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(Q#1)Salient Features of NEP 2009:

According to Ministry of Education, following are the salient features of National
Education Policy 2009.

Apart from due emphases on governance issues and implementation framework, some
distinct features of the policy are mentioned as under:

1) Policy Actions to Improve Access and

Equity in Education:

1) Dakar EFA Goals and MDGs relating to Education shall be achieved by 2015.
2) Introduction of Early Childhood Education (3-5 years) and encouraging inclusive and
child-friendly education.
3) Primary education official age shall be 6 to 10 years.
4) Universal and Free Primary Education including all education related costs.
5) Equity in Education (gender, geographical Urban-Rural areas) shall be promoted.
6) Maximum age limit shall be waived off for recruitment of female teachers.
7) Well- developed plans for expanding school basic facilities shall be prepared.
8) Grades 11 and 12 shall not be part of the college education and merged into the school
education.
9) Access will be extended by ensuring availability of TVE at district and tehsil levels.
Relevance to Labor Market shall be ensured.
10) Enrolment in higher education sector shall be raised from existing 4.7 percent to 10
percent by 2015 and 15 percent by 2020.
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2) Policy Actions to Improve Governance and

Management in Education:

1) Planning, Management and Implementation Capacity in education sector at all levels

shall be enhanced.
2) Deeni Madaris shall be mainstreamed by introducing contemporary studies alongside
the curricula of Deeni Madaris, to enhance prospects of their students to pursue higher
studies, research and excellence and to ensure employment, recognition and
equivalence of their degrees.
3) The Governments shall commit to allocating 7% of GDP to education by 2015 and
necessary enactment shall be made for this purpose.

3) Policy Actions to Improve Quality and

Relevance of Education:

1) A Bachelor’s degree, with a B.Ed. shall be the requirement for teaching at the
elementary level. PTC and CT shall be phased out through encouraging the present set
of teachers to improve their qualifications, while new hiring shall be based on the
advanced criteria.
2) Curriculum development shall be objective driven and outcome based. The curriculum
development and review process shall be standardized and institutionalized.
3) Investment on higher education shall be gradually increased to 20 percent of the
education budget, on the assumption that the total education budget grows to 7
percent of GDP by 2015.
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(Q#2)The Education Policy 1972-1980:

The 1972-1980 Education Policy was drafted in a somewhat matter of fact tone and refrained
from philosophical pronouncements.

Salient features of this policy 1972-1980:

1) Promotion of ideology of Pakistan.

2) Personality development.

3) Equality in education.

4) Universal education.

5) Curriculum based on socioeconomic needs of the society.

6) Integrated technical and science education.

7) Active participation of teacher, students and parents in educational affairs.

8) Nationalization of educational institutions.

9) Policy aimed at “eradicating illiteracy within the shortest possible time through
universalization of elementary education and a massive adult education programme.

10) Equalizing access to education through provision of special facilities for women.

11) Under-privileged groups and mentally-retarded and physically-handicapped children

and adults in all areas in general and the backward areas in particular will give
preference.

12) Policy declared that education will be made free and universal up to class x for all
children throughout the country in both government and privately-managed schools.

13) Private schools will be suitably supported for the loss of fees incurred by them.

14) The earlier objective of compulsory education was discarded.

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15) The Policy proposed to construct 61,000 additional class-rooms for primary classes, train
150,000 teachers, and recruit an additional 75,000 teachers through the National
Literacy Corps.

16) The 1972 Policy identified 40 million adult illiterates in the country and declared that a
massive literacy program will be undertaken in every town.

17) Literacy centers will be established all over the country in schools, factories, farms,
union council halls and other community places.

18) A target of establishing 276,000 literacy centers to educate 11 million persons was fixed
for the period 1972-80.

19) The new Education Policy was finally adopted by the Cabinet on March 26, 1970.

Implementation:

 This policy was a good approach towards betterment, but has many drawbacks due to
which it cannot be achieved thoroughly e.g. universal basic education, shift towards
agro technical studies etc.
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(Q#3)Teacher Training & Educational

Research:

1. Role of Training in Educating Teachers:

It has been remarked, "If you educate a boy, you educate one individual. If you
educate a girl, you educate the whole family and if you educate a teacher, you educate the
whole community."

Objectives:

1) Better Understanding of the Student:

Teacher training is a must as it enables the potential teacher to understand the student
better. The knowledge of educational psychology helps him a lot in dealing with children
scientifically. Untrained teachers not familiar with the subject may create problem children in
the school.

2) Building Confidence:
Teacher training builds confidence in the potential of teachers. A trained teacher can
essentially face the class with confidence. He is not timid or shy. He can tackle many odd
situations and he does not run away from problem situations.

