Orders in America should be addressed to Interscience Publishers Inc., New York, N.Y, and in England and Europe to Wm. Dawson & Sons, Ltd., Cannon House, Macklin Street, London, W.C.2, ditectly (or through booksellers. ‘Anaual subscription per section (four issues); IL.6.000 ($5.50, £2) Single copy IL.1.500 ($1.50, 123) PRINTED BY GOVERNMENT PRESS, JERUSALEM | ‘The Weismann Sctence Preis of tarsal yme 6A, Number 3—4, April—fuly 1957 BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH COUNCIL OF ISRAEL Section A MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS and CHEMISTRY Bull, Res. Cone. of lsracl, A. Matliy Ply. & Chem 182 Wind-produced energy and its relation to wind regime J. Frenkiel and S. Zacks 215 The reverse susceptibility tensor of the Stoner-Wohlfarth model ‘A, Abaroni, E. H. Frei, S. Shirikman and D. Treves 239 Absorption spectrum of the HOF ion in aqueous solutions Jr Jortner ond G. Stein 247 The complex compounds of benzidine with palladiu composition, behaviour and structure M. Bobtelsky and R. Rofeiloff 256 The chemical composition and fibre properties of Tamarix articulata from the Negev M. Lewin and A, Reibenbach Letters to the Editor 271 On the dimerization of |, |-diphenylethylene S. Potai 272 NeMaleyl amino acids and peptides RD. lrsay, ¥. Limschite and A. Zilkha Proceedings 275 Seventh Meeting of the Israel Physical Society 285 Twenty-first Meeting of the Israel Chemical Society Book s Index to Volumes SA and 64va J: FRENKIEL AND 5, ZACKS bul Re mtn Gouo1s0, E,W, 1955, The Generation of Eerie Grane, of Elect by Wind Power Spon, Losdon op. eit. p. 162. : opel. 135 om. ci pM Jove, J, 1986, Wind Machines, Wind ond Solr ’ ines, in Enea, Pree ‘ oa Paris, Unesco, pp. S6—75. “ ings of the New Day DENTON, W.P, 1938, Frequency Cres and Correlation, 3d : ures and Correlation, ety C, & LL Suertock, R. H., 1951, Analy: wine : hat Seances, Re Ha 51 Asiaing Winds for fogs ol dir Ys, 19% Sta Thy wt Eating Aplin J, Wie New Yk Fetes dor Sisto nd Bmore 1932, 34 ey London Un iometrica Office, 1, 22. . sole Aten, Py 1946, Lense eolieane: 52 al 7 Avant P1946, Léa elem: st vale ote prspeston des ste Frushit, J 1986, Wind Power Research ins 1 J 1986, Wind Power Research in Israel, Wal and Soler Exe of the New Delhi Symposium, Paris, Unesco, pp. 108—I14. ‘Solar Eneey, Weocessigs Dis, §.E, 1985, The fiting of cursed logenocmal curve 0 daily eat Dis 5.5 J to daly ran da, au, Perny, P, A Character of te Wind: ts Ieper Working Party. OEEC, HMSO, London. eer re oe Senna, vent it \L., 1953, Le vent en France et ses possibilités utilisation, Méséorologi, p. 273 m, Met. Monogr, College, Rev. ain, THE REVERSIBLE SUSCEPTIBILITY TENSOR OF THE STONER-WOHLFARTH MODEL™ A. Atanost, E. H. Fret, 8. SHTRIKMAN AND D. TREVES Department of Electronics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot ‘The reversible susceptibilities as a function of applied field are calsulated both for the ‘tion of the field and for a ditection perpendicular to the field, The theory is based fn the model used by Stoner and Wohlfurth to calculate the magnetization curve. This Sssumes an assembly of particles, each of which has a uni-avial anisotropy energy. The ase of the positive anisotropy coefficient is discussed in detail, and theoretical results for single particles and for the essembly ace given. The irreversible parallel susceptibility is calculated for the same model, The case of negative anisotropy coefficient is briefly Uiscussed. Certain features which are common also to cubic anisotropy arc considered. ‘The available experimental data are considered, and preliminary resul!s of experiments carried out in this laboratory are given. INTRODUCTION ‘The difficulties in calculating reversible susceptibilities of ferromagneties are related to the difficulties in calculating magnetizations. Since there are few workable physical models for hysteresis loops, it is natural that only very little theoretical work has been done on reversible susceptibilities. The work done has been concerned mostly with reversible parallel susceptibility (RPS) at the remanent or demagnetized state, ‘An outline of the previous work is given by Tebble et al.!.2 The works of Becker and Déring} and of Frei and Shtrikmané should also be mentioned in this respect. Recently WildeS has calculated the field dependence of the RPS on the basis of the Preisach diagram. The reversible transverse