AtS|-S{Ab- Ala -2ISt- 48}. Clo}. oe S ClOdSt TES st Hoi Oj Raab Qe 2r] e-Greatiye Contents| Michael A. Putlack A WORKBOOK © MP3 CD Of OlS RAMI TS MBE wan ad‘eloje! Sle! Bole oH] HOH 1 SHAE POISE HL f17| ven ongiishbus cor www.readtalk.co.kr OFLOISHR at (et m6 TE BS ReDOl APH OatAuthors: Michael a.Putlack Micha! A. Pllack graduated from Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts USA, where he got his B.A.in History and English and his B.A n History He has written anumber of books for citen, teenagers, and acts -Creative Contents /Acrestive group that develops English contents and products for ESL and EFL students ‘American School Textbook Reading Key - Core 3 Publisher Keyjoong Kim ‘Author: Michael A, Putlack | e-Creative Contents "stediton: December, 2010 10th edition: January, 2016 By Key Publications 422.8, Dagok dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea Tek 1644-8908 Fax: 02733-1595 hitpu/werwengishbuscoke e-mail companyeheymediacokr Copyright © 2016 G)Xey Pablzatons Prot Cects © Photoscom, Gey Publications ‘rights reserved, No part of this publication may be repractuced, stored na retieval system, oF {tansmitted, nan form or by any means, without the prior written permision ofthe copyright owner. ISBN: 978-89-7457-887-4 14740, ‘Components: Student book/ Workbook /MP3.CDPuta) Eero slag Reading Key rN The Best Preparation for Building Academic Reading Skills and Vocabulary The Reading Key series is designed to help students to understand American school textbooks and to develop background knowledge in a wide variety of academic topics. This series also provides learners with the opportunity to enhance their reading comprehension skills and vocabulary, which will assist them when they take various English exams. Reading Key is a three-book series designed for high-beginner to low- intermediate learners. Reading Key is a three-book series designed for low-intermediate to intermediate learners. Reading Key is a three-book series designed for intermediate to advanced learners. Features « Awide variety of topics that cover American school subjects helps learners expand their knowledge of academic topics through interdisciplinary studies + Intensive practice for reading skill development helps learners prepare for various English exams * Building vocabulary by school subjects and themed texts helps learners expand their vocabulary and reading skills in each subject + Graphic organizers for each passage show the structure of the passage and help to build summary skills + Captivating pictures and illustrations related to the topics help learners gain a broader understanding of the topics and key conceptsTable of Contents Social Studies » History and Geography Unit 01 9 Early People and Civilizations Early People Unit 02 13 Rivers and Civilizations The Fertile Crescent and the Kingdoms of Egypt Unit 03 7 Asian Civilizations The Indus Civilization Unit 04 2 ‘The Ancient World Ancient Greece Unit 05 25 ‘The Ancient World The Roman Empire af fh Unit 06 29 ‘The Arab World The Rise of Islam Unit 07 33 ‘The Renaissance and the Reformation From the Middle Ages to the Reformation Unit 08 37 ‘The Enlightenment: The Age of Reason The Enlightenment and the French Revolution Wrap-Up Test 1 4 Science Unit 09 45 The Characteristics of Living Things Cells, Reproduction, and Heredity Unit 10 49 The Earth's Oceans Oceans and Ocean Life Unit 41. 53 Fossils What We Can Learn from FossilsUnit 12 57 Force and Motion Newton's Laws Unit 13 61 Light Energy Light Energy Unit 14 65 ‘The Universe Eclipses Unit 15 69 The Human Body Diseases and the Immune System Wrap-Up Test 2 73 WET ign tte MEE Cee Ch Unit 16 7 Numbers and Computation Factors, Prime Numbers, and Exponents Unit 17 81 Geometry Dimensions Unit 18 85 Stories, Myths, and Legends Pygmalion Unit 19 89 Grammar and Usage Sentences Unit 20 93 Art Movements From Baroque Art to Pop Art Unit 24 7 ‘The Music of the Middle Ages Gregorian Chants and Polyphonic Music Wrap-Up Test 3 101 * Answers and Translations 104 * Word List 116History and Geography Mathematics Language and Literature “Music World History and Culture World History and Culture World History and Culture World History and Culture World History and Culture World History and Culture World History and Culture World History and Culture World of Living Things The Earths Oceans Our Earth Force and Motion Matter and Energy The Universe The Human Body Numbers and Computation Geometry Literature Language Arts Visual Arts ‘A World of Music Early People The Fertile Crescent and the Kingdoms of Egypt, The Indus Civilization Ancient Greece ‘The Roman Empire ‘The Rise of Islam. From the Middle Ages to the Reformation ‘The Enlightenment and the French Revolution. Cells, Reproduction, and Heredity Oceans and Ocean Life What We Can Learn from Fossils, Newton's Laws Light Energy Eclipses Diseases and the Immune System Factors, Prime Numbers, and Exponents Dimensions. Pygmalion Sentences From Baroque Art to Pop Art Gregorian Chants and Polyphonic MusicGirne, Social Studies * USCA Zen ee Geography. = perDuring the Stone Age, During the Iron Age, humans humans were hunter- han ere learned to make tools from dathererouho made simple mane learned tom iron and began to develop real civilizations. @ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning, Ice Age Bronze Age Stone Age _— tron Age _hunter-gatherer 1 the period when much of the Earth was cold and covered with glaciers 2 the period when humans only used simple tools 3 : the period when humans learned to work with copper and tin 4 : the period when humans leamed to work with iron sg : a person who hunts animals and gathers wild plants for foodEarly People primitive humans 10 couple of million years ago, primitive humans were nothing like the modern humans of today. They were simplistic creatures that shared characteristics with both humans and apes. For much of this time, the Earth was extremely cold, It endured a th’s surface very long Ice Age. During the Ice Age, much of the Ea was covered by huge sheets of ice called glaciers. However, around 12,500 years ago, the Ice Age ended. ‘The ice and glaciers receded. And humans began to evolve, to spread out, and to become more civilized. Archaeologists have created a three-age system to describe prehistoric cultures. They are the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. ‘The Stone Age is often divided into the Old Stone Age and the New Stone Age. The Old Stone Age wa s the first part of the Stone Age and began around 2,000,000 B.C. The New Stone Age was the last part of the Stone Age and began around 10,000 B.C. During the Old Stone Age, humans lived as hunter-gatherer. ‘They hunted animals and gathered wild plants for food. People could only make simple tools out of stone. Yet people learned howto make fire during this age. Having fire changed human life a lot. ire provided light and helped people stay warm. Most of all, people could cook their food. In the New Stone Age, there began to be some more improvements. People learned to farm the land. People also learned to domesticate wild animals such as dogs, sheep, and“ tyestong age goats. Some people began to settle in villages where there was fertile soil for farming, Since they could grow their own crops and raise their own animals, they no longer had to live as nomads. However, they still used stone tools, so this time is called the New Stone Age. » Around 3000 B.C., the Bronze Age began in some parts of. the world. During it, humans started working with soft metals such as copper and tin. They learned how to create tools and weapons out of bronze. And pottery became more common during this time. Around 1500 B.C., the Iron Age began in Europe. Of course, it started earlier in some places and later in other places. During the Iron Age, humans began working with iron. Also, the first real cities began to appear, and trade between cities became more commonplace. It was during this age that human civilization started to develop much more quickly than ever before. primitive tools K f f f the evolution of human beings Check T (True) or F (False). 1 The Stone Age happened before the Iron Age. 2. During the New Stone Age, people learned to tame some animals. 3. The Iron Age began in Europe around 3000 B.C.i errr 1 Whatis the passage mainly about? a. The different ages that prehistoric humans lived in, b. The achievements of Bronze and Iron Age humans . How the Ice Age affected the progress of humans 2. People learned to farm and started to live in villages in the a. Old Stone Age b, New Stone Age Bronze Age 3 How did fire help change humans' lives? a. They used it to farm the land. b. They were able to cook theit food with it. . They stopped living lives as nomads. 4 What does endured mean? a.approached b. practiced c. experienced 5 Complete the sentences. ‘a, When the Ice Age ended, the ice and began to recede. b. During the , humans learned to make tools out of copper and tin. . The first real cities started to appear during the Bronze Age _) lron Age * Began around 3000 8. | { + Began around 1500 B.C. in 6 Complete the outline. Stone Age > + Lasted from 2,000,000 B.C. to 3000 B.C. Old Stone Age + Worked with soft metals | | Europe + Humans were hunter-gatherers likeS___andttin | | + Began to work with® _ + Made simple tools of ® and + Learned to make bronze * The first real cities appeared learned to make fire tools and weapons + Trade became more New Stone Age = became common more common + Leamed to farm and how to EE uel 2 animals quickly Can» Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. ¢ primitive prehistoric domesticate fertile soil’ nomad 1 Because some areas had ______ humans could easily farm the land. 2 The wandered on the grasslands while following herds of animals. 3 During __ times, there were no written records of human accomplishments 4 Theword __means to tame or raise animals. 5 humans were simple hunter-gatherers who had few skis.Ancient Mesopotamia was Sumer was also 3 located between the Tigric located by the Tigris and eee ener and Euphrates rivers. Euphrates rivers. ‘ayp' ‘the Nile River in A\ » Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning wawn Mesopotamia ancient Egypt Fertile Crescent cuneiform _ polytheism :an ancient region located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers + an early civilization inthe Fertile Crescent whose name means the land between two rivers” : the civilization that was centered on the Nile River : the beliefin many gods and goddesses :a writing system created by the Sumerians vnito2 13:The Fertile Crescent and the Kingdoms of Egypt ne of the world’s first civilizations began in the Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia. The Fertile Crescent region lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Later, people called this area Mesopotamia, which means “the land between two rivers? ‘Today, we call this area the Middle East. The two rivers were extremely important to the qe people of Mesopotamia. When these rivers flooded, * | they left rich soil that was good for farming, It led an ret te early farming civilization to atisé in this region. The Mesopotamians also used their geography and resources to their advantage. Mesopotamian farmers learned to | = eT use the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates to irrigate dry rea eh = & fields by using canals and pipes. ‘They also constructed dams to store water in artificial lakes. ‘They caught fish in the rivers and raised animals for food and clothing as well. By 3000 B.C., Mesopotamia’s villages had grown into larger cities and eventually developed into city-states. Many of these city-states in southern Mesopotamia became known as Sumer. The Sumerians had a very advanced civilization. They developed a writing system called cuneiform even before y the ancient Egyptians created hieroglyphics. They practiced aziggurat polytheism and built a massive ziggurat for their gods and 4goddesses in each city. They also developed basic mathematics and created the 12-month calendar that we use today. After the fall of Sumer, many empires rose and fell in Mesopotamia. Babylonia, Assyria, Hittite, and ancient Israel were all civilizations that were established there. ‘A.cuneiform Around the same time, another great civilization was being developed in Africa, Sometime around 4000 B.C., people started to settle down and found villages and towns in areas alongside the Nile River in Egypt. This was ancient Egypt. Life in ancient Egypt was centered on the Nile River the rivers in Mesopotamia, the land around the Nile was very fertile because the river flooded every summer. After the Nile flooded, the soil along the river was full of minerals and other nutrients that helped many crops grow. Soon, Egypt had a large population and a strong farming economy. Ancient Egypt lasted from around 3100 B.C, until it was conquered by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. Egyptian history is often divided into three time periods: the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom. ‘The Old Kingdom lasted from around 3100 B.C. to 2200 B.C. About 3100 B.C,, the ruler of Upper Egypt, Menes, conquered Lower Egypt and united it. He became the first pharaoh of Egypt. The Old Kingdom was the age when the pharaohs became very powerful and were worshipped ancient Egypt as living god-kings. ‘The pyramids, stone tombs for the pharaohs, were built then. The Middle Kingdom lasted from around 2100 B.C. to about 1700 B.C. Many people consider this the golden age of ancient Egypt. Trade flourished during this period. And there were great advances made in art, mathematics, and science. ‘The pharaohs As for the New Kingdom, it lasted from around 1500 B.C. to 1000 B.C. Amenhotep II and Ramses II both ruled during the New Kingdom. Egypt expanded its territory and reached the peak of its power during this period. Check T (True) or F (False). 1 Anearly civilization arose in Mesopotamia, 2 Egyptian history is divided into three kingdoms. 3. The Middle Kingdom in Egypt lasted from 2100 B.C. to 1500 B.C unitoz 15eee 1 Whatis the passage mainly about? a. The rise and fall of ancient Egypt b. The differences between Mesopotamia and Sumer ¢. Some early civilizations in Asia and Africa 2 The_ were built by the pharaohs during the Old Kingdom. a. pyramids b. city-states c artificial lakes 3 What was cuneiform? a. The language spoken by the ancient Egyptians b. The writing system invented by the Sumerians c. The name of the calendar that the Sumerians used 4 What does arise mean? a.flood b, locate c. begin 5 According to the passage, which statement is true? a. A part of the Fertile Crescent is located in Egypt b, The Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile rivers all flooded yearly. . Alexander the Great was a famous pharaoh from Egypt. 6 Complete the outline. Mesopotamia) C sumer) An ent Egypt >! + Was in the Fertile Crescent} { » Was a group of city-states | { + Developed by the Nile River between the and in southern Mesopotamia | | Old kingdom = 3100 BC. to 2200 B.C. Euphrates rivers + Had a writing system + Pharaohs became very powerful and + Farmers ® their called cuneiform built the® fields with the rivers'waters | | + Practiced © Middle Kingdom = 2100 &C. to 17008. * Caught fish and raised and built ziggurats ‘a egaen ageuteane animals + Used a 12-month f f 500 BC. to 1000 B.C. + Was the most powerful Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. d + Had large cities by 3000 B.C. (CO itigate” Waiting system —Ziggurat flourish” god-king lee Was a massive temple built by the Sumerians. 2 Mesopotamian farmers used river water to _their fields. 3. Pharaohs, the ___tulers of ancient Egypt, controlled Egypt for 2,000 years. 4 joglyphics and cuneiform were two __ from the ancient world. 