activate Turn – Turning as below
Click New Group
Rename the New Group:

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Accept and return. Now you should see the new Group:
Next you can add icon to the new Canned Cycles Group:
Drag and drop:
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Change or edit the Icon:
Create your own image:
The button is ready:
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4.3.7 Canned Cycle G71 and G70 CAM programming
G71 and G70 Programming example for CAM programming:
Area Turning NC Sequences are utilized when you need to remove of a large volume
of material (requires multiple cuts). The tool path for area sequences are automatical-
ly generated by referencing the manufacturing parameters and scanning the area to
be removed between the part and the workpiece.
You can make this toolpath without using G71 cycle. In this example you will get
about 87 lines of NC Code:
%
O1303
N10 T0303
N20 M3 S90
N30 G00 X100. Z50.
N40 X54.64 Z.8
N50 G01 X50.44 F.2
N60 Z-40.7
N70 X51.
N80 G03 X52.4 Z-40.905 I0. K-1.3
N90 G01 Z.8
N830 G01 X18.92 F.2
N840 G03 X20.84 Z.291 I-2.46 K-5.8
N850 G01 X52.64
N860 G00 X100. Z50.
N870 M5
%
If you are using G71 cycle, the amounts of NC Code lines are significantly less.
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Open the LATHE_POST_TEST_AREA.ASM. Enable Coordinate Systems and
points. Select the Turn tab.
Select the mapkey if created. If not, select Model from the ribbon and select User-
Defined Feature. The area_turning_cycle_g70_g71.gph has to locate in the working
directory.
Accept Independent – Done. Select coordinate system. Select HOME-point.
Select Reference part – select TURNING_POST_TEST_1.PRT from the model
tree. Select profile from the model tree.
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Select Tool from the MOD NC SEQ Menu Manager. Select Open Tool Library By
Copy and retrieve the tool.
Tool Setup and Cut Data. OK.
Select Parameters. Edit parameters as below:
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Feed and Speeds category: Cut Depth and Allowances :
Cut Depth and Allowances: Cutting Motions:
Entry/Exit Motions:
Machine Settings:
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Machine Settings:
General:
Click OK when parameters ready. Click Done/Return. Click Done. The Area Turn-
ing Cycle is ready:
Play the path:
Create the Material Removal Cut.
This completes the procedure.
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4.3.8 Canned Cycle G76 CAM programming
Thread Turning G76
Thread NC sequences are used to cut threads on a lathe. The threads can be external
and internal, blind and through. This NC sequence does not remove any material
from the workpiece on the screen. The proper cutter path will, however, be generat-
ed.
A Thread NC sequence is defined by sketching the first tool movement, which corre-
sponds to the major diameter for an external thread and to the minor diameter for an
internal thread. The final thread depth is calculated using the THREAD_FEED pa-
rameter.
NC Manufacturing supports ISO standard thread output as well as AI Macro output.
You can reference geometry of existing Thread cosmetic features, created in Part
mode. It is especially convenient for blind threads.
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Thread tool:
Right Hand tool direction:
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G76 canned cycle CAM programming example:
Open the LATHE_POST_TEST_AREA.ASM. Hide the workpiece if necessary.
Create a turn profile from the cosmetic thread surface. Click Use surfaces to define
turn profile from the dashboard.
Select the Placement tab. Select the NC_TURNING_XZ coordinate system from
the Model Tree. Select the surface as shown below:
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Select the Turn tab. Click Thread Turning from the Turning group. Click Edit
Tools:
Retrieve the thread tool.
Click OK. In the dashboard, edit ISO to AI MACRO from the drop-down menu. Se-
lect the References tab. Click in the Turn Profile text box and select Turn Profile 2
in the model tree
Select the Parameters tab.
Edit THREAD_FEED to 3.
Edit CLEAR_DIST to 5.
Ensure that TOOL_ORIENTATION is set to 90
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Click Display Toolpath. Click Play in the Play Path dialog box.
