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994 " 8 47
993 . 8 " 8 >" 42
999 8 " 8 >" 34
99 9 4 & + # 8 ' 8 34
99 9 3 & + ' 8 39
99 9 9 & + " 8 ' 8 3/
99 9 7 & + ' 8 3/
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456103117 . 9 894
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! " 3? 41
! " 9? 8 " 44
! " 7? 8 44
! " 2? 8 : 43
! " /? + 43
! " 6? 8 49
! " =? " 49
! " 5? : " 8 # " 47
! " 41? " " 8 42
! " 44? " " : " 8 42
! " 43? : " 8 8 " 8 >" 4/
! " 49? . 8 " 8 >" 8 : 52@ 46
! " 47? " 8 " 4=
! " 42? . 8 " 8 >" " " 4=
! " 4/? . 8 " 8 >" " 20 : : 45
! " 46? " 8 31
! " 4=? & " ' 8 34
! " 45? & # 8 ' 8 33
! " 31? & # 8 ' 8 8 : 33
! " 34? & # 8 ' 8 + 39
! " 33? & ' 8 8 " 37
! " 39? & ' 8 8 37
! " 37? & ' 8 + 32
! " 32? & " 8 A ' 8 8 " 3/
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! " 36? & " : ' 8 36
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A
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456103117 . 7 894
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8 " 8 ) " " . )
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8 8 8 " B
: 8

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433 111 8 : # " + # 8
8 3 66
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: 8 >" >" 1 74 4 111 :
4561 3117
• 2 : : : 8 " 8 >" + :
8 >" : 2 >" 1 46 4 111 8 >"
2 + 8 8 456104567
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'
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456103117 . 2 894
1 INTRODUCTION

" 8 8 8 >" 8 " "

" 8 8 8
: " 8 8 :
; : " " 8 8
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) 45=3 # " :
" 8 +
8 " 8 ) " ) " ; : 8
: + : 8 " " : "
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8 + ) 8
+ : ; * " + 8
# : 8 4561 ) + 3114
3117 + ; : )
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8 "
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+ : : : ) ) 8
8 8 # " :
8 " : " " : " 8
) : 8 # 8 >"
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+ " 39 8 ) , ), *
8 311/

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8 "
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# 8 < 8 " 8 88 +
E+ : + + " 88 " " 8
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456103117 . / 894
2 EGIG DATABASE

2.1 Definition
) 8 . 8
" 8 4561

2.2 Objective
; : 8 ) 8
8 8 8 " :
8 "

2.3 Criteria
>" 8 ) 8 + ?

- " "

- " 8
"8 8 + ?

: " 42
" 8 8

) " : : >" : :
)

2.4 Contents
) 8 " ; "
+ 8 8 "

8 " :
?

-
- . "
- F 8 "
- 8
- :
- 8
- *

8 8 " ?

- 8 +
8 :
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E ? 8 3 >"
8
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456103117 . 6 894
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# 8

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E
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8 : 8 : " " ?

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8 8 "
8 8 + " +
8 8
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( 8 8 " 8 : / )

2.5 Limits
) 8
8 : : + 8 8 : 8 "
) : 8 " 8
" + " 8
8 8
) + + ) +
8 >" 8730 + 8 >" 8 + +
842 " " 8 >" 8 730 +
+ 842

/ )0 ) 12 & 1113
456103117 . = 894
3 ANALYSES AND RESULTS

3.1 Definitions
; : 8 8
+ " 8 " 8 +

" 8 : 8
" 8 " 8 " 8 >" :

8 " 8 >" " : " 8 # " )

+ 88 " 8 >" 8
8 # " : 8 +

- # " 8 # " #
0 I J # ? 8
: 2 84 111 ) # " 2 4 111 2 111

- # " # " 8 : " 8

- # " # " "

8 :

8 " 8 >" " : " 8 # "

) " 8 : 8 20 : :
" 20 : : " : 8 :
2 : " >"

+ " 8 : ?