5 Many civilizations after people began to build cities.‘The Indus Valley cities were Harappan artifacts include Hinduism, one of the well organized and built: in pots, toys, statues, and world's oldest religions, a grid pattern. tools from clay and copper. was born and developed in ancient India, @ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning. Indus Valley Civilization artifact sewage system Indus script Hinduism 1 a system that can remove human and animal waste 2 a religion that arose in ancient India 3 the ancient civilization that arose in the Indus Valley 4 the writing system used by the Indus people 5 : an object made and used by people in the past vunikas 17‘the Indus Valley Civilization 18 round 2500 B.C., there was another great civilization L Arising in the Indus River region, which is in modern- day India and Pakistan. Today, it is known as the Indus Valley Ci lization, It is also called the Harappan Civilization. Much like the other great civilizations were established beside rivers, the Indus Valley people built their villages, towns, and cities along the Indus River. In doing so, they gained easy access to water for drinking, farming, and raising animals. Today, two of these cities are called Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro. Archaeologists have unearthed more than 1,000 different settlements from the Indus Valley Civilization. By studying artifacts, archacologists have learned that the Indus Valley Civilization was well organized. For instance, its cities were laid out in a grid pattern in the shape of a rectangle. Within the cities were palaces, temples, granaries, bathhouses, and wide paved streets. They even had sewage systems.‘The Indus Valley people knew about agriculture, The Indus River and monsoons—seasonal winds that cause heavy rains during summer—influenced Indian life. Harappan farmers learned to take advantage of this weather, so they grew a variety of crops. Surplus grain was stored in case of droughts. They also domesticated sheep, cattle, and pigs. They made pots and tools from clay and copper, ‘They even engaged in trade with other places such as Mesopotamia. While they had a writing system called Indus script, historians have not been able to read it yet. The Indus Civilization lasted more than 1,000 years, Historians are not sure why the Indus Civilization declined, But, for some reason, the people began to leave the cities along the Indus River. A new civilization developed along the Ganges River in another part of India. But then new people, called Aryans, came from the northwest and settled in the region. ‘They conquered and ruled the Indian people. Over many years, the Aryans changed the way that the Indian people lived. One of the biggest changes was the birth of Hinduism. The Aryans combined their gods with the gods worshipped by the Indian people. Hinduism is now one of the worlds oldest religions. ‘Today, more than 850 million people in India are Hindus. ‘Mohenjo-Daro was a city that was in the Indus Valley Civilization. 2 The people in the Indus Valley did not know how to farm the land, 3 The Aryans were the original people who lived in the Indus Valley. PT Brahma Vishnu, 4 Hinduism a1 Whatis the m a. The Indus Valley was where the first human civilization was founded, b. The Aryans were the most important people in the Indus Valley. c.The people in the Indus Valley formed an advanced civilization. idea of the passage? 2 Thecities in the Indus Valley Civilization were shaped like a_ A a.circle b.triangle c.rectangle 3. What let Harappan farmers grow many kinds of crops? a. Advanced farming methods b.Monsoon rains —_c. Very fertile soil 4 What does unearthed mean? a.found b.dug up c. built up. 5 Answer the questions. a. What is the writing system that the Indus Valley people used called? bb. What animals did the Harappans domesticate? c. How long did the Indus Civilization last? 6 Complete the outline. Indus Valley Civilization) = ae Cas (3 Was by the * Came from the 4 + Had well-organized cities laid outin | | + Conquered the Indus Valley area and grid patterns ruled the people + Cities had palaces, temples, granaries, |_| + Changed how the Indian people lived bathhouses, wide paved streets, and | | * Combined their gods with the gods b systems worshipped in India and formed + The Indus River and © f influenced Indian life + Had Indus script as a writing system EPR Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. (-monsoon”” Tay out in case of engage in” dediine 1 Themerchants ___ trade with people from Mesopotamia. 2 Thecivilization began to after the people were defeated by invading armies. 3. Harappan cities were in the form of a rectangle, which made them well organized. 4 A caused heavy rains in India during summer. 5 Surplus grain was stored in granaries __crop failures.er thd ‘The Greeks Athens and other Greek ‘The Greek city-states frequently traded with city-states practiced often fought each other, other cultures around democracy as their form ‘such as during the Mediterranean Sea. of government. tthe Peloponnesian War. Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning. Mediterranean Sea city-state monarchy oligarchy __ Peloponnesian War 1 a war between Athens and Sparta that lasted almost thirty years 2 a large inland sea surrounded by Africa, Europe, and Asia 3 : a form of government in which a small group of rich men rule 4 a form of government in which the ruler isa king 5 : a great independent city in the ancient world, such as Athens and Sparta vito 217 eS:ncient Greece was made up of two peninsulas in the Mediterranean Sea: Attica and Peloponnesus. There were also more than 400 islands along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Greece had no flooding river like the Nile, and much of its mainland was covered with hills and mountains. Its rocky, dry soil was not suitable for farming, so the ancient Greeks depended on the sea for food and trade. Three earlier Mediterranean civilizations influenced the ancient Greek culture. They were the Minoans of the island of Crete, the Mycenaeans, who came from central Asia and conquered the Minoans, vancient Greece and the Phoenicians of the eastern Mediterranean. 2 ohm’ @ Greece & o a ‘They sailed across the Mediterranean as traders and spread their cultures and ideas along with their trade goods. The Phoenicians invented the alphabet which Ene | became the basis for the alphabet we use today. The Greeks practiced many new ideas and various government systems. The Greeks lived in <7) separate city-states. These city-states remained independent of each other, but the people living in them all spoke the same Greek language.A Some city-states were ruled by a king, This kind of government is called a monarchy. Other city-states were ruled by groups of rich men. This kind of government is called an oligarchy. A few city- states practiced democracy, in which all of the citizens took Lal , a «The Athenians practiced the way. But only men could be citizens. Women and slaves were“ gemocracy. in the government and chose their leaders. The Athenians led not citizens, so they could not vote. Even though democracy in Athens was not perfect, it still influenced many nations in later times. Today, we call Athens the birthplace of democracy. By about 500 B.C., the two most powerful city-states in Greece were Athens and Sparta. They had different values and cultures, Athens practiced democracy and was a great sea power. ‘The Spartans were excellent warriors and had a powerful army. From 431 B.C. to 404 B.C., Athens and Sparta fought one another 74. ssartans constantly in the Peloponnesian War. Eventually, Sparta won, and Athens trained for war, ceased to be a great power. Many other Greek city-states were also involved in the Peloponnesian War. After it ended, these city-states were all weak. North of Greece was Macedon. It was led by King Philip. He began to conquer many Greek city-states, including Athens. Philip was murdered in 336 B.C., and his son Alexander became the king. Alexander quickly defeated the rest of the Greek peninsula. However, he was an ambitious young man. Alexander took his army eastward. By the time Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C., he had destroyed the Persian Empire and conquered much of Western Asia and Northern Africa. He was the ruler of the largest empire in the world when he died. ‘4 Alexander the Great ruled a large empire. Check T (True) or F (False). 1 The Mycenaeans invented the alphabet that the ancient Greeks used. [7] [F] 2 Sparta was a city-state where the people practiced democracy. fH 3. Alexander the Great managed to conquer all of Greece. oO 8 unitoa 231 Whatis the passage mainly about? a. The rivalry between Athens and Sparta b. The history and culture of ancient Greece c. The forms of government the ancient Greeks practiced 2 The city-state known as the birthplace of democracy was : a. Sparta b. Thebes 3 Whowas King Philip? a. The father of Alexander the Great c. One of the kings of Persia What does took part mean? a. practiced b. participated = 5 Complete the sentences. c. Athens. b. The first king of ancient Greece c. supported a. Ancient Greece was made up of the Attica and Peloponnesus : b.In Athens, only men were considered c. Sparta defeated Athens during the 6 Complete the outline, Greek Civilizations _ r Earlier Civilizations * Minoan civilization + Mycenaean civilization ee civilization Greek Governments + Greeks lived in city-states + Had monarchies ruled by ® + Had oligarchies ruled by groups of rich men *Had® , in which citizens participated in the government and therefore allowed to vote. War, ‘Two Powerful City-States and Macedon sh ES aces Athens + Practiced democracy + Was a great sea power Sparta + Had great warriors « Had a powerful army + Defeated 4 in the Peloponnesian War Macedon * King Philip and ® conquered Greece the Great meme Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. ¢ suitable for influence 1 Athens and some other city-states in ancient Greece _ Alexander the Great was very _ ‘Athens and Sparta both The rocky soil was mostly not practice birthplace ambitious democracy. , 50 he invaded many countries. The __ of democracy is considered to be Athens. many of the city-states throughout Greece. ___ farming, so Greek farmers grew olives,me sm! ‘ fi} The Ancient World Julius Caesar was. Octavian defeated Antony Rome defeated Carthage assassinated in and Cleopatra and became in the Punic Wars. the Roman Senate. the first emperor of Rome. @ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning. patrician Punic Wars tribune veto power_—-Pax Romana 1 arich man in the Roman Republic 2 a plebeian who took part in the government during the Roman Republic 3 :the ability to reject a law that has been passed 4 : three wars that were fought between Rome and Carthage 5 the Roman peace; the long period of stability under the Roman Empire 25The Roman Empire A, ccording to legend, Rome was founded by the brothers Romulus and Remus on the Italian peninsula in 753 B.C. It was a small city located on s ven hills along the Tiber River, but, as it grew, Rome became the center of a vast empire. At its height, the Roman Empire included most of modern-day Europe and some of Africa and the Middle East. Early in its history, Rome was ruled by Etruscan kings for 250 years. In 510 B.C., the Romans drove away these kings and founded a new form of government called a republic. Thus, the Roman Republic was born. In a republic, people choose representatives, who make political decisions for them, Ever y year, the wealthy men in the Roman Republic, known as to P patricians, selected two leaders, ‘athe ancient Romans. called consuls. They also elected who advi: d the consuls and served in the Roman Senate, Together, they ruled Rome and made important decisions concerning the city. Later, the plebeians- the poor farmers and shopkeepers —were given a plebeian assembly to elect 10 plebeian tribunes. Th tribunes had veto power and defended the plebeians’ rights. Over the years, Rome’s power grew. By 300 B.C., Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula and was a major power on the Mediterranean Sea. But Rome had a rival 26across the Mediterranean: the in 275 B.C., the Romans battled Carthage i separate wars, called the Punic Wars. The Third Punic War ended in 146 B.C. After winning the Punic Wars, the Romans became the masters of the Mediterranean region. Rome continued expanding its territory. It took over very much land in Europe, Asia, and Africa. But after the ty of Carthage. Beginning three ‘a the second Punic War Punic Wars ended, several civil wars erupted between wealthy Romans and powerful generals. Eventually, Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar formed a triumvirate to rule Rome. ‘This lasted for around a decade until the three men started fighting. Julius Caesar emerged triumphant, but he was assassinated in the Roman Senate in 44 B.C. After Caesar’s death, there was more fighting until 31 B.C., when Octavian defeated Anthony and Cleopatra. After his victory, Octavian became emperor. The Roman Republic ended, and the Roman Empire began with Octavian, now called Augustus, as the first emperor. Augustus’ rule began the Pax Romana, the “Roman Peace.” ‘This ‘4 Augustus (= Octavian), peace lasted nearly 200 years. ¥ yay the first Roman emperor Over time, the empire became too big for one man to rule, In 293 A.D., Diocletian split the empire into eastern and western parts. His goal was to make ruling the empire easier. However, this led to the complete split of the Roman. Empire under Constantine I. In 324, Constantine I moved the center of power to Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople. wa ‘This would become the Byzantine Empire. ‘The Western Roman Empire grew weaker after the split. Finally, in 476, Germanic invaders conquered the city of Rome. But the Byzantine Empire lasted for almost one thousand more years. i vetetontnste >the Roman Empire | [iets tne ne am en Check T (True) or F (False). 1 Rome was supposedly founded in 753 A.D, 2 Rome defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars. 3 The Pax Romana began during the rule of Constantine |. vnitas 27REMIT 1 Whatis the passage mainly about? a. The founding of Rome and the Pax Romana b, Roman history from republic to empire The fighting between Rome and Carthage 2 The emperor who divided Rome into eastern and western parts was a. Constantine | b, Augustus Diocletian 3 What happened in Rome after the Punic Wars ended? a. There were several civil wars. b. Rome finally became a republic. cc. Rome was broken into two countries, 4 What does took ovet mean? a. captured b. defeated c.tuled 5 According to the passage, which statement is true? a. The Byzantine Empire was conquered by Germanic invaders. b. Roman patricians elected both the consuls and the senators. c. Julius Caesar ruled Rome and became the first emperor. 