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    Research Mythology

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    P. V. S. A.
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    “ants fro 4 srqeiart fall (Research Methodology in Behavioural Sciences} Wat. We Ta Ee Te © 2014 by PHI Learming Private Limited, Delhi, All rights reserved. No partof this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in wnting from the publisher. ISBN-978.81.203-4974.2 ‘Tha export rights of this book are-vestod sofaly with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Leaming Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Batpargan) Industrial Esiate, Dethi-1 10092 and Prniad by Aajkemal Elecirie Press, Plat No. 2, Phase IV, HSIOC, Kundi- 131028, Sonepat, Haryana, iv 16 W 18 19 20 at S 29 30 aL 32 33 M frre a ues) uf [Sampling] Wee Yikes Ci Fars [Data Collection—Tools and Techniques] Te Tres TORCH [Data Collection Tools—Observation] Wed Whe GIR —WeATaall [Data Collection Tools—Questionn Tee THAT TIP —MEAMHR [Data Colles Tes Fret wae —Peter act [Data Collection Tools—Rating Scales] Wed tebe waa —aifigha art [Data Collection Tools—Attitude Scales] wee Hers Tae — aera wher (Data Collection Tools—Achievement Tests] Wee Ter UaaRT aa ar ees carta [Data Collection Tools—Sociometry of Sociometric Techniques] Ted tert cop —artacd vd carder aftafaei [Data Collection Tools—Personalily and Adjustment Inventories | Wee Teper Gore nate) eer heh (Data Collection Tools—Projective Techniques] arian oraet or Pair gd arataer (Construction and Standardization of Research Tools] Ten wrcel et areata er SIRT ya valet are er eer (The Interpretation of Test Seores—Seores Trans formati Development of Test Norms] srRE Toa GH rasa [Reliability of Research Tools] ara supe ail Ge [Validity of Research Tools| apnMere weet feet [Quantitative Dat TTS WaT FART (Qualitative Data Analysis] anger wigan SH) Gey [Writing Research Report] arian 4 aug waite or oi (Using Computer Technology in Research] n Tools—Interview] mand OR AME [Appenctix[ wef Wey [Bibliography | arperAfOepT | Intex] 282-310 311-321 322-341 4342-359 360-376 377-393 394421 422-448 449-469 470-483 489-523 524541 M2561 576-587, 588-633 634-653 654-673 674-704 7a5—713 FIS-728 729-740 fra ph Li 12 13 ua 23 Ba Sa 52 53 91 ia 12a IBA 14d ISI 152 153 16.1 16.2 163 164 165 7 181 18.2 19 ‘arene PRADA gee FAI eos fred wr afer afer ‘wurde (Paradigm) ame wf gfe 8 erage fer separ] a ae Tres a ORAS pia a one oR anaete fers apRAr IHR arn cen aurdite sepia a gfe a craeiftan fers asierett oh were eRe sare A sre yd ator Reraee arpa B ware wd ures we wRteisnra sepia aifteed al tive are angers sfheney of steer Tore Spear eRe a oT aint ere aeqeiars A ene dina delta sreiers em ween ar Rear ae a fre Peete, teeter wr eect ye che urea Fh wea or ae & ahh ee agers enitea a ata a sien ofnarnst & ware vd SreT We see after a7 fae seqetarer feeta gitpern on tented ceptor aay gerr at watt ote ated & Ahr were anaes fara aqaerti A ryan oR mete & gee wag a wate aaifte vfterery varie Giese arpa @ afc aafte mers db sree ufteel evar wr faery WET AMT OT eT HT A ERT ATA Ta aT TIE ames fart $ aga 4 tem ah wee warea seafiem fiver sites) an eer weal & wet al een an ares vi 201 211 21.2 24 22 a4 225 wl tM 24.2 26.1 26.2 26.3 264 265 26.6 a 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 2 30.1 SLL 312 313 aL4 321 32.2 32.3 BA B42 43 a4 345 34.6 fra ah OIREIRG fart $ aRRA A RT AIR F THR ast oh yes of achin oem ga ve Panha Prafeor arate ar afar ale seme aafitgft aretha yepre aam/og stom 1 & fey afresh oe wets Hen 2S fore ae sgh aH wom ae scan ta Reg afte sage ar adits Reser careiter afte armenfigee ar seme Fb veer we tifa dioftara wen 4 ane fend é wae a ease dea aen smear a welt Bei are ye ferry wee aadrel ar ilar od ware we oat ere ea uriftes aevaie ofan oo oe fs wT ATT ae da 8 oo en fra te AH 4 sept Pen or wari aren ae fra gree aa fer wratat & flee op wr sera afer a frat oe per wt apa fem gy aura ah o ong 4 afte Tame ct firgait wen mnie erat 3 wre) eet @ o ararel cen aa vite 4 era were dhe (singe) & emer saan an ae ot aor we aU wee & Renee eniia wed ce we PE oars aeerat Bh dua ar alten yt wore 3124 fog me afte Fe (Nominal Data) aT SS TH terse afer 8g we aie ater fete a aT ores wert dh eR Ra eT preré vere faverr & ds arafieaere aera faenftlelh @ wis @raere (Truant Behaviour) Hi fAfBa wrevlh er Fear meet Ser wafer Ge a eT (Tools in Data Analysis Pak) @s Yeanfa (Bar Graph) A AAS er see erka teal WM wen ear genes oe aT fBeehor1 (Histogram) Reema wifeareél