: TEMPERATURE & TEMPERATURE SCALES : : TEMPERATURE : - Measurement of the degree of hotness or coldness of a system. - Represents the average molecular kinetic energies of the system. - If the system is “hot”, it means that the temperature is “high”. - If the system is “cold”, it means that the temperature is Joo sarnnenresrneeceeeenee K = °C + 273 ae Celsius Fahrenheit 100° - °C _ _212° = °F __ oF = fc + 320 OL }O alting pt. of 0 (ue 0 = P2120 - 32 100° - °C 212° - °F 5° fare Sc 2 100° 180° og = SD (F - 329) 7 ~ HP szo1002 - oc), pe TOO) 2120 - oF Freezing pt. of H,t 100° _ =O) = 2420 - oF R = °F + 460 180° - ec = 2120 - oF: LINEAR EXPANSION : AL = aL,At Le : >=———————SS L = Lo + AL AL L=L, + aL At = : L L=L,{1+ aAt} ——_— L=L,{1+ a(t - t)} Where: L, - Original length of the object. Note: : L_ - Final length of the object. If At is +, t>t, and L>L, - Original temperature of the object. s & 9 P 4 If At is--, t: VOLUME EXPANSION :- V = V,{1 + 30d} V = V,{1 + BAth Note: & = 3a Note: & - coefficient of volume expansion. - Units: Line Area Volume a,0,8 i i inte io - °C or °F are units of MKS m m: m (C°)7 or K temperature reading. CGS cm_— cm? em? (C°)" or Kt C° or F° are units of change in temperatures. FPS oft soft? ft (Fey or R4: COEFFICIENTS OF LINEAR EXPANSION : Material walk or (Cy) ee ; Aluminum 24x10* ——_¥ from OC to4°C, increases in Brass 2.0 x 165 ? volume with decreasing Copper 1.7x 105 i temperature. Glass : 0.4-0.9 x 105 i Steel 1.2x 105 : COEFFICIENTS OF VOLUME EXPANSION : ~ Solids BIK* or (Coyt] ~ _Liguids BIK4 or (Coy'] Aluminum | 7.2x 10% Ethanol 75x 105 Brass 6.0 x 106 Carbon disulfide 115 x 105 Copper 5.1x 105 Glycerin 49 x 105 Glass 1.2-2.7 x 10% Mercury 18x 105 Steel 3.6 x 105Problem 1: a) You feel sick and are told that you have a temperature of 95 °F. What is your temperature in °C? Should you be concerned? b) Express 596 R into K. Solution: b) R = °F + 460 a) 596= °F + 460 °C = or - 329) oF = 136 °F ; 0G = ~2~ (136° - 32°) °C = -3-(95°- 32°) 9 °C = 57.78°C —— 5 oC = (63° Cc 9 (63°) K = °C + 273 °C = 35°C K = 57.78° + 273 K = 330.78KProblem 3: A machinist bores a hole of diameter 1.60 cm in an aluminum plate at a temperature of 5°C. What is the diameter of the hole when the temperature of the plate is increased to 195°C? Solution: fs | t,=5°C = (2, dq = 1.60 cm t = 195°C aa : ule 2.02833 = d2/4 A, = 12/4 =7 A = A,{1 + 2ayAt} A = (2.01){1 + 2(2.4 x 105)(195° — 5°)} A, = 1™(1.60)7/4 A, = 2.01 cm? A = 2.02833 cm?Problem 4: A glass flask whose volume is 1000 cm? at 0.0°C is completely filled with mercury at this temperature. When flask and mercury are warmed to 80.0°C, 12.5 cm? of mercury overflow. If t be coefficient of volume expansion of mercury is 18.0 x 10° K"', compute the coefficient of volume expansion of the glass. Soa f = KA Solution: 1 |__| Vor = Volume Overflow Veo = 1000 cm? Ve = = 0.0°C t= 80.0°C Hence, = 1000 cm? Viigo = Vor = Vig - Vi thigg = 0.0°C - 80.0°C Prenenen eet Vor = Vig - Vo oF = Viigolt + BugAt} - Veolt + BeAth 12.5 = 1000{1 + (18 x.10)(80°-0°} - (1000){1 + Bg(80°-0%} 12.5 = 1014.4 - 1000 - 800008, Rg = 2.38 x 105/K or | Rg =2.38 x 105/C°: QUANTITY OF HEAT : a t from hotter to colder object. eo ~ Amount of heat required for Very Hot Conversion: 1 cal 1 kcal 1 Btu 4.186 J 1000 cal 778 ftelb Very Cold Where: Q - Amount of heat that moves ~ temperature change of mass m c - Specific Heat Capacity m - Mass of the object t | 5 ‘ At - Change in Temperature Units: Q c m At calorie cal/kgeC° kg ce calorie cal/kg*K kg K = 4186 J Joule JikgeC° kg ce = 252cal = 1055J Joule J/kg*K kg K Btu Btu/ib*F° Ib FeSubstance : Specific Heat Capacity, c Solid: d/kgCe Aluminum 900 Copper 387 Glass 840 Human Body (37 °C) 3,500 Ice (-15 °C) 2,000 Iron or steel 452 Lead 128 Silver 235 Liquid: Benzene 1 740 Ethyl Alcohol 2,450 Glycerin 2,410 Mercury 139 Water (15 °C) 4,186: MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT : Experiments before (By James Joule) reveal that the performance of mechanical work can make the temperature of a substance rise, just as the absorption of heat can. Note: Calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5 °C to 15.5 °C. Note: 1 calorie = 4.186 Joule A food-value calorie is actually a kilocalorie. Consider: Consider therefore a serving of noodle soup which is roughly equivalent to 250 Calorie. It is actually 250,000 calories. 250,000 cal x 4.186 J/cal = 1,046,500 J W = mgh 1,046,500 = (70)(9.8)h = 1,525. Reference Line ee Equivalent to 508 storey building.00+ 9G TCC) ;Q, - Latent Heat of Fusion : Amount : of heat needed to convert ice into | water without changing the ! temperature. iQ, - Latent Heat of Vaporization : : Amount of heat needed to convert {water into steam without changing the! i temperature. i Q(cal), Q Qs | =e 1 ines t=400¢¢ t= 100°C t= 100+ °c a °, rp —_> Dae, Ge, Oe Be ete Heat that pa cca that Heat that Heat th that Heat that changes changes changes changes changes temp. phase. temp. phase, temp. Qh = Q, + Q + Q, + Q, + Q;ICE c ICE TO WATER Ly 2100 J/kg*K c 0.5 keal/kgrC° oc 79.6 kcallkg = Ly 0.5 Btu/lb*F° 143 Btu/lb 3.34x 105 kg Ly WATER c = 4186 J/kgeK c WATER TO STEAM $L, = 2.256 x 108 J/kg Ly STEAM . 1 kcal/kgeC° c 1 Btu/lbeFe 539 kcal/kg L, = 970 Btu/lb 0.49 kcal/kgeC° oc Note: L, is known as the Latent Heat of Fusion or simply Heat of Fusion. c 1 0.49 Btu/lb*F° L, is known as the Latent Heat of Vaporization or simply Heat of Vaporization. Deposition: CALORIMETRY : Process of quantifying the amount of heat that is lost by a hotter object and subsequently gained by a colder object in a system that reaches thermal equilibrium. : THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM : State wherein the thermal changes ceases. The temperatures of all the objects in the system are equal to each other. Consider “77, ~ Qhost = Qcained + Qin -CampAt = cgmpdt Very Hot Very Cold = CaMa(ta — tao) = CplMg(ts — tg.) LT CaMa(tao = ta) = CglMa(ty — tga) Thermal Equilibrium for t, = tgProblem 5: A laboratory technician drops a 0.075-kg sample of unknown material, at a temperature of 100.0°C, into a calorimeter. The calorimeter can, initially at 19.0°C, is made of 0.150 kg of copper and contains 0.200 kg of water. The final temperature of the calorimeter can is 22.1°C. Compute the specific heat capacity of the sample. lution: SOutON: Note: Cooper = 0.0924 keallkgeCe m, = 0.180 kg eee © > t= 19°C Ko 22.10 = = 22.10 my = 0.075 kg a Bear tee 22.190 ty. = 100°C ET) to = 19°C J (Thermal Equilibrium) Quest = Acaines MCoAt, + MyCAty + Mycylty = tuo) = MeCelte— too) + MyCulty — two) ~mycyAty -(0.075)oy(22.1°~ 100°) = (0.180)(0.0924)(22.1° ~ 19°) + (0.200)(1.0)(22.1° - 199) 5.84c, = 0.682966Problem 6: How much heat is needed to convert 1.25 kg of ice at -4°C into 120°C of steam? What is its mechanical equivalent? Solution: Temp., t Qy = MiceCiceAt Q, = (1,250)(0.5)(0° — (-4°)) Q, = 2,500 cal Q, = Lim Q, = (79.6)(1,250) Q,, = (639)(1,250) Q = 99,500 cal Q, = 673,750 cal Q. = MyroChooAt Q, = Msteam@steamAt Q, = (1,250)(1.0)(100°- 0°) Q, = (1,250)(0.48)(120° — 100°) Q, = 125,000 cal Q, = 12,000 cal ey ———— Q, = Q,+Q,+Q,+0,+0, Q, = 912,750 cal x 4.186 J/cal Q; = 912,750 cal Q, = 3.82x10®J} (Mechanical Equivalent of Heat) «