Study the presence of the ticks Ixodid Ticks Camelus dromedarius in the

provinces of Aden and Lahij in Yemen

Mahdi Saeed Bahassan1, Ahmed Salem Alhnci 2, Abdul Ghafoor Ali Saleh3

Faculty of Science 1 - Plant Protection Department - Nasser Faculty of Agricultural Sciences 2, 3

E: m_seed2020@yahoo.com & mahdibhasan@gmail.com

Abstract
The study investigated the most important types of camel ticks (Camelus dromedarius) in
the provinces of Lahj (East and west of Al-Houta) and Aden (Al-Hasawah -
Musabeen), samples were collected from four different camel breeding sites, which were
studied during March 2017 - April 2019. It was found that the total number of ticks
collected was 630 ticks by examining 349 sentences (252 females + 97 males). After
collecting the samples and examining them with the microscope, the tick type was found
to be of the Ixodid Ticks. Most species belong to the hyaloma species. Hyalomma: The
most common species was H. dromedarii with 461 (73.18 %), H. rufipes with 80 (12.70
%), H. truncatum 40 (6.35 %) and H. anatolicum excavatum 26 ( 4.13 %), while 13 H.
impeltatum (2.06 %) and other (mixed) species found 10 (1.58 %). (93.65 %) of ticks
and 65.69 % of ticks on males. During feeding, the posterior hindcock and the lower
parts of the body were recommended for the bile (under the tail, scrotum / nipple and
nose), causing I have been diagnosed with diseases of the family. Symptoms have been
manifested in the form of wasting and weakness, and lack of production for dairy.

Keywords: Aden, Lahj - Camelus dromedaries - genus Hyalomma - Hyalomma

dromedarii

1
Introduction:

In almost all Arab countries, ticks are found on Camelus dromedarius and other farm
animals. Tick is one of the most important factors in the spread of disease in animals. It
affects all kinds of animals. The diseases that cause direct losses are transmitted by
feeding on the blood of the patient, resulting in anemia, while others cause paralysis of a
certain type in the young animal characterized by quadratic injury to the lists and rapid
death. Severe injuries also cause discomfort to the animal, leading to a lack of grazing,
resulting in nutritional deficiencies, loss of weight and blood. Each type of tick is preferred
by a specific family, but ticks are not confined to this or that host, but rather to any other
animal in the absence of a host, thereby expanding the transmission of diseases (Kakar,
2008). Important tick-borne diseases include cattle malaria (tropical or Thyroid fever),
babesiosis, anaplasma, brucellosis, poliovirus, tuberculosis, bovine abortions, chlamydia,
tick fever and rickets (Gratz, 1999). The study of Hyalomma has been found in Africa
and Asia, including Arabia and Turkey, as well as in some parts of southern Europe, and
transmission of diseases from the Babesia, Theileria and Tricastia Rickettsia (Parola,
2001).

Barker (2004) noted that the type Hyalomma truncatum spread in some regions of
Africa. While Hyalomma anatolicum and Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum were found
in Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, Yemen and Saudi Arabia, the most important parasitic species
were camel, sheep, goats, and sometimes cattle (Hamed, 2011).

Al-Khalifa (1984) noted that the life cycle of ticks varies widely. Some of them live on
one or two or three families, including different periods of time in the environment, such
as finding different animal species to complete their life cycle, laying eggs in the soil, The
larvae in the plants and shrubs cause a suitable family to grow into a stage or nymph.
Before the length of the insect is complete, the adults feed on the blood until the egg is
filled. The eggs are included in this order. These include species that live in all circles,
Animal and plant parasitism (6891 ‫) انحذيثي واخرون‬. In view of the importance of
livestock and its role in achieving food security and as a source of national economic
security in the Republic of Yemen, the external parasites affecting the agricultural animal
play an important role in reducing the productivity of different animals, and that the injury
of these parasites, may exacerbate the economic loss of animals and poultry, The decrease
in the productivity of milk, meat, wool and eggs, in addition to the low economic value of
the skin, and the injury of the animal causes a general weakness and wasting, which
reduces the ability to resist diseases in general, And the survival of the farm to several
reasons, the most important of which is the ability of these arthropods to survive under
various environmental conditions and shorten the time necessary to complete their life
cycle as well as their ability to resist some pesticides used to kill (Barghash, 2014), so the

2
identification of these parasites and the seasons that spread and the life cycle and how to
reach their families as well as survival factors, helps to follow closely the dates of
appearance, and determine the appropriate time and intervention to eliminate them in the
early stages before enabling the animal and surrounding environment suitable for her stay
(‫و‬6891 ‫)أير كهارت‬.