wh Rene (Options) ai fafieneri 4 arena ai dqite orgieanai A Gear a ¢e oN (Biograph) anferet @t S11 4.1 62 63 64 65 66 8.1 91 10.1 Wa ish 16.1 16.2 1d 172 18.1 18.2 183 18.4 19 19.2 Rroranre ogden a arent ote tart rare orpsiars & dha oie sere ameagg win — asi orani } ew 8 aE ger & fey WER 2x3 SRaTY afrmey wh Gea we fron sere & Stax a afiiren sear oT gait oa EY fear FETT fifi axa ofrecer we fafa Bore ger (Bee ce aPNRRP eRe Ten we oel—arnhre pT aT Water 8) & aT Ruane agar after 3 we 9 dafeq ew goatee — greater, wager fits wap gee a ert weitere arqeiare Hb geet eitoet sou srazent Teer van rere a aartrerr a fey PRT BOT annftre area 4 fifta sere eb dae ara weir arsine & smite star arpiars weer aly orqeiers ufaes fre 4 are wars ar eine wf a arisen or anit afters 9 ae waite Geral ah op aig os foal a we oats wea ET) are ares arahrat at fasten cen saree wea tana garth wd acne mana Serf B Bam By so A ary GTA are owe seh Ge ora para atfoe wr aehid Beret arena 7 ART are fiem wer & agar sealer er afte we vena & Raf} dor veract # agen fat ware sh ae gre smerar wad at mpfer viii 193 194 a 22.2 23 4 225 22.6 207 228 22.9 anita et era BAT sie Tare eH arett geareeit aft faster ten fant arp® Soetoro afin Teor a REA AH Rea fe ager AA are aA ATA fe aie AAT cri @t arp aren ward ae a aaPue ofightt ane oe gaia & erate wee Ho 1 alte gg) oafiegfty ment re after ager ureriael ob aren reerere a ara arora at aT AIT oH Bie AEA AP ch fey foreS ATH oe ET fared atte ener arated a srt afte Resrenait af qe ard & ves wer & fey g craen cp wt Rea adore at arp area & ait 6 ereernet & sce a erotart ene vanfecia geht aafigeararn rafal ga ara sahil a aera 22.10 wrarel fat are A ea apeeprereR er cen Flr sre wR 23.2 M41 24.2 25.1 am 28.1 28.2 BLL 312 313 314 313 316 317 318 321 331 B41 B42 343 ad seraige wet scene Ria wach atari & ore ards defile aie suey defia soe wert a gerd ayant wna) why dots & cS Ge d saTEeT hafta a wen 4 one Renal Ber Pee my ger & sect er wee fritter qedtier eifedl set (MMP) 4 ere ea oie oe em aqaars awe & fret yd arrctteen a waa arneng cen seoraeenf ergs Fea oTeh wa Wer) fae A gatvat @ are atfaia weated or orgie firey eifafe wie A qa areal Fa ATA (Interval Scale) We 50 Fatet wh ET ofS wrt wp aifirght sre oe 90 orfterfeer een 100 PenfBa aafteret aA era em AR wero a ifthe aE ort aA maf fore enero herd angitt after ft arora AP car S oedi A ast cafes cer fer ATT ei apf @ fier 8 wart ate wees enfta eet walt sree sorafem whan sik wre sapien weet Four Ta oR Then A arf oN ITER WT Blea car fey oT as hy sarees @ waft weet wm weit ey ae ereiftr wen er eee wegqdioy ay ate ree on ete or ofa er eS ore aie seat fea ah wae & arscqe 4 wren fate fares atest art faawonesren ifr enferenr sree ferro, afer singe ee avira @ ge a rer om emer Pb amor gett ep tte rarer a er ot Pere site walt Ge 8 8 wad dhe adi anfeeort, caren cen apie om aeqoe apres er & | gel Sa cart at oft gee Rear on were Re ae er ES oe AenPreT cer osieTeePRisi a ae a 8 aya 8 orn @ forse ae forse Bt Agi Ten aI WT | GER oe A eg AT era erie gore en sere wood fra) eet are fret ea A ef ara wi gfe she feerara srt Wl oricrra Fam og rt aE aie anit a ane TH EA aS aed a] 2 a aR aE adi afee ear a gare fh E Ree es orton an ogee ft dion Sa BI agi we ae A are ave er On aren @ A Rewer ser sysiarrentstt gra PRA oe aT 2 srr oy ageers rt wee eT aT aT A TH MH a ae Tae wares wT A 4 say gore Bibarerst Sg fbf a Reh afer srgsiors AM ar gain ere gre Per oar er Fe smear fae at pia Af fire Sa ar fara Per A aes fen OM ee, Te ATER sieraier edt 8) geht enemies Merde sepiardl a meet orgeiers AAR A mph A arpite cd ore fer a eat arpies fae A ame TET PT were BB) ea she A arasite feral a organised grt fra gore Ah AR AARAl a weil Aken ara eTiBA Bre ache oR ern Se fer SMe wae TINT EL ore A Fa Te aT ore at satan shat > ae Tey A HER ore Tord AEA 8H ora oe ona TEP oe ora wy Bq orl oe TE aed or aaa A ofa 6a 4 Sn tern SPT OT Set were seer — arrferr wal omer ert S eaant GHTaTTR Hans S TToCHAT anf “aA fate” AT fay wr are aR EE) HTT Teter wit fea wt ser wah srrerrns 1 ea Fearon fret ae F1 Or Gert a ye @ oa A oe Gere oT 34 oma A dew gage fed TT et] ect Set aera oftaarera €) 9a aera Ted aN A appeal Ve ay el, wpa es MECT TTT Be tah fe wwe ow we cen Ta? oi GE ae A ae A wT oa Were, Oe Ty, ATT THTPAT (Constmets), 7, ATTY, Wafeng, arfinpSta, was, THe, uftaerr, RTT (Models), Sei (Paradigm), Frat wer fer ae a seen et ee ew ras fen ene) EE sears 4 arenes fear cer enaerte fast aqeary veh oT ix x anya ab) GET EU TT Wh sere | Tie aie ger S oR oe zene eM anaerka fier & sqeerrpctsit eer eared ar