The second part of the course

Introduction to AI
Using the functional Lisp programming

language, we will continue to study
some basic concepts and techniques of
artificial intelligence.
TDDC65 Artificial intelligence and Lisp
A series of lectures and laboratory
Peter Dalenius exercises.
petda@ida.liu.se
Russell & Norvig (2003) Artificial
Department of Computer and Information Science
Linköping University Intelligence: A Modern Approach

Final written exam December 20, 2008.

What is intelligence? What is intelligence?

Intelligence is a very general mental capability that,
among other things, involves the ability to
– reason,
It is only a word that people use to
– plan, name those unknown processes with
– solve problems,
– think abstractly,
which our brains solve problems we call
– comprehend complex ideas, hard.
– learn quickly and learn from experience.

It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic
skill, or test-taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a
broader and deeper capability for comprehending our
surroundings – “catching on”, “making sense” of
things, or “figuring out” what to do.

Gottfredson, Linda (1997) Mainstream Science on Intelligence. Intelligence 24:1 Quote attributed to Marvin Minsky, one of the first researchers in AI.

What is artificial intelligence? Different approaches to AI

Artificalintelligence tries to understand Which concept What do we measure

is most important? success against?
how we think in order to build intelligent
entities (e.g. machines or computer Humans Rationality
programs).
Thought
Systems that Systems that

AI is a new science, only 50 years old, think like humans think rationally
processes
but is heavily influenced by other fields.
Systems that act Systems that act
Behaviour like humans rationally

1
1. Systems that think like humans
But how do humans think?!
Computer models Experimental methods
from artificial intelligens from psychology
Cognitive science
Trying to build models and theories
about how humans perceive and think.
The Turing test (one variety)
Part 2: A is replaced
Part 1: Two persons. by a computer program.
A B A B
? ?
Goal: Try to guess which one is male/female.
A helps the interrogator to make the wrong
decision, B helps making the right decision.
3. Systems that think rationally

Aristotle’s laws of thought: Syllogisms

Formalized patterns of reasoning: Logic

Any solveable problem expressed in logic can
be solved!

Problems with this approach:
– Difficult to express informal knowledge using logic
– Computational explosion when trying to draw
conclusions from a large knowledge base
2. Systems that act like humans
Can machines pass
Can machines
a behavioral
think?
intelligence test?
The Turing test
Turing, Alan (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence
Skills needed to pass the test

Natural
language processing

Knowledge representation

Automated reasoning

Machine learning
We will look at some of these in the course…
4. Systems that act rationally

Rational agents
– Something or someone that acts (a machine or a
computer program)
– Autonomous, perceiving the environment,
persisting over time, adapting to change, pursuing
goals

Advantages of this approach:
– More general than logic approach. There is more
to rationality than just correct reasoning.
– A completely rational agent has all the skills
needed to pass a Turing test.
– Easier to develop systems when you can define a
degree of rationality for your specific project.
2
Influence from other disciplines Intelligent agents
An agent perceives its environment through sensors and

Philosophy execute actions through its actuators. The input at any given
time is called

Mathematics percept, and the

Economics complete history

Neuroscience of all percepts is
called a percept

Psychology sequence. The agent

Computer engineering is controlled by the
agent program,

Control theory and cybernetics which implements

Linguistics a function from
input to output.

Intelligent agents What is rational?

Agent Environment

Performance measure
Sensors – Predefined way of telling how good I am.
Percepts

Prior knowledge of the environment
Agent – What do I know about the world?
program
Set of possible actions
– What can I do?
Actuators
Percept sequence
Actions
– What has happened so far?

Specifying the task environment Properties of task environments

Agent Performance Environment Actuators Sensors
measure
Fully or partially observable
Taxi driver Safe, fast, Roads, other Steering, Camera,
Deterministic or stochastic
legal, traffic, accelerator, speedometer,
comfortable customers brake, signal GPS
Episodic or sequential
Part-picking Percentage of Conveyor belt Jointed arm Camera, joint
robot parts in correct with parts, bins and hand angle sensors
Static or dynamic
bin
Interactive Maximize Set of Display Keyboard
Discrete or continuous
tutor student’s score students, exercises, entry
on test testing agency suggestions

Single agent or multiagent
PEAS = Performance, Environment, Actuators, Sensors

3
Agent architectures Simple reflex agent
Agent Sensors

Simple reflex agent

Model-based reflex agent What the world

Environment
is like now

Goal-based agent

Utility-based agent

Learning agents
What action I
Condition-action rules should do now

Actuators

Model-based reflex agent Goal-based agent

Agent Sensors Agent Sensors

State State
What the world What the world
Environment

Environment
How the world evolves is like now How the world evolves is like now

What my actions do What my actions do

What it will be like
if i do action A

What action I What action I

Condition-action rules should do now Goals should do now

Actuators Actuators

Utility-based agent Learning agent Performance standard

Agent Sensors Agent Sensors

State Critic
What the world
Environment

Environment

How the world evolves is like now feedback

changes
What my actions do Learning Performance
What it will be like
if i do action A element element
knowledge
How happy I will be learning
Utility in such a state goals

What action I Problem

should do now generator

Actuators Actuators

4
WITAS UAV Project Architecture