SPG

K A P I T M U
STRIKTONG PAKIKINIG SA GURO
Ang Kinakailangan
Diversity of Materials in
the Environment
Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge
is limited. Imagination encircles the world.”

-Albert Einstein
REVIEW

WHAT IS MATTER?
What is matter?

MATTER is
anything that takes
up space and has a
mass.
MATTER is
composed of tiny
particles called
atoms.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
STATE OF MATTER

1: Solid
2: Liquid
3: Gas
4: Plasma
STATE OF MATTER

1: Solid
2: Liquid
3: Gas
: Plasma
PHYSICAL STATE OF MATTER

SOLIDS:
PHYSICAL STATE OF MATTER

LIQUID:
PHYSICAL STATE OF MATTER

GAS:
PHYSICAL STATE OF MATTER

PLASMA:
CHANGES IN STATE OF
MATTER
CHANGES IN STATE OF
MATTER(The Water Cycle)
SOLUTIONS
Overview
In Grade 6, you have learned about
different mixtures and their
characteristics.
 differentmixtures and their
characteristics.
 mixing a solid and a liquid or combined
two different liquids.
 homogeneous or heterogeneous mixtures
Overview
Homogeneous mixtures are
called solutions.
•Nature of •Dilute or
solute concentrated
•Nature of •Unsaturated,
solvent saturated, or
•Temperature supersaturated
•Pressure

•% weight
•% volume •CONDUCTIVITY
% weight •COLLIGATIVE
/volume PROPERTIES
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

ACTIVITY No. 1
 First things first…
You observed in Activity 1 that a
solution is not always a liquid; it can be
solid, liquid, or gas. In addition, solutions
may either be found in nature or are
manufactured.
• Solutions are homogeneous
mixtures made up of molecules or
ions.
• Composed of solute and solvent.
• A solution does not always have
to be liquid, it can be solid or
gaseous.
In Activity 2, you found out that a solution is formed
when a solute dissolves in a solvent to form a single
phase that appears uniform throughout. A solution is
clear. In a solution, the particles are too small that they
cannot be seen by the unaided eye. The particles in
solution are smaller than the pores of the filter paper or
the cheesecloth and so these can pass through the filter.

ACTIVITY 2
What are the Properties of Solutions?
TYPES OF SOLUTION
LEARNING COMPETENCY: The learner investigates
the different types of solutions.
Types of Solution

Type Solute Solvent Example

(Phase)
Gaseous Gas Gas air, water
vapor in
air
Liquid Gas Liquid Softdrinks
Liquid Liquid vinegar,
alcohol
 Types of Solution
Type Solute Solvent Example
(Phase)
Liquid solid liquid seawater,
brine
Solid gas solid charcoal filter
liquid solid dental
amalgam
(Hg and other
metal except
Fe)
Types of Solution

Type Solute Solvent Example

(Phase)
Solid solid solid steel (Fe and
C), bronze(Cu
and Sn),
brass (Cu and
Zn)
Types of Solution: GASEOUS SOLUTION
Solute: Gas
Solvent: Gas
Types of Solution: LIQUID SOLUTION
Solute: Gas
Solvent: Liquid
Types of Solution: LIQUID SOLUTION
Solute: Liquid
Solvent: Liquid
Types of Solution: LIQUID SOLUTION
Solute: Solid
Solvent: Liquid
Types of Solution: SOLID SOLUTION
Solute: Gas
Solvent: Solid
Types of Solution: SOLID SOLUTION
Solute: Liquid
Solvent: Solid
Types of Solution: SOLID SOLUTION
Solute: Solid
Solvent: Solid
Naturally Occurring
Solutions
Manufactured/Processed
Solutions
ALLOYS
are solid (metal) solutions.
Water as the Universal SOLVENT
Aqueous solution-A
solution in which the
solvent is water.
Naturally Occurring
Solutions
Examples of solutions that occur naturally are
natural bodies of water like the seas and
ocean, blood plasma, air, and some mineral
ores.
Manufactured/Processed
Solutions
Almost every household
uses vinegar for cooking and
cleaning purposes. Vinegar
usually contains about 5%
acetic acid in water. Some
vinegar are clear
homogeneous mixtures
(solutions). Other kinds of
vinegar are colloidal.
In Activity 3, you will find out how much solute can
dissolve in a given amount of solvent and find out the
type of solution based on whether there is excess solute
or not.
At higher grade levels, you will learn more of the
detailed processes that happen when a solute dissolves
in a solvent.