fete wy A dares fee era #1 aot 3o seep aR saree sepia cet Steer, afea eter a tre afk fora aye ser a wpla ate arte ari ve snare sat a 7g 2) 6 a sue o goat 4 rifts, al—arifte ven ged Se orifite gerd oe Ree 8 weer Ben TT 21 Fel A aR See a PR SIR Ferd a Ss fe ae ee are erhoret wer aah separ sifted: ) Seer ate ae wet research OT fe) Ga e) sch AT HT research Gat eT Sar ae et ET “sere Aare wT fla ref Se & gee MOE a EOE oR TRA site area aA ered) et) sich ge ore HF research seat orate & ane) Ger eT sere via & & foreré rere & ait art ah ais diet @ ste ae aa wr wera firereT ae cara Rrora a gf att 21 ee were A Ser ory ot ara fer ge eh one fore gen Sim fore a) gftr ob fea SRT ar) AT oP ae TENS oT TET aA aH fey yw A YS TT TAT HHA St aT west hort] wee ae war Fy ee eng & wed 8 | saree & fee a) Ue RT ae TER a vara ae watt @ fie fee sere | afk fara fees or a mare ven are far A wae wa cory sikhe ciftew o eee a AAT EP (iy Go Ga alee we I a wa ae Gem 8S ae oP Aw) ofa wel fore wear ored A ore caries scare? Gi) TH OAS AT STG Ae UR ae ae a BO Te TH TE Eq Ae 8 or ay ein wen Ha 8? tio 3 Bere #9 sma ae OP A eer we ae Efe TEP wT are Borer They eq et cea & ? wy ora 4 ork ce anh ae ara a wife ae wera & Re ce ei gre and a ara ar) ale saree fra ea Fa? a ave neh other a en anh one whe a aE waeM aT amet Gea Bg Ge te aeni 1 aorka wa on ead 3 fore ste mega are wl eet Gear el sever Gell Ge ae ore) sfta eer a oR EF a wari 4 sia Terra frat qh) TIE A Sey oR ear sa sere A ae craere herd sear & A Ae ws wr GRAIG met Ree Bh $a oe 4 ga gen & ort anon awd deo seer aw oa ae fen on wT] ar & verse 2 a fore aficd wt oot—oneh wrens & ford gerexa ert at ard wet 3 ord fed ag Geel ae 2 fe a orion & fed onaeem Senfte fay cer anger Ganail Bre By Qe Ta TER) mT TR HEL a ten a pe fee oe arta oar WRT ea aaa 8 Toe Gee fea a a Bern Yar aT RT ae Tae aera nem qadach dt ern era wen wed 1 ge tee oa agers Fh ara ant & a gee fore fini a fied were @ amet ween ar sa aerT eA we Ba A wid ag cower ura ae a aS =i eT agaur sr sig Amp enh ee caine ok tenPep fa A pT ee GPL aet wr she gar ght @ ger ome seed ed ERMA aL ae og ei eee PIR weeidta self er fafiet eri arr sa sitahte fart or wea gard se or ea er argetara—aptt wd somrege ararerd 3 agar & wepetia af (Dictionary Meaning of the Term Research) 1. Weare orig Fea (Advanced Learner's Dictionary 1952: 1089) arta & afar 2 ar & fee at aa Tae 4 a ce a a eq ae aT SM ae Be Greasy ay aI | 2 dare Ufa ay wafer fee Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary 1966: 730) sree @ afore “ye Pane more ah vite ese apren ober 8 fore Geren a cect @ eta ay aren a on we, wipe Rrgrat ser Paci ot =a seit & oftger 4 dishfia fra on ad afte ga dette frerci sera Real ol areata wo # win A ara on as 3. waRes wera Baar (Ame ‘allege Dictionary, 1967) aaa 8 afara “dea ve uP A ela bq Reef fava fava A at ar are oem ea qenfies quene a ats war a tr ayer v2 Ee aye out (A Few Well Known Definitions of the Term Research) 1, OA a: oper ow te) cafes fate t free arr Ta cei cer ser ET weal a Reng, ora age, serra, orl—prer aren sie ond Pike tattio Fram oh ghee oy ord feren ware 21 (Research may be defined “as the systematic method af discovering new facts or verifying the ‘old facts, their sequences, interrelationships, casual explanations and the natural laws which govern them.” —Young, P.V., 1966:15) 2. £8, fea ud seq. area: oder 4 ceed sie 2g asnft@ ofa gece 4 ogg we teh oaftes wi dafea aia 8 ¢ oh fea wats ch wrens a ware get Ba satan weet Sarl sery at 81 (By the term research we mean a systematic organised search for knowledge used in seicitifie investigation—rather than the more haphazard many of ws use for everyday problems —Mason, EJ. and Bramble, WJ. 1997:3) 3. 9H Seay cota: opie do areni wedi wr oer wars wet bg Aa A ad ae qaaea wae a 81 ged are org qd ear ae ht ora et wad 8 chef oe agian 4 2ten & arora gerd gra ag BY abe afte Pee ae ure el ewa Bde BS gre saber a syed sein # dat 81 ath A ware ad agar ¥ wher coal ear ween 8 ate ga cell A are wed feel ade at yf aren By (Research is a systematic attempt to provide answers to questions, It may yield abstract and general aiswers, as basie research often does, or it may give extremely conerete and specific answers, as demonstration or applied research often does. In both kinds of research, the investigation uncovers facts and then formulates a generalization based on an interpretetion of these facts, —Tuekman, Bruce W., 1999;4) 4 race Frere argetars PARE 4. Sam, rere: separ Te a oT ep Ue crater fae a 2 SI Sw era) dear, utero ae Rafe, ae ote oceil oH tesera, sieslere