6 Complete the outline. The Roman Republic _) (The Roman Empire + Was founded in 510 BC. when the + Began when Octavian became emperor Romans drove away the Etruscans + Started the Pax Romana + The people chose representatives + The empire became too big + Was led by 2 + Was divided into __and western parts + Had senators and + Split into the Western Roman Empire and the * Won the Punic Wars q under Constantine | + Civil wars erupted until 31 BC | + The Western Roman Empire was conquered ire invaders Wr ce ED complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. (Giive away triumvirate “senator civil war emerge triumphant 1 The people of Rome managed to “the Etruscans and win their freedom, 2 advised the consuls and served in the Roman Senate in ancient Rome. 3° During the __, many Romans were killed in the fighting, 4 The refers to the joint rule by three men in ancient Rome 5 Octavian __ inthe civil war and became the first emperor.Muslims must face Muslims cannot eat in Muslime must make Mecca and pray ‘the daylight hours during a pilgrimage to the city of five times a day. ‘the month of Ramadan, Mecca lene once intheir lives. @ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning. Islam Mecca holy book ~—caliph_—_crusade :a Muslim leader who was selected as a successor of Muhammad :aholy war : the religion founded by Muhammad : Scripture; a book important to a religion wawn : the birthplace of Muhammad; the holiest city of Islam. | unitos 29Mite ecem ym reli] ihe Arabian Peninsula has some of the world’s largest desert areas. Much of the region is very dry and hot. Yet people have lived on the Arabian Peninsula for thousands of years, and wonderful civilizations have flourished there. We call the people who have lived there for more than 3,000 years Arabs. Islam developed on the Arabian Peninsula starting in 610 and grew rapidly. Muhammad (= Mohammad), the founder of Islam, was born in the city of Mecca (= Makkah) in the Arabian Peninsula around 570, Muslims, Islan’s followers, believe that in 610. Allah is Muhammad was visited by the angel Gabriel with a message from Alla the Arabic word for God. According to Islamic tradition, after Muhammad had a vision of the angel Gabriel, he began preaching to other Arabs, He preached that they should worship only one god: Allah. He taught that all people are equal and that the rich should take care of the ee poor. After Muhammad’s death, his teachings were written the holy book of Ista down by his followers, and they became the holy book of “>X _ Islam, called the Koran (= Quran). There are five basic duties in Islam. These are called the re Pillars of Islam. They are: festify that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad db, ae ‘Coe J ; Gy is Allahis prophet. a " 2, Make prayers five times a day while facing Mecca, 303. Give charity to the poor and the needy, [igs 4. Fast, which means not to eat or drink | anything, during the daytime in the holy | month of Ramadan. 5, Make a Hajj, which means to make a pilgrimage to Mecca, during one’ lifetime. | MS After Muhammad died in 632, Muslim 7 «the spread of Islam leaders selected caliphs to govern the Muslim community. A caliph was a Muslim political and religious leader who was selected as a successor of Muhammad. From 632 to 661, there were four caliphs. Under them, Islam spread rapidly. Muslim armies conquered Christian cities such as Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Damascus, They took over land in western Asia, North Africa, and Spain. They went north up to France, but they were defeated by Charles Martel in 732. In the east, they reached the gates of Constant nople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, before they were pushed back. ‘The spread of Islam alarmed many people in the West. So, in the late eleventh century, the pope urged Christians in Western Europe to send armies to Jerusalem to free the Holy Land. This began the crusades. In 1099, during the First Crusade, the crusaders captured Jerusalem. For the next 200 years, there were several crusades, In the end, though, the crusaders were defeated, and the Muslims recaptured all of the lands that they had lost during the crusades. Later, the Ottoman Empire arose during the 1200s. It became extremely powerful. In 1453, the Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople and destroyed the Byzantine Empire, The Ottoman Empire survived up until the end of pa World War I. 4 the Ottoman Empire at its peak. Check T (True) or F (False). 1 Muslims believe that Allah appeared and spoke to Muhammad in610. (1) [F] 2° Four caliphs ruled the Islamic world from 632 to 661 & 3. The Ottoman Empire defeated the Byzantine Empire. oO 8 unto 31Tens 1 Whatis the passage mainly about? a. The history of Islam b. The Five Pillars of Islam c.The life of Muhammad 2 Theholy book of islamiscalledthe a. Hajj b. Koran c.Allah 3 What happened during the First Crusade? a. The crusaders captured Damascus. b. The crusaders captured Jerusalem. ¢. The crusaders captured Constantinople. a. begged b. preached c.announced 5 Answer the questions. a. What is a Hajj? eee b, What did Charles Martel do? it c.What did the Ottoman Empire do in 1453? 6 Complete the outline. The Rise of slam) The History of Islam _) + Was founded by?__ +610 = Muhammad founded 4 + Koran = the holy book of Islam + 632 = Muhammad died + 632-661 = Islam spread rapidly in western Asia, North Africa, and Spain * 732 = Charles Martel stopped an Islamic army in France + 1099-1300 = Crusades * 1453=The® captured Constantinople ‘The Five Pillars of Islam + There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is Allahis ® + Pray toward Mecca five times a day + Give charity to the poor and the needy + Fast during © + Make a Hajj to Mecca CMD Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. (give charity testify fast capture prophet 1 Islamic armies __alarge number of Christian cities. 2 The followers of Islam must about their beliefs. 3 The Five Pillars of Islam speaks of _ oa to the needy. 4 A isaperson whois believed to have been chosen by God to speak for God. 5 Muslims have to for most of the day during Ramadan.er What were some of the main features of the Renaissance and the Gai Reformation? Men like Martin Luther People studied works from People focused on humans felt that the Church ancient Greece and Rome more than religion in the was corrupt during the during the Renaissance. Renaissance. Reformation, @ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning. feudalism Black Death __ Protestant Reformation indulgence _ thesis. +a social system in the Middle Ages sia ___sforgiveness for one's sins :a proposal;an argument :a plague in the 1300s that killed millions of people in Europe wnwn : the movement to reform the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century vunitar 33From the Middle Ages to the Reformation he Roman Empire had controlled all of the land along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and most places in Europe. Under the Pax Romana, Rome's soldiers had kept the peace for centuries, After the vast Roman Empire collapsed in 476, Europe suffered almost constant war. ‘The period between the fall of Rome and the 1400s is called the Middle Ages. For most Europeans, life was hard during the Middle Ages. Medieval society was like a pyramid based on feudalism: the kings and lords were on top, the knights were below them, and the peasants, or serfs, were on the bottom. People suffered from terrible wars and hunger, and diseases killed thousands of people. ‘There were few advances in science, literature, art, and other fields. However, for the Christian Church, the Middle Ages were a time of growth. Since Ch continued to expand even after the Western Roman Empire collapsed. By the year 1000, ianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in 313, the Church most Europeans were Christians, and the Church dominated people’s daily lives. ‘This is why the Middle Ages is sometimes called the Age of Faith. In the 1300s, a plague, called the Black Death, struck Europe. It killed millions of people. The deaths of so many people changed Europe’s economy and sped up the end of feudalism in Europe. So many serfs died that lords had to pay workers on their manors. Around 1400, the Middle Ages came to an end, and the ‘the Black Death Renaissance began in Italy. The word Renaissance means 34“rebirth.” During this period, people began to rediscover and value art, science, literature, and the ideas of ancient Greece and Rome. This led them to make new discoveries of their own, Humanists led the way. They studied ancient Greek and Roman writings and focused on humans more than religion. ‘There were numerous advances made in science, art, literature, music, and other fields. People like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo became Renais ance Men—men with curiosity and talents in many fields. The Renai During it, there was one important invention that greatly altered society. It was the printing press. nce spread throughout Europe. Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type in the 1450s, His invention made books more accessible. Books became cheaper and easier to make, so more 3 page from Gutenberg’ Bible people learned to read. ‘This let more people read the Using movable type Bible for themselves, Previously, only priests and the rich could read. But, now, common people could read the Bible and come up with their own of it. This helped lead to the Protestant Reformation. During the Renaissance, the Catholic Church still had great power. Some popes and bishops became powerful political rulers, But Martin Luther, a German priest, thought that the Church was too corrupt. He was especially upset that the Church sold indulgences to rebuild St. Peter's Church in Rome. In 1517, he went to a church and nailed Martin Luther and a paper with ninety-five theses on it. His actions resulted in the SetmanProtestant Protestant Reformation. Many others felt the same as Luther. They thought the Church needed to be reformed. The ideas of the Reformation rapidly spread from Germany to Switzerland, the Netherlands, France, and England. More people left the Catholic Church and founded their own Christian sects. Even King Henry VIII of England split with the Catholic Church and established the Anglican Church in the 1530s. The Lutheran, Presbyterian, and Anabaptist sects were all founded during this time. Check T (True) or F (False). 1 The fall of the Roman Empire happened during the Middle Ages. 2 Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci were both Renaissance Men. [FT] [F) 3 The Anglican Church was cteated by King Henry Vill. untor 35CE 1 Whatis the passage mainly about? a. The reasons why the Protestant Reformation occurred b, Medieval European and how it moved to the Renaissance c. Human progress from the Middle Ages to the Reformation 2. The Black Death happened during the i a. Reformation b.Middle Ages _c. Renaissance 3 Why did Martin Luther nail the paper with ninety-five theses to a church? a. He was protesting the role of priests in the Church. b, He believed that the Church had become corrupt. He wanted to found a new church of his own. 4 What does interpretations mean? a. explanations b. purchases c.translations 5 Complete the sentences. ain , the king was at the top while the peasants were at the bottom of society. b. People who focused more on humans than religion were called ‘ c. The Protestant Reformation began in. but spread to other European countries. 6 Complete the outline. Renaissance) Reformation _) EOSSANCe! Ee neforrmation eee Seca + Began in around 1400 + Martin Luther thought the Catholic Church + People rediscovered art, science, literature, and Was corrupt the ides of ancient Greece and Rome “Nailed95¢ —_toacchurch + Wasled by? + Others thought the Church needed to be + Focused less on religion | teformed + There were many advances + The Reformation spread to many countries 6 ____studied many different fields | | * Henry Villfoundedthe® += Invention of movable type = mote people could + The Lutheran, Presbyterian, and Anabaptist read fi were founded RE Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. speed up Humanist movabletypenail—ssect, = 1 The invention of _ ____ greatly changed European society. 2 Martin Luther his ninety-five theses to a church and started the Reformation. 3 Gutenberg press helped ____ the Reformation. 4 Many Christian were established during the Reformation, 5 Theideas of the were inspired by the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome,An 08 The Enlightenment: faReas New inventions and ‘The American colonists now ideas: are over used the ideas of the ‘The people of France urope during Enlightenment to rebel i the 1600 and 1700s. against England eae Yas monarchy in 1769. | @ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning, Enlightenment reason heliocentric divine right Three Estates 1 :sun-centered 2 + a period of scientific discoveries and new ideas in Europe during the 1600s and 1700s 3 : the three classes of people in eighteenth-century France 4 logic; the ability to think, understand, and form judgments based on facts 5 the concept that the king's right to rule comes from God L vntee 37The Enlightenment and the French Revolution uring the 1600s and 1700s, new ideas about the world and scientific discoveries D swept over Europe. ‘This was the Enlightenment. It is also called the Age of Reason, During the Enlightenment, scientists developed a process called the scientific method and began to ask questions about everything, As a result, there were many remarkable scientific discoveries. Galileo Galilei improved the early telescope and studied the solar system. He supported Nicolaus Copernicus’s heliocentric, sun-centered theory. Isaac Newton invented calculus, a new kind of mathematics, and discovered gravity and the laws of motion. Doctors improved medicine with new ideas and methods. The French philosopher Rene Descartes developed a philosophy based on logic and reason. Philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Baron Montesquieu expounded on governments and people’ basic rights. ‘The ideas of the Enlightenment changed how people understood society and government. Eventually, these ideas would lead to war and revolution in England, the United States, and France. In the 1600s, Europe's kings were very powerful. ‘They claimed that they ruled by divine right. They insisted that God had chosen them to be kings, so they had the right to rule the country in any way they wanted. But the new ideas about the government and Galilei demonstrating his telescope equality no longer accepted the concept of divine right. 38 i"Asa result, the conflict between the English King Charles [ and Parliament Jed to a civil war in England in 1642. In 1649, Charles I was defeated, and » the English kings were forced to respect the laws passed by Parliament. ‘The ideas of the Enlightenment were also very influential to the American Revolution, which began in 1775, In 1763, the English government wanted the American colonies to pay off the debt caused by jsaacNowton, an expensive war with France, But the colonists protested. In 1776, the he scovererof colonists separated from Great Britain and later established the United States of America. The American Founding Fathers based their ideas on freedom on the works of Enlightenment scholars. A few years later, in 1789, the French Revolution began. It too was influenced by the Enlightenment. The kingdom of France was divided into three “estates,” or classes. The First Estate was the clergy in the Catholic Church, ‘The Second Estate was the nobility, ‘The Third Estate was Rane Descartes, everybody else. The ‘Third Estate included about 98 percent of population. modern philosophy Most of these people were poor peasants. They paid the majority of the taxes but had no role in the government. According to French law, each of the Three Estates had the right to elect representatives to send to the Estates General, an assembly. However, no French king had called a meeting of the Estates General since 1614. By 1789, France was nearing bankruptcy. King Louis XVI called the Estates General in order to levy more taxes. ‘The Third Estate was upset. ‘They rebelled and formed a National Assembly. ‘They stormed the Bastille, a prison in Paris, and took weapons that were there to defend their rights. “Liberty! Equality! Fraternity!” was the slogan of the French Revolution, In 1792, the National Convention ended the monarchy and established a republic, Check T (True) or F (False). 