- 8 : : 8: " + "
" + " " 8 : 8
) " " + " : 8 "
8 >" 8 : "" " 8 : 52@
) + 8 : 52@ 52@
: " 8 8 " 8 >" :
- 8 + + 88 8 ! )
" " " 8 8
8 " 8 >" + 8 "
8 >" 8 8
8

3.2 Trends of the European gas transmission system

: 8 8 " )
+ : " 8 # " " +
" K " : " 8 "
8 4561 "

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456103117 . 5 894
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1
1
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4

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8

+
1
31 111
71 111
/1 111
=1 111
411 111
431 111
471 111

1
31 111
71 111
/1 111
=1 111
411 111
431 111
471 111
8
"

+
) 3117

4561 4561
Total length

4564
8

4564
4563

,
4563
4569 4569

3703=
4567 4567
"
"

+
4562

;
4562
456/ 456/
8"
8

4566 4566
456= 456=
3

107
4565 4565
+

91097
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=

45=4 45=4

)
45=3 45=3
45=9 45=9
>"

45=7 45=7

8
45=2 45=2

2041
F
F

9/071
+

45=/ 45=/
45=6 45=6

"
45==

I
45==

I
45=5

0J
0J
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433 4/=

4551 4551
8"

4554 4554

7307/
4304/
4553
4

4553
4559 4559
4557

4562 4554 455=

4557
4552

&
4552
455/ 455/
4556 4556

L 7=
455=

4=033
455=
4555 4555
441 39/

3119
3111 3111
:
)

3114

.
3114
3113 3113
3119 3119
3117
3117
3114

41 894
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) 12 & 1113
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1
+
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8
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3

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+

1
31 111
71 111
/1 111
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411 111
431 111
471 111
1
31 111
71 111
/1 111
=1 111
411 111
431 111
471 111

,
4561 4561
4564 4564

+
4563 4563
4569 4569
"

4567 4567

,
:
4562 4562

M4527
456/ 456/
8

&
4566 4566

&
+

+
2041

456= 456=

+
4565 4565
45=1 45=1

45270/9
45=4 45=4

"
45=3 45=3
45=9 45=9
45=7 45=7
45=2 45=2
4304/

45/7069

$"
F
F
45=/ 45=/
45=6 45=6
+

45== 45==

I
I

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0J
0J
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45670=9
4551 4551
4554 4554
4553 4553
4559 4559
4557 4557

45/704569

#
45=7059

4552 4552
455/ 455/
4=

4556 4556
455= 455=
4555 4555
3111 3111
455703119
4=

.
3114 3114
3113 3113
3119 3119
3117

3117 3117
)
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8
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1
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+

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+
+
+

1
31 111
71 111
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411 111
431 111
471 111
1
31 111
71 111
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=1 111
411 111
431 111
471 111

102
4561 4561
4564 4564

:
4563 4563
4569 4569
4567 4567

2041
4562 4562
456/ 456/

,
4566 4566
"

,
456= 456=

8 :
8

4565 4565

41042
45=1 45=1

:
45=4 45=4

C
45=3 45=3
45=9 45=9

*
10=1
45=7 45=7
45=2 45=2

F
F

42031
45=/ 45=/

=1
45=6 45=6
45== 45==

I
8 :
I

0J
0J
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=10411
4551 4551
4554 4554

31032
+

4553 4553
4559 4559
4557 4557
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4552 4552
455/ =1 455/

32091
4556 4556
455= 455=
4555 4555
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.
3114 3114

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3113 3113
3119 3119
3117 3117
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8

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1

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+
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+

1
31 111
71 111
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411 111
431 111
471 111

1
31 111
71 111
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411 111
431 111
471 111

4/032
4561 4561

+
4564 4564

O2/
+

4563 4563

//
4569

+
4569
4567 4567

3/092
4562 4562
456/ 456/
+

4566

O/1
4566
456= 456=
4565 4565

:
45=1 45=1

9/072

8
45=4 45=4
"

8
45=3 45=3
45=9

O/2
45=9

61@ 8
45=7
+

45=7
45=2

$
45=2

7/022
45=/ 45=/
45=6 45=6
45==
I
45==

I
"

0J
45=5

O61
O73

0J
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3114

4551 4551
4554

2/0/2
4554

"
4553
8

4553
4559 4559
2

4557 4557
+

O=1
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4552 4552
455/ 455/

//062
41

4556 4556
455= 455=
?

4555 4555
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.
O23

3114 3114

N62
3113 3113
3119 3119
3117 3117
8"

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#

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! " 5 + 8 # " : ! 456103117
# " + >" 3 66 " 0 0
# " " ) 8 + "

9 111 111

3 211 111
J

3 111 111
I

4 211 111
"

4 111 111
#

211 111

1
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
F I
0J

1 5 * .