In addition there are a lot of parameters that affects in a different way to the toolpath.
Test different parameters and play the path to see the affects.
When parameter definitions are ready, click Apply Changes from the dashboard.
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4.4
Tool Nose Radius Compensation
When facing or straight turning, the tool nose radius has no effect on the part other
than leaving a radius on inside corners.
R= nose radius, S= center of the nose radius, P= theoretical programming point
When turning tapers or radii, the tool nose radius leaves excess material as shown
here:
The tool nose radius is entered into the machine controller, and the program turns on
compensation for finish cuts only, and then turns it off. The machine calculates the
tangent points so we can continue programming as if the cutter has a sharp point.
Tool Nose Radius G Codes:
G40 Cancel tool nose radius compensation.
G41 Compensate for tool nose radius to the LEFT of the programmed path.
G42 Compensate for tool nose radius to the RIGHT of the programmed path.
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Right-handed coordinate system:
G41 causes the tool to be offset to the left of the programmed toolpath and G42 di-
rects the tool to be offset to the right.
Tool Tip Orientation – the chart below identifies the directions of tool radius center
orientation, measured from the command point to the tool center for CNC lathes of
the REAR type. (Rear type lathe – slant bed lathe, is the most popular design for
general work).
Tool tip orientation numbers 0 or 9 define the command point at the center of the
tool nose radius.
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The chart below shows examples for the right-handed coordinate system lathe:
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4.4.1 Tool Nose Radius Compensation Example
Below is an example of the turned part. For the tool nose radius compensation only
the profiling is needed in this example.
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There are a several settings to change when using tool nose radius compensation (To
Set the CL Data Output on a Contour):
1. On the Output tabbed page of the Work Center dialog box, select Tool Edge
in the Output Point list.
2. Set the CUTCOM parameter to ON in the Edit Parameters dialog box.
3. Specify a value for the CUTCOM_REGISTER parameter. (You can also use
postprocessor option for this)
4. Specify values for the NORMAL_LEAD_STEP, TANGENT_LEAD_STEP,
ENTRY_ANGLE, EXIT_ANGLE, and LEAD_RADIUS parameters to in-
clude approach and exit moves and enable cutter compensation by provid-
ing a linear motion in the XZ plane.
5. Cutter compensation is enabled on the first linear move and the output
switches from the center to the edge of the tool.
6. Postprocessor definitions
To specify a location for the CUTCOM statement on the approach and exit motion,
set the CUTCOM_LOC_APPR and CUTCOM_LOC_EXIT parameters to a number
less than the value of the NUMBER_CUTCOM_PTS parameter.
Work Center dialog box:

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Profile Turning Step:
Profile turning allows you to interactively specify the cut motion trajectory. When
defining cut motions, the Offset Cut check box on the Profile Turning Cut dialog box
provides you with the following choice:
If you select the Offset Cut check box, the turn profile represents the finished
geometry, that is, the trajectory of the tip of the tool cutting material. This
means that if the OUTPUT_POINT parameter is set to CENTER (the de-
fault), the cut motion will be automatically offset by NOSE_RADIUS in the
appropriate direction from the specified trajectory (up for outside turning,
down—for inside, to the right—for face turning). If OUTPUT_POINT is
TIP, no offset will be applied.
If you clear the Offset Cut check box, the turn profile represents the trajecto-
ry of the tool control point. No offset will be applied when creating the cut
motion.
You can also access the Offset Cut shortcut menu in the graphics window. You must
select the turn profile in the graphics window, right-click, and select or clear the Off-
set check box.
The tool path is extended 2mm. (When the chamfer is 45-degree, the square root of 2
is 1.414) See the example program, line N170. Parameters: Entry/Exit Motions
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Parameters: Machine settings and Entry/Exit Motions
CUTCOM_REGISTER is needed for the tool compensation data, for example T0101
means that the tool number is 1 and tool compensation data locates in pocket 1. Usu-
ally the tool number and compensation number is the same.