1 2 Inthe Enlightenment, people no longer accepted the concept of divine right. Rene Descartes was a philosopher who wrote about logic and reason. 3 The First Estate in France was the nobility, unitos 39Tee 1 Whatis the passage mainly about? a. The most important scientists and philosophers in the Enlightenment b. The results of the American and French Revolutions The Enlightenment and how it changed Europe afterward 2 One famous philosopher from the Enlightenment was ‘ a.John Locke b.Nicolaus Copernicus _c. Galileo Galile 3. Which event started in 17897 a. The American Revolution b.The French Revolution _c. The English Civil War 4 What does stormed mean? a.attacked b. purchased c. burned 5 According to the passage, which statement is true? a. The Enlightenment started in the sixteenth century. b. The English kings had to listen to Parliament starting in 1649. c. Soldiers for King Louis XVI attacked the Bastille in 1789. 6 Complete the outline. (Enlightenment (War and Revolution _) ) ene eee + Lasted from 1600s to 1700s ‘The English Civil War + Many great scientists = Galileo + People no longer accepted "©. « Galilei, Nicolaus Copernicus, and | | + English kings were forced to respect the laws of Parliament Isaac Newton + Many great ® a Rene Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Baron Montesquieu * New ideas led to revolutions ‘American Revolution + The Founding Fathers based their ideas on the c French Revolution + 1789 = the Estates General was called * The Third Estate stormed the 4 + 1792=the® ended, and a republic was founded ALM Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. sweep over remarkable influential clergy Estates General The work that Isaac Newton did in the field of physics was The are members of the church such as priests and bishops. George Washington was a very person in the American Revolution. Many changes __ Europe and altered how people thought about the world. wawn a ‘The French kings rarely called the to order,Biot a \ © Compiete each sentence with the correct word. Change the form if necessary, | | <* — New Stone Age three-age lie ziggurat artifact <* huntergatherer Old Kingdom —— influence _-—_practice worship 1 Archaeologists have created a _____ system to describe prehistoric cultures, 2 During the Old Stone Age, humans lived as ifydtie reererer eee , people also learned to domesticate wild animals, 4 TheFertile Crescent region _between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. | 5 The Sumerians practiced polytheism and built a massive for their gods and goddesses in each city. 6 Egyptian history is often divided into three time periods: the ; the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom. | 7 Bystudying , archaeologists have learned that the Indus Valley Civilization was well organized. 8 The Aryans combined their gods with the gods _ i bythe Indian people. | 9 Three earlier Mediterranean civilizations _ the ancient Greek culture, 10 The Greeks many new ideas and various government systems. | © complete each sentence with the correct word. Change the form if necessary. <» Arabian height Pax Romana Mediterranean knight <» capture nail sweep over Muhammad slogan | 1 Atits , the Roman Empire included most of modern-day Europe and some of Africa and the Middle East. 2 After winning the Punic Wars, the Romans became the masters of the region. 3 Augustus’srule began the = , the "Roman Peace” 4 Islam developed on the Peninsula starting in 610 and grew rapidly. 5 After died in 632, Muslim leaders selected caliphs to govern the Muslim community. 6 In 1099, during the First Crusade, the crusaders Jerusalem, 7 Medieval society was like a pyramid based on feudalism: the kings and lords were on top,the _were below them, and the peasants were on the bottom. 8 In 1517, Martin Luther went toa church and a paper with ninety-five theses onit. 9 During the Enlightenment, new ideas about the world and scientific discoveries Pere ___Europe. 10 “Liberty! Equality! Fraternity!" was the of the French Revolution. 41© Match each word with the correct defi 42 1 Bronze Age 2 Fertile Crescent EHH) 2 polytheism 4 cuneiform 5 tribune 6 indulgence 7 divine right 8 thesis 9 Three Estates 10 Mecca Write the meanings of the words in Korean. 1 Ice Age 2 sewage system 3 Hinduism 4 Indus Valley Civilization 5 Indus script 6 Peloponnesian War 7 oligarchy 8 veto power 9 Punic Wars 10 caliph 11 crusade 12. holy book 13. feudalism 14 Black Death 15. Protestant Reformation ion and write the meaning in Korean. 0 eeoe ee ge gc eee) a, forgiveness for one’s sins |-@ proposal; an argument : te valet in many gods and goddesses ‘4. a writing system created by the Sumerians ‘e the birthplace of Muhammad; the holiest city of Islam {. the three classes of peop! century France g. the concept that t comes from. di h. the period when humans learned to wo! with copper and tin nae 1, a_plebeian who took part in the governm: ‘during the Roman Republic : an ancient region located between the Tigris ‘and Euphrates rivers Je in eighteenth- ‘ne king's right to rule 16 heliocentric 17 Enlightenment 18 reason eee 19 primitive 20 prehistoric 21 domesticate 22. irrigate 23. triumvirate 24 triumphant 25. sweep over 26. prophet 27 movable type 28 sect 29. Estates General 30 drive awayTo Tiles siYi Characteristics of What can cells form? 1 ) Wo! Animals are multi-cellular In-the body, some similar Cells reproduce by either organisms that aremade _cells come together to form mitosis or meiosis, Upoftrilions of cells. organs such a6 the heart and liver. @ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning. microorganism mitosis _meiosis_—_—heredity ~—_—- mutation 1 a method of cellular reproduction in which a cell divides itself in halt the method in which reproductive cells are created aliving thing so tiny that it can only be seen with a microscope a permanent change in an organism's gene won the passing down of charact istics from parents to offspring unitoa 45;Cells, Reproduction, ELC Macs AY ‘4 Organs of the body are made up of different kinds of tissues, 46 he basic unit of life is the cell. All living things are made up of at least more than one cell. One-celled, or single-celled, organisms are microorganisms. They include bacteria and viruses. However, the majority of life contains more than one cell. These are called multi-cellular, or multi-celled, organisms. Multi-cellular organisms, such as complex animals and plants, are made of different kinds of cells. Similar cells that have the same function form tissue. Tissues of different kinds come together to form an organ, such as the stomach or lungs. A group of organs makes up an organ system, such as the digestive or respiratory systems. All life processes, such as growth and reproduction, take place in cells. All organisms start life as one cell. Growth begins when the cell divides and becomes two cells. Both cells divide and become four cells. At the eight-cell stage, cells divide at different rates and continue to divide over their lifetimes. There are two different ways that cells reproduce: mitosis and meiosis. Body cells make more body cells by mitosis. In mitosis, elf the cell merely copies its genetic material, and then it dividesin half, Reproductive cells are produced by meiosis Reproductive cells are responsible for reproduction Genetic variation is a result of meiosis. When babies are born, they often resemble their parents in many ways. For example, a baby and its mother may have the same eye or hair color, Or perhaps the baby and its father may have similar body shapes. ke fh ‘This is called heredity. Heredity is the passing down of iu) Jr OR it WD various characteristics, or traits, from parents to their children. Genes are what determine heredity. Genes have ae information on how an organism should grow. When a sperm cell and an egg cell join, genes get transferred from both the father and the mother. As a result, half of the offspring’s genetic material comes from its father while the other half comes from x x x aA Aa oo its mother. This is why children have characteristics of both A C@ominanit gene) parents. > reeasevagen There are both dominant and recessive genes. Dominant pominant genes are stronger than recessive genes are ones that are expressed physically or visually. They genes. are stronger than recessive genes, which are present in the body but are overshadowed by dominant genes. Recessive genes can, however, be passed onto offspring and then become dominant genes in the offspring. While organisms inherit their genes from their parents, ns. A mutation is a some organisms are born with mutat va Pei ions can be harmful, permanent change in a gene. Some muta but others may be helpful to the organism. mutation Check (True) or F (False). 1 Genetic variation is caused by mitosis. 2 Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. AAA 3. Recessive genes are not as strong as dominant genes. vwnitoo 47eee 1 2 3 4 5 6 What is the main idea of the passage? a. All life processes occur because of cells. b, There are dominant genes and recessive genes in a body. c. Genes get transferred from both the father and the mother. Offspring get the characteristics of their parents because of a. mutations What is a mutation? b heredity c. mitosis a. Arecessive gene ina body b. A permanent change in a gene c.Adominant gene inherited from a parent What does a. removed b. destroyed c. surpassed Complete the sentences. ai are the basic unit of life. b, Species get genetic variati n because of o_ get transferred from the parents to the offspring. Complete the outline. * Are the basic unit of life + One- Third Law of Motion of gravitation. + TheLawof®____and Reaction + For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction LEP Aaam Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. skydiver attract flyoffatrest. gravitation 1 Anobject _ will stay unmoving unless an outside force affects it. The force that makes two objects___—_—_—__one another is called gravitation. acts between any two objects, such as Earth and the sun. __ will eventually fall to the ground because of gravity. Without gravitation, Earth would ina straight line into deep space.-E @& l Light has various prism separates light into Both visible light and wavelengths. tthe colors of spectrum. invisible light make up the electromagnetic spectrum. @ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning. photon wavelength prism invisible light __infrared light 1 :a tiny particle that makes up light 2 a transparent block of glass that breaks up white light into seven colors 3 light that cannot be seen 4 : the distance between one peak of a wave and the next peak 5 invisible light next to red on the electromagnetic spectrum wit 61Peri ea ight is a type of energy that the human eye can see. Light is comprised Le billions of very tiny particles called photons. These photons travel in waves, Nothing in the universe can move faster than light. It travels at approximately 300,000 kilometers per second, Most waves need some kind of medium to travel through. For instance, sound waves need matter, such as solids, liquids, and gases, to travel. You cannot hear in a vacuum because there is no matter, However, light can move anywhere, even in a vacuum. Since light moves in waves, it has various wavelengths. Not all of its wavelengths are visible to the human eye. ‘The light that humans can see is called visible light. All of the colors that humai of the spectrum—are found in a rainbow, which has seven s can see—called the colors colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. The light waves that have the longest wavelengths appear red. The light waves with the shortest wavelengths appear violet. A use a prism, ‘There was an experiment first conducted by Isaac imple way to see all of the colors of the spectrum is to Newton hundreds of years ago. He sent a beam of sunlight ‘lsaac Newton using a through a prism and noticed that it spread out into a band prism to break white light into a spectrum of the colors of the rainbow. Then, he passed that same light 62through another prism, and it returned to being white light. What happens is that a prism light when light passes H - through it. White light is actually a combination of an entire spectrum of colors. P tuto Something else that can bend light through refraction is a lens. There are both convex and concave lenses. A convex lens collects light onto one spot, called the focal point. A concave —¥ Jens works in the opposite manner. It collects light and then . pa spreads it out. We can use lenses for many different purposes. —— Convex lenses are used in glasses, contact lenses, telescopes, ereereres and binoculars. Concave lenses are often used for equipment such as television projectors. ‘alloht and lenses Some light waves have wavelengths that are either too long or too short for humans to see. ‘The light that humans cannot see is called invisible light. Both visible light and invisible light make up the electromagnet It includes everything that travels in waves. For instance, red has the longest spectrum. wavelength of visible light. But infrared light has a longer wavelength. And microwaves—like the ones we use to cook with in microwave ovens—and radio waves have even longer wavelengths. On the other side of the spectrum, ultraviolet light has a shorter wavelength than visible violet light. But X-rays and gamma rays have even shorter wavelengths than ultraviolet light. Chtoncenne rato woes owas inte init HRI rays gamatays inate lobe ht Check (True) or F (False), There are eight colors in a rainbow. The color red has a longer wavelength than the color green, Convex and concave lenses work in different manners, nits 63eeu kr 1 Whatis the main idea of the passage? a. Light is made of billions of photons. b. There are many types of light on the electromagnetic spectrum. c.A person can use a prism to see the colors of the spectrum. 2 Isaac Newton used a to separate the colors of the spectrum. a. microscope b. magni ing glass prism 3. Which has wavelengths longer than red light? a. Violet light b, Infrared light Ultraviolet light a. shapes b. bends c. pushes 5 According to the passage, which statement is true? a. Light travels faster than everything else in the universe, b, Concave lenses are used for glasses and telescopes. c. Infrared light has a shorter wavelength than ultraviolet light. 6 Complete the outline. netic Spectrum) a and invisible light (Cieerom , = + Ismade up of 9 + Moves in waves + Visible ight = the colors of the spectrum + Is aster than everything else in the universe |_| + Invisible ight = light with wavelengths too + Can travel anywhere, even in a? long or too short to be seen + Has different wavelengths + Radio waves, microwaves, and infrared light + Visible ight makes up the colors of the = long wavelengths ee + Gamma rays, © and ultraviolet lights = short wavelengths CE Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. convex lens concave lens electromagnetic ultraviolet light ina vacuum Telescopes and contact lenses both use A collects light but then spreads it out widely. Light, unlike sound, can even travel 1 2 3 The spectrum covers everything that travels in waves. 4 5 has a wavelength similar to that of visible violet light.