Objectives:

1- Identify the different types of ticks that affect the camels in the provinces of Aden and
Lahj.

2- Determination of the incidence of different types of ticks.

Materials and Methods of Research:

1. Collection and preservation of samples. 2. Preparing samples and working methods.

3. study morphological qualities.

The selection of climatic zones represents the winter season of the Republic of Yemen,
which will be studied as follows:

• Two areas around the Faculty of Agriculture (East and West), Al-Houta, Lahj
Governorate.

• Two areas in Aden governorate (Hassouh & Al-Musabeen)

Collection and preservation of samples:

The samples were taken from 349 adult groups belonging to 30 different groups
distributed throughout the study area. They were randomly selected. The tick samples
were collected from different locations in seven different periods of animals in adjacent
areas where manual forceps were used. As in the during the period March 2017 - April
2019, and the record of the damage, and receive any samples sent from these areas,
where the samples are cleaned from the waste and then defined and separated into
different stages (male female nymphs), after writing (The lower parts, the posterior side,
under the tail, the horns and the saffron) on the camel and its sex (male - female)
(Walker 2003).

The samples were taken from 349 adult groups belonging to 30 different groups
distributed throughout the study area. They were randomly selected. The tick samples
were collected from different locations in seven different periods of animals in adjacent
areas where manual forceps were used. As in the during the period March 2017 - April
2019, and record the damage, and receive any samples sent from these areas, where the
samples are cleaned from the waste and then defined and separated into different stages
3
 (male female hummies), after writing The place of collection, the family, the location of
the infection and the date of collection of the sample, these samples were saved in
alcohol from 70 % ethanol, They are sorted and identified, and study samples are made.
The location of the injury (the lower parts, the posterior tail, the tail, the horns and the
scrotum) is determined by the camel and its sex (Walker, 2003).

Sampling preparation:

The samples are washed twice with distilled water and dried, examined for
identification and conformity with taxonomic keys and then determined at the species
level according to (Hoogstraal 1956). Taking into account recent valid names of
species and species, the main features of these species are color, size, Frontal, dorsal
shield, sexual plates, abdominal platelets, anus, and legs (Camicas, 2003). The data
obtained in this study were entered in MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS. The results
were compared at the least significant difference P ≤ 0.05.

Morphology Study (Virtual Description):

This type is found in all Arab countries where the camel is found )6888 . ‫(فهمي‬. It also
invades sheep, goats, and sometimes dogs and cattle. It is one of the largest types of
Ticks, with a female full of blood reaching 2-3 cm in height and male 5 7 mm elliptical
tend to rotate, long mouth parts and very long soles have a capek vest. (Capek. 2014)

These types contain a solid kittini cover called the Scutum, which extends along the
dorsal side of the tick and on a small part of the head in the female, the adult is not
trimmed, the mouth parts are in the foreground and can be seen from the upper body,
Basis Capituli, consists of a pair of chlicerae with movable and mutant parts. There is a
sensory pair of palps, whereas in the ventraled ventral region there is a secondary
tracheal tooth called the appendix under the follicle (Hypostome) has a dorsal groove
for the passage of saliva within the body of the world And its host blood (El Tigani,
2010). It has eyes (two) and is located on either side of the head, short (short) frontal
toes, hexagonal head, first cleft lip, and breathing openings (two holes), the back edge
of the body is triangular, usually the problem of the so-called In front of the middle of
the abdominal surface of the body and in the back of it in the form of U (inverted),
Ticks double or triple the breadwinner leaves the feeder feeding to the ground to hide
and after a week or more sometimes start egg laying eggs once the female and die after
the situation, 8 weeks, the larvae live on the larvae and small reptiles Rh, feed for a
period of 3-5 days and moult on the same animal to nymph has changed them on the
animal's (El-Allawy. 2006), feed the nymphs for a week and then fall on to the ground
to get rid of time and after the graduation period adults to attack the beauty and other
animals, fed by a period and then mating and leave the female breadwinner and fall on

4
 the ground to lay eggs, this tick is very adapted to the desert life and move from shops
to distance With distant beauty which means a significant change in environments
(Diab. 2006).