3.3 Failure frequencies analyses

+ " 8 8
8 " 8 >" " 8 ? # "
# " " 8

3.3.1 Number of incidents

) 88 ) + : 456103114 84 1/4 +
) /3 + ) +
" 8 4 439 8 456103117 ! " 41 + " 8
! " 44 " " : " 8

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456103117 . 47 894
/
5
1
1

#
" 8 I
0J " 8 I
0J

3.3.2
#

"
1
41
31
91
71
21
/1

)0
456103117
1
311
711
/11
=11
4 111
4 311

44
4#
4561
4561 4564

! "
4564 4563
4563 4569
4569 4567
4567 4562

44 +
4562 456/

*
456/ 4566
4566

"
456=
456=

94
4565

"
4565 45=1

"
45=1
45=4 45=4

Primary failure frequencies

45=3 45=3

:
45=9 45=9
45=7 45=7

"
45=2 45=2

F
45=/ 45=/
45=6 45=6

8 "
I
45==

8
I
45==
0J 45=5

0J
45=5
4551 4551
4554 4554

8 >"
4553 4553

:
4559 4559
4557 4557
4552 4552
455/ 455/
4556 4556
455= 455=
4555

"
4555
3111 3111
3114 3114

8
3113

.
3113
3119 3119
3117

"
3117

"

42 894
! "

) 12 & 1113
8
 ) 8 " 8 >" 8 8
8
456103117 88 ) 456103114 8
2 311103117 8

8 " 8 >" 8 : 4

& . &
" D6E
DC !
&E - &D4### C !
&E
456103117 4439 3 66 41 1 74
311103117 411 1 26 41 1 46
3117 39 1 43 41 1 45

" 4 & -
: 8 " 8 >" 1 74 : 456103117
+ 8 " 8 >" 81 77 2 ) 456103114

8 " 8 >" : 8: 1 46 8 311103117 >" 88

8 " 8 >" : + : 8 :
: 8 " 8 >" : 1 45 8 3117
" 8 8 " 8 >" 81 46 " : 2
311103117

! " 43 ! " 49 + : " 8 8 " 8 >" :

8 8: + 8 : 52@

0,9
P

0,8

0,7
4111

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3
! >"

0,2

0,1

0
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004

F I
0J

Entire period Last 5 years

1 4% * & -
! " 43 " 8 8 " 8 >" 8 " 8 >"
8 2 : : 8 " 8 >" : 8
1 =6 4 111 4561 1 74 4 111 3117 : :
8 " 8 >" : 8: 8 2 1 =/ 1 46 4 111

/ )0 ) 12 & 1113
456103117 . 4/ 894
 47

43
P

4
4 111

1=

1/

17
! >"

13

1
4561
4564
4563
4569
4567
4562
456/
4566
456=
4565
45=1
45=4
45=3
45=9
45=7
45=2
45=/
45=6
45==
45=5
4551
4554
4553
4559
4557
4552
455/
4556
455=
4555
3111
3114
3113
3119
3117
F I
0J
< 2

1 43 & - * 5$F
! " 49 + 8 : 8 8 " 8 >"

! " ! # $
! % & ' ! ! !
! ! $ %
! & '

) 3117 8 " 8 >" : + >" 1 74 4 111

+ 52@ 8 : 8Q 1 13 8 " 8 >" : 8:
+ 3117 >" 1 46 4 111 + 52@ 8 : 8Q 1 19

8 " 8 " # 88 "

: 8 : + + 8
?

# 8 ? 75 6@
" 8 A( 8 " ? 4/ 6@
? 42 4@
" : ? 6 4@
E 0 ? 7 /@
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456103117 . 46 894
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1
1
! >" 4 111 P

! "
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1
41
31
91
71
21
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42

1
14
13
19
17
12
1/

)0
456103117
4$
4@
4561
4564

"
4563 #

"
8
! "
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:
4567

"

&
4/
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456/
4566 "

:
456= 8 A

8:
4565 (
45=1 8 "
45=4

-
:
45=3
45=9

E 0
:
45=7
45=2

F
45=/

:
45=6

I
45==

0J
45=5
4551 "

8 "
4554 :