ACTIVITY 3
What is the Evidence that a Solution
is Saturated?
In Activity 3, you have observed that there is a
maximum amount of solute that can dissolve
in a given amount of solvent at a certain
temperature. This is what is called the

“solubility”
of the solute. From your everyday experience,
you also observe that there is a limit to the
amount of sugar you can dissolve in a given
amount of water.
 The solubility of some solutes decreases as
temperature increases.
 On the other hand, there are solutes that
increase their solubility at higher
temperatures. For some other solutes, their
solubility is not affected by an increase in
temperature. Since the effect of
temperature on different solutes is more
accurately explained using solubility curves,
 SATURATION

***Learning Competency: investigates the different types of solutions.

- unsaturated - saturated - supersaturated
 SATURATION

 Saturated My brain really

hurts! I can’t take
 Unsaturated it anymore… Stress
week! huhuhu
 Supersaturated
During the addition of solid solute
into a liquid solvent, a condition is
reached where no more solute
dissolves.
The excess solid simply lies
undissolved at the bottom.
SATURATION
Saturated Solution

The solution that

contains the maximum
amount of solvent at
a constant
Temperature and
Pressure is called
“Saturated”
solution.
 Unsaturated Solution

The amount
of dissolved
solute is less than
the maximum the
solvent can
dissolved.
 Unsaturated Solution

A solution that
contains
less solute than a
saturated solution at
a given
temperature and
pressure.
Supersaturated Solution

When a
saturated solution
together with the
undissolved solid is
heated then cooled,
some of the excess
solute will crystallized.
Supersaturated Solution

A solution that
contains more
solute than
it can theoretically
hold at a given
temperature; excess
solute
precipitates if a
seed crystals is
added.
Supersaturated Solution

A supersaturated
solution is an unstable
solution in which
concentration of the
solute is greater
than when the
solution is saturated.
 Types of Solutions

At 25oC, a saturated solution of table salt has only 36.0 g

(3 tablespoons) dissolved in 100 mL of water. Any
additional table salt will no longer dissolve.
Concentration of
Solution
TEACHER’S DEMONSTRATION
Go to Link…
 EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATION

Learning Competency: Explains the difference between Percentage by

Weight and by Volume solutions.
You can express concentration in
other ways such as:
(1) percent by volume, which is the
amount of solute in a given
volume of solution expressed as
grams solute per 100 milliliter of
solution (g/100 mL), and
(2) percent by mass, which is the
amount of solute in a given mass
of solvent expressed as grams
solute per 100 grams of solution.
Labels of products sold often show the
concentrations of solutes expressed as
PERCENT (%) by volume or mass.

The alcohol used as a disinfectant is a

solution of 70% ethyl or isopropyl alcohol,
meaning 70 mL alcohol.
Vinegar is often labeled as “5%
acidity,” which means that it
contains 5 grams of acetic acid
in 100 g of vinegar.
The concentration of solid solutions, like
gold jewelry, is expressed as karat.
Pure gold is referred to as 24 karats.
 Sample Problem 1
How many mL of ethyl alcohol are present
in a 50 mL bottle of rubbing alcohol?

70 mL ethyl alcohol = 35 mL
50 mL Rubbing Alcohol 𝑥
100 mL rubbing alcohol ethyl alcohol
Sample Problem 2
A one peso coin has a mass of 5.5 grams.
How many grams of copper are in a one
peso coin containing 75% copper by
mass?
So, a 5.4 grams one peso coin contains,

75 g copper
𝑥 5.4 g coin = 4.0 g copper
100 g coin
Factors Affecting
How Fast a Solid
Solute Dissolves
Factors Affecting How Fast a
Solid Solute Dissolves