Discussion:

Camelus dromedarius is important because it is an important source of meat and milk,

threatening its health and production is greatly affected by the high incidence of ticks
(Dumler, 2001). It is increasingly recognized that Hyalomma spp plays a role in the
transmission of human and animal diseases. Where H. marginalatum was found to
spread to large areas of the Kingdom, parts of North and South Africa, and Central
Asia, while (El ghali 2005) reported that H. anatolicum excavatum was limited. (2001
. ‫ )مصطفى‬reported that this species is spread throughout much of the Republic of
Yemen, especially desert areas and coastal areas, which provide suitable environmental
conditions for the ticks, which can infect a variety of hosts and transmit disease to
animals and livestock. The results show that the number of camels studied in 349
animals was found to be 298 camel (85.14 %), with five types of ticks belonging to the
Hyalomma species. That the Hailomma impeltatum camels sometimes prey on the
sheep. Diab (2001) reported that all ticks of the Hyalommaa anatolicum species
found parasites on sheep and camels in Sudan, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. In this study
it was found that H. dromedarii is the highest occurrence among species on the camel
body, followed by H. rufipes, H. truncatum, H. anatolicum excavatum, respectively.
This result is in line with what (Taddese . 2013), reported. Through field visits, H.
dromedarii females are seen clinging to the camels' body and then falling to the soil,
water resources, barns or grasslands, and grass and pasture fields, Females were found
from other species of ticks indicating that H. dromedarii favored camels as their own
host (Fieler 1994). On the date of infection in this study (Table 1), tick samples were
collected from camel bodies throughout the year except for the rainy season in
December and January, while the increase in tick numbers during the dry seasons from
March to August, (2) that the age of the animal affected the infection of ticks, where it
was found that large camels ability to tolerate ticks more than the younger, and found
that there was no significant difference in (P> 0.05) in the prevalence of the areas
studied, but observed differences At (P> 0.05) between the sexes and between age
groups of camels studied. The area of Al-Musabeen has a high percentage compared to
Al-Hassawa, East and West Al Houta region due to the normal migration of local
camels from adjacent areas during grazing during the dry seasons. The highest
incidence of ticks on the lower parts of the camel's body under the tail, Dentures, and
nose. As shown in (Fig. 1). A lower injury was found on both sides of the posterior hip
and lower abdomen of the animal's body and this is consistent with what was reached
(Ibrahim, 2013). In addition, the incidence of female ticks compared to males was
5
 high. This may be due to the fact that the majority of the samples collected from female
camels, also found that the habits of camel owners keep one to two males for the
purpose of reproduction. As for the important diseases transmitted by the Tick
Hemoparasitic, it is reticia (a bacterial disease), which is widely associated with the
presence and distribution of its vectors, which can be difficultly diagnosed using in
vitro fertilization and serological methods, because the Tick can harbor more than the
causative agent, To infect more than one nurse at the same time, making it more
difficult to diagnose and treat. A few studies have previously indicated the presence of
keratosis (caused by E. annulata), bovine bacilli and anaplasmosis (A. marginale)
affecting both ruminants and small livestock in the study area (Uspensky, 2008).