With the Pro/NC-GPOST you can use the option below:
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Tool path:
On the line 16 is approaching move and the CUTCOM/RIGHT become active.
On the line 22 you can see the CUTCOM / RIGHT (G42) directs the tool to be offset
to the right. NC Code will be: N80 G03 X24. Z-5. F.2 I0. K-5.

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On the line 31 you can see how the CUTCOM is switched off (G40). NC Code will
be:
N150 X57. Z-45.
N160 G00 G40
N170 X57.566 Z-44.717
N180 X100. Z50.
N190 M5
The NC Code for the Profile Finishing looks like below so far:
%
O2013
N10 T0101
N20 G50 S2800
N30 G96 M4 S150
N40 G00 X100. Z50. M8
N50 X14. Z2.4
N60 G01 G42 F.17857
N70 Z0.
N80 G03 X24. Z-5. F.2 I0. K-5.
N90 G01 Z-29.
N100 G02 X30. Z-32. I3. K0.
N110 G01 X36.
N120 X40. Z-34.
N130 Z-42.
N140 X51.
N150 X57. Z-45.
N160 G00 G40
N170 X57.566 Z-44.717
N180 X100. Z50.
N190 M5
%
The code is not ready yet and there will be more information in the
Postprocessing chapter!
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5
POST PROCESSING
5.1
What is a Postprocessor
A postprocessor is an application that is designed to process the toolpath data (CL or
Cutter Location) file produced by a CAD or APT (Automatically Programmed Tool)
system. The toolpath data file contains the machining instructions specified by the
user for the production of a part from an engineering drawing. The postprocessor
converts the machining instructions from the toolpath data file into code understood
by a specific NC/CNC machine tool by producing a machine control data file. The
figure below shows how you get from a blueprint or a CAD system to a punch file
(.PU1) using Austin N.C. Inc.‘s generalized postprocessor (G-Post):
The machine control data (MCD) file is the file produced that ultimately is taken to
the machine controller to produce the part being programmed. Historically this file
has also been referred to as the tape image file (. TAP) and/or the punch file (. PU1).
You can change the extension (.TAP, .PU1) if needed for example: (.CNC or .EIA or
whatever you want to use.
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An option file is a file created by the user via the Option File Generator. The file is
read at postprocessor execution time. Upon reading the option file, the postprocessor
assumes characteristics specified by the user for a specific machine tool/control
combination. The characteristics include machine configuration, machine control
register requirements (such as address assignments and format), preparatory code re-
quirements to invoke specific functions, feedrate control functions and so forth.
The Option File Generator creates an option file, which is read by the postprocessor
at execution time in order to obtain its ‘personality’ (or behavior). The file naming
convention for this file is:
Lathes: uncl01.pnn
Mills: uncx01.pnn
While using the Option File Generator, the user has the option to create a FIL file via
the built in FIL editor. When the user exits or saves the option file they have been
creating, the Option File Generator automatically saves any work the user may have
done in the FIL editor. The file naming convention for the FIL file is:
For Lathes: uncl01.fnn
For Mills: uncx01.fnn
FIL (Factory Interface Language) is a macro language that dramatically extends the
capabilities of the postprocessor and Option File Generator. No generalized postpro-
cessor will ever have the ability to accommodate the many features available on to-
day’s controls, not to mention the new features being added to controls every day!
Through our customer’s experience we have implemented new features in every re-
lease of the G-POST since it was released many years ago. It is not possible to ad-
dress the many special features available; thus, this was the primary driving force in
creation of FIL.
FIL allows the user to go beyond any postprocessor’s capabilities through the ability
to intercept records read by the postprocessor and manipulate them in ways limited
only by the user’s imagination. The FIL macro language allows users to:
Add, delete or modify CL file data
Alter postprocessor output
Add or modify APT vocabulary words
Read or write data into/from up to two files
Call other applications
In addition, the FIL macro language has many features for logic control:
Case statements
If / then /else logic
Do loops
Jumpto labels
There are many text string manipulation functions and many other tools available as
well.