cleal a fer cen ae te fret oe veer Pea tear @ fore arteries ere fats oh ee sera taatrn star 3 eo} areiga ans way fend 2) ing of enunciating the problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting the facts of data, analysing the facts and reaching certain comelusions either in the fon towards the concerned problem or in certain generalizations for some theoretical formulations. —Kothari, C.R., 1990 : 20). §. che ah. afte ca ort weft otis : srgeiart ge ufber 8 Per} spear) a eA crafter wo & amt wea sie vec bower fe oes fe on cee oe ae, ape fads oT aera Goa ora aes afer Pere er we ws 4 site werrn Perf 8 | (Research is a process through which we attempt to achieve syst ually and with the support of data the answer to he resolution of « problem, or « greater understanding of phenomenon, —Leedy, Paul D and Ormrod, Jeanne Ellis, 2008 : 24) argear Pitaa chart @ gan ea teh oral cee ahah aaah Sane wbipon & frend ara & aTeT fee & emer fq Ee Tas a A mn ser RA a & are sehr wT eM ga Pe “areal & | argent A spf wai Retward (Nature and Characteristics of Researeh) aaa We Fo weaidia sel qd fates Rei ao A ag orien cars ow ore oft fee fear ara a e4 age W wefa va ereasil & aR A Pe Pend Pare 4 nee ‘fret earch & | L see Fea wal aie ser Pref eee (Research in always Purposeful and Goal Directed) ania ori fet Aiea skea a cen a ota oq A eer 4 fear orem 8) were gel fie wor & waar aera atet a gf fa wet 81 Gy (8 a cet on aren Rit S cee oT wa oe aT] Go Reta year a ahs sr at orfe oer sue ada gra 4 aga aa orem wr gfe BET Gib fava Rem & SaPee arr 4 gfe ae) Civ) 86 Steere B aerevey Fea St py gherarett seer seer eaPerell | Ere afer Vey eA | 2. oar wr rer wa wiker TA ee Peifora va fated el & appar feat dra a, afehiis od areata Gr A at adh din ore ga Aw WT eh anyeiers sé River one | gered siorert at aren git ace: crafererr, tenet Pachter, Prat a wafted vedi ¢ oie od fiftaa gem Aor & cea ft day fear ora 21 oF angitara apt ed somrege aearemd 8 4. sapien oe oa 4 ves efter 2, ofan an aera adh snpiareni grr argue ztope te orem, aur afte aR Bow A gener fem TAT 2 Bret sogad year a wed } deer atk econ ere feat ed 4a Pend franca anand @ aries ciel wd gato ot ft ai a 4. 3qer sfafae vd ceria oqgerrenist a ord & SPDR Be | aT OH aT EL TET aT ars Ba ares ane A era F age sere Praia, Prasat, wars ed areretioren a sii awea By ont: srgelenes GAR a grea ReY GTA PBA GAL gat wee Forearm Ha SR, Ee Te fers ef ote oh eA oT Pe ote Sarah GPT ae | arr 4 fife gel, six wae epirord ate Rema & Hee A so oral RE TT fen ord) aR ce A ew STE erlore wee eT weet A A) on ap 2) sigeiers Araregerr denies cite agar afer at gam cae Ge seeeR ar geet B fort gem Prorat va eae cited (ore arqeers a aererat a wey F orn anor e) are ae Pad aT By ager ae) EY ar) argetery seeay a ante Bg water HF sire aire By aR ve 4 ga ave offas aS oes Te sienna & fea oa ae eae OTT 2M ge organ afer A ort ae 4 wed @w ores ours 8 A oR el ona) ger er 8 ae ae Oe ort fa EO TA ont gq fare TH TOT Capproaches) ate FAR wT se Ree or wa @ Pooper A mega Gene AA gen eh B site orpiens wf a os ga qe Tye Sar a rcereonalt a aay eae eho 7 on He a ee ee at ae ar ref ar deride sarar UTE | am cits ot fatter fafa ar carr (Methods and Approaches of Acquiring Knowledge) fare of orion wri wr yen ober Reet afte, weg aT wey a were zh OTR ae AER 8g sneer sr a suet wen gen 8] ge ae! A oepiars } (A sepRE gar afk Aa Ter STO ee, are A erg wry evel faa wd war A ere wa S aro terete Re gar crn 8) ga gf G arpieraeel @) a angie eri a ore ave ar) aga By sis #7 fafier faftral site corre er ere or etn af oreere #) at hea A yf a aed ag oT vel ar sre wi & AAR sare she Rai wl ge ARaC wert a de oe gal wen AeA 1. TeeRT orgs FAA (Phe Method of Relying on Tradition) aM are oe AT ae foe oat oe on edt B1 ET TH Sw A ae eT ae & fy wens) @ So 4 EAR waa ete sepa A aise ean B | aa AD ow enh) Pel wre eT Wert wan € i we saa & ce wT a ee Fe A ae STE Bg aT ge fen orn ver 8) seer Gar eh oe oa @rgT A wl War wet 6 aie He HR oy eet mr om aid 21 pee om art Gdtarst aA wrens @ ener sie oral S dared aTeere Sara By or are she sepia A ae on eel ears] a AY TERI Bd S| FE) aT amy orrertt 4 eo afta of fed A ant ceed 81 seq armed tg aT ae we aE aT fro waa 8 age sie ster mre seh, ten Sy Sra FETS) agd SORE Hae 6 race Frere argeturs PARE rh agin ae afer fie ot Wa 21 fata =A ofeteat 4 cel alee aie sieferraret wet afte afte erste or ere tee we GS ho B) er ome 4A A er eT a hal SPR ae a Sey oe TH Tee Hep oe Ta S| at A eH aT AAT A oT om & fr sitter aren A yon aed ah am Stet ond @, gaa Cet ser ser Sree FoI We Fa Re RENT fTaRERT A ate