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Autism204 Blue PDF
Autism204 Blue PDF
Ensuring a
By Lisa Ruble, PhD, & Trish Gallagher, MEd, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center
healthy start.
Autism Spectrum Disorders refer to a complex group of related disorders
marked by impaired communication and socialization and by a limited (and often
unusual) range of interests. Although sometimes not diagnosed until school age,
Autism Spectrum Disorders develop early in life and are life-long conditions with
implications for education, social development, and community adjustment. Promoting a
Autism became an eligibility category for special education services in 1991. bright future.
Since that time an enormous amount of research has been conducted regarding
identification and effective interventions for children with Autism Spectrum
Disorders. The good news is that information learned over the years has resulted
in a broader definition of autism and many strategies for parents and educators to
use in supporting the development of these children, starting in early childhood.
However, distinguishing misinformation from accurate information can be
a daunting task. It is critical that parents and educators understand this complex
disorder. Teachers and parents working together will help children achieve
positive outcomes.
Basic Facts
Diagnosis. Autism Spectrum Disorders are diagnoses based on behaviors
and not on medical tests. In order to accurately diagnose Autism Spectrum
Disorders, the child should have a comprehensive evaluation by professionals
who can address development of language, behavioral, social, and cognitive
skills in young children. Atypical development must be identified in
socialization and communication, and the child must display narrow interests or
repetitive behaviors.
Autism Spectrum Disorders affect children differently, and two children can
meet different combinations of the diagnostic criteria. Autism, the typical
Autism Spectrum Disorder, often occurs with other disorders such as cognitive
impairment, fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis.
The cause of Autism Spectrum Disorders is unknown and most likely results
from many factors, such as a combination of heredity, environment, and brain
functioning. Autism Spectrum Disorders are not the result of parenting style but,
rather, are the results of changes in brain development that may occur before
birth or shortly thereafter.
Characteristics. Autistic Disorder, Asperger’s Disorder, and Pervasive
Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) are considered
Autism Spectrum Disorders. The degree to which different characteristics affect
a child depends on the level of severity of impairments:
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Basic Facts
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• Children with Asperger’s have problems in two areas: socialization and
restricted patterns of interests.
• Children with PDD-NOS have problems in socialization and one of the two
other areas: communication or restricted patterns of behaviors and interests.
2 Special Needs
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Special Needs 3
N AT I O N A L A S S O C I AT I O N O F S C H O O L P S Y C H O L O G I S T S
helps children with autism improve social and • Social: Provide direct social skills
communicative skills and should be a key instruction, peer-mediated instruction,
component of the Individualized Education and teacher-mediated instruction.
Program (IEP). Other recommended • Communication: Provide temporal,
components of an IEP include supports for spatial, and procedural supports to
organization or self-directed skills. enhance learning and new skill
What follows are some examples of social, development; allow time for
communication, and self-direction goals: processing information, slow down
pace of information; give instructions
• Jason will develop a means of initiating one at a time, backup directions with
three requests a day across people and visual supports; provide supports on
environments, using pictures, signs, consistent basis.
vocalizations, or verbalizations. • Organization/self-direction. Provide
• Sarah will respond to her name by ceasing assertion, temporal, spatial, and
her activity and turning toward the procedural supports (schedule, task
speaker 50% of the time. analysis) to help remind the student of
• Tony will utilize the PECS/Augmentative the task and steps; intersperse less
Communication System to initiate requests desired activities with more desired
20 times during his day. activities; reduce distractions; clarify
• Maria will play in proximity (3 feet) to two how much work must be completed
peers for up to 5 minutes. until the child is finished and the
• Joey will independently complete one task picture of reward/break for finishing;
until it is finished using visual cues and a provide visuals to convey choices and
work-reward routine. passage of time; use visual schedule to
indicate changes in activities or
ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORTS routines; allow processing time; back
Environmental supports are the teaching up verbalizations with visual aids.
strategies, modifications, and adaptations used
to help each child be successful. Based on INTERVENTIONS FOR ENGAGEMENT
Dalrymple (1995), these include: Active engagement is another key
ingredient in effective intervention for
• Temporal: Organize sequences of time and children with autism. The National Research
answers the question: When do things Council defines engagement as “sustained
happen? attention to an activity or person” (National
• Spatial: Provide specific information about Research Council, 2001, p. 160). Because
the organization of the environment and children with Autism Spectrum Disorders tend
answers the question: Where do things to display limited or idiosyncratic interactions
happen? with objects and people, it is important that
• Procedural: Clarify the relationship of the parents and teachers adapt activities and
steps of an activity and between objects materials to encourage more appropriate
and people and answers the question: involvement. This might include directly
What is to happen? teaching how to use toys and objects,
• Assertion: Help with initiation and exertion introducing appropriate activities to replace
of control. inappropriate behaviors, developing visual
cues (such as hand signals or pictures) to
What follows provides descriptions of reduce verbal and physical prompting, and
environ-mental supports that are associated finding ways to make tasks more meaningful
with observed characteristics. and motivating.
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N AT I O N A L A S S O C I AT I O N O F S C H O O L P S Y C H O L O G I S T S
5 Special Needs
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Resources
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6 Special Needs