(14 The Universe What are some interactions between Earth, the moon, and the sun? Earth, like all of the planets, While Earth orbits the sun, ‘The interaction of Earth, orbits the sun. at the same time, the moon the moon, and the sun orbits Earth, sometimes causes eclipses to happen, Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning lunar eclipse solareclipse solar corona total lunar eclipse umbra 1 an event caused when the moon moves between Earth and the sun, 2 an event caused when the moon moves into Earth's shadow 3 an event caused when Earth’s shadow prevents al ight from reaching the moon 4 the darker shadow cast by the moon or Earth during an eclipse 5 the white glow around the moon during a solar eclipse unk 65¥ ‘the "diamond ring’ effect 66 I | ave you ever seen the moon slowly begin to darken and turn a red color for a few hours? You may have seen a lunar eclipse. An eclipse occurs because of the moon’s revolving around Earth. There are two types of eclipses. According to the locations of the moon, Earth, and the sun, an eclipse can be either a lunar eclipse or a solar eclipse. As the moon orbits Earth, it sometimes passes right between the sun and Earth. Then, the moon blocks sunlight from reaching parts of Earth and casts a shadow on Earth. This is a solar eclipse. Duri of the sun's light. During a total solar eclipse, you can only see g a partial solar eclipse, the moon blocks only part a white glow around the dark moon. his is called the solar corona, Sometimes you can see a “diamond ring” effect as well. When the sts for only a few minutes. A solar eclipse usually | moon moves out of its position between Earth and the sun, the sky brightens again.A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon moves into Earth’s shadow. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes through Barth’s darker, or inner, shadow, called the umbra. As the moon passes through the umbra, Earth blocks all sunlight from reaching the moon and casts a shadow on the moon ‘Then, the moon becomes totally dark because it does not make its own light but just reflects a lunar ecliase light from the sun, When only a part of the moon is in the shadow, it is called a partial lunar eclipse. A lunar eclipse may last a few hours. During a solar eclipse, you should never look directly at the sun You could damage your eyes permanently or even blind yourself. Pe During a solar eclipse, peeumbea ’ the moon lies between Earth and the sun. (inc viii pride 4 During a lunar eclipse, Earth lies between — the sun and the moon, Check (True) or F (False). 1 Solar eclipses often last for more than an hour. 2. Earth’s shadow is known as the corona. 3. Itis dangerous to look at the sun during a solar eclipse. unit 1a 671 Whatis the passage mainly about? a. Solar and lunar eclipses b, Earth’s umbra and the sun's corona ¢.Why looking at an eclipse is dangerous 2 The solar corona appears during a.a total solar eclipse ba total lunar eclipse c.a partial solar eclipse 3 What causes an eclipse? a. Earth’s revolving around the sun b. The moon's revolving around Earth c. The location of the moon 4 What does revolving mean? a. rotation b. moving c orbiting 5 Answer the questions. a. What are the two types of eclipses? : b. When does the’diamond ring" effect sometimes appear? ¢. Up to how long may a lunar eclipse last? 6 Complete the outline. (Solar Eclipse + Happens when the moon®___ the. + Happens when the“ maves into suns light and casts a shadow on Earth Earth's shadow + Canbea> __ solar eclipse ora total + Umbra = Earth's darker shadow solar eclipse + Sunlight is prevented from reaching the moon + Solar corona = the white glow of the sun around the moon + Usually lasts for a few“ + Can bea partial lunar eclipse or a® lunar eclipse * May last a few hours ca Pam Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. (partial solar eclipse block “total Solar eclipse reflect partial lunar eclipse 1 During a , only a part of the moon is in Earth’s shadow. 2k. : f can cause a solar corona to be created, 3. Duringa lunar eclipse, light fromthe sun is __by Earth and cannot reach the moon. 4 The moon cannot make its own light but _ the sun's light instead. = The moon only blocks part of the sun’ light during a“ryi[, \, What are some parts of the body that protect it from diseases? # ini The skin serves as the Tears help keep germs and White blood cells help body's first line of defense bacteria from entering the repair the body and fight ‘to protect it from diseases, body through the eyes, infections as well. @ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning. noncommunicable communicable contagious epidemic __ immune system catching; communicable; infectious : the integrated system that protects a body from diseases : the rapid spread of an infectious disease in the same area rable to be transferred from one person to another wawn : unable to be transferred from one person to another units 69Diseases and the Immune System Lung cancer is a noncommunicable disease, a The fluis a communicable disease, 70 very once in a while, a person may catch a disease I Vea become sick. There are two kinds of disea: noncommunicable and communicable diseases. Noncommunicable diseases cannot be passed from one of these di person to another, Many es result from a persor’s lifestyle. For instance, smoking, drinking, eating too much, and not exercising enough can cause a person to get diseases such as lung cancer or heart disease. Fortunately, other people cannot catch these diseas 's from an infected person Communicable diseases, on the other hand, can be passed from one person to another. ‘The common cold and the flu are two types of communicable diseases. Human contact frequently results in one person catching these diseases from another. Communicable diseases are said to be contagious. Occasionally, a large number of people in an area catch a certain disease at the same time. ‘This results in an epidemic. Fortunately, the human body has many defenses to fight all kinds of diseases. We call these defenses the immune system The first line of defense is the skin. ‘Ihe skin helps prevent manytypes of germs and bacteria from entering the. @ERTRESe— body, where they can do harm. The skin also contains some glands that can kill germs and & @) bacteria when they touch the body. heer Wr oat Germs and bacteria frequently attempt © oy oe to enter the body through the nose, eyes, and “aap mouth, But these parts of the body all have their 9"*™/Y own defenses, Mucus in the nose acts like skin to spleen stop foreign bodies from entering. Tears in the SS eyes and Saliva in the mouth do the same thing. \ And, for germs and bacteria that enter the body when a person eats food, there are acids in the *Peanes stomach that kill them. However, some foreign bodies still manage to enter the body and cause harm. When that happens, the body's lymphatic system goes to work. The body has lymph nodes, or glands, that can destroy bacteria, germs, and viruses. Also, white blood cells help fight infections. ‘There are several types of white blood cells. Many of them clean the body and help repair any, white blood cells damaged parts. Other white blood cells create antibodies that _ protect the body from attack germs and viruses and then kill them, Sometimes, the human body cannot fight certain foreign | * it stimulates the production of antibodies that will fight a specific |, 4 invaders. ‘This is often true of viruses. So humans have developed vaccines to fight viruses. When a vaccine is injected into a body, virus, ‘Thanks to vaccines, people can become immune to deadly Vaccinations make people immune to diseases such as malaria, cholera, yellow fever, and even influenza, various diseases. the flu. Check (True) or F (False), 1 Lifestyle choices are often what cause noncommunicable diseases. Oo 2 The cold and the flu are both communicable diseases, ita} 3 Red blood cells in the body fight infections. fF)Cee 1 Whatis the main idea of the passage? a, White blood cells are an important part of the immune system. b. The body has many defenses to protect it against infections. . Vaccines can help a person become immune to certain viruses. 2 are created by some white blood cells to fight germs and viruses. a. Antibodies b. Vaccines Mucus and saliva 3 Whatis the body’s defense system to fight diseases called? a.The lymphatic system _b. The immune system —_c, Antibodies. 4 What does saliva mean? a.water b.acid spit 5 Complete the sentences. a. Smoking and drinking are often two causes of diseases. b.lymphnodes are __ that can kill bacteria in the body. <___ make people immune to diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. 6 Complete the outline. Diseases (CC Diseases) june System, =D eres : a sce Noncommunicable diseases + Fights diseases, + Cannot be passed from one person to + Skin = keeps germs and bacteria from entering the another body + Ate often caused byapersons?____| |» Mucusand®___= protect the nose and mouth Communicable diseases + stomach4____= kills bacteria in the stomach of Ate Dannie” diseases + Lymphatic system = uses lymph nodes to kill invaders * Can affect many people and cause ee ___ = clean the body, repair epidemics damaged parts, and create antibodies Mba Complete cach sentence. Change the form if necessary. = ee (~“ihfect™™ Giana” iymphatie’ystem ” whilte blood cell!” antibody 1 When your are swollen, it means your body is fighting an infection. 2 Whena vaccine is injected into the body, it creates to fight a virus. 3. Aperson who is by a disease needs to see a doctor. a Some eee Pea clean the body, and others repair damaged parts of it. 5 The uses lymph nodes to fight infections in the body. 72 “semV wean Te 2\ © complete each sentence with the correct word. Change the form if necessary. <» heredity continental shelf take place footprint divide <= imprint get exposed index fossil meiosis surface 1 Alllife processes, such as growth and reproduction, in cells. 2 Growth begins when the cell and becomes two cells, 3. There are two different ways that cells reproduce: mitosis and 4 ___isthe passing down of various characteristics from parents to their children 5 Tides are the regular rising and falling of an ocean's 6 The extends from the shore to a depth of about 200 meters. 7 The intertidal zone covers the area that when the ocean is at low tide. 8 Fossils are the remains or __of living things that died long ago. 9 Some fossils are not parts of organisms but are only or impressions of an organism's body. 10 ___are fossils of organisms that only lived during specific times in the past. © comptete each sentence with the correct word. Change the form if necessary. <= attempt attract vaccine comprise electromagnetic <* eclipse umbra motion communicable noncommunicable 1 Gravitation is the force that acts between any two objects and makes them one another. 2 Newton's first law of _ is often called the Law of inertia, 3 Light is of billions of very tiny particles called photons, 4 Both visible light and invisible light make up the ____ spectrum. 5 An occurs because of the moon's revolving around Earth. 6 — Atotal lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes through Earth's darker shadow, called eee 7 Many of___ diseases result from a person's lifestyle. 8 The common cold and the flu are two types of diseases. 9 Germs and bacteria frequently to enter the body through the nose, eyes, and mouth. 10 Whena is injected into a body, it stimulates the production of antibo. 2B© Match each word with the correct definition and write the meaning in Korean. 4 1 mitosis 2 mei 3 mutation 4 abyssal plain 5 paleontologist 6 inertia 7 wavelength 8 solar corona 9 contagious OO000000000 10 immune system Write the meanings of the words in Korean. 1 microorganism 2 heredity 3 tide z 4 current 5 continental shelf 6 continental slope 7 index fossil 8 goextinet 9 acceleration 10 reaction 1 gravity 12. photon 13. prism 14. invisible light 15 infrared light CHEK EEOC ECHOES a, a person who studies fossils b. catching; communicable; infectious ¢. the vast, flat floor of the deep ocean 4. permanent change in an organism's gene «, the white glow around the moon during a solar eclipse {i the tendency of a moving obj moving in a straight line 4g, the method in which reproductive cells are created h. the integrated syst from diseases |. the distance between one peak of a wave and the next peak j. @ method of cellular reproduction in which a cell divides itself in half ject to keep fem that protects a body 16 solar eclipse 17 lunar eclipse 18 umbra 19 epidemic 20 recessive 21 ocean floor 22 intertidal zone 23. get fossilized 2a fly off 25 atrest 26 gravitation 27 convex lens 28 electromagnetic 29. ultraviolet light 30 lymphatic systemChapters ia Mathematics « _ | reba aveWhat are some different ways to express numbers? ie 10° 10=2x5 a — ne = 10x10x10 100 = 10 composite prime = 1,000 | Srumber” tors | | Larger numbers can Any composite number can be expressed by using The number 100 can be be broken down into several exponents, which tell you expressed by using the prime factors. how many times a number symbol for square root. is used as a factor. ‘The square root of 100s 10. @ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning. exponent prime factors prime number composite number _ perfect square :a number that can only be divided evenly by itself and 1 : number with more than two factors : the prime numbers that equal a composite number when multiplied together :a raised number showing how many times a number is used as a factor wanwn :a number that is the square of another number unit 167bse Ce) oe Peres Numbers, and Exponents very whole number greater than 1 has at least two factors. A factor is a number that divides another number evenly without a remainder. Many numbers can be broken into factors in different ways. What are the factors of 6? 6+1=6 62253 6+3=2 6+4=does not divide evenly 6+5=does not divide evenly 6 So, the factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, and 6. : Some numbers, such as 3 and 5, can only be divided by 1 and Dy is; 7 themselves. If a number has only two factors, it is called a prime Wigan number, Numbers such as 3, 5, and 7 are prime numbers. A number that has more than two factors is called a composite number. So 4, 6,8, 9, numbers such as 4 and 6 are composite numbers. Every whole 10, 12,14... number greater than I is either a prime or composite number. But the number 1 is neither prime nor composite since it only has one cunbere factor, the number 1 itself. : LAny composite number can be broken down into several compositenumbers (0l=(2x5 16 = 2x2x2x2 When 2 and 5 are multiplied, they make the composite number 10. seiailidat prime factors, Prime factors are the prime numbers that, when multiplied together, a composite number. For example, the number 10 can be broken down into the prime factors 2 and 5. 10=2xS5, What about a number such as 16? You can break it down into 4x4, But 4 is not a prime number since it can be broken down further into 2X2. So if you want to break down 16 to its prime factors, it should be like this: 16=2x2x2x2. We can write the expression 16=2x2%2%2 by using an exponent / power exponent: 16=2. An exponent is a raised number that tells you 16= 24 how many times a number is used as a factor in multiplication. T In other words, 2' means that 2 is used as a factor four times. You ieee read 2! as “two to the fourth power” Also, the number 2 is called the base while the number 4 is the exponent or power. Sometimes, we multiply a number by itself. In this case, we square the number. For example, 3x3 is expressed as 3°, 3? is -_-3= three squared read “three squared” or “three to the second power.” When the exponent is 3, then the number is “cubed.” So 5° is “five cubed” or “five to the third power? There are some numbers that are called perfect squares. A perfect equare perfect square is a number that is the square of a number. For instance, 25 is a perfect square because 5x5~=25. Also, 64 and 25\=52 100 are perfect squares because 8x 8=64, and 10x 10=100. These is numbers ean also be expressed using the term square root. For (95 = 5) example, 5°=5%5~=25, or we can use the symbol for square root, 125 =5. We say that the square root of 25 is 5. square root Check T (True) or F (False). 