shat a a safe A eH aT ae TAaR ATAY aT seo # ote ge GR @ sere 8g germs ov Pe eA BL AR gw oer Poe ET eI A srepa & fire ert 21 2. fe fava a oie ee Pek we were fa (The Method of Relying on Authority of Expert) areas 1 gat fa afk Sarr 4 ane wife eg ea fava fees & areh ae oie, arquch site fete wl see a wr wot ee EB) weer VG om es sry arpfee sie aes fees & ar § ye A aT aed é sik ses 4 art wer G fea |e Hh een wed sah eA carro eit ea ws, are felen, qeert cen EAR a warner are an fr th etd @ re Oa aah oe eT 8) STO aT ae Peete oes ae tec 8 ae ER am oT A Piet sie ereenhen areas ae a sae eH or, pare oily Poet eer ah Ta, Tafa aie AT BT GER a ed E aa @ ae ae AR a sia core she TA ofS eq Tear, aede Opt aT, Fee GoM, ae ra G seme she paras, decrees ste get oe Se] ATT afte onprit aafee, Rrra Se OEP TENS ae wert A SPT TEI Pea wach ey, AEA oa §8 Ser Sr ew waenfaw A arr S| prea A ora fh fre ei fave A arg eed ot Und @ at sep ORPRT sie fr sche a Sart ce cet et or Bl ae ae art & meh Sst A ory ee & Orel ey oer wren fey} se ste en wa Bq orp ate fra afc a aera oa a ved it) pe es A ais, wearer sie eT Seay af aT aig cearaat oy ae A me 1 FF TA By aa, Gem, Aho, ER, area arte enfiy are Dh aie dard € cen cement 4 Palte romana, erect 3 coor gern ote erieer Ten Beets We Tree aa THR a Tes AT oT oT wed S| ST Te Sa ait a ‘rome omer site are eH ome gre tere Ht afiem gAR ore A eer are & wee | TEA Sea oT ae oar siz fala A afeds adi 2) for ticle aafad fay at eH ae € fm & eee grr shod cron site erraga & fey der ogee #, a wea A ga Heidt oe wo oat ae daa ae) 1 gated a wha db mer S oo A ee aie ey ae ear we eda A our vel seer on wera | grat faeewrheen, ger cer argPrcen wt oraft ces weer aed & $8 grins & oie oie oer & wa 4 obnpa feo oT AAR 3. SRPral wen afterra agua @ art veri were fafe (The Method of Utilising Senses and Personal Experience) orga a ar aa A ge age var Rene afte erate oer oer ty wa ot Sew, ae es ‘fre a aa Te A Te ae SA FT FeO eR Bg ATA BPA a oT Pt aera a7 ‘cern 34 m1 ware wed ea Eh gaa arAPcal (iter, are, wre, ofa rem sen) wh a argetara apt wd samrege acres 7 OF Sara W Fat SoM 8) SoH ee |S Tee af appre Goo Fa We a a TMT wee ged 4 om ara), favorita ate da arn wien @ gery fee At cafes (Subjectivity) Sai 8m ae ara a A ame ce ST Er OTe SH Ader Glee she TIENT FET ae on wren | Ta} ster a Pet oT are worefteret (Perception) 4 few ott amt ae & ty srs 8 aed | dhe 8 a aR Toe Hh oot to A pee 7 ofr ste Sal 8 cert Sor a ger samt ga Reed 2a € ofte qx ore A ween Boa Pemerora send orereT MP) Bre SATE a AT aT | EH ORE efeat a were esp ENT TT oes wy FEAT fie gor ar ort aren A efter at ae By WA veh fe GA et gee Boater fe aie afta qart srifts away ob were F aft fey wert 8 ot et aa 2] Bert & SPM GH a sre A TH aH TEL te AN awe @ TeAA Mle wh Prec a ate Pra we Berra We aL PS GHAA Sai | ace, a eve we A iat A den a A Poem ‘ork are arretare fhe Gy ah are arora tere red era ew whe tc oh Pc eres arenes Raft A ormeht a 6 2bF A eke) rar save arpa arr ere € fle ery weak ch erm carreh sopra ara th ance & aver er fond Framer age ds me? ath er oe ara ‘ere ot a & fhe avec ga Gon fis orev, are fore mene a cesT rr Gwe ieee Ts 5 ZA 20 re A eB eer are FT Tate A AP aH ee ae a PT a Rear wa vert a aera oe fer oh aged ged or wy ve ae sel Para aes 2 fr ePemaiia sige & are Prat gon ears aden geste othe gered FE mT aH emt | oP faa 37 Se (Van Dalen, 1973:5) 7 Be Pa A ome fee er aed By fee B- anfad aby are Beer ve derr a ara aerial et wert art a gical we) on wet gy okt O78 oF eat a oat wt ae wee 8 at cael area a te ae amd) Gi) ae TT TT ayer et aro an area & Reve arfaas (Subyecuve) wore gra std &y cy ae arrater weal @ omen ae fore wrereftereor ar Rare wh vero ae were & oerar (iv) earner ee aren & are angie Peed ya oor at were Far Wem e 37-3 eetas are og te aed gg ge re on we é f ePat cen aga & aT ST Oe RAG Tara Ah eT aE Aaa Wd BAIT aT A Maree 8 waa TA Saree eee ar aT afb At eee} site orgie et eet 4. oe ot wei Fart eereh fate (The Method of Using Instrument of Reasoning) Urns ge fa Fa wh So gegE ae are ser afte afte aT sod fen oTaT B18 a are mf ar oe TA A ar Gen TAT Inductive and deductivey 31 & FR WH ftor BANS a I Oe wT EL Wrists 2g sR oe ere era eet Forfa faery a fae caren @ Pera ay ain wer wert ofa or aT ae eer Si TH Ga apie @ fey sere, at cer reer afer 4 Sar sie RTA oT fife Tea ET Tet Te eS Oe Rend site are 8 amt Fore # argeturs ARE RET Fa ae eh TS aif SA A Soe A wR HEMT ae Ts | SAA TT Fe STs ae wore wl ge fret scree are acid ere feed or we 81 iy: afer tse a rer orqehare Pate? Per ee Foret a. areal ar srerctrare othe archer @ orf & | hea ee ww