susceptibility (RTS) was first discussed by Gans. Later Grimes and Martin’.8 calculated the RTS as 2 function of the reduced magnetization Their theory follows the model used by Brown to explain Gans’ “Law of Corres- ponding States”®, which assumes the magnetization changes to be due solely to domain wall movements. More recently Grimes! has generalized his model to include rotations and has calculated both the RPS and the RTS. The approach to saturation of the RTS has been discussed elsewhere!!, act of iis rapes dealin with tanwore soicepityeeprevenis par ofa inet be submited by one 2) Matin a FesDopy arta ailweal of te eeqaemens for Sethe author 63)" te Technion Paar Received October 25, 1956. ‘ull Res, Coane of ich, Vol. 64,1957. 4, =0 X, =i idi,)yiy > H, =0. @ The model One of the less complicated cases for theoretical calculation is the one in which ‘only rotational processes occur. When this case is considered, the most direct approach to the theory of magnetization curves, having physical significance, is the one proposed by Néel!? and by Stoner and Woblfarth'3, although the model seems to be applicable only to a limited class of materials. The model which is given in the following is discussed in a most thorough and detailed fashion by Stoner and Wobilfarth'9 (their paper is referred to hereafter as SW). Consider a material made of ellipsoidal ferromagnetic particles. Each particle is assumed to be a single domain, having uni-asial anisotropy energy. This energy might be due to magnetocrystalline, magnetostrain or shape anisotropy. The evalua- tion of the magnetization and the RS of cach particle is relatively simple as will be seen in the following chapter. The calculation is carried out by minimizing the energy of the particle. However, to calculate the properties of the assembly, further simplifying assumptions are made: that all particles are identical and that the energy of interaction between particles can be neglected. The simplest case is an assembly in which the anisotropy axes of all the particles are in the same direction, since it reduces to the case of one particle. The other case considered is that in which the direction of the anisotropy axis is randomly oriented. 1997 LVERSIOLE SUSCEPTIBILITY TENSOR 2 ot 6 Re vveral authors, Wohlfarth' extended have been discussed by se ‘These assumptions eee gue calelation of magnetization and coercive force to take into account ine © UF particle-shape-varitions, The first diseussion of the interaction problers cn by Néells, for the case of shape anisotropy. Woblfarth's criticized Nis! meory and showed how interactions could be taken into account for ceriain re ively simple arranger f the particles. a ree pas andy ben ued forthe excvation of magnetization the thermal changes and the total hysteresis 1oss in irreversible magnet Gation'?, the variation of remanence with previously applied Held. the stress dependence of the initial permeability!®, the dependence of the ferromagnetic stronance on the feld2, and the relation between the natural ferromagnetic resonites te the intial permeabiity2"-2. Ia the following, the same model used soos ‘fe RS. Some preliminary results for the RTS have already been given elsewhere! curves!3, ‘THE REVERSIBLE SUSCEPTIBILITIES 1. The reversible parallel susceptibility Consider an elipsoidal particle whose axis of anisotropy, Ky makes an angle, Jey ith the z coordinate axis. The = axis is chosen in the direstion of the magnstic field, H, so that a o Ho =H, ‘The magnetization of the particle, 1, will choose the angle 0, which minimizes the energy cE, @ Here ee 6 here Ex is the anisotcopy energy which is (leaving out constant terms) E,= —Keos(K,L), (6) and Eyis the energy of interaction between the magnetization and the field, Ey = —Hi, cos ths) oO Iishould be noted that the anisotropy eneray is represented here by @ phenomenclo- geal term, which is a good approximation for many types of uniaxial aniso\reh Os fh the following, equation (6) will be used with the assumption that K is positive, Using 0, as defined by (4), one has then to substitute in (1) 1c034,, ® which together with (3) yields X, = 1,d(eost,)/attA. AHARONE ea Bull. Res Coon 2 eat This reduces to XX, = $-d(cos4) jai, with . 