Results:

The results of Table (1) show that tick samples were collected from four different sites.
A total of 349 Camelus dromedarius (252 females + 97 males) were examined from
different areas in Aden and Lahj Governorates. East and west of the city of Al-Houta in
Lahj, Al-Hassawa and Al-Masabeen villages in Aden governorate), during March 2016
until April 2017, samples were collected and identified to determine the infection and
tick distribution in camels. The tick sample was kept from each sentence in a separate
flask containing 70 % of ethanol, where 630 of the tick collected under an anatomical
microscope were collected. The Ixodid Ticks, The most common species were H.
dromedarii. The majority of species were 461 individuals (73.18%), Followed by H.
rufipes with 80 individuals (12.70%). And then type H. truncatum with 40 individuals
and by (6.35%), Followed by H. anatolicum excavatum with 26 (4.13%), While of 13
H. impeltatum were found (2.06%), Ten other individuals (Ixodes scapularis & Ixode
pacificus) were found to be (1.58%). It was found that the tick preferred lateral feeding
and lower parts of the body to the bile (under the tail, scrotum / nipple and nose),
causing ticks diseases of the family has been characterized by symptoms in the form of
wasting and weakness, and low production of milk. We found that the period of March
- August recorded the highest rate of infection, while did not see the infection during
the period - January (winter). The larvae exit in March-April results in the first
generation of full-scale stages in February and the number of clans increases, with the
fourth-generation peak at the end of the summer (June-July) followed by the winter
collapse of the clan and the rapid decline in tick numbers Camels in the winter
(December - January) tend to sleep in the shelter between the cracks and wood in the
stables and civilization. The female ticks, which drop from the host in April until mid-
July, produce a progeny, and the ticks that fall from late October onwards do not
produce A seed. The winter tick is in the larval stage, and the larval source is extracted
from the eggs laid by the females that fell from the camels.

6
 Fig (1) shows the location of the tick on the camel

Table (1) The spread of ticks in the areas of presence of camels on the basis of tick
types, date of infection and location of infection
Ratio
Parameter Type of tick Uum NO. Total
%
Hyalomma dromedari 73.18 461
Hyalomma marginatum rufipes 12.70 80
Hyalomma truncatum 6.35 40
Type of Tick Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum 4.13 26 630
Hyalomma impeltatum 2.06 13
Other species (Ixodes scapularis &Ixode
1.35 10
pacificus)
December - January 0 0
Date of injury March - April - May 51.43 324 630
June - July - August 35.24 222
September - October - November 13.33 84
Lower parts 62.54 394
Position of injury Ear and nose 21.75 187 630
Both sides of the abdomen and buttocks (Hips) 15.71 79
* There were significant differences (P <0.05) in the prevalence of tick species, on the date of
infection, and the location of infection.

7
 ‫‪Table (2) The density of ticks in camels based on sex, location and age‬‬

‫‪data‬‬ ‫‪Uum NO.‬‬ ‫‪Infected camel‬‬ ‫‪Repetition‬‬

‫‪Al-Musabeen‬‬ ‫‪143‬‬ ‫‪115‬‬ ‫‪80.41‬‬
‫‪Region‬‬ ‫‪Al-Hassouh‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪83.33‬‬
‫)‪Al Houta (East & West‬‬ ‫‪104‬‬ ‫‪66‬‬ ‫‪94.23‬‬
‫‪Total‬‬ ‫‪349‬‬ ‫‪298‬‬ ‫‪85.39‬‬
‫‪Male‬‬ ‫‪97‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪65.96‬‬
‫‪gender‬‬
‫‪Females‬‬ ‫‪252‬‬ ‫‪234‬‬ ‫‪93.65‬‬
‫‪Total‬‬ ‫‪349‬‬ ‫‪298‬‬ ‫‪85.39‬‬
‫‪X≤4‬‬ ‫‪155‬‬ ‫‪112‬‬ ‫‪72.26‬‬
‫‪Categories‬‬
‫‪X≤4‬‬ ‫‪194‬‬ ‫‪186‬‬ ‫‪95.88‬‬
‫‪Total‬‬ ‫‪349‬‬ ‫‪298‬‬ ‫‪85.39‬‬
‫‪* There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) in the prevalence of the studied areas, but a difference‬‬
‫‪was observed between (P> 0.05) between the sexes and the age groups of camels studied.‬‬