ag wen é fe oT S rede A Gear apdary a Soe oro arora & | FH arene) oh amere we ae ya Feo ae ode fi arpsios feel ame winks & feet ag eh creageaat 4 fears orgies aa or Ue fare ser oraz grat | (iy Safer Rees fare ear cite 4s ent A orae Seer 8 fie sa ae A og wry are arth art gure & (art gu teh 8) see ge serene gre ae me Prem Prone a wer ae weer 8 fe eh wa ge @ are ee BI cts ght saree oi ore met wore er cota ae ge aif arr wreafer oh are eed § adi a sa wore a pital se cia] a eee seer wes GAD sel yew ze wel B Pe ‘orgies aft? apne wink & Pred age at emgerat ew ore oe we Borer amie a ers Rear aren @ aay we ara ge ware a ah ueayerel ob ford ath vert ae cred aE agsiae Rat A set ee are get TeayETe 4, freer ge aT ane gierTT ay 8 feners agar’ am 8 ag oh ve ve arara wire wel &| eh ae Gay sere H are SPAR agar oN on wea fe ae oe ae ae egw cee aT Ferd Peer Pera Ted aie rer Sw OL Ba A aga Ms ee we wae EG aR eH mM sy areT wl eae G ge Ae Sat are rah senate car cr ae SL we A tet och ahh Foret cfr fre Fr faire Saree aera Hel} warden ara aif ara eA wT GI BEAT BH SB 2 Per oe were on arr oe A aaa er aI B fare cen ATH A SCTE Ter aT PAT eee Bae Tas aT oe ae Prather org rer Pres, Pert ster erriga fort em é, ae saat wor Ware fafire saree F ofa oe ah aT AT ey afte set A Goer eres veer 81 ge eT ar Gre area bg GS Peer ores BAGS Saree a Are HET ET | a afta fee fee ce arreipa een a Peed at (ae ge areqfamar a aorérn et rere wt) ed ares were Gr ae ee AeTene a A ‘orator Peel wieder wb erect fd cage A afta eu 8 Prue agers are seara enfte war 8) ga crore at aren a qeet eafer ara we era ae wee @ aaif& eh orpiers fil srry remyeaet wre Barone orgeiera cor sexe wet & at oh orgeiene FRY oT oof a us ver § oer sees &) fay wo 8 fevers aria arre aera wife Sen] Gi WH ae aa adh 1 ea ware & we aig Bar a dae efaa es ary ag wea ¢| ert ga aren a he ae ce ga at et gee eee ahem Pe ae or faire rg ah week arr ¢ wae 8 ge 8 eel ett) ga axe aed aa ach 2 an Aet angetars—aptt wd samrege arared 9 Ba A GITeT afe SA Eq Te PRA ae we aT ee ST A WaT GATT Ee Sen on are fer aa monet rT 3g WaT Tw hh aes woh & fo ais fey a ae A fas ah ate wer eter Bae Feet erage cen at Pars et acer & ate Fre ea FRR oe fe Sa a teh A we a GIT SET @) arrr ain Perr aa sented enet—oneh age a seis sfrar 4 fa ae necore fee ad @, aad fifta ga wor @ see ar fe wegen er raf] ove GST ST TET e area wt wore Proce wa wot ug ma gu act 8) = wit md gu ah 8) oue qual wh qa 8 <8 81 sae 2 om eos 8 sce ge ote me 8 ot ga ah) gga eA ae an aT + wh mi qth a) wea gam # Re ore an Perr ga tei were aA eal afer on ain aed ge ae facet, aa aie aeghee si oi ofa a each 8 an veh ? gee sae wee Ar A A wearer fron &) Rr et cereenit at dor en oo a Uta Fae # oa oe fare fen ore at a at amr aie a Farm aa wien gh oad abet wo A aefua arcfas am oer A oneal fire at wad @) gu fey sage dk quod qu adh & qe appears Patel wh orguyeral A sort & ye orem Romane angetener ara & den & gad ona we wa Te eae ea A aE we wed fie ah mi qu adh & ale wh appiert Rel A oeuyeral | aes A Brae soda, sara dan 21 get sore Reet as ene Howe ea we ARTE ao @ Re wh oe qa ad fh qarar a sella agar 8 ser dorian a ampere we 8 at sare qPare aie Year ser Spl ah car Ba fee ga aeepl gPre ae afEgaa Toons Fond oie @ wear Hao a ar wed 81 ge me Ger are dt seme aie Peer ai weer ah cra wufeat srr arr oe 3 ay ware & erat sie afral ar fre og ont & sie gafod gry Y fat ei sir orf an giteiéa ale ferrite ourm al ArT On maT | 4..3rrr aie Ferra aa wore @ afeafert eaatt werafl fata (The Method of Using a Combination of Inductive and Deductive Reasoning) Sr ara me ot ge fat F onfed fisher ere amery ste Pen at oenfeit on oa AAP er A gar fear omen 8 | se fafa a mea ste ordwmreh we weprer sre ey ee ee wT (Best and Kahin, 2006:7) 91 fern & mieroot arr amy 3) cone or wErT ad Ee at Yan oa fer roe a dere (Observation) Et ward & Serra Roe ga oer wh) erry et we Ee TFET aE Fray at coneit > eer ort aT oir ae wT B fee arr eT Bere at fre mor @ GRurst a srt Bt on wach Br sere oveny ae fee ef confer aera we ecm, 10 carreras Rrerit 4 anpenar Attra? Teel He yee ees ar owe) areiore ae OS wet HF siemry Tal GoMeN BT WERT Hare ae sah or wrod oe eo ei ord ge reETT S ore orTent aie worst @ sree oe etterrcTt a Ge aie EN oRRSTHaT A ITT FT wae Be WET EON MT a ward ary oe a sae Ra oor era | eer wore ob oars Perar RAT aor signs eT a Better aed aes A gar shecoot arta @ a avery (Oey site gen ware eg) aie wel Rope (Hema & ena ftom oh often ree bg) oral soe eer meib eeen gomT TORE sara arr aie Perr oa sented ar oad after ote eater wo A wih ee a ee agT aM Maga 7 ae TET & fh TS SA SM