7 f= HIDK and “ a X, = [BK (uy Substituting (6) and (7) into (5), and using the above notati has fr the eneegy pet Uni OIE nn ntonsFOFTBE anes ong E = —Kc0s"(0,~9,) — Hl,cos 4. Substituting this into (4) and using (10) implies sin2(0, ~4) + 2k sin 9, = (12) Differentiating (12) with respect to + one obtains - ,Jdh = —sin 9 /[hcosh + cos 20, —9,)] (12a) Substituting this in (9) yields XIX, = 3 sin’, [fr cos 4 + cos 2 —5,)). (3) Equation (13) then gives the reduced RPS per unit volume of each particle as a function of the direction of its K and of the reduced pro hat 8, is nee reduced field A, led that 9, 1: 2. The reversible transverse susceptibility Pe evaluate the RTS from (2), the meridianal coordinate, g, is introduced. Let fe and 0,9 be the polar and metidianal coordinates of K and I, respectively. et the spherical coordinate system be chosen so that . , yn = 0. ay {he 2 cablaed in the following will give ¥,, for gx = 0. The third component 1 RS, Xp is X, for which gy = 7/2). One has then to substitute in (2) H, = Hsin Gy H, = Hoos, a I, =I, sin, cosy, With these relations, and by using (10) and (11), equation (2) reduces to AIX, = F glim, asin G08 9,)faU sin ,). a9 BT [REVERSIALE SUSCEPTIBILITY TENSOR a0 ypthisease the energy should have @ minimum in terms of 7 a8 well asin terms of 0, qfhis means that instead of (4) one should write 2/4, =0 (7a) i a|ég, = 0, (17) here E is given by (5), (6) and (7). To use these relations one has first to express the angles in the spherical coordinate system defined. This yields po —KGing, cos gy sin, e089, + sin B, sin gy sin sing, + 605%, c08 4)" — HI, (sind, sin 8, cos g, + 608 4, 6054) (as) substituting (10) and (18) into (17a) yields sin”, sin 20, 60s*(p_—p,) + sin 29, €05 24, 605% —%,) —cos"G, sin 25, — —2h(cos4, sind, — sin, cos 4, cos ¢,) =0. cas) substituting the same relations into (17b) yields sin 8, (sind sin (P_—9)) [sin sin ,€05 (@,—,) + 6054, 605 ,] — —hsind, sing,) = 0. 20) In the limit 04 > 0, equation (20) reduces to Py = Fe TNs where mis an integer. In most cases n = 0 should be used, but there are some cases in which m = I gives the energy minimum, This implies the use of either of the following equations: o1—%% (2a) 9; = 044% (2b) Equation (21b) is not used outside the region —1 << —0.5. Inside this region the transfer from the solution given by (21a) to the solution given by (210) occurs at the critical orientations given by SW and discussed in the following chapter. Passing to the limit 6, > 0 and using (21a), equation (19) reduces to equation (12), namely: sin20,—6,) (22a) while the use of (21b) implies sin 20, +9,) + 2h sind, = 0. (22) It should be noted that the relations to be used in the evaluation of X, are (21a), (22a) and (21b),226) instead of (12). However, when these relations are used, equation (13) is obtained again, This will be further discussed in the following chapter.20 A. AHARONT ct al Bull. Res, Couns, oft at Using (21a), equation (16) can be rewritten in the form: NIK = GI2I [sos 75 08 F ime) — si 8. fmf]. ay By differentiating (19) and (20) with respect to 0,; and using (212), one obtains tim 1080, C8 Fg im b= Ee _ ayn “di, heost, + 60320,—5,) tin, aan oppo a, ~ sind, c08@,—4) Substituting this into (23) and using (22a) yields: x, 7 cos! 3 [eos’y —————_+ % 7% [oy Hreos, + cos 2G.) * Assimilar calculation for the region where (21b) and (22b) are used gives the same results, with + Oy substituted for 0, — 0). 3. Random orientation ‘The mean RS per unit volume of the magnetic material of similar particles with the axis of anisotropy oriented at random, in particular field # descending from saturation, is given by: ¥ =(a) ff X sind dle dng 66 3) [ Xsind, dy dg. = (22) | The integration over gy can be carried out after substituting in (25) from (13) and (24) respectively. This implies: 28) x xX ey) It is to be noted that for random orientation, X= %, ‘The RS tensor is diagonatized in this case and is characterized by two of its com- ponents only, namely X, and ¥, REVERSIBLE SUSCEPTIBILITY TENSOR mm yt METHOD OF CALCULATION AND RESULTS 1, Single domain RPS of a single particle for various directions of Ox was calculated from (13) ns the relation between G, and f tabulated by SW. Ta a similar way the RTS ofa Sage particle was calculated from (2) for various dy and for ex — Oand p= x/2. 