Stirringor Agitation
Particle Size
Increase in temperature
Concentration of solution
 Pressure on Gas
Like dissolves like
The Effect of Stirring
 The Effect of
Stirring
TEACHER’S DEMONSTRATION
Go to Link…
Agitation makes the solute
dissolves more rapidly because
it brings fresh solvent into
contact with the surface of the
solute. However, agitation
affects only the rate at which
a solute dissolves.
It cannot influence the
amount of solute that
dissolves. An insoluble
substance will remain
undissolved no matter
how much the system
is agitated.
Also, particle size does not
affect solubility. It can
affect the RATE at which
something dissolves, but it
will not change the total
amount of material that
can ultimately dissolve
(solubility).
 ACTIVITY NO. 4
SIZE MATTERS!
Particle Size
The size does not
that matters on the
rate of solubility,
but the area of
contact.
We see that the dissolving
of an object happens
because there are
collisions between the
solvent and the solute.
When the solute is BIG, for
example a block, the
solvent can only collide
with the surface of the
block, but not the middle
of the block. that means it
will take a longer time for
the solvent to dissolve the
solute.
When the block is
pondered into a
powdery state, it is
easier for the solvent
to dissolve the solute
because of the larger
area of collisions.
 ACTIVITY NO. 5
How Fast Does Coffee
Dissolve in Hot Water? In
Cold Water?
Temperature
The solubility of
a gas in a liquid
decrease with a
temperature. In
fact, the
solubility of a
gas in water is
usually zero at
its boiling point.
The solubility of
solids and liquids is
closely related to
the heat of
solution.
The heat of
solution is the heat
evolved with to
the surroundings,
the process is
exothermal and
exothermic
If heat is absorbed
from the
surroundings, the
process is
endothermal or
endothermic and
the heat of solution
is a positive
quantity.
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
We have already discussed concentration of
solution.

#1 #2 #3 #4

What do you remember?

Pressure
Liquids and solids exhibit
practically no change of
solubility with changes in
pressure. Gases as might
be expected, increase in
solubility with an increase
in pressure.
Henry's Law states
that: The solubility of
a gas in a liquid is
directly proportional to
the pressure of that
gas above the surface
of the solution.
Effect of Pressure to Solubility of Gas
Gas at High
Low Pressure
Pressure
PRESSURE:

Gas Molecules

Dissolved gas
molecules

When the gas is compressed,

Gas molecules enter
gas molecules can the
enter
liquid the
moreliquid and
frequently, so
becomes
more are dissolved.
dissolved.
CO2 under high
pressure Pressure released

CokaLoca
CokaLoca

Lots of CO2 CO2 bubbles

dissolved in out of solution
 If the pressure is
increased, the gas
molecules are "forced"
into the solution since
this will best relieve
Carbonated beverages
the pressure that has
provide the best example been applied.
of this phenomena.
Like-dissolve-like:
Aptly explains the
interaction between
the solute and
solvent.
 Polar dissolves
polar
1: Like-dissolve-like:
Aptly explains the
interaction between
the solute and
solvent.
 Polar dissolves
polar
 Non-polar dissolves
non polar
What have you learned?
 Now that you have completed the activities in this module, you have
learned the properties of a solution, the ways of reporting its
concentration, as well as the effects of stirring, particle size,
temperature, and type of solute on how fast a solid dissolves in water.
 While learning about solutions, you also had the chance to gather
information and gain new knowledge through the process of
conducting science investigations. You also learned the importance of
identifying the variables that had to be controlled in order to make a
good plan for measuring and testing the variables you are concerned
about.
 What you have started doing in these investigations is what scientists
usually do when they seek answers to a scientific question or problem.
In the next modules, you will be challenged to ask more questions
about materials around you. You will try to explain answers to your
hypothesis
 (your suggested explanation) after you have done your investigation.
SUMMARY:
 SOLUTION is a system in which one or more substances are
homogenous mixed.
 A solution has two (2) components: SOLUTE AND SOLVENT.
 SOLUBILITY is the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a
given amount of solvent at a specified temperature.
 The 6 factors that affect solubility are: (a) Stirring or Agitation (b)
Particle Size (c) Increase in temperature, (d) Concentration of
solution (e) Pressure on Gas (f) Like dissolves like.
 The concentration of solution expresses the amount of solute
dissolved in a given quantity of solvent: Concentration can be
expressed in different ways:
 As dilute or concentrated
 As saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated
 Percent by weight, percent by volume, or percent by weight/volume.
QUIZZES

KNOWLEDGE: Pre/Post Test

Process:

Understanding:

Oral Recitation:
DANIEL CORTON TABINGA, JR.
© 2014