(
4553

"
4559
4557 8 >"
4552 E 0

#
455/
4556

&
A
8

455=

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4555

)
3111

+
8
3114

.
3113
3119 , +
3117

4= 894
"

) 12 & 1113
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P

0,5
4 111

0,4

0,3

0,2
! >"

0,1

0
4561
4564
4563
4569
4567
4562
456/
4566
456=
4565
45=1
45=4
45=3
45=9
45=7
45=2
45=/
45=6
45==
45=5
4551
4554
4553
4559
4557
4552
455/
4556
455=
4555
3111
3114
3113
3119
3117
F I
0J
" A # 8
" : E 0 A
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1 4 & - ($6& * * )

! " 42 ! " 4/ " " 8 " 8 >" : "

: " ? + " 0
: " 8 :

8 " 8# 8 8 " 8 >"

: 456103117 1 31 4 111 + 20 : :
: 8
8 " 1 41 4 111 3111 E + : # 8
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8
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8 8 " 8 0 8
: 8#

) + + 8 8 "
8 >" ) + ) + + 8 8 8 "
8" 8 8 8 " 8 >" "
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456103117 . 45 894
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15
P

1=
16
4 111

1/
12
17
19
13
! >"

14
1
1 2 41 42 31 32 91 92 71 72 21 22
88 " I J
M 27 220/7 /2067
620=9 =7059

1 4/ & ( )
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8 " 8! " 46 " : 8 "

8 >" " : "
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1 32

13
4 111

1 42

14
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1 12

1
# " " E 0
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456103117 . 31 894
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! " 4= + ' " " " #

8 + " 21@ 8

# 8 : " + : : # : 8
95@ + =@ " + =@ : ""
=@

3.3.3 Secondary failure frequencies

8 " 8 >" " : " 8
# " . # " 8 # # "
8 "

" 8 8 " 8 >" : 8" 8R

K " 8 : " >" 8

8" 8 " 8 >" " "

" 8"

! # " : 8 ) 8 " 8 >" :

" 8 + ?

- # 8 ? 8 8 : +

- ? 8 " 8 +
- " 8 A 8 " ? 8 "
- E ? 8
- " : ? 8
- " + ? "

! " : " + " :

3.3.3.1 Relation between external interference, size of leak and design parameter
! " 45 34 + + >" 8 " #
8 8 8 : + "
"

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456103117 . 34 894
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1=
16
P

1/
4 111

12
17
19
! >"

13
14
1
107 2041 4304/ 4=033 3703= 91097 9/071 7307/ 7=L
I J
. 0 E &" "

1 45 . + G C

13
1 4=
1 4/
4 111

1 47
1 43
14
1 1=
1 1/
! >"

1 17
1 13
1
=10411 411L
: I J
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1 %# . + G C *

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456103117 . 33 894
 1=
16
1/
4 111

12
17
19
! >"

13
14
1
102 2041 41042
* I J
. 0 E &" "

1 %4 . + G C , C

! 8" " + 8 "

:" # 8
# 8 "
" " + 8 +
" +

! " 34 + ! " / 8 + 8102 2041

" ) # " 8 2041 +
" 8 102 : 8 " 8 >" 8
102 " 8 2041 +
+ 88 : : " # 8

3.3.3.2 Relation between corrosion, size of leak and design parameter

! " 33 37 + + ' 8 "
8 " 8 8 +

/ )0 ) 12 & 1113
456103117 . 39 894
 19

1 32
4 111

13

1 42

14
! >"

1 12

1
M4527 45270 45/70 45670 45=70 45570
45/9 4569 45=9 4559 3119
F 8 "
. 0 E &" "

1 %% + G C &

1 43

14

1 1=
4 111

1 1/

1 17
! >"

1 13

1
, + $" . #
8

. 0 E &" "

1 %3 + G C &

/ )0 ) 12 & 1113
456103117 . 37 894
 1 47

1 43

14
4 111

1 1=

1 1/

1 17
! >"

1 13

1
102 2041 41042
* I J

. 0 E &" "

1 %@ + G C , C
8 " 8 42@ " 88 " 33 37
+ 8 " ' + : 8+
+ : " " " + + " 8
4527 " " + " 8 " 8 8
:

! " 33 " + 8 " 8 8 "

