‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

 ٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Early Internal Combustion Engine Development ) W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F١٧٦٨L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬١٨٦٠ L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬١٨٧٦L٣
 KEL٣٥FEF١٨٧٨L٤
 KE‫א‬F١٨٨٢ L٥
 K‫א‬EF١٨٨٥L٦
 KE‫א‬F١٨٨٦L٧
 K،‫א‬‫א‬ EF١٨٩٣ L٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٠٠ L٩
 K،‫א‬ EF١٩٥٤L١٠
 
 

 W(Types of Automobile ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W
 KE–FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 KE‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 KE‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤

-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Engine ) ‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬ J٢
 KE‫א‬
 K( Automobile Chassis )E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
.( Automobile Body ) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 

 ( Types of Engine ) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(External Combustion Engine)‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Internal Combustion Engine )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 –W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEIn line EngineFL١
‫א‬‫א‬WEOpposed Cylinder EngineF‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 K

-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬WEV - EngineFV J١L٣

 K( 90° 60° ) ‫א‬
 

   
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F
 
 
 ( Types of Internal Combustion Engine )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬W
 K‫א‬W
 K‫א‬W
 

 
 ‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WEFEF
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 WEF
 K‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 WEF
 K‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
180°FE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
2× F‫א‬ ،E180°FE
 E180° F
 E180°FKE180°= 360°
 .( 2 × 360° = 720° )‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
E180° F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1× 360° = 360°F‫א‬E180°F
 
  Four – stroke Otto Engine ‫א‬‫א‬EF

 
 
 

-٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F
 
 –W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–W 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Cylinder Head ) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K( Cylinder Block ) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K( Crank Case ) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EF–٣
 
 

-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W
 K( Piston )E‫א‬F‫א‬–١
 K( Connecting Rod )‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K( Crank Shaft )E‫א‬F‫א‬–٣
 
 

 W‫א‬–W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Cam Shaft )E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K( Valves ) E‫א‬F‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬–٣
 
 

 W‫א‬–W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W
 K( Fuel System ) ‫א‬–١
 K( Cooling System ) ‫א‬–٢
 K( Lubricating System )‫א‬–٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 WETop Dead Center = T . D . C=KKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١

E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٣ J١F‫א‬
 

 W ( Bottom Dead Center = B . D . C=KKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 –W( Piston Strokr ) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 ( Compression – space Volume ) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–٤
EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 –W( Piston Displacement ) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤
 W( Four – stroke )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
 –WESuction StrokeF‫א‬–١
،EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬


 K‫א‬E٤ J١F
 –WECompression StrokeF‫א‬–٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٥ J١F
-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 –W ( Power Stroke )‫א‬–٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (Expansion Stroke )‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٦ J١F
 
 –W( Exhaust Stroke )‫א‬–٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬EKKF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬E٧ J١F
- ١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 WCrank Case ‫א‬–١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 WMain Fold ‫א‬–٢
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WPiston E‫א‬F‫א‬–٣
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WCylinder ‫א‬‫א‬–٤
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 WCrank ShaftE‫א‬F‫א‬–٥
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J١F
- ١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ( Cylinder Head ) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F
 
W( Cylinder head gasket )‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J١F
 
 
 
 ‫א‬
 

- ١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J١F

 
 
 
 

 W‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Land )
 
 W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،45°‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬ •

- ١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬EF ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ( Cam Shaft ) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 –W‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E١٢ J١F
 

  

- ١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ( Piston ) ‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١٣ J١F‫א‬

 –WE‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤
 
 ( Piston Rings ) E‫א‬F‫א‬
 –WE‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J١F
 

- ١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 EConnection Rod F‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J١F‫א‬

–W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤
 
 ( Crank Shift )‫א‬
–W‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ –٥

- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 K‫א‬E١٦ J١F
W‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬–١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–٤
 

‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J١F

- ١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ( Cylinder ) ‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬–١
K‫א‬‫א‬–٢
K‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬–٤
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J١F
 
 
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J١F

 

- ١٨ -