aera TH A A A OOH OP te one E, or sree after Por ort Bi age fart od shear ge he a sie site Pemes fAat & vag ak wa Se A Se ser ser wR A AT BPH) sre Ae | Se fa 4 ont Remmren oie sua & were ao) Rare ert ect et ait Mars a ya oR RorT (Gay and Airasian, 2004; 4) 7 fener & Tat aren aie Pree chat et oa! contrat at eeisart ce mer ery & sifatar Ee te Petron af feet @ ait st ces Oe ogTa AAR a orTy aT eT ger Oe F Gi as age aaegarr eb a area arr anf ait are ftir of emu, Ashes, devas srs a7 SIT arora Fiver ara onferat oe ameter feferet a arte oreeht site aarererieay fra er) 2) wa WER oe) cep srreia Fg fs fey cory ay feet a soa oe 8, aM Se fr ot oonferat a aftafen sie eaters sim sro safes fri eat aes sie oot FL ST Fee &) ames—feert oe worferh ab eT Taba Tae STI A eT aT GTR amt sit siomatsit qe aire ofr aie denfre or & qa fat fae ga ofa ar aartie fair oar orn SS OMA wT APT Ter fray S| ort a ST A eH gee aR A fae 4 val oem oy] 6. Genftes yoams afte oreo aw wie A aR arf fA (The Method of Using Scientific Enquiry and Investigation) ee Af A sme urer ae bg oHfer fee are wis Get a yee, aia ose she ate er eT SeTTET & eT Pe SenPaT ene see Gr atte arp wel By omer eT B 1 ARE. él cs fA & Fae fa of gare oh aE A are ae arefite ed wether Penal A area eo erate ser caer eri 4, sarn sie gat a ore ore @ 1 ae fae sort wert A ‘aanfrm fA (Scientific Method) & ATA G uit 8) ah oH STA aif og eA A wal awk, snail ga cee Te OAT orl Re fers Pew wea # aie Pry A “aenPte PAY wa Heh BP fas aE @? (What is Science 2) qa A oad eer aren #4 Sve or a ed gen oa on sie apf od arate aay 4 oh ae A afea Sen e Saat OA aie wa ah wae gee), forsren cen AerarTTET ved ong 81 ae gen rd oer Sa qu Sita acre, ator ate oI ere Herd oe eT ate vad wei ome a qerftes wi dates a S wo A UH te Hen Tas a we Reed we oeey oi Seren arareeen 8 ores) ave serena glee wafaetter aera Bes A oy @ ae fet 2) ctor ao ah ast et oe a et ge ot ge oA et qe saqatars—apht oo scarey cored 1 aida HER Prem @ SH a ST HF TATeY (Comemt material) HAM fat a 8 aie ae farrreq fort ware cen deni & srerr a wala ef t ga qereRen wd anita weret aH ft Sry are FATA WT a SPT TAT IT 81 Se ael A PASTA via Ne ate Bia aT oh THA afer Gow A oe ae eA aif SoaPh orrort six ona at af A KEG HEMT Bae whom ooo 4 ae aa a ve ta qaraRtes wi dafea Sr WI ER eS eM for sere ae eect Safe Pte wl ot after wt oad ave oi Ah aq ert ty Rar BEF SP Sa S ey TH ToT Hea ET Sah (Dellow, 1970: 16) 9 ferer & fart art ang fuer aTNe ae Go watea oT OT vere @ ale Fa HA A) Sueay PAST @ ont afte wo art danfte fat a et eich By eg Fe ara AM Rarer wer 8 A ons ort Se S Sy oN Gree, at Here GS Raa EF ay Shar ooh aera aie soar et ei a ae enaeree Fhe SB sew Pa eT ona at ampere & eo 4 ag sna mt eg of sr a ae gee afar So arf tenfre fay val ee fen orn aie over fre ef aot | oes eA ota Oe oT et OTe fee we Gr fe a ifr a ae Genre fare aes ? centre fafa aan S ? (What is a Scientific Method 2) eal wel 4 ene gre ara wy of, wer a erst sity eerensth | eemars Be Sr Pass fala cer sai fisen nen @ oe St denen fat at san at on B | ARam, darcy, Shiver ay wtafirse fear’ 4 deni fafa or ofemiza wea Ey feral Beene avy A cea sire ere, dem aie win ah wera @ sai ar daar od ewer & Arai gd eer gaa ht wer oft re sr Wi) erafera der eq ere A ara ara (Principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, che collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses. — Mariam Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary 1970:771) tenia ff & ef weft vd ward & ar ¥ shy ara ave Gra A el A ari eR ea ere We at ag oR are ee a watt 81 ae eH ETS Ee alle vite oars Bl SEM Hear aE | 1. Gah, cartes : terre faite a ofa 3a afte Goffey erekp, yeu wd are areal 8 & ford rere, fret ed Benet a arery Y eeali or eine ore eres fer viet #1 (The most exacting, direct and efficient means by which facts have been collected and organized with the use of tools of thinking and acting, have come to be known as scientific methods 1, Townsend, 1953:1) 2. ord Grew : Senha fafa ar ffs oh at eens 8 ar wo Se a wo vem es she aft ae fafa 8 forran wett ean afte ste ufbifira aftees grea Ren nen 8) Rist 4 Gi Gea vor aren @ ae wrat fava arnt a ame 8 et alee cae era wa A arg ari are enh fA A By ats ah ae auf Gh ret ol geare @ aeait aa Pe 12 arrest # gre Ft ea wie ao 8. aa ed a aT Te 8 aie TA wa wT A TT & arity WM or aqeen ae we tien é oie PRs oe Ga wa A we deni me aT) (The scientific med jenice and that method is the 5 alone in its methods. who sees their mutual not in material; the man who elassifies facts of any kind w relation and describes their sequence, is applying the