3) Using Methodology of Teaching:

Through training, the future teacher becomes familiar with methodology of teaching. He
also gets essential knowledge of methods required for a particular subject. He teaches with flair
and not in a routine way.

4) Building Favorable Attitude:

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A sort of brain wash is also done through training. It helps in building favorable towards
the teaching profession. During the course of training, many doubts of the teacher trainee's
stand removed. It results in creation of love and respect for teaching profession.

5) Familiarizing with the Latest in Education:

Teacher training programmes familiarize the future teachers with all that is latest in
education. An attitude of research and experimentation is attempted to be created in them.

6) Making Familiar with School Organization:

During the course of teacher training, we familiarize the teacher trainees with
organization and administration of the schools. It is of immense use to them in later life.

7) Creating social Insight:

Teacher training is must as it is required to teach the teachers to live a community life.
Training is essential to create social insight in them.

8) Improving Standards:
We are interested in raising the standards or the quality of education. A trained teacher
can be a great help in improving the quality of education and also in checking wastage.

9) Training for Democracy:

Lastly, training is a must to produce teachers who can teach with zeal and zest and can
strengthen the democratic set up in the country'. Training is required not only with the sole aim
of making one a good teacher but also making him a good citizen.

2. Role of Research in Educating Teachers:

The personal and cumulative experiential knowledge of the education profession
has been valued out of proportion to that which could be contributed by research. A
comparison of education with agriculture provides a contrast showing the potential
importance of the use of research in teacher education. Educational research is not as well
developed as agricultural research; mechanisms for transforming research into usable
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process and products are not as advanced; and there is insufficient commitment to the
importance of research information to ensure funding for research and development
activities. Teacher educators should include research information in all three training
program components: general studies, the major field or the content that is taught, and the
professional education sequence.

Objectives:
(1) History and philosophy of education;

(2) Teacher recruitment and selection;

(3) Effective schools;

(4) Policy studies;

(5) Child characteristics and development;

(6) Instruction, classroom management, learning environment;

(7) How children learn;

(8) Instruction in specific subject areas.

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(Q#4)Tertiary Level of Education:

What Is Tertiary Education?

Tertiary education refers to any type of education pursued beyond the high school level.
This includes diplomas, undergraduate and graduate certificates, and associate's, bachelor's,
master's and doctoral degrees.

Defining Tertiary Education:

Tertiary education, more commonly referred to as postsecondary education, refers to academic
pursuit undertaken after high school. Undergraduate programs include any postsecondary
education that takes up to four years to complete, including certificates, diplomas, and
associates and bachelor's degrees.

Tertiary Education system in Pakistan:

Around 8% of Pakistanis have tertiary qualifications although the government would like to
increase this to 20% by 2020. Entry is via a higher secondary school certificate that provides
access to bachelor degrees in disciplines such as architecture, engineering, dentistry, medicine,
pharmacy and nursing.

A pass requires just 2 years of study, and an honors degree 4. For the initial period the
curriculum is a mixture of compulsory subjects and specializations. After that, students
specialize completely. Thereafter, they may continue with more advanced study as they wish.
Some institutions like Lahore Pakistan University are ancient. Others are modern.
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Important Facts about Tertiary Education:

Available via your university, private organizations, and the federal and state
Financial Aid government

Online Offered at the associate's, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree levels;
Availability undergraduate and graduate certificate programs are also offered online

Prerequisites A minimum GPA, requisite coursework, standardized test score submission

Ascertain a master level of field knowledge, perform extensive research,

Program Goals achieve professionalism
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1) Associate Degree:
An associate degree is a kind of a tertiary education option which usually lasts for two
years and provides broad-based competency in a particular field. An associate degree can be
considered like an advanced diploma which is more academic than vocational and is offered by
a lot of colleges and universities across the world.

2) Bachelor’s Degree:
One of the most commonly picked tertiary level education option is a bachelor’s degree.
This is a standard university degree which takes about 3-4 years to complete and is a full time
study option. Bachelor’s degrees are mostly recognized worldwide and help an individual to
study a subject or subjects of his/her choice. Bachelor’s degrees are also referred to as
undergraduate or graduate level degrees.

3) Graduate Diploma or Graduate Certificate:

After completing undergraduate or bachelor’s level degrees or courses, one can also opt
for graduate diploma or graduate certificate course. These courses help the individual venture
into a more advanced level study of the area which the individual has already gained knowledge
in during the bachelor’s program. While some diploma courses take 6 months to complete,
others might take 12 months.

4) Master’s Degree:
The next level which is an alternative to a graduate diploma is a master’s degree which
takes 1-2 years to complete. These are specialized courses which focus on mainly one major
field of interest and combine research and coursework.