4s has already been mentioned, X, for ge =0 gives X,. and X, for pe a/2 Ng. The results are showa in Figure 1 ives 2, Random orlentation i. Parallel suseptibitty. Equation (26) was integrated numerically in steps of O11 for h, the relation between 8, and 0, being taken from SW. Since 3X, = didi, 28) where j = 0080,, 9) the results thus obtained were roughly checked as to theie tangeney to the Ih curve. In the region —0.5 >> t > —1 the integrand of (26) has infinite values. To overcome this difficulty the following substitution was made y=0,-8, 0a) Substituting in (12) one obtains: sin 2p + 2nsin 9, GB) Differentiating (22a) with respect to Oy yields: = cos 2H, ~4,)/[h e080, + £05 205, 9} G2) while the differentiation of (31) yields: i [ely = —c08 2p] 6055, G3 Equations (32) and (33) give ajgldp. Substituting this into @26) and using (93) and (31), one obtains: sit [ sif2psin yay. G4) one s region extend over three contiauous ranges, as in the calculation 06, the ranges are The integrals int! of the average magnetization by SW. For example, for ftA.AHARONE ca : Dull Res, R 2 Coun, i REVERSILE SUSCEPTIBILITY TENSOR Figure 1 oi 987 1LE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEN “Theoratical plot of the RPS (4) am (%. % or asinge domain patton gneRS o ® oy thduntavtanovey cat Thess of jp 0 — 16.59 1659 — 741 TAL — 90 Nae erg aecitleta withthe sppledtaane — |e g, 10— $034 169.64 — 135.34 129.66 — 126.87 (which is indicated by white civic kee’ yp 0-33.75 186.23 — 208.75 56.25 — 36.87 from eaiston CB) Ay (oni eases | . ; ; 4 cated jn the range (2), equations (1b) and (22b) are valid. A similar calculation black circles) is etetated from eauation the substitution gq = 0, while ye (ee vith these relations instead of (la) and 22a) shows that ify is defined as %, Gohishg [BE a | indicated by aastes is calculated fy : ~ gation Wik te btn ie ote y= G 48, 0b) 2] atrowsshow the direction of the chanessin s . he aeeimatomof the chaestn hg this region, one obtains equation (34) again still has to determine cos4,. This is found from For the evaluation of (34) one gyre be 03, = (I sist 2y/4i")* 5) sacevery region the sign of the root is determined azcording to the sign of cos, fies for the example used above = —0.6: XIX mab ete 3. HF _sin'2peos ¥ dp +3; “f sintay sin y dp *m igi | U=sin'2yiair)* a 4 3M _antaycory gy + 3] siapsin pd Tat les Saiyan” * a Peale 3 f sin'2y cos 3 i 2 wy ei 3 — sing =, dp + 3, f sinttpsin pdy. Bi volg Teresina aH ach, HPP The other Values of hin the region —1 << —0.5 were treated similarly. The same tarsformation could be used for all values of h. However, for —0.5 1, considerations of uniqueness of solution show that the direction of the average magnetization coincides with the direction of the field. This implies that X <7. Using (29) this reduces to cn) Hence, using (10) and (11), X/X = 32h. (42) ‘This relation was used to evaluate X, for | | > 1, using the values of j tabulated by SW. For the approach to saturation, A reduces to 1, one has j 1, so that equation (41) Xxy= 4 JH 3) This is further discussed in the appendin. Inthe region | | <0.5, equation (27) was integrated numerically using the relation between 6, and 6x tabulated by SW. For the region —1 <4 <—OS the integrand of (27) has infinite values, so that the transformation (30) has to be used again. Though the infinity arises only in the first term of 27) the transformation is carried out for both integrals, since the integrands in terms of p are very similar.4h )]*sin 2y cos p dy + 4 The limits of integration in terms of y as well as the sign of the square roo: ee snes for X,. It should be noted that equation (44) is valid whether or 7 2 transformation (30a) or (306). Equati 2 a ee ) of (30b). Equation (44) was used throughout the region Equation (44) was integrated numerically, except for: (3/4A) [ [2—sint 2y/4h°)] sin y dp (3/2h)cos y — (3/4h°) [(cos *p/5).— (cos'y/3)] 5) The results ace given in Table 1 and in Figures 25 " ° ‘A check for the results obtained for X,/My in the regi ined for X,/X, in the region | k| <0. is prov by the following means. On the intial magnetization curve equation (41) 6 vita since the average magnetization coincides with the field. This implies “ (A) = (3X, /2) L1H) (WJ, [A] < 0.8. 46) Fee The reduced magnetization. Tt is to be noted that the transformation (30) is also useful in facilitating the calculation of j, since one does not have to solve (22), except for the limits of integration, The reduced average ion j oo le reduced average magnetization j is given are Emi J = | 605 0, sin 0 a. «a Substituting equations (30a), (31), (32) and (33) in (47), one obtains un’) (2) ‘ J 4s) Here cos, is given by (35), The first integral of (48) is (yf?) | G?