1 The factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3,4,and 6, 2 Anexponentisa raised number beside another number. Baa AAA 3° Anumber with an exponent of 3 is squared, unit 16 79eer 1 Whatis the main idea of the passage? a. There are many different ways to express numbers, 'b, Exponents are easy ways to write large numbers. . Every number has factors and prime numbers. 2 The exponent 4 equals . a8 b.16 32 3. Which of the following numbers is a perfect square? as b.20 ©.25 4 What does result in mean? a.solve bcause ——_c.equal 5 According to the passage, which statement is true? a, A composite number has only one or two factors. b. The prime factors of 10 are 2 and 5. c. Three cubed equals 3x3, 6 Complete the outline. Eas number that divides another = >) Exponents + Factor + Exponent = a raised number that shows number? how many times a number is used as a * Prime number =a number that can only be | | ____in multiplication divided by and itself + Square = multiplying a number by itself * Composite number = a number with more | | + Cube = multiplying a number by itself three than two factors times + Prime factors = prime numbers that equala |_| + Perfect square = a number that is the cas when multiplied © ofanumber together [ + Square root = the square root of 25 is 5 Lice Complete each sentence. Change the form necessary. Cy donne eee squared square root 1 The of 6s. 2 Itis possible to a composite number into more than two factors. 3 The number 6 can be divided ara by 1, 2,3, and 6. 4 Four is equal to 16. 5 Whenthreeis ——_, then it equals 27. 80Ba 17 Geomet Neviow What are the three dimensions? Length is the fret Width is the second Height is the third dimension and can be dimension and can be dimension and can be expressed bya straight line, expressed by a plane figure. expressed by a solid figure. @ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning. congruent geometry one-dimensional figure two-dimensional figure _three-dimensional figure 1 :alline or line segment a plane figure 2 3 a solid figure 4 : exactly alike in shape and size 5 :2 field of mathematics that deals with points, lines, angles, and figures voit 1? 81Dimensions dimension is a measurement along a straight line of the length, width, or height of a figure. In geometry, three dimensions are commonly used. ‘The first dimension is length. The second dimension is width. And the third dimension is height or depth. The fourth dimension is time, but it is not typically used in geometry. A one-dimensional figure is a line or a line segment. A one-dimensional figure can be measured in only one direction, such as length. It lacks both width and height. Sere oe —— vertical line horizontal line line segment A two-dimensional figure is measured in two directions, such as length and width. Two-dimensional figures are called plane figures. Figures with two dimensions can be drawn on a plane. Some of the most common two- dimensional figures are polygons. A polygon is a closed shape that is formed by three or more line segments that do not intersect one another. A triangle is a two-dimensional figure that is composed of three line segments, Squares, are all two-dimensional rectangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, and rhombus 82figures that have four sides. Pentagons have five mien A a six sides. Polygons can tlangle square rectangle parallelogram —_ trapezoid actually have an infinite number of sides. In & @ &) @ . addition, circles and ovals are two more kinds of rhombus: pentagon hexagon cick oval two-dimensional figures. ‘Three-dimensional figures are called solid figures. ‘They have length, width, and height. Solid figures can be classified by the shape and the number of their bases, faces, vertices, and edges. Prisms have two congruent and parallel bases, but pyramids only have one base. Solid figures also often correspond with plane figures. For instance, while a triangle has two dimensions, a pyramid, which is shaped like a triangle, has three. A square has two dimensions, yet a cube, which is shaped like a square, has three. Some solid figures have curved | b cube (=square prism) rectangular prism triangular prism square pyramid rectangular pyramid WA cylinder cone sphere tae surfaces. A cylinder has two circular bases. A cone has one circular base. dimensional fi a edge vertex Check (True) or F (False). 1 The third dimension is not frequently used in geometry. fl 2 Apolygon isa two-dimensional figure. 3. Solid figures are either two-dimensional or three-dimensional figures. FlEee 1 Whats the passage mainly about? a. How to make three-dimensional figures b. The differences between plane figures and solid figures .Various dimensional figures that are commonly used in geometry 2A is a polygon that has five sides. a. pentagon b. hexagon c square 3 Whatisa three-dimensional figure shaped like a triangle? a.Acube b.Acylinder A pyramid 4 What does intersect mean? a.pass b. cross c. approach 5 Answer the questions. a. What are the three dimensions? b, What is a one-dimensional figure? ¢.Howare solid figures classified? 6 Complete the outline, Have only __ * Have length and width + Lack width and height * Lack height + Are lines or line segments | | + Are? figures + Aree figures re — | + Can have an © + Can be prisms, pyramids, number of sides cones, and cylinders Mt miancae Complete cach sentence. Change the form if necessary. plane infinite base curved correspond with Itis possible to draw two-dimensional figures on a The __of a solid figure is its bottom part. Many solid figures similarly shaped plane figures. Acylinder and a sphere are two solid figures thathave____—_ surfaces. weuna There may be an number of sides in a polygon. 2Lo eke F Bee 4 Mer feat) Pygmalion was Galatea was Aphrodite was brilliant sculptor from the beautiful sculpture that the goddess of love the island of Cyprus. was made by Pygmalion. inGreek mythology. @ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning. Pygmalion statue — longing ~—grant_—_ivory 1 :a sculptor who fell in love with a statue he had sculpted - : a hard cream-colored substance from an elephant’s tooth ____:a large stone or metal sculpture of a person or an animal :to consent to perform or fulfill wnwn : desire for someone or something unit 85here once lived a sculptor named Pygmalion. He was a liga from the island of Cyprus. According to some stories, he was a king of Cyprus. According to other stories, he was merely a sculptor. Anyhow, Pygmalion was a brilliant sculptor. He was able to make statues that looked as if they were alive. But Pygmalion had a problem. He was not interested in women. No woman, | _ that he saw could ever please him. So he had no wife. One day, Pygmalion decided to create a statue of a woman, He set to work on a statue made out of ivory. He worked on and on and finally completed a perfect statue. )\ He had sculpted a statue of a woman more beautiful than any living woman. Pygmalion was captivated by the statue's beauty and immediately fell in love with the statue. He loved his statue like other men love women. She seemed to be so real to him. He spent a lot of time staring at his statue and even spoke to her. But, of course, she gave no answer. Pygmalion grew weak and thin because of his hopeless longing. 86Sometime later, there was a festival held in Cyprus in honor ‘of Aphrodite. Pygmalion went to the festival, made an offering to the goddess of love, and then made a wish. “I sincerely wish that my ivory sculpture will change into a real woman.” Aphrodite heard his prayer and granted his wish. When Pygmalion returned home, Cupid, who was sent by Aphrodite, kissed the ivory sculpture on the hand. This caused the statue to come to life as a beautiful young woman. A ring was put on her finger. It was Cupid's ring, which made love REHIgVed. Sea Pygmalion could not have been happier. He named the young woman Galatea. Aphrodite blessed the marriage of Pygmalion and Galatea. And they later had a son named Paphos. Over the years, many writers wrote stories that were based on Pygmalion. One of the most famous was a play called “Pygmalion” that was written by George Bernard Shaw. This gave rise to something called the Pygmalion effect. According .Cupidt= Eros), to the Pygmalion effect, if you believe that someone is capable the god of ove of achieving greatness, then that person will indeed achieve greatness. RST check T (True) or F (False). 1 Pygmalion fell in love with the statue of a woman that he had sculpted. 2 Pygmalion prayed to Cupid to make his statue come to life. 3. Pygmalion and Galatea got married and had a son named Paphos.ee 1 Whatis the passage mainly about? a. The Pygmalion effect , Pygmalion and Galatea Aphrodite and Cupid 2 When Cupid it came to life, a, kissed the statue's hand b, puta ring on the statue's finger c. breathed on the statue 3. Where did Pygmalion make an offering to Aphrodite? a. Ather temple b.Ata festival .Athis workshop 4 — What does achieved mean? a. offered b. believed c.accomplished 5 Complete the sentences. a, Pygmalion was not married because he was not __inwomen. b. After Pygmalion made his statue, he fell in with it. Aphrodite ___Pygmalion’s wish that his statue come to life 6 Complete the outline. (C Pysmation _) (Galatea ——— =) {= Wasa sculptor from 3__ + Was the statue made by © | + Created a beautiful ivory statue and then | | + Was given life by Aphrodite | fell in tove with it * Came alive when Cupid 4 her tared at his statue all the time hand * Went toa festival for® _and + Was able to love when Cupid put a prayed to her to give his statue life © onher finger + Married Pygmalion + Had a son named Paphos Cee Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. merely captivatedby seem make an offering come to life 1 The statue that Pygmalion made was so good that it real. 2. Aphrodite sent Cupid to make the statue 3. Pygmalion was _____ the beauty of the statue he had made. 4 Galatea was a statue before she was given life by Aphrodite, 5 Pygmalion to Aphrodite, so she granted his wish.AD ; bd fe 5 rer Tr Tae Ut T UEE Fs » Mee “see. \, What are some different types of sentences? “Like apples, “Because “My brother is Tein @ | utsheikes. | adoctor” ee | twittake J | rmyumbret | | A simple sentence ‘Acompound sentence Acomplex sentence has one has one independent. has two independent. independent clause and at clause. clauses. least one dependent clause. @ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning. declarative sentence interrogative sentence __exclamatory sentence imperative sentence clause 1 :an order 2 a question 3 a statement 4 an-exclamation 5 a sentence with a subject and a predicate wn 89 L90 hen we speak and write, we express our thoughts in sentences. A sentence has both a subject and a predicate. The subject is often a noun or noun phrase while the predicate includes the verb and any other words in the sentence. There are four kinds of sentences. The most common sentence is the declarative sentence. A declarative sentence is a sentence that makes a statement about something. It always ends with a period (.). An interrogative sentence is a question. It always ends with a question mark (?). An exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses a strong emotion. It always ends with an exclamation point (1). An imperative sentence is an order. The subject of an imperative sentence is “you,” but “you” is omitted. In other words, do not say or write “you” in an imperative sentence. An imperative sentence may end with a period or an exclamation point. Look at the following sentence Declarative Sentences: ‘The sun is shining. My brother likes music. Interrogative Sentences: What's that? Where are you going? Exclamatory Sentences: That's incredible! What a beautiful day! Imperative Sentences: Open the door. Be quiet!Many times, we speak and write with simple sentences. A simple sentence contains one independent clause. A clause is a sentence with a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a clause that can express a complete thought and stand alone as a sentence. It has both a subject and a predicate. Sometimes, we combine two independent clauses by using conjunctions such as and, but, so, and or. ‘This creates a compound sentence. A compound sentence is a sentence with two or more independent clauses. Other times, we combine an independent clause and a dependent clause, also called a subordinate clause. A dependent clause cannot express a complete thought and cannot function as a sentence by itself. It must be connected to an independent clause with a subordinate conjunction such as because, since, if, even though, and although. This creates a complex sentence. A complex sentence has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Look at the following sentences: Simple Sentence: "The dog is chasing the cat. Compound Sentence: Ilike pizza, but my sister does not like it. Complex Sentence: If you go to the game with me, we will have fur We also use different voices when we speak and write, We use the active voice to say what the subject does. We use the passive voice to say what happens to the subject. Look at the following sentences: Active Voice: David lives in a house. ‘They practice the piano every day. Passive Voici ‘That hotel was made by Mr. Jones. I was confused by the answer. Check T (True) or F (False). 1 Anexclamatory sentence always ends with a question mark. mM 2 Acompound sentence needs a conjunction like and, but,orso. (T] _— [F) 3 Two different voices are the active and passive voices. Oo 8 vit 19 1ceded 1 What is the main idea of the passage? a, Most people use simple sentences when speaking. b, There are many different types of sentences. c. The active voice is more common than the passive voice. 2 Conjunctions like because, since, and if are used in 7 a.compound sentences _b.simplesentences _c. complex sentences 3 What isa dependent clause? a. A clause that can express a complete thought, bb. A clause that can stand alone as a sentence A clause that cannot function as a sentence by itself 4 What does mean? a. joined with b, compared to c.replaced by 5 According to the passage, which statement is true? a. Interrogative sentences ask questions. b, Declarative sentences give orders. c. Imperative sentences make statements. 6 Complete the outline. Kinds of Sentences Sentence Types and Voices + Declarative sentence =a statement + Interrogative sentence = a + Exclamatory sentence = an exclamation + Imperative sentence = an ® + Simple sentence = one independent clause + Compound sentence = two ¢ clauses + Complex sentence = one independent clause and at least one 4 clause e says what the subject does + Passive voice = says what happens to the subject Re aikiaum Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. {omit independent clause conjunction subordinate clause passive voice 1 An contains both a subject and a predicate. ules is a dependent clause, so it is not a complete sentence. 3 Donot the question mark at the end of an interrogative sentence. 4 Weusethe to say what happens to the subject. 