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For example, if you want to use canned cycles with CAM you may need the FIL-file:
CIMFIL/ON,CYCLE
$$ ****************************************************
$$ * Turning Cycle
$$
$$ * CYCLE/TURN,DEPTH,Depth,XAXIS,xval,ZAXIS,Zval,FEED,feed_rough
$$ * …
$$ * roughing motions
$$ * …
$$ * CYCLE/TURN,NOMORE,FEED,feed_finish
$$ * …
$$ * finish motions
$$ * …
$$ * CYCLE/TURN,OFF
$$ *
$$ *
$$ * Will generate G70 / G71 turning cycles :
$$ * N… Ffeed_rough
$$ * N… G70 Pstart_seq Qend_seq Uxval Wzval Ddepth
$$ * Nstart_seq …
$$ * …
$$ * Nend_seq …
$$ * G71 Pstart_seq Qend_seq Ffeed_finish
$$ ****************************************************
CYCTYP=POSTF(7,4)
IF (CYCTYP.EQ.ICODEF(TURN)) THEN
DVAL=POSTF(7,6)
UVAL=POSTF(7,8)
WVAL=POSTF(7,10)
FVAL=POSTF(7,12)
$$ Activate macro on motion
XX=POSTF(26,5,5,1)
ELSE
XX=POSTF(13)
ENDIF
CIMFIL/OFF
251/265
5.2
CL Data
Post-processing is the final stage in the manufacturing process. When toolpaths have
been completed, you can create ASCII format Cutter Location (CL) data files for
operations or selected NC steps. You can then post-process CL data files into specif-
ic Machine Control Data (MCD) files using a post-processor. It is important to understand
that changing NC steps requires you to recreate the CL data file for the op-
eration and post-process this file again to produce an updated MCD file.
Cutter Location (CL) data files are generated from the toolpaths specified
within NC steps.
You can create CL data files of one or more selected NC steps, or a whole
operation.
The files are ASCII format files.
The default filename format is filename.ncl.
These CL data files can then be processed by machine-specific or generic
post-processors for NC tape generation or DNC communications.
You can then use the post-processed files to control machine tools such as a
2-axis turning machine.
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5.2.1 Creating CL Data File for Operation
Task 5.2.1: Create a CL data file and MCD file for camshaft.
Open the CAMSHAFT_PREMACHINED_NC.ASM
In the model tree, select operation CAMSHAFT_BASIC_TURNING. Right-click
and select Play Path. Click the CL data bar to make the CL data visible. In the
PLAY PATH dialog box, click File > Save As MCD.
Select the Save CL File also check box. Select the Verbose and Trace check boxes.
Click Output. Click OK to create a CL data file named camshaft_basic_turning.ncl.
Create an MCD file for the operation. From the menu manager, Move the cursor on
the UNCL01.P15 to see the name of the NC machine, click to select the post-
processor.
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Click Close in the information window. Click Close in the PLAY PATH dialog box.
Notice the message in the Status bar: Post processed file
cam_shaft_basic_turning.tap was created successfully.
View the contents of the browser. Click the Web Browser from the Status bar, and
in the browser window right-click and select Refresh. Notice that the listing for the
working directory contains cam_shaft_basic_turning.ncl and
cam_shaft_basic_turning.tap, as shown. Click Close to close the browser.
The default filename format for the NC Code is filename.tap.
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You can open the NC Code in the text editor such WordPad or Notepad etc. The de-
fault location for the file is your working directory.
Notice! This postprocessor is an example and the NC code is not ready for the
NC machine!
PTC makes no guarantee that each postprocessor will create the correct output
for a specific customer’s machine. PTC will not provide any support for these
sample postprocessors. It is the responsibility of the customer to use these post-
processors as a starting point from which to build the actual postprocessor for
production machining. By using the default postprocessors, the user agrees to
the above conditions.
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5.2.2 Creating CL Data File for NC Sequence
Task 5.2.2: Create a CL data file and MCD file for the selected NC Sequences.