—-2cos*p+-3cos*y)sin y dy = —cos y + 2cos" y/3i*—3.eos'y/Sh*. (49) DUM Res. C3686 ry oT 2 owe REVERSIBLE SUSCEPTIBILITY TENSOR » to the range where (30b) is to be used instead of (30a), the sign of j should be fesed in equation (48). This j was calculated at several points and was found to ee with the values given by SW. Equation (48) is a straightforward solution, fprinstanee, for | | > 1, singe the Limits of integration for y are O and 2/2. NEGATIVE ANISOTROPY COEFFICIENT spthe use of equation (6) it was assumed thatthe anisotropy constant X is positive. fathe case where only shape anisotropy is important, this applies to prolate ellipsoids wien K is negative (@g, oblate ellipsoids) the calculation given in the preceding Ghapters 15 no longer valid. However, since according to SW the magnetization Syanges are reversible in this ease, one can use (28) to evaluate the RPS, having bere he MLD K eo) Ia the same way, (42) can be used to evaluate the RTS. ‘Using (28) and numerical differentiation of the values of j for oblate spheroids isbulated by SW, the RPS was calculated. The same values of j were used in (42) tpcalculate the RTS. The results are shown in Figure 7. 7] i oti. | Figare7 Te thorecal RPS CE) and RTS (K) of an assembly of putes Caving negative nian ‘coisotropy eneray) oriented at random, plotted as a function of the reduced ficld i20 A. AMARONE sta Bull Ret St COE. ots EXPER NTAL BACKGROUND Measurements of the RPS of various materials have been carried out workers. It has becn found that theoretical behaviour of the RPS in Figure 32) general qualitative agreement with available experimental data!®2*25, (Ong #2 ot .of course, ‘come’ to the conclusion’ that the fnodel wed is anmicitg materials tested in these experiments.) peels the The RTS, on the other hand, is relatively neglected and very few experi; data about it are available inthe literature. This does not seem justified naan yet itis understandable because of the difficulties involved in measuring the ee and because of the practical applications of measuring the RPS for the re a magnetic amplifiers and of output transformers earrying direct currents, Mees mnents of the RTS by means of measuring induetivity hme been carried eee, Bozorth and Dillinger? and by Grimes and Martin?8, The RTS tas I ote measured by Webb!23 and by Harrison et al, who used a skineffect mete One can alo detive some data from the messurements of Bate eta? Since vey material was prepared 0 approach the theoretical model used here (in par oe interactions could certainly be neglected because of the dilute mater al haired since one ean derive the RTS from the data they published only in Satna way, this method will be considered here in some detail nae . Bate et al. introduced the specimen into a magnetic field which caused a m tion J, collinear with H,,. They measured the moment M which is caused oy cama transverse field H, and which is (after the specimen is returned to zero) sama M=ItvH,, 6h Had this magnetization remained in the di a wained in the dicection of the field H,. J would hav been equal to Z, which they found by another method. This was aot the cas. However, if one considers the correct relation for the moment : . M UH, -LH). (2) its measurements can be used to evaluate 1, i “ Ss te Ty if I, is alread: small values of £1, ly known, ‘ow, for the (3) One has then, using (51), (52) and (53), X,= UHI) GA) Using equation (S4) and the data given in Figure 7 of Bate’s paper, the RTS for their sample was calculated. The results are plotted in Figure 8, Because of the masking effects discussed in their paper, these results are not conclusive. REVERSIBLE SUSCEPTIBILITY TENSOR, 2 ys 57 aT 7 x | Po rn este? | Figuee 8 | o- Experimental results of the RTS detived from Bate et al? ‘The method used to derive these results is explained in 509-380 the text In this laboratory, measurements of the RTS were undertaken in connestion with ields magnetic transducers*!, Following Bozorth*> long tubes the study of crossedefic treee first used, using the arrangements shown in Figured to overcome end effects. Figure 9 Schematic representation of the arrangement used to measure the RTS of ferrite pipes. A biasing DC field is applied along the axisof the pip, by means of an external Coll not shown in the iguce. Asmall audio current is passed. ——SS throu the current coil and the voltage