8 >" + 8 " 39 + + 8 8 "
8 >" ! 8" " +
" " 8 " 8 >"

8 8 8
+ " + 8 8"
37 " 8 " 8 >"
8 " 8
8
8 : " " + : 8
" 8 # )
+

8 : )? #
+ " + " , 3117 : 65@ 4/@
2@ 8 " 64@ 8 8# + "
: " + " 49@ 8 #
+ + 8 3@

/ )0 ) 12 & 1113
456103117 . 32 894
3.3.3.3 Relation between construction defect, size of leak and design parameter

1 32
P

13
4 111

1 42

14
! >"

1 12

1
M4527 4527045/9 45/704569 4567045=9 N45=7
F 8 "
. 0 E &" "

1 %$ : + G C &

! " 32 + 8 " 8 >" " "

8 A ) + :" "
8 A + " :
: ! " 46

3.3.3.4 Relation between hot tap made by error, size of leak and design parameter
G H
" 8 + " "
: + ! " 3/ " + 8
' 8 " ' 8
+ :

/ )0 ) 12 & 1113
456103117 . 3/ 894
 1 1/
P

1 12
4 111

1 17

1 19

1 13
! >"

1 14

1
107 2041 4304/ 4=033 3703= 91097 9/071 7307/ 7=L
I J
. 0 E &" "

1 % "& + G C

3.3.3.5 Ground movement

" : 8 6@ 8 8

! " 36 + " : ' 8 "

: " " ' + : "
:" 8 " :

0,05
J

0,045
0,04
0,035
4 111

0,03
0,025
I

0,02
0,015
! >"

0,01
0,005
0
0-4 5-10 12-16 18-22 24-28 30-34 36-40 42-46 48+

Pinhole-crack Hole Rupture

1 %/ * + G C

/ )0 ) 12 & 1113
456103117 . 36 894
 8 " 8 " " "
"0 " + : G " ( : H

"0 " 8 " : ?

- <
- !
- &:
- (
-

! " 3= + " 8 "0 " " :

31@

23@

49@

/@

4@ 9@ 2@
< ! , + &: ( &

1 %0 " "6 *

3.3.3.6 Other and unknown

" 8 G " + H
"0 " 37@ 8 +

* 456103117 4= " : )
+ 8 " 8 >" " >" 1 11/2 4 111
) # " 8 >" 8 8 '
" 84= 46 + 4 "
" " 8 : 973

/ )0 ) 12 & 1113
456103117 . 3= 894
3.4 Other analysis

3.4.1 Detection of incidents

! " 35 + " 8 8 * 71@ 8
" , 3117 31@ 8 +
+ " 8
" 8
8 :

72
@J

71
I

92
91
32
8

31
42
41
2
.

1
+

8
8
."

+
"
.

<

8
. 0 E &" "

1 %5

3.4.2 Ignition probability

! " : + " >" 8
) 456103117 7 4@ 8 )

) # 8 " ) :
: " + '

3 : ' 8

' 8 ) I
@J
. 0 9
E 3
&" " MS 4/ 5
&" " N 4/ 91

" % "" C &

/ )0 ) 12 & 1113
456103117 . 35 894
 3 + 8
8 )
"

: 8 " )
: " : " ) 8
8 "

" 84= 456103117 5 + 8

" " 21@

3.4.3 Injuries and fatalities

) : 8 " 8 " 8 >" " 8 8

"8 " " ;
" : 8

8 " >" + :
"

) 8 " + :

# 8 " 8 ; 8 8
": 8 + >"
: 8 8

/ )0 ) 12 & 1113
456103117 . 91 894
4 CONCLUSIONS

• ) # "
8+ : " " +
433 111 8 : # " + # 8
8 3 66
• 8 : 8 " 8 >"
: 8 >" >" 1 74 4 111 :
4561 3117
• 2 : : : 8 " 8 >" + :
8 >" : 2 >" 1 46 4 111 8 >"
2 + 8 8 456104567
• 8 " 8 >" : " : "
'
• ; " 8 # 8 21@ 8 8 +
" 8 A 8 " 46@ 42@ : 8:
24@ 8 + " # 8 :
" 8 # 8
"
• # 8 : >"
" " 91 C
" 3117 " 8 8

5 REFERENCE

2 & 8 " . " 456103114 3113

/ )0 ) 12 & 1113
456103117 . 94 894