Open the CAMSHAFT_PREMACHINED_NC.ASM. Activate Operation 2.
Select Save CL File for a Set from the Save a CL File types drop-down menu in the
Output group. Select Create from the menu manager. Type FINISH_OPER_2as the
name, and press ENTER.
You can see all Operations and NC Sequences. Click the arrow to scroll down until
you see the Operation 2. and Profile Turning (last on the list). Select the Profile
Turning check box. (you can pick as many sequences as wanted to create CL Data).
Click Done Sel.
256/265
Click FINISH_OPER_2. Click File. Select the MCD File check box, and click
Done. Click OK to create a CL data file named finish_oper_2.ncl.
Click Done. Click UNCL01.P15 to select the post-processor. Click Close in the in-
formation window. Click Done Output. View the contents of the browser.
257/265
5.3
Post Processor Testing
As mentioned, post-processing is the final stage in the manufacturing process and
most important also. The final NC Code is combination of the NC Sequence pa-
rameters and Postprocessor functions.
For example thread turning. If you are using type AI MACRO, you will get 698 lines
of NC Code using UNCL01.P15 lathe postprocessor.
If you select ISO output, you will get 21 lines of NC Code.
In addition, there is significant difference in the postprocessor definition. You can
open the NC Post Processor from the Applications tab when the manufacturing ses-
sion is open.
Open the MORI SEKI SL 1 Option File:
258/265
Select Machine Codes drop down menu and Thread Formats:
Check the Output G76 threading cycle check box. Save the Option File.
Now the thread NC Sequence is generated with the Mazak Quick Turn post proces-
sor (not in the default list).
The code is not ready, but there are only a few lines of code.
The customizing of the post process is a big project and it needs own book later.
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6
APPENDIX
6.1
Creo Parametric Quick Reference Card
File Menu:
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UI Customization
Command Locator
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Selection and Mouse Control
Keyboard Shortcuts

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Common Dashboard Controls
Orienting the Model
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Model Appearance
Advanced Selection: Chain & Surface Set Construction (1/2)
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Advanced Selection: Chain & Surface Set Construction (2/2)
PTC.com
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INDEX
A
I
AI Macro ……………………………………………………… 233
Inside Area……………………………………………………. 120
ANSI ……………………………………………………………..87
ISO 6983 ……………………………………………………… 214
APT…………………………………………………………….. 247
Area Turning
J
…………………………………………………. 120
ASCII ……………………………………………….. 7, 215, 250
Job …………………………………………………………. 44, 214
Austin N.C. Inc ……………………………………………… 247
K
B
Keyboard Macro ……………………………………………. 223
Basic Drills …………………………………………………… 105
L
Bore …………………………………………………………….. 218
Boring………………………….. 44, 158, 180, 217, 218, 219
Lathe ……………………………………………………………..67
Layers ……………………………………………………… 25, 27
C
CAM
M
……………………………………………………………… 5
Canned Cycle ………………. 219, 220, 221, 228, 233, 235
Machine Assembly ……………………………………… 69, 75
CL Data ……………. 7, 68, 69, 71, 83, 250, 251, 254, 255
Machine Simulation ………………………………………….74
Clearance tab ……………….. 77, 161, 165, 171, 176, 209
Machine Tool … 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 178, 247,
CNC 6, 7, 46, 51, 74, 112, 213, 214, 216, 219, 239, 247
248
Constraint ……………………………………………………….61
Mapkey ……………………………………. 222, 223, 225, 229