induced in the vourace cot ‘Voltage coil is measured, asa function of the DC feld. To a reduce end-eflet, the voltage coil is wound only on the cau 2) ‘middle part of the pipe However, the accuracy proved to be poor because of demagnetizing effects which reve due to the insufficient length of the tubes, In order to overcome this difficulty speasurements were carried out using hollow toroids. The RTS was determined from the mutual inductance between 130 coils wound in the hollow, while the feld was found from the current applied to a coil wound on the toroid. The results for one sample (manganese zinc ferrite, Ferroxeube IIIB 2) are plotted in Figure 10. iT] | r +) rs at room temperature, Nessreen’ wae ae ee tha hollow toroid, Into which two oils were wound. ke | * | dbatant audio currant was passed tough one the f Aiea the voles Uiaduced in the second one was | a serted, The biasing feld H was calsulsted from the r | Be applied toa coil wound on the toroid. Uy was the ; | Dhak for tro fel. UUs, wbich is roughly proper To orete RTS, is plowed as a function of HF descending from saturation. Figure 10 of the same sample is plotted in Figure Il. For The approach to saturation x and the vacuum flux. These these fields one had to take into account the stray fu were found by measuring the sample at a temperature above its Curie point.od [A- AMTARONT ct al Bull Roc C488 ott, | Be einen tre ca oe Sf ee) HRS Tea oma ne Hos ‘are measured from an arbitrary level, ca polit Beard to proportionality the accuracy was beter than 3%. Howe becuse of uncertainty of geomtty, the values of /, and X, were ess accurate " was found from the plot ofthe SO eps hysteresis eure). The factor of proportion a tween X, and 1/11 could thus be found with an accuracy of oaly 30%. fot Mewerements with various materials and at various temperatures yy ind to be in rough agreement with equation (41). All measurements were carat out using frequencies in the audio range. meet iscussion The theoretical curves of magnatizaton for single domuins given by SW show discontinuity in the magnetization at a certain negative field, At the same value forthe feld there f a dcontimiy in the RS (igure Ist before the dis inuity of the magnetization, the RS becomes very large, which i ; ; ery large, which is understa from the fact tat the curvature of the total eeray sua bssomes smaller, ane at the point of the jump. After the discontinuity, the RS for —/ equals that for kt It should be noted that ¥, is always finite. _ Besides these points, the RTS also has high valuesin the vicinity of i = 1,0, = 2/2, 24 =, which are not accompanied by a discontinuity in the magnetization, This haviour is caused by the special symmetry of this case - A“ pans 208 ofthe RS occur in any ease whore tf measured inthe direction of the magnetization, This implies zeros forthe RPS for Og = O and for Dy = a2 D 1. For the same reason, the RTS is zero for yy. = 0,j — 0. a sang howl bs aot that he RS as aleuated in tis papsc Figure I) is not diagonal ized The eigona forms reached when one ofthe coordinate ans isin the direction of the magnetization and the second one in the 1H plane. This coordinate stem 's when the field is changed. In the undiagonalized for , only es when ; alized form discussed, only one of the off-diagonal terms Xp, is not zero. This term can be calculated from the diagonal terms given using the following argument. in the diagonal form the susce it ine susceptibility in the diteetion of the ma is vero, which makes the determinant of the RS eo. This implies forthe zn we makes equal to zero, This implies for the 64, 1957 [REVERSIBLE SUSCEPTIBILITY TENSOR » X, Xp, 0 x, %, 0 oo x, ie ° A study of the mean RPS in Figure 2 shows that it vanishes near the saturation, where the magnetization vectors are already in the direction of the field. It reaches fnrge Values in negative ficlds in the vicinity of the coercive force, This is feasible because of the large values of the RPS of the single domains in these fields. As has gieady been mentioned, this behaviour is in general qualitative agreement with experiment. The mean RTS (Figure 2) obeys the 1/H law for fields which are strong enough, where the anisotropy energy can be neglected as compared with the field ene This is in good agreement with the experiment; but since the anisotropy energy is neglected hore, this law is in general valid for the approach to saturation. The