5 And, but, because, and since are all .Baroque Art focused Cubism was formed by using Pop Art, like the art that on both emotional and geometric shapes when Andy Warhol created, used dramatic scenes, painting figures. all sorts of materiale, @ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning, wewne Neoclassicism art movement —_ Rococo Art Realism —_ Baroque Art _____:a period of art that has its own unique characteristics ____: an art movement that contrasted light and shadows Peco __san art movement that was decorative and lighthearted is :an art movement that revived classical art, pee an art movement in which painters focused on everyday scenes unit20 93elite Cw Us to Pop Art fter the Renaissance, a period involving the “rebirth” of the classical world, there have been many art movements that have had their own unique characteristics. One of the first art movements to follow the Renaissance was Baroque Art. This was not just an art movement, but it also influenced architecture, music, and literature. The Baroque Period lasted from around 1600 to 1750. Some of the major artists in this period were Caravaggio, Rembrandt, and Rubens. Compared with the classicism of the Renaissance, Baroque Art is characterized by the dramatic contrast of light and shadow as well as vivid emotional expressions. Baroque Art often evokes an emotional and dramatic Baroque Art —— feeling in the viewer. A period that emerged as the Baroque Period was ending was the Rococo Period. It started in France around 1750. Rococo Art is characterized by its decorative and lighthearted look that uses delicate pastel colors. The Swing, by Jean-Honore Fragonard, and ‘The Pleasures of Life, by Jean-Antoine Watteau, are good examples of the Rococo style However, in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, aRococoArt many artists started to turn away from the dramatic Baroque and 94flashy Rococo styles. The ideas of the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on reason, swept over Europe and affected the visual arts. Eventually, it led to a new style of art called the Neoclassical Movement. Neoclassicism lasted from the middle of the eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century. The artists ENeodessical Art in this period revived classical forms from ancient Greece and by laques louis David Rome just like the artists of the Renaissance had done. Jacques id, During the late eighteenth century, the Romantic Louis David, a French painter, is a famous artist from this p Movement, or Romanticism, began. During this period, artists had an interest in nature scenes and focused on both emotion and imagination. They turned away from the orderly style of y y y sty! Neoclassicism. Blake, Delacroix, and Goya are some of the Realist art by Gustave ourbet representative artists from this period. Romanticism later gave way to Realism, which dominated art from around 1850 to 1890. Artists like Jean Millet and Gustave Courbet tried to paint their subjects exactly as they saw them. They focused especially on everyday scenes and lives of poor ordinary people. Realism was replaced by Modern Art. In Modern ‘almpressionist Art Art, there have been many unique movements. One of the most yan Gogh important was Impressionism. This was an abstract form of art, so the artists did not paint their subjects exactly as they looked. Monet, Manet, Van Gogh, and Cezanne were all Impressionists. Later, artists such as Picasso painted in the Cubist style. The objects in their paintings were made in the shapes of geometric figures. In the twentieth century, Dadaism and Pop Art were two more well-known art movements, Andy Warhol was the most famous member of the Pop Art Movement. Check T (True) or F (False). fl & 3 Monet and Manet were both Realist painters. oO 1 Rococo Period was the period that immediately followed the Baroque Period 2 Jacques Louis David was a painter in the Neoclassical Movement. vunit20. 95Cees 1 Whats the passage mainly about? a. The most famous artists since the Renaissance , The styles that artists used since the Renaissance c. The various art movements from the Baroque Period to the present 2 Goya wasa painter in the : a. Neoclassical Movement —_b. Baroque Period ~—_c. Romantic Movement 3 What kind of art did painters of Impressionism make? a. Abstract Art b, Pop Art Realistic Art 4 What does imagination mean? a.realism b. creativity color 5 Answer the questions. a. When did the Baroque Period begin and end? b. What are the characteristics of Rococo Art? Who were two famous Realist artists? 6 — Complete the outline. (From Baroque to Realism) (C Modern art r : __= contrasted light and shadows | { + Impressionism = abstract art by and used vivid emotions Monet, Manet, Van Gogh, and + Rococo = decorative and lighthearted with Cezanne pastel colors ce = used shapes of a = revived Greek and Roman geometric figures classical forms + Dadaism = well-known art movement. + Romanticism = focused on emotion and oe = was done by Andy imagination Warhol +6 =focused on everyday scenes of a regular people ae ESMcemD Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. Characterizedby evoke emerge —revive’—_turn away 1 Rococo Art _ as Baroque Art was ending. 2 Abstractartists from Realism and painted in a different style. 3 Baroque paintings _ strong feelings in viewers. 4 Romanticismis ___ its emphasis on imagination. 5 Neoclassicism classical forms and subjects.What are some types of music sung during the Middle Ages and Renaissance? om (Fi Lee Christian monks Acanon anda round often sang are two types of Gregorian Chants. polyphonic music. ) Vocabulary Previ Gregorian Chant a cappella monotonous wnwn :music that involves different voices having the same tone; not changing in tone Row, Row, Row Your Boat isa. common round that people till sing, ew | Write the correct word next to its meaning. polyphonic music canon a type of singing done by monks in Christian monasteries :music in which many voices sing at different pitches a song that is sung with no music accompanying it unit21 97Meer Polyphonic Music lhe Middle Ages lasted from around 500 to 1400, During this time, the Church had a tremendous influence on society. Many young men wanted to serve the Church, so a lot of them entered monaste The men who lived in these monasteries were called monks. The monks’ lives were very structured, ‘They spent much of the day reading the Bible, praying, or working. Many people believe that life in a monastery was dreary. But the monks also had time to enliven their days by singing. However, the singing that medieval monks did was not like modern- day singing. Instead, the monks chanted. Their songs were called Gregorian Chants after Pope Gregory the Great. Gregorian Chants were typically verses from the Bible or other religious books. ‘The songs were sung in Latin, so they sound unfamiliar to modern people. In addition, the monks did not have any musical instruments to accompany them. They merely sang. This kind of music is called a cappella. The individual voices of the monks sounded monotonous. However, they blended together and harmonized, In fact, monks in monasteries all around the world still sing Gregorian Chants today. = = goes around in a circle + Are still sung today : Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary. monastery, monk dreary chant round A is aman who belongs to a monastery. Life in a medieval _ involved working, praying, and reading the Bible, Life was not always __ for monks because they often got to sing. Row, Row, Row Your Boat is a popular that people still sing today. Monks their songs instead of actually singing them.© complete each sentence with the correct word. Change the form if necessary. <» solid figure evenly factor prime number _—_perfect square <» broken down direction base line segment exponent 1 Every whole number greater than 1 has at least (wo : 2 Afactoris a number that divides another number without a remainder. 3 fanumber has only two factors, itis called a 4 Any composite number can be into several prime factors. 5 We canwrite the expression 16 = 2x 2x22 by using an 216= 24, 6 A is a number that is the square of a number. 7 Aone-dimensional figure is a line or a 8 two-dimensional figure is measured in two , such as length and width. 9 Three-dimensional figures are called 10 Solid figures can be classified by the shape and the number of their , faces, vertices, and edges © complete cach sentence with the correct word. Change the form if necessary. <= statue contrast sculptor_—passive voice independent clause <* statement sculpt melody dominate complex sentence 1 Pygmalion was a brilliant ___ from the island of Cyprus. 2 One day, Pygmalion a statue of a woman more beautiful than any living woman. 3 Pygmalion was captivated by the statue’s beauty and immediately fell in love with the 4 Adeclarative sentence is a sentence that makes a about something. sceeAn ree is a clause that can express a complete thought and stand alone asa sentence. 6 A 7 has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. 7 Weuse the to say what happens to the subject. 8 Baroque Artis characterized by the dramatic of light and shadow as well as vivid emotional expressions. 9 Romanticism later gave way to Realism, which art from around 1850 to 1890. 10 In polyphonic music, different voices sing different oreven different words at the same time. 101© atch each word with the correct definition and write the mea eeoce cer ee eed 102 1 prime number 2 prime factors 3 composite number 4 two-dimensional figure 5 three-dimensional figure 6 ivory 7 statue 8 grant 9 clause Oo000000000 10 monotonous Write the meanings of the words in Korean. 1 exponent 2 perfect square 3 congruent 4 one-dimensional figure 5 geometry 6 longing 7 polyphonic music 8 Gregorian Chant 9 canon 10 acappella 1 art movement 12, Baroque Art 13 Rococo Art 14 Neoclassicism 15 Realism ig in Korean, a, a solid figure b.a plane figure ¢. to consent to perform or fulfill d. a number with more than two factors fe. a sentence with a subject and predicate {, having the same tone; not changing in tone 19.0 hard cream-colored substance from an elephant's tooth, h.a number that can only be divided evenly. by itself and 1 the prime numbers that equal a composite number when multiplied together j. a large stone or metal sculpture of a person. or an animal 16 imperative sentence 17 interrogative sentence 18 declarative sentence 19. exclamatory sentence 20 square root 21 squared 22 cubed 23 infinite 24 merely 25 be captivated by 26 come to life 27 omit ca 28 independent clause _ 29. subordinate clause 30 monasterye Answers and Translations e Word ListPCE CVs) nglations ee Tra @ Early People = 01% pote a, A RFS ete) eh FSH oF Sse S32 azo} fealele] Se wee 7a we AIC ©] AP] SV RPA Eh AS OFF AME, “te OFF 21 WoT ML ‘wah eb Aas PPS Dadehse 3H eagle STOO} RIC. te} oF 125M ao WeP EERE SD ayy aeisteh telat eS alslohs, We) adalat, web eetsy Atel, BaApHSe Wyleo] Babs Bvap] se SAE Aa ThE APIA EAA, VA OA. 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BAS} AED LM TE ah 2} AR) AER I5E9] al Woke che Alshab| “Dele ol Y, 2Se Ge] gale) Reet NP aE! aol Rae ot te, Apao1S AH MG la ASC eh wis: BE: Sab :xti0] 9} Sth, 7P EAA L-B] ShHS alah PeNst orte Fae) wg Bebst]| alae sp IsEe 9) 4 Oa creo to ak 1S PT BALE No A 8 SSW eV abt Sola ol wis ae AEE A AGTH) BAY ABH “Tse, “TES Al So] ABER 71a el alE8] wohOe. TeyAle, Ars Hehe D A SR OVEAE Uf a atoll SF whe ARIE, LY SARE aH Ob AE o] Pe fade ota Vocabulary Preview J artmovement 2 Baroque Art 3 Rococo Art 4 Neoclassicism 5 Realism Quick check 1m 2m 3) ‘Main Idea and Details:1 2 30) 4b) 5 a The Baroque Period lasted from around 1600 to 1750. Rococo Art is characterized by its decorative and lighthearted look that uses delicate pastel colors. © They were Jean Millet and Gustave Courbet, 6 0.Baroque b,Neoclassical Realism —<, Cubism © Pop Art Vocabulary Review emerged 2 tumedaway 3 evoke 4 characterized by 5 revived @ Gregorian Chants and Polyphonic Music afatalgt 47/9} CHAI BAKE SoA] oot] “14 /8IC} 9} APL EAE OH 4) ae ASIN Hehe VBL vlad we aeolso) atslet 8 af alate Ao} Mon, We oltso] Fx:dol Holz, Mel + tet] el SHES PAID RE, HS) AL ob 219} Ho} IRIE HER. BEES) APR ABE BVM APN We SIR seh We AIRES. 8A] Ate] SRO MHP a ese 18] Ae ke alolehat Aztech Tele ab | ALES Ache Batch. ahah els) PSO) 9] seeks ete eal ree: ecelalees| 22] 7H 3] beaks “Lelanel 4s ches) og whe] allel AFD agsiey “lel welt AVES rh APlolst eb ae ALS) SERENA Uh cL scale ebelole ola] wba eke eof: SADT ech ap EAS nee eepa Fe ORY! ep 7D sla) abate 1A ‘Sh DCL og} Baked Bab “obra OF. Beh (ap glo] Ses Sheba Sate, abated = EE Me Hol HEU OL F9teh, AHL Sone a Ame) 4 ‘ol 9k ARE obate| etek 71s Heh Sal ol urd} APSA, 282. Ale CHa B=}e) 1718 Ble. polyphony (elsEU ke Ae Ao| st We Se $y, ole. “Teale VASP SAC paola 2] He sep I AOR: Mi. CHS 7AHE EAloM Hed, Ae cHsete] th PeAO|E, o} VATS a ae wa) satay] Aa aeL aleb FH CE See} ghFahel abe Lo) i BESS SEALE GOse Neb eleh, a MESON 2a 2h Md ap ate) CAS wud cekapelal | Whe Selo] GPM ole, SEMEN RDS © CHE BA) HABSTOI = olsto} AAA So] olzie. low Hts sotfoleh Seevcehol ah we ee Sacish the AH A, abd pale AY CH a se 27) AISRICL, ole Sal, 3U WoL AR HOL cals] AAT NE Aieho} 3 Ab HM OHS ABO) ARRAE AAI, cL ARO] 223 a8 ue A vlod Aato] SHEE, Lab RE Sie 1 ab, Wala, THA: SOL oliteh, “POU ates APO S58] CUP SEAS DADE: AR ADAM 71 ScABSReh 2 Soa U9 SEAL ERE ELF, Soa Sekt Gralla} M.A} COLA AOL, MEE MPD mn Vocabulary Preview 1 polyphonic music io] ofa) HELL E74 el eal 2 Gregorian Chant 3 canon 4 monotonous acappella Quick Check 1) 2) 3) Main tdoa and Details 1 21) 3%b) 40 5 a.monks b.canon <. words Gamonks b.harmonized < voices Round Vocabulary Review J monk 2 monastery 3 dreary 4 round 5 chant a | factors 2 evenly 3 prime number 4 broken down 5 exponent 6 perfect square 7 line segment 5 directions 9 solid figures 10 bases 8 » sculptor 2 sculpted 5 statue 4 statement 5 independent clause 6 complex sentence 7 passive voice 8 contrast 9 dominated 10 melodies c 1Ath 2 Ae I a eae d 4 Dae 8 BISA b 5 One! 2), eat B a 6 aol g 7 R28 8 (AH SS) ROTC c 9 (eae e losses f > 1a 2 aia, 3 HSA, walott= 4 tate, at 5 IB}, 76h8t 6 22 ure 7 cee 9 aalzaoi(-ralz2212)] 2874 9 (BN ae, 7a 11 Oe AF, oka ALS 13 22a nlalalg) 10 obviate 12 a2 a1 {0He) 14 Amero] 15 ARO} 16 a vee 18 WE, Me 19 wee 20 HE 21 Ai] 22 MAES] 23 819, Ol = 24H, GR 25 ~ol| AIBEISICt 26 MOF BAIOICh, Act 27 ech, Wegch 28 St 2 aae 30 458 us2} unit 8 ofgiguiet Workbook?! #225 ego, Early People and Civilizations ~ Early People primitive simplistic share ~ with = ape extremely endure the Ice Age sheets of ice glacier 10 recede 11 evolve 12 spread out 13 become civilized 4 archaeologist 15 three-age system 16 prehistor 17 the Stone Age 18 the Bronze Age 19 the Iron Age 20 the Old Stone Age 2) the New Stone Age 22 hunter-gatherer 2s improvement 24 farm the land 25 domesticate 26 raise 27 nomad 28 copper 29 tin 30 weapon 3) pottery 32 commonplace 116 Alo), APO) 719) (rieainy ete8t ~@ 9} Bah Lect sa) Fel 42 Co} UIC, xIBICE ‘wer, Wale 282. sasolel wat sBelLict alsieict “astsick ni UP ict Seisisie, messiCh ane satete, GAD ‘SNAICHEL IAF afte] ADIAICH ‘57IANCh aia PAPI ASIA sete! ae SANE RIC BB act ‘gore, rect lec ae 72S = 91 =APKR) OFF a, wie! 10 Rivers and Civilizations ~ The Fertile Crescent and the Kingdoms of Egypt the Fertil lie the Tigris River the Euphrates River Mesopotamia the Middle East arise advantage irrigate canal pipe dam artificial lake eventually city-state Sumer the Sumei cuneiform hieroglyphics practice polytheism ziggurat calendar Babylonia Assyria Hittite Israel settle down be centered on the Old Kingdom the Middle Kingdom the New Kingdom pharaoh god-king flourish territory Crescent ise! Ree! xIeH ~oL 01 Sich, ~ol IaH sich elala g. pualela 2 LAEFO}Op 3 no outset at ‘loch, PIC, weep Atak ‘pale 8 Ole, Sat -2bHelCl, HCE gal ors, (Saye a tase OU, 22, Baztes SEAN} O12 cc wrasuotet a xy FOR RIS, Ske ANE 8B} een, Mae ‘NBMoiCh, aeisIct, etestet cla AEFEHE (net of4-ze}00} 1) gel ‘rw ofalelop ate}o1= oz act ~B auee act (ah onEe) 2E2 (ne) ope as (ae orsE2D re mieIe at ofa) Net arse ay ete, wetsicl ae © Asian civilizations - The indus civilization A the Indus River modern-day eta 2b ged! B42]3 the Indus Valley Civilization ici #91 the Harappan Civilization stein 225 4 5. gain access to © unearth 7 settlement 8 artifact © be well organized 0 be laid out 11 grid pattern 12 granary 13 bathhouse \4 paved street 15 sewage system 16 monsoon 17 seasonal wind 1s take advantage of 1s surplus 20 incase of 21 drought 2 engage in 23 Indus script 24 decline 2s the Ganges River 26 the Aryans 27 Hinduism 28 Hindus ol BASIC wale mach BAL 7A (Atzo| 21) as (EXON B Molt, BAL BetsICt existe, oct 2x ate, wa BE Xen, BS el Ala HERR Base ah Atel (StH0r of atep 71, ASN ae ~B olgelct ‘eotoy, ete 21 21904 cHutato} 78 0 BASIC, ~OF BHOHsICt aKa wat Alst6lc, 718CH ana 2 ofaloigis, ona eet ape @ the Ancient World - Ancient Greece peninsula the Mediterranean Sea mainland be suitable for 5 depend on 6 influence 7 the Minoans © Crete 9 the Mycenaeans 10 the Phoenicians 11 trader 12 trade goods 13 the basis for (eleto| wichae SenweN whe xia Be ‘~ol AFUBICH, ~o8 AIeaICE a Ske8iCh ters olxict Osco}, SHES ale 4 DOPAMINE, OF IM ARR MHLIZ 101215, a1 7}08 A Pores, wel Bos, 2H 8 P1Bt Re, 9] 1 14 government system 2% 2 15 independent sual 16 be ruled by ol fs CLA} 7 monarchy aan 1s oligarchy IER 2NF BAL, A} SK a 19 democracy paboy f 29 take part in all soft 2) the Athenians ——_ofelbieis. ofeiu Ast 21 lead the way FO Af, atAcE 25 birthplace want 24 sea power 20,3, eH] LPH 2s the Spartans ATIZEIOIS, Amze} Agi 26 the Peloponnesian War ai2s:tJAA stay 27 cease ich Betslet 26 beinvolved in ——_~aH 5c, oH eteISICE 2 Macedon OPAL so be murdered ‘avec, ois atch 3) ambitious oye, ovgelote! 