Coordinate System ……………………………………………54
MCD file …………………………………….. 7, 250, 251, 254
Cosmetic Thread ……………………………………………. 235
M-Codes ………………………………………………………. 217
Cross Section ………………………………………………… 113
Modal………………………………………………………….. 216
CSS ……………………………………………………….. 51, 160
N
Cut Data … 82, 122, 140, 148, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180,
191, 195, 199, 208, 211, 212, 230
NC block ………………………………………………. 215, 216
Cutter Location ………………………………………………..68
NC program ………………………………………………….. 215
Cutting speed ……………………………………….. 44, 49, 52
NC step ………………………………………………………… 132
NC word ………………………………………………………. 215
D
Non-Modal…………………………………………………… 216
Datum Planes ………………………….. 7, 16, 34, 36, 38, 54
Nose Radius …………….. 49, 50, 217, 238, 239, 241, 242
DIN 66025 ……………………………………………………. 214
O
DNC ……………………………………………………………. 250
Operation ………………………………………………………..76
E
Output Tab ………………………………………………………67
EN40B …………………………………. 52, 78, 122, 189, 191
P
Entry/Exit Motion ………………………………………….. 205
Postprocessor ………………. 219, 242, 247, 248, 253, 256
F
Feed rate ………………………………………………………..44
Fixture …………………………………. 6, 60, 64, 65, 79, 185
Profile Turning ………………………………………………. 147
G
Q
G-code…………………………………….. 214, 215, 216, 219
Quick Reference Card …………………………………….. 258
Groove 97, 112, 113, 130, 132, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142,
R
143, 145, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 206
Reference Model .. 7, 32, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 184,
H
187
Hardness HB ……………………………………………………52
Retract Plane ……………………………………………………76
Holemaking tools ………………………. 101, 104, 105, 106
RPM ………………………………………………………. 44, 217
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S
Work Center …………………………… 68, 73, 74, 185, 242
Workcell
Solid Tools
………………………. 12, 67, 75, 76, 80, 114, 158
………………………………………. 11, 81, 90, 92
Workpiece
Standard Tool
……………………………… 6, 7, 53, 57, 65, 217
…………………………………………….. 80, 81
STEP-format ……………………………………………………. 5
X
T
XY Plane ………………………………………………………..89
XZ Plane
Tensile Strength
………………………………………… 113, 114, 242
……………………………………………….52
Tool Parameters ……………………………………. 81, 83, 90
Y
U
Y-axis …………………………………………………………….19
Yield Stress
Units
……………………………………………………..52
………………………………………………………………23
User-Defined Feature (UDF) …………………….. 222, 229
Z
V,W
Z-axis …………………………………………………………….20
Vericut ………………. 86, 89, 92, 127, 128, 136, 145, 206
Table of Contents
1
1.3 INTRODUCTION TO TURNING MANUFACTURING
…………………………………………………
1.4 STARTING
…………………………………………………………………………..
1.5 OPTIONS AND CONFIGURATIONS
…………………………………………………………..
1.5.1
1.6 CREATING A NEW TEMPLATE
……………………………………………………………..
1.7 WORKING DIRECTORY
…………………………………………………………………..
1.8 IMPORT REFERENCE MODEL
………………………………………………………………
1.9 MODEL PROPERTIES
……………………………………………………………………
1.10
1.10.1
1.10.2
1.10.3
1.10.4
1.11
2
2.2 REFERENCE
MODEL……………………………………………………………………..
2.3 WORKPIECE
………………………………………………………………………….
2.4 FIXTURE
……………………………………………………………………………
2.5 WORKCELL
…………………………………………………………………………..
2.5.1
2.6 OPERATION
………………………………………………………………………….
2.7 CUTTING TOOLS
………………………………………………………………………
2.7.2
2.7.3
2.7.4
2.7.5
2.7.6
2.7.7
2.8 TOOLS FOR CAMSHAFT
………………………………………………………………….
2.8.2
2.8.3
2.8.4
2.8.4.1
2.8.4.2
2.8.4.3
2.8.4.4
2.8.4.5
2.9 COMMON ABOUT NC SEQUENCES
……………………………………………………………
2.9.1
2.9.2
3
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.2 GROOVE TURNING
……………………………………………………………………..
3.2.1
3.3 PROFILE TURNING
…………………………………………………………………….

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Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

Creo Parametric Basic Turning

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