peculiar behaviour of the mean RTS in the negative region is feasible because of ihe infinity of the RTS of the single domains. Experimentally one can actually observe a region with rather high values of the RTS for negative fields. ‘The peak of the mean RTS at f = 1 is also associated with the infinity of the RTS for the single domains. Experimentally no such peak has been observed; and on the descending curve for H, the RTS increases monotonously to its remanent value. Moreover, the RTS on the experimental virgin curve always descends below the demagnetized value X,, whereas in Figure 4 the RTS passes a region in which it is larger than Ny. This discrepancy might be due to some simplifying assumption in the model used. However, the assumption concerning the uni-axial anisotropy (which is not valid for most of the materials tested experimentally) cannot be the reason for the peaks. This is seen from the following argument. Consider an assembly of randomly oriented particles with positive cubic anisotropy energy Here a, are the direction cosines of the magnetization with respect to the cubic axes. The initial susceptibility in the demagnetized state is in this case33: X, = §BK. Itis conceivable that, for a field larger than the internal anisotropy field, h=HIPK> 1.ca A, AMARONE ett, Dall Res. Coune.of ts ‘The magnetization is a single-valued function of the field 17, so that one can caleulate the RTS analogously to (41). Using this form, and using the magnetization of this case as given by Gans, one can evaluate the RTS for 4 > 1. In particular, at f= 1 dit 0.98, so that XX, = 147. For the remanent state, one can derive from Gans; Using this value and the relation X42. nent state it (55) which is valid* for the rem any pure rotation model, XIX, = 14+V3/2a = 1.276. (Slightly different values are given by Guillaud35, who used random distribution ia a certain cone only). For the case of negative cubic anisotropy33, x = Pix Here at 3HL/4|K| = 1, one has ij, = 0.97. Hence (assuming again, because of similar considerations to the case K > 0, that Zis single-valued at this point), XX, = 1.46. At the remanent state} Henee, using (55), Considering these values, itis scen that cubic anisotropy will also lead to a region of positive fields in which the RTS is greater than its value at the demagnetized or Temanent state, which does not agree with the experiments. _ It cannot be seen on the plot of X,, (Figure 6) that, for a certain range in the vicinity of 4 = 1, the ineversible susceptibility is negative. The negative 68, 1957 REVERSION SUSCEPTINILITY TENSOR ns values amount to a fow percent of the total susceptibility. This should imply a negative Barkhausen effect of measurable magnitude, as has already been argued by lkcker'8, Fisher? discussed previous experiments in which such negative jumps vere reported to be observed. He could not find them experimentally. It is possible were masked by other effects. that these ju APPENDIX, The numerical solution discussed in the paper was not needed at some points where malytical solution was possible. These values and some derivatives which were caleulated, are discussed in the following. 1. The derivatives at h = 0 By differentiating (26) and (27) respectively and substituting for 0,[dh from (12a), az can obtain dX, /dh and dX,Jdh. At the point = 0 the integrals obtained can te integrated analytically and the results are GayaXK (JX, AX, fai) = —9/8 OX, Ma [alt = —3/16. | identally, it is seen here that (UX, A, fl) +2/% aR fa) = 34,5 here j, is the value of j in the remanence. This relation is a general one¢ for the remanent state of a pure rotation model. 2. The RS ath = +£0.5 these points, equation (22) can be solved analytically. For ht = 0.5 the solution is = [3 is substituted in (26) and (27) respectively, the integration can be catried ically and one gets 2123 3Vv2) (V2=Wv3+-v2) ———— ee 1.60490 3 tT MeN ava ~ s1y3 Apr = 0.98327. x, 0, = $4 +413, 0<0, Land Oy = 2/2 one gets y = »/2. Substituting (45) into (44) and using these limits of integration, it is scen that the differentiation under the integral sign gives finite expression. This results from the finite limits of integration and from the integrand being finite. For this reason the right hand side derivative at = 1 is finite. However, for <1 the upper limit of integration is a function of 1 and should also be differentiated. This implies: (UX, AX fel) = FU)+ 3/ [4], (6) where F is finite, This means that the left hand side derivative at h 0, hei, lis 4. A derivative of the RTS with respect to j Differentiating (46) with respect to , one obtains AX Jdh = f()+-G/2W)X, (djldh), | h| <0.5 Here f(J) is finite in the vicinity of f Now, —0.5. AX, [dj = (AX [dh ah Mi) (a —0.5, one has for the right hand side derivative ath = 0.5: Jal) + 3.4, [2h, Since difdh = 09 at h CX aK Ij 5. Approach to saturation For h > 1, one can use the following relation derived by Gans*6: 1/1Sh?