‫دراصة اوىاع انقراد ‪ Ixodid Ticks‬ػهى اندمال في محافظتي ػذن ونحح في اندمهىرية انيمىية‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ 1‬مهدي سعيد باحسن‪ ،‬احمد سالم الحنشي ‪ 2‬وعبدالغفور علي صالح‬
‫‪3،2‬‬
‫– جامعة عدن‬ ‫‪ 1‬كلية لعلوم‪ ،‬قسم وقاية النبات ‪ -‬كلية ناصر للعلوم الزراعية‬

‫‪m_seed2020@yahoo.com & mahdibhasan@gmail.com‬‬

‫انمهخص‬
‫اسرهذف انذراسح حصز ألهم أوىاع انمزاد انمرطفم ػهً االتم او انجمم )‪ (Camelus dromedarius‬فٍ محافظرٍ‬
‫نحج (شزق وغزب انحىغح) وػذن (انحسىج – انمصؼثُه)‪ ,‬ذم جمغ ػُىاخ مه انمزاد مه ارتؼح مىالغ مخرهفح نرزتُح‬
‫انجمال‪ ,‬ذمد انذراسح خالل انفرزج مارس ‪ - 2017‬ابريم ‪2019‬و‪ .‬حُس وجذ ان مجمىع انمزاد انرٍ جمؼد هٍ ‪630‬‬
‫مه انمزاد مه خالل فحص ‪ 349‬جمم (‪ 252‬اواث ‪ 97 +‬ركىر) وتؼذ جمغ انؼُىاخ وفحصها تانمجهز وجذ ان وىع‬
‫انمزاد انمرطفم مه فصُهح انمزاد انجامذ (‪ ،)Ixodid Ticks‬ومؼظم االوىاع ذىرمٍ انً جىس (هُانىما) ‪Hyalomma‬‬
‫‪ :‬حُس وجذ ان أكصز األوىاع اورشارا هى ‪ H. dromedarii‬تؼذد ‪ ،)٪ 73.18 ( 461‬شم انىىع ‪ H. rufipes‬تؼذد‬
‫‪ ،)٪ 12.70( 80‬وانىىع ‪ H. truncatum‬تؼذد ‪ ،)٪ 6.35( 40‬شم انىىع ‪26 H. anatolicum excavatum‬‬
‫(‪ ,) % 4.13‬تُىما وجذ ‪ 13‬فزدا مه انىىع ‪ )%2.06( H. impeltatum‬واوىاع اخزي (مخرهطح) ‪.)٪ 1.58( 10‬‬
‫كما وجذ ان االواز ذصاب اكصز مه انذكىر حُس كاود ذؤوٌ (‪ )٪ 93.65‬مه انمزاد‪ ,‬تُىما (‪ )٪ 65.69‬مه انمزاد ػهً‬
‫انذكىر‪ ,‬اشىاء انرغذَح َفعم انمزاد انجىة انخهفٍ واالجشاء انسفهُح مه انجسم نهثؼُز ( ذحد انذَم‪ ,‬انصفه ‪ /‬انعزع‬
‫واألوف)‪ ,‬ذسثة اوىاع انمزاد تأمزاض نهؼائم ولذ ذجهد األػزاض ػهً شكم هشال وظؼف‪ ,‬ولهح إوراجها نألنثان‪.‬‬

‫كهمات مفتاحية‪ :‬ػذن ‪ ،‬نحح ‪ - Camelus dromedaries -‬خىش ‪Hyalomma dromedarii - Hyalomma‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
 References :‫انمراخغ‬
‫ جامؼح‬- ٍ‫ ػهم انطفُهُاخ وسارج انرؼهُم انؼانٍ وانثحس انؼهم‬.‫و‬6891 ‫ اصماػيم ػبذانىهاب وػبذانحضيه‬،‫انحذيثي‬
.‫ صفحح‬584 .‫ مطثؼح جامؼح انثصزج‬- ‫انثصزج‬

ً‫ ػهم انطفُهُاخ انثُطزَح ومهه إن‬. ‫و‬6891 .‫ و‬.‫ ف‬،‫ خيىتدز‬.‫ و‬.‫ أ‬،‫ دن‬.‫ ل‬.‫ ج‬،‫ دوكه‬.‫ ج‬،‫ ارمر‬.‫ و‬.‫ ج‬،‫أير كهارت‬
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