32 Alexander the Great 2=4sicj ipa, gata] 2 @ the Ancient World - The Roman Empire 1 befounded by ——~ol os se/tc, ~orsk aster 2 theTiberRiver esi. 2} 3 atitsheight 2191 S710, BIA 4 Etruscan’ OE RAI0}O|, O1= 210} A}zI0] 5 drive away oluie, gona 6 republic Bani, Bare 7 ¥epresentative —_ci(ap, cht! 8 (am Bop 31%, 9 consul (ah oye stat 10 senator (ac zojop 2128 08, 8 98 11 concerning ~ol 2191, of Beet 12 plebelan (204 z0}9) eI 13 plebeian assembly (21: 2o]2) #4¢! ela, gist 16 tribune (ay oop aera, os x1EH) 15 veto power rea 16 defend ‘dojaich Basict v7 plebeians'rights — gvis9! 2) 18 Carthage 7 \e ome 19 the PunicWars oll za} 20 master 01, fata 2) take over 2 civil war a7‘ego, Bulste}, wetsict 24 Julius Caesar BPIOIA ADH, BIE rho 25 triumvirate Bra 26 decade 10K 27 emerge triumphant @ els 7#FC, il watt 28 beassassinated —_2s/efaict, Azte8Ict 29 Roman Senate 2} 1221 23 erupt 30 Octavian -2ebe epee wos eo) 31 Augustus OPA A (act 20 280 32 Pax Romana A ok eo oe tw) 43 split~ into» ~S-B Ue}, Halatct 34 Constantine! BABELTA TAL BABIEREA chat (Constantine the Great) 35 rename gs 1A tc, 7Heteict 36 the Byzantine Empire ulsie! x13} s:01 3) © The Arab World - The Rise of Islam the Arabian Peninsula ojeis/o} i= 1 2 Arabs ones 3 Islam ola, oat, Sia 4 Muhammad ‘OLS 0 (= Mohammad) 5 founder ‘BAI, Maat 6 Mecca 7), O18 8 291 x1 (= Makkah) 7 Muslim eel oleems, ane 8 the angel Gabriel 710128 2b 9 Allah eet oiseine ee 10 Arabic word ofatuloto}, of@yu1or 1 vision ‘te, 2h, al 12 preach smelt, 72221C} 13 Koran _ae, o181it2| 241 Quran) 14 the Five Pillars of stam oige241° 27128 os22101 24 15 testify ‘Boise, lat 2B act 16 prophet IRI eh 17 makeaprayer —_7Iaiet, 71688 Belch 18 face “aN BIC 19 give charity ase wc 20 the poor het AIS >) the needy Ud! ARIE. of@Ie ABI 22 fast ‘ach, ech 23 Ramadan poke! (oneal 24 make a Hajj aire sich, x] Gt Sich 118 pilgrimage axl eal caliph Bel oe 26 eae 9 govern cyAaIc, BALI successor Saint Jerusalem one upto mn bepushedback —wele}, wetLieh alarm aS; 2E8 Beet, Metal sich urge He, etal eich Holy Land an the crusades ‘uni Wa, unt 2 the crusaders ate recapture ‘etait, azetsict the Ottoman Empire 291 ($25) nist {© the Osman Turk Empire) The Renaissance and the Reformation ~ From the Middle Ages to the Reformation collapse Salele, FHAIC suffer Atzelct, msect Medieval aut} feudalism SUS Peasant ASS serf Be the Age of Faith Meo] AlcH, BSS) Alc plague MAS, SANs, Se Black Death SA speed up Si Bee, stele ‘the Renaissance BUSA Alt rebirth AEE rediscover iS value TR WA BZVKCt, (ON) BASIE humanist ‘CHEROIAL CIENT Renaissance Man 2ui4!42{ wale! curiosity Zig printing press ent Johannes Gutenberg jul 61==1 movable type rhea, SeKolaH) accessible 82 ist, cir +e previously ato, Zio come up with 8 stohuteh, ~S ut interpretation ali, ola, 2121the Protestant Reformation 2127461 (= Reformation) pope 2y bishop an Martin Luther oles Ret corrupt sp Me indulgence eal eet nail Roz Hic} thesis 2H, 91 AI pl theses reform 7astetcs, mnie sect (eno sar Anglican Church 3 3281(=theChurchof England Lutheran (sect) enh Presbyterian (sect) 2120) Anabaptist (sect) xi © The Enlightenment: The Age of Reason ~ ‘The Enlightenment and the French Revolution sweep over ~g eect the Enlightenment 122), 41825 the Age of Reason ole] Alt process ae BS, wet scientific method 25} wel remarkable wel, $RH ole, BRE Oe Galileo Galilei aerate geralo| telescope eed solar system sa Nicolaus Copernicus Usel9* aul2URA heliocentric theory "SNA x18 sun-centered cierto, cs Below ots calculus ovate) gravity eal the laws of motion 591 ¥41 Rene Descartes =u ivia= logic el esa reason ora, ol, 271 expound patel S2ICt, sk6kC} revolution a divine right ganed in any way OP BILL, OFA concept 7h, BN, wet Parliament emis] be forced to 2a ~ail sick 26 ” 8 2» 30 31 32 33 “ 38 36 ar 38 39 co 41 a the American Revolution alt s:a%2 pay off (se) act the American Founding Fathers 015215) o}vixES the French Revolution 214 s{21 estate (911 mBIASN 7a, Ae 7 clergy, ant : nobility ae i the Three Estates (88) 4 BELAO)) Ai Al the Estates General (#2{ £/ 214°) 258), Alten 23] bankruptcy mY, Ah levy (MS SS) Aatetct rebel pels wer|ct National Assembly (2214 2217/2/) 21218) f storm 4, 7seICt Bastille qualy mace ae fraternity ‘eAMtol, 0H National Convention (214 st217\9}) 919) © the characteristics of Living Things - | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cells, Reproduction, and Heredity , cell Ce e one-celled IMAI (= single-celled) microorganism aja i multi-cellular CHMALO| (= multi-celled) complex Suet tissue (ESE 0/708) 251 doh come together. Bolc} organ (2b US) 312) organ system 7h digestive system — 2174, A2}2|2 respiratory system = 2/7i| 28712 reproduction AL ANAL take place OIL, aster mitosis PARES, MAME ES me ane body cell A genetic material ER BE, RU Be in half. tos, aCe reproductive cell 4) M= beresponsiblefor ~ 2lxIc}, ~3 Bla genetic variation 21} Hol, #84 Hol heredity 9a2 gene een 24 determine wast 25 gettransferred ——EHIEKe, oleic} 26 offspring XI, A) 27 dominant gene 9.72%) 28 recessive gene 1 21K} 29 be present Sich, IMBICH, eH 30 be overshadowed by ~# sid 74x" ~0| 72/48 uc 3) inherit (eR) ARIE, Sect 52 mutation seivio| The Earth's Oceans ~ Oceans and Ocean Life 1 calm neat 5Bat 2 constant aia: 3 inmotion ‘Sain the, 28 Sel 4 water level 4a 5 constantly Belziol © be caused by “ol Si Adc, ~0 OPIS 7 tide at 8 result from 9) zimjoc, ~H 64 2471c} 9 gravitational pull siei2) 10 highest point and 11 high tide ws 12 lowest point anes, 13 low tide 25 14 current. aR. aR 15 stream ofwater #21 881, 8371 1 factor 20) 24 17 global winds CHASIANe OD Utet 18 Earth's rotation —_x/#2| 2421 19 dueto ~28 Polo}, ~ uO 20 equator AE 2) move away orale, ciLct 22 the Gulf Stream Lz gist 23 ocean circulation 24 replenish aigt chest CYAL ABC, BIC} 25 ocean floor ct, aa 26 asvaried as ela ceet 27 continental shelf css: 28 agentle slope weaie Zale 29 continental crust ulsx/2} 120 20 3” 2 3 En 35 7 continental slope claAle abyssal plain uate ‘ocean zone agency shallowest ree we the intertidal zone =2Icl 2telet get exposed eatuteh the near-shore zone 2aix\c abundant Beet eget the open-ocean zone sl2!x(cl, Lukct Fossils ~ ‘What We Can Learn from Fossils dinosaur 38 go extinct waste) thanks to % tito fossi a remains Ral BAL imprint (2 BAL Mois 2 AIR sediment se harden BOinies, stsaneich sedimentary rock 2 get fossilized aisle be preserved zeit decay ch, eageie} shell (set) ect, eal beleftbehind (soi) t7ixIe}, bch footprint wns impression (ete APL BB ATE) aa in the form of ~2l gee mold Se ena oa cast AS gongs He) extinct wee vanish areiateh paleontologist. ss#012} unearth waeich, me piecetogether (42 58) MIELE, ojo] 5c} figure out oluich, eH LAC weigh SAE Oleh, SA BCL assemble Sc}, RBBle!, UeLA IC fossil record ovat i index fossil HE SM spec Sale, ease!5) rock layer ae 3 particle eat 52 ammonite LOI 4 photon a, Bx 53 cephalopod 58 (20), 22001 5) 5 in waves wiesyel ane 0 trilobite ee © approximately wey, 2} 7 medium es, a @® Force and Motion - Newton's Laws 8 inavacuum BB Neto (eldtver Seay 9 wavelength wa elo Sol gats) aks 2 float (amu Bam) ccc x 19 visible light aed aaa ete 11 thecolosofthe spectrum Ale 9 aia suai xp 49 paitsitns cate 12 prism mela, #071 Rsaceelehton Has 13 beconducted by — ~of ofe¢ sayxiet eiataitty ae 14 beam of sunlight 2#3! (22), igre! 7 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation we feltne ae ‘pelol Roa) wa 16 combination 20, 28S as gravitation, tet v7 bend REAP, ayAICt 9 attract Bolgich 18 refraction ae iene oie, a0, ant 19 convex lens sal 1) inacircular path gig HER 20 concave lens osu 12 prevent ~ from ~o) “8k 218 etc} 2) focal point aa 13 fly off Wop wie, tora Upc, 22 binoculars wera 1 physles ele 23 television projector ssalblei 21471 15 the first law of motion x21) 24 invisible light eras 16 atrest BAIR 2s, ZINN Bt 25 electromagnetic spectrum 2}7| A51=e{ 17 inmotion ‘@Ain Me. SE Bel 26 infrared light aot 18 velocity aS 27 microwave ajolaznt 19 unless ain QI Bt, ~8IRI LOL 28 ultraviolet light xis 20 outside force 281 81 29 Xray HAM, WAI, elated 2) acton ~ol agaiCh, “ok BS ola} 30: Gamma ray ota! 22 fallbackdown cla) ofetse wotxte} 2s the Law of inertia 2291 ws) ® ho Universe - Ectises 24 the second law of motion zesv* OFF 9I8Ich, Olga SESE a5 the Law of Acceleration 21459) via! 3 aA 26 formula aA 3 eclipse (RIAL, MAIO) Ay a7 the third law of motion —_xis5444) 4 moon's revolving 1228 26 the Law of Action and Reaction “8218984 gg, al 29 in return (ol dish eIgSe, ane 6 solareclipse wl 30 propel (83 WHOR) Uoirt atc}, Ft!8Ich 7 block ~ from = 7b SHE 21S SCH, Ylstetch 8 casta shadow TEAS SIC, TERS Select @ List Energy ~ Ligne Eneray > partial solar eclipse 3 ; Roles cancel of ecto Sinciad ce eenert 10 total solareclipse 421 2:4 2 billions of see 1 glow ea 12 solar corona eHeE SLY 120iarray , diamond ring effect ciojok2s 2 a2) op\ 4x xe 9. 39 sl woe) | 14 last for ~ get xlaeic} | 15 brighten \io}sic, SleHxich, etal sick 16 Earth’sshadow = x1! 22/3) 17 total lunar eclipse 7121 #41 18 inner Uv), 01, BAoL 2m 19 umbra =e, 2 Con HA RU a a 29 reflect viata, UiscE _ 2 partial lunar eclipse 44 22 directly aaHloe, aa 25 permanently Brel Be 24 blind oneself 40] QICk, elo] Sich © the Human Body - Diseases and the Immune System 1 (every)once in awhile 7, oluka © 2 eatchadisease wot zalct 3 noncommunicable disease ula at, ules 4 communicable disease 4 a, Set - 5 lung cancer mg 6 heart disease ae 7 infected (2a Son) aes! 8 (common) cold 217), a 27) 9 the flu 52, 28 271 "10 contagious Beso MIE 11 epidemic aM 5 ime Bas! et 12 defense ‘wo}, Wolset, woiala 13 the immune system viv 14 the first line of defense 21a} woit! 15 prevent ~ from ~7} 6H 248 tc, ofatct 16 germ Mat 17 gland ule, uy, tue 18 attempt to wale ALICE 19 mucus (a SOMA) LIS) zien “20 foreign body ole, ols 21 saliva aL elo _p acid ab angel 23 manage to OfgtaIE ~éIch 24 thelymphaticsystem els, 125} 25 lymph node ang, ental 26 lymph gland ene eum 27 white blood cell wai 28 infection zai 29 antibody aM 30 foreign invader 91%" alguat 31 vaccine 8 OR Ar 32 inject Alsi, CHAN) FeleICh 33 stimulate ESIC Sata 7IC} a4 deadly FIVE), RSS OWE 35 yellow fever aon 36 influenza SUB NN, HR 271, 2 (the fu) Numbers and Computation - Factors, Prime Numbers, and Exponents 1 wholenumber 84, ae 2 factor 2, 3 evenly Bea, a50-H 4 remainder (28, Leste Loa) 5 bebrokeninto — ~2 sasich, ~@ sB7ixIch 6 divide evenly Uteo stoiates 7 primenumber 4% 8 composite number eae 9 prime factor Age 10 result in (evan) ~B 3th ta 03} 11 expression oA, 12 the exponent Al (=the power) 13 thefourth power 46, 14 the base z 15 square MB. Wet: Mesle} 16 the second power 24 17 cube ORG, th; MEAHSIC) 18 thethird power 3 19 perfectsquare wana 20 square root ME, 2e @ ceometry - vimensions 1 dimension 184, (BO a7), RE 2 straight line aw 3 length dol, 712 4 width Lu, Me 5 height 1x0] © geometry 18h, 7181817 the first dimension 14121 41 8 thesecond dimension 2342 wie! 9 thethird dimension sais 274 10 depth zo}, at 11 the fourth dimension 4xi2i, ajzt 12 typically Up, Sesion 15 one-dimensional igure 121 == 14 lack ‘wo Sich, 0] Ick 15 two-dimensional figure zt 224 16 plane figure wae 17 plane aa 18 polygon ete 19 intersect axle 20 infinite F819] PetCo] 21 three-dimensionalfigure tai 2 22 solid figure paca 23 base we. ae 24 face a 25 vertex ‘NATE pl vertices 26 edge exe 27 congruent HSL BH 26 parallel wae) 29 correspond with —~ol 4Baicl, ~ol cageIch 30 curved eo), Host 31 cube, square prism Sola, aie! 21715 32 rectangular prism —Sajeie! 2)718 23 triangular prism = 4218 21715 34 square pyramid aijetas 2h 35 rectangular pyramid °21A}2191 2135 36 cylinder wie 37 cone cy 38 sphere z ® Stories, myths, ana Legends ~ Pygmalion sculptor 2ph 2 named welt O10), eh HE 3 Pygmalion njagere 4 the island of Cyprus 71224 4 5 merely etx a 6 brilliant SBE, Holt 240 7 statue AU Azie 8 asif obs ~21 0} 9 setto AlatsIch, ALICE 10 ivory ‘Moka amy, SO} 1) be captivated by 12 fallin love with 19 stare at 14 longing 15 in honor of ‘~2b ARBION wEXIC} we, ae ~8 7a, ~8 7a 16 Aphrodite OfaL2C Hed (ta ott on V7 make an offering —_»ii'2)8 utalct 18 the goddess of love 42/2) 014! 19 make a wish age wet 20 sincerely anon, Bor 2) grant (ls, 4 58) Sorc} 22 come to life AdgsICh, MOF ga}0IC} 23 achieve ‘Sei, tet, ov 24 marriage ae ot ABIES EE} 8 SAlSC, ~ OKRA Achy 25 George Bernard Shaw 2x) viMje 2 (439) 247 awa) 2s give rise to ~0] A201 atch 27 the Pygmalion effect |-12t2|2 sa} 28 be capable of wee ead, 29 achieve greatness #818 =14aIct 30 indeed see, A © Grammar and Usage - Sentences 1 subject 01, BH 2 predicate a0, aH 3 declarative sentence BA, Ae 4 makea statement asic, 2/2sich, selec! 5 end with ove BUC, ~2) St Bch 6 interrogative sentence ok 7 question mark an 8 exclamatory sentence zie 9 exclamation point zz 10 imperative sentence wee 11 be omitted mesic, 5astc} 12 inother words Hal gat, 13 incredible 14 simple sentence ie 15 independent clause S221 16 clause a 17 stand alone 2 Ach, BIC B+ Re MPa nn + 8 12320 2 2 Fe 4 26 26 7 26 16 7 18 19 RETR conjunction HAA 9 compound sentence s% dependent clause 84% subordinate clause 34 function aigaiet, 7Isalct by itself SH, AA beconnectedto — ~0i 2/8 subordinate conjunction. S44) complex sentence it theactivevoice SEH the passive voice #58 Art Movements ~ From Baroque Art to Realism artmovement ali 14, ole ANE unique sme, Sage the Baroque Art ule of, vie og architecture as compared with ~2 blazslot classicism, aaeel be characterized by ~3 S828 alct dramatic aa capes contrast of» ol a, ~9] cH vivid args), Mass), Zee ‘emotional expression 2 131 evoke aout, talc emerge (Ow) SaiHe Pate, UCL the Rococo Period 2213 At decorative BARI sH8t lighthearted Hate), Ie, ca 212 ate delicate sacale, let pastel color nA te) turn away (6) Belch, Orr flashy BaZe, eter AI emphasis on od et 2 lead to ~B ogc), ~a/7 sich the Neoclassical Movement -Aina%%0| Avs, Anas 2 Neoclassicism ain tF2) revive ‘sue, #RIAPIC, ISIC} the Romantic Movement ‘19121 AIZ, EHF! 5 Romanticism dereel imagination ated, ere 2» 30 a orderly give way to Realism be replaced by Impressionism abstract Impressionist Cubist Dadaism Pop Art BABE, SEEI ERC] 2 UF ABIFSL ‘ol 2 cHaIct one} Sane) 401 elem ath ux oF; eS), RUHL cyclo, oS BoE 2 The Music of the Middle Ages - Gregorian Chants and Polyphonic Music the Middle Ages tremendous monastery monk be structured dreary enliven medieval chant Gregorian Chants Pope Gregory the Great verse in Latin unfamiliar accompany acappella monotonous harmonize polyphonic music gain popularity inflection canon slightly round imply overlap ‘BML BAA ‘Sa, Bel cicte! eet #EAL Sh AIIEIC, BAIAOICL gel cee! 2g SHC, 1 gt SHE ayo ss eames ven AaIzeIe 47}, alae 471 etal eA 28, 7H. 8 algloue asi we, Wet ‘setsich, autetch Of ln neg are HSS ORCI, 288 Oct ceet 20718 eet, SA) SIct 2h, O18, B= met) 2a, 21 at Seka. 2 ‘SUA, SIA Levu ale, BAI