—4/10Sh? +. (57) 1 wLea, 19ST REVERSIILE SUSCEETIMIELTY TENSOR Using (28), (29) and ($7), the approach to saturation of the RPS is XIN, = 1/5 4-6/35h" + (88) Using (29), (42) and (57), the approach to saturation of the RTS is X, = 3/2h—1/10h?—-2/35h* +o... 6 (59) ACKNOWLEDGMENT ‘The authors wish to thank Miss Y. Behar who helped in the computational work. REFERENCES 1. Teapte, R. $, AND Conner, W, D., 1950, Proe. phys. Soe., 631, 1005. 2. Tease, R. S, Conner, W. D. axo Won, J. Ex 1951, Proc, piys. Soc. GAB, 753. 3. BeexeR, R. AXD DOCKING, W., 1939, Ferromagnetismus, Berlin, Springer, p. 160. 4. Fret, E, H. asp SHTRIKMAN, S. t0 be published in the Proc, of the Boston Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Oct. 1956. $. Wane, H., 1955, Z. angen. Phys, 7, 509. & Gans, R., 1909, Ann. Physik, 29, 301. 1. Grisits, D. M. ax Mannas, D. W., 1954, Technical Report No. 24, Elect. Defence Group, Univ. of Mich, 8. Gruss, D. M. AND Mantin, D, Ws 1954, Phys: Rev, 96, 889. 9. Bozortit, R. 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C), Pergamon Press, London, p. 322 Bozonrit, R. M. axo Dintinots, J. F., 1952, Phys. Rex, 41, 345. Wenn J. S,, 1938, Natwre, Lond., 142, 79S. J. Su, 1938, Proc. LR.E, 26, 443. _P., Turney, G. L., Rowe, H. AND Goutor, H., 1936, Proc. roy. Soc., ALSTs 1M, Wontrantn, 1986, Bull, Res. Coune. of Israel, 5A, 169. BERA. AMARONT etal. Bul Res. Coune. tad Dat. Som B80 SLIM, Wy 8, Mag Fa Ses 09 Tn Bt Dl er Cho A, BB. Nat Le Py Cai gee Bn Sime of tewel S828, 3. Gass 1192, sn P18 35 Gunn, C198) Rev mal Ply 2, 6 36. Deen, Ry 185 2. Phy 25 31 ten, 186 oc 2 Pins 6 68 ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF THE HO; ION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Josnua JortNeR AND GADRIEL STEIN Department of Physical Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ansmact: . “The absorption spectrum of 1302 solutions from 2100 A upwards was studied asa func of the pH. A spectroscopic value for the dissociation constant of HOs and the absorption Spevtrum of the HOy anion are obtained. The spectrum of the anion is interpreted. as being duc to two processes: one an elociron transfer to the solvent, the other an intra molecular transition leading to dissociation INTRODUCTION Aqueous solutions of anions possess intense absorption bands in the ultraviolet gion which are interpreted as electron transfer spectra’. In the case of unincgative anions, the energy corresponding to the transition may be directly correlated with | he sum of clectron affinity and hydration energy of the ion. Thus ultraviolet spec- |woscopy may serve as an important tool for obtaining thermochemical data for inns in solutions. ‘The absorption spectrum of H,O, in aqueous solutions has been thoroughly investigated’, A ‘red shift” in the spectrum of hydrogen peroxide on addition of alkali was reported’, which was attributed to the presence of the HO; anion. Recently the absorption spectrum of HOF in the region 3200-2700 A was reported’. In the present work the absorption spectrum of the HO; anion was extended to 2100 A, and an interpretation of the spectrum is offered. In addition a spectroscopic ralue for the dissociation constant of HO, is obtained EXPERIMENTAL 1. Chemicals. B.D.H. Analar H,O, was purified by irradiation with a high pressure nereury arc and two distillations. “Baker's Analysed” 807% sodium peroxide was wed. 2. Solutions. Absorption spectra were taken in buffer solutions of carbonate- ticarbonate (pH: 10—11.8), sodium hydroxide — disodium phosphate (pH: 12—12.5) at buffer concentration of 0.1M. Sodium hydroxide solutions in the concentration gion 0.01—1M were used for higher pH values. Solutions were prepared in triply distilled water, containing about 10? Molar H,0,. H,O, concentration was deter- rnined volumetrically with 10~* M permanganate. Rexeived May 3, 1957, ‘ull, Res, Coune of sac, Vo. 6A, 1957, oy