scientific method and is a man of science. —Pearsom Karl, 1957:10-12) 3. fafter aaven : Senha A et are eA deere dori & wa 4 ona fear ora & fara qesne et were Rete a cea a ef 8 sik sia Rend Pare @ ee ¢ method is usually described as a series of steps, beginning with the cation of some problem ond proceeding to the final step of drawing conclusion. —Wiersma, William, 1986:3) 4, Set: dons fa sik qe el afer we Romag Para 31 arece A we Ge ante res. yy t ng more than thinking according to a set of rules; infact, it is “organized common sense”, — Dellow, 1970; 16) 5. deer yd gest: aonfhe A err wk wr gw ter oa & ot Remo & fer 8g teri an sin eee @ alk Rx sa ower & ater 8g ge afaftad erafterd Geri & wa ar vac weet # | Ae ae ge Tg Gar afafafiral ay oRerernal wt wer Qc é oft ve #4 waa wear 81 (The scientific method is an appronch to acquiring knowledge that uses observations to develop a hypothesis and then-empirically tests the hypothesis hy making additional syst observation, typically, the new observations lead to new hypothesis, and the eycle continues —Gravetter & Forzano, 2003:18) 6. nef : taf sa set AA gece aA wp often Ae SH wT Here ET gue wai wer & Predl Rete eal, wabreron uftReltel sera afte rer wr uftares et ae fear aR oe a eis sete) (The scientific approach or method js a logical method of inquiry, not a budy of knowlege is mot tied to particular fields of study, to laboratory situations, or to men and women in w —Me 2004: 5) iil developing complex theor' 7, eB, edi ans A RTT A TAT OTe weg aM A a OT wea EE fee ara weet & wo 4 ofterita at on ward 8) oe ceqhrs ats & erafters tert ae ol ofa & | ee aonTy or gan gets Feet ore e fee arqeert de ghey wetorTey, ene site afte an sepiererrat gret vette verre ae vi | (Scientific method is a general set of procedures used (o gain information in the sciences. It is so that the results of the rese: the biases of either the pan pants or the researcher, — Scheweigert, Wendy A. 2006: 2) seqatars—aph oot scarey acorn 13 dene RR 8 siteyre cea) wor cen arene Gener eq sree AP arch ee ART ear a 2 fora ae orarnes wa Pitas cafe, aegis gel erates aurdl mt waar zeae & | wrote A ure orf aen fart err gad wie Rares & area a et dene fafa ad anf, apf can wart b were 7 qu Pr Prat Paes 4 aae fer wat 21 @) dente fa a a ero 4 cif arnea & fed erga ee wd fe ae wh sein one apr aga Career sraere sega ae AT are wer EY Giy Rewit i aed Pere arise Bey Foro ot pe ah erg Seer @ seed HO fox rer fafa on mer eemr omen FTE sie ary Te ate aa PART a BY Giiy SonPre fA Rath Hoare fq wen A anf ara are ew ambit MAD By gE wary fis a ofl renal cer eri ¥ (ere 8 onplew fear & aah eh or enaerkter Rrarat a) et Fler on wert 81 Gv) Genre fa A wea gH ant oR Ge fee arm 8 fe a EE A Sah Me A ge fen ort we gh mee wafer, sina Ga aT we EL (o) ge fA er ain eRe gy aRUrret ah oe ene ween eter t fe aE ae ah it em ET SATE Sq fora ee aM eT ATA cen wart ht snare ET, we Tac ea 8 eft dem, oeern cen oritfies orl a gre ah eienfers feo ority wi) defeat Er are a ged S Peed Pree a) wfimar ft se fafa a gf axe caer, sity shftreaqel eet &1 seet an cel fatter factor flea aren & afte oad ore afters a orememnergare yp wean wh wet oe vee oT By a cH gE eee Recrer de, au cen mg hre often ar a ot Ur aM ae oe wPTRer (ofa om fern) wo ¥ mem él fen ar Gai) Fer BT Gra Fg Fe GS Ane aA S ae eam oT fer Baa A ae eel ae oi at orl dene fae od seria fren saa 8, web fed asian #1 ep fatten arate wd anes stort & yore ee & fore ee “zene fate A eT rare” Oy es StF ar eh seers A ee et Hor | ay A sre gee Tal wT wR oa oe St Be A Gen faa od wel, ela she geo aw ae A Hel NB SY STR TR ETH TH Gare A sirreh froer egq denen fake ae a ge cohen ofa fet Wer 1% wea é = semi fae a cree aerators ser ama a @ eq fod or art or arafte oF watea sot @ ear é Rrra mers e ee sort wt warel oem sep wart ooh WET @ cur sem wae ago et Reger, der oon aeghrs ww A ara a wa) wel ae alee FA amt ah warnat a ort & gacdt grea ore ave gfe @) on ad, eerie eee Fert od Rragrat a verano on web ite ger are aT othe aT A aT a ST ae A afi ai coed F ot wer fro wa) 1d carrerftar frerrit 4 anpenarr Aira? aenfre fafa af favre sire facerrard (Characterisistics and Unique Features of the Scientific Method) eonfhes fata ora walter at ora fae wh ger A aah offre fare atte Peeronal Baer or ond @1 dae 4 weet ga ard faecal a Pa wer wal at or wad es 1, ARPS (Objectivity tafe fae F omrh mpi, af aie ofr ah ghe a art ceghro me on #1 ae mreafion, sermt fe dagel <2 a wml afew ge eet 81 2, FIEACTETEAT (Definiteness) tata A wt wha sie com

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