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B Marah A O Ekwue
Brunel University London Jacobs Engineering Inc/
London, UK Brunel University London
bmarah@theiet.org London UK
arthur.ekwue@brunel.ac.uk
PowerFactory DIgSILENT PLF algorithm uses (9) – (11) IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
to model the LV loads and a normal distribution of load is
assumed. LV loads can be represented in DIgSILENT either Results for four scenarios were obtained, load, generation
by LV load elements which can be directly connected to and network uncertainties either separately or in
terminals or by partial LV load which can be define along combinations thereof and the results were analysed to
distribution lines/cables. The probabilistic distribution load investigate the impact of distribution system uncertainties on
flow model described was experimented with the aid of a practical RDN consist of 47 buses. Results obtained reveal
carrying out simulations in PowerFactory DIgSILENT that, in RDN the buses which lie far away from the main
software package. The PLF model of DIgSILENT was used radial feeder source are the most affected. This is generally
to experiment the PLF considering the coincidence of low true with exception of embedded distribution generation
voltage loads in the secondary distribution network. The PLF where power flows does not only flow from the radial feeder
model provided a means of calculating not only the average main source, but power is also being generated close to local
values of active and reactive power flows, and the voltages buses within the RDN. Fig. 2 shows the average load and the
for all nodes, in magnitude and phase angles, but it also probable of maximum load along the 47 bus RDN, knowing
provides the means of obtaining the complete spectrum of all the probable maximum load along the feeder will help
probable quantities including their respective probabilities. network operators anticipate the problem of stochastic
Balanced three phase load was assumed throughout the quantities in LV systems. Fig. 3 shows the power flow CDF
studies, the assumption of balance system will allow for the which is likely to exceed its value compared with generation
system to be represented by a single-phase equivalent circuit, uncertainties. The mean value of the active power increases
which represent only the positive sequence component of the on load uncertainties conditions from 50.7kW to 53.1kW in
network. In addition this will allow the representation of the generation uncertainties, if the branch rating is assumed to be
network as a single line diagram in DIgSILENT. 60kW the risk of overloading increases by 4%. However, the
impact of network uncertainties seems not as evident as load
The 47 radial distribution network (RDN) consist of and generation uncertainties as shown in Fig. 4. In addition,
branches with only one supply points called the external grid. the impact of the number of different branch uncertainties
The radial network originates from a MV/LV substation may offset each other during the probabilistic distribution of
where the 11kV is step-down to 0.4kV with the aid of branches in the PLF simulation.
MV/LV transformers and the 0.4kV voltage serves as the
main source for the low voltage RDN. Four different Fig. 5 shows the histogram of voltage at node 47 due to
scenarios were investigated: load uncertainties. The information obtained by combining
load, generation and network uncertainties on the 47 bus
a) load uncertainties scenario where all the other radial distribution network provide remarkable insights for
parameters involved are assumed fixed, future system conditions for planners and operators. For
b) network uncertainties scenario where the load and example, planners and operators can assess the risk associated
generation are assumed to be fixed variables, with exceeding maximum load currents in a node. The
c) generation uncertainties scenario where the load and assessment of maximum value is related to estimation of the
network are assumed to be fixed variables, and PDF curve. The voltage and current are assumed to be
d) the combination of the above three scenarios. normally distributed. The fact that transformations of branch
flows are summation of consumption quantities validates this
assumption for electrical systems. The maximum of the
electrical quantities maybe estimated by (12) [14] which is a
given probability of the electrical quantity been exceeding its
maximum value.
√ 12