5) Doctorate:
After completing master’s level education, one can proceed to study further and gain
more knowledge and skills of his/her area of study. Also known as PhD. Doctorate courses take
different time to complete in different nations and may also first require the candidate to
complete an M.Phil.
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(Q#5)Semester System of Education in

Pakistan:

What is Semester System?

Universities are very important part of a society. They prepare the professionals who are
responsible to drive a nation. They generate ideas, innovations and create awareness among
the people. Education depends on universities and progress of a country. The system in
universities is responsible to educate the young minds of a nation.

Universities have different systems to educate the youth. Mainly there are two systems,
adopted in universe ties, semester system and annual system. In annual system, exams are
conducted after one educationalist year, while in semester system, exams are conducted after
5 or six months. There are many differences between annual and semester but here we are
going to discuss about advantages and disadvantages of semester system.

Advantages of Semester System in Education

1) In semester system, students get a chance to study different subjects.
2) In semester system, assignments are given to students which help them to have
knowledge other than the defined syllabus.
3) Flexibility in syllabus and students have option to study some subjects according to their
choice.
4) Semester system allows to synchronies undergraduate studies with postgraduate
courses.
5) Teacher and student interaction increases and teachers have more information about
their students
6) Contents of courses are decided by teachers and they can decide them by reviewing
student’s interests.
7) Students get more vacations because they get a semester break after final exams of
every semester.
8) In semester system, credit hours are defined and students have to study just according
to the defined credit hours
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Disadvantages of Semester System in Education

1) Students have to manage the syllabus in short time.
2) Sometimes, teachers cannot convey the whole knowledge of the subject due to short
time
3) Students do not get time for extra study; as a result they just have basic knowledge of
the subject
4) In semesters system, students do not get chance to re-evaluate their papers, so they
have to manage and maintain their grades
5) There is less time for research, students do not get enough opportunity to research
6) Time passes very quickly and it does not let students to have complete knowledge about
the subject

Conclusion on Advantages and Disadvantages of

Semester System:
These are the few advantages and disadvantages of semester system. In the light of these
pros and cons, it is difficult to decide which system is best, annual or semester. But, if we
review student’s choice, most of them prefer semester system over annual system.
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(Q#6)Role of Educational Technology in

Educational Development:

INTRODUCTION:
Education means “To bring about desirable changes in the behavior of individual
according to the demands and requirements of its concerned society”.

Educational technology plays an important and crucial role in making teaching learning
process more effective and successful. Educational Technologies are those
materials, procedures, organizations, ideas, devices, instruments or machines which make
the teaching learning process more effective, successful, and unforgettable.

Characteristics of Educational Technology:

1) Educational technology applies scientific principles to the problems of education.
2) Educational technology puts emphasis on the development of the methods,
procedures and techniques for the successful, useful and effective teaching learning
process.
3) Educational technology lays stress on the designing and measuring instruments and
tools for the assessment and evaluation of teaching learning outcomes.
4) Educational technology makes the teaching learning process more facilitated and
effective by media, methods, and techniques and by controlling classroom
environment.
5) Educational technology is involved in three aspects in education e.g. input, teaching
learning process and output.
6) Educational technology includes the applications of electronic media in education as
well as systems approach.
7) Educational technology plays a crucial role as medium of communication.
8) Educational technology is a broad and comprehensive term. It includes different terms
e.g., teaching technology, instructional technology, micro teaching, programmed
learning and system analysis etc.
9) Educational technology is not the synonyms of the audio visual aids in education but it
is more broad and comprehensive.
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Functions of Educational Technologies:

1) It identifies educational goals and objectives of the community.
2) It develops and designs proper and accurate curriculum for the attainment of specific
goals.
3) It analyzes and evaluates the teaching learning process.
4) It develops and organizes suitable instructional materials for teaching learning process.
5) It helps in selecting and developing appropriate instructional strategies in order to achieve
fruitful results.
6) It also helps in utilizing hardware and software media effectively and successfully.
7) It also provides essential feedback and controls through evaluation.
8) It prepares teachers in the use of new teaching technology.

Educational technology to teaching learning

process:

1. Individualized Instruction:
Educational technology assists in individualizing instruction by enabling individuals to
use self-instructional programmes.

2. Improvement in the Quality of Teaching:

Educational technology plays a crucial role in the betterment of the teaching learning
process. It enables us to utilize various enriched and motivating programmes through various
media.

3. Solution to the Problem of Mass Education:

Educational technology aids in using various useful programmes designed and
developed for a large number of students. These programmes are utilized through television,
computers etc.
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4. Ensuring equal Education Opportunities:

Educational technology have played a vital role in equalizing educational opportunities
without taking into consideration the social, economic and geographical position of the
learners.

5. Providing Continuing Education:

The learners in service personnel and vocational works are kept in touch with the latest
material through television lessons and self-instructional programmed material, which is sent to
them.