Maths Without Use of Pen AND Pencil PDF

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ALGEBRA PDF
BY
S.KUMAR (MATHS GURU)
BHAKLANIA
1. (a+b+c)2 = a2 +b2 + c2 +2ab + 2bc +2ca
m
2. a3+b3+c3 - 3abc = [a+b+c][a2+b2+c2-ab-bc-ca]
.co
 abc
=  [(a-b)2+(b-c)2+(c-a)2]
 2 
a2+b2+c2 = 0  a = 0, b = 0 & c = 0
g
3.
15
85 in
e.g. If (a-3)3 + (b-2)2 + (c-4)2 = 0
59
86 k
then a-3 = 0  a = 3, b = 2, c = 4
-3
4. If a2+b2+c2+3 = 2(a+b-c), find a+b+c n
9
91 io
Solution :- a2 + b2 +c2 +3 = 2a +2b -2c
35 it
 a2+b2+c2 - 2a -2b+2c +3 = 0
4- e t
 a2 -2a+1+b2-2b+1+c2+2c+1 = 0
5,
 (a-1)2 + (b-1)2 + (c+1)2 = 0

p
a = 1, b = 1, c = -1
m
a+b+c = 1+1-1 = 1
o
ALGEBRA
Ph .c
28
1 1
 If x   2 , then find the value of x99 
w
x x100
97
1
w
Solution :- x   2  x2 - 2x+1
.
x
w
 (x-1)2 = 0  x = 1
1
So If x   2 Put x = 1
x
1 1
x 99  100 = (1)
99
+ (1)100 = 2
x
99 1 99 1
& x  (1)100 = (1)  (1)100 1 - 1 = 0
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 Special use in trigonometry
if sin  + cosec  =2, then sinn  + cosecen  = 2
if cos  + sec  = 2, then conn  + secnn  = 2

if tan  +cot  = 2, then tann  + cotn = 2
1
 If x   2 , then put (x = -1)
x
m
2
2 1  1
 x  2 x  - 2
x x
.co

2
2 1  1
x  2 x  2
59 n g
x x
15

2
59
1  1 
x  4   x2  2   2
4
i
x  x 
nk
-3
3
3 1  1  1
 x  3   x    3 x  
x  x  x
91 tio
1
If x  = a  x3 + 3 = a3 - 3a
1 68
,8
x x
t i
1 1
pe
e.g. x   5  x 3  3 = 125 - 3  5 = 110

5
10
x x
3
1
m
 1  1
35
 x3  3 = 
x    3 x  
x  x  x
4-
o
1 1
e.g. If x  = a  x 3  3 = a3 + 3a
Ph .c
28
x x
w
1 1
97
If x  = 5  x 3  3 = 125 + 3  5 = 140
x x
w
.
1 1
 x 3 x 3
w
x x
1 1
x2  92  7 x2   9  2  11
x2 x2
1 1
x4   49  2  47 x4   112  2  119
x4 x 4
1
x8   2209  2  2207
x8

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1  2  1
Q. If x   3 find  x  x 2 
x  
1 1
Solution :- x   3  x 2  2  7
x x
1 1
and x   x 2  2  72  5
x x2
m
 2 1
  1  1
and  x  x 2    x  x   x  x   5  3 = 3 5
    
.co
1 1
Q. If x 4  4
 119 Find x 
x x
59 n g
15
1 1
Sol. x2+ 2 =
x4  4  2 = 119  2 = 11
1
59
x x
i
nk
-3
1 1
 x  x2  2  2
x x
91 tio
= 11  2  13
68
,8
t i
1
pe
5
Q. If x2 - 3x + 1 = 0, Find x 4 
x4
Solution -
m
35
x2 - 3x + 1= 0
Divide by x
4-
o
1 1
Ph .c
28
x-3+ =0  x+ =3
x x
w
97
2 1
 x  =9-2=7
w
x2
.
1
w
4
 x  = 49 - 2 = 47
x4
1 1
Q. If x+ =3, Find x 5  =?
x x5
1 1 1
Solution - x = 3  x 2  2 = 7  x 4  4 = 49 - 2 = 47
x x x
 4 1  1
 x  x 4   x  x  = 47  3 = 141

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1 1
x5 + x3 +  = 141
x 3 x5
1  3 1 
x 5+ 5 = 141 - 
x  3  = 141 - 18 = 123
x  x 
MOCK QUESTIONS
m
1. If x2 - 3x + 1 = 0 then find the value of
.co
1 1 1 1 1 1
(1) x 4  (2) x 3  (3) x 6  (4) x 7  (5) x3/2  3/2 (6)
x5  5
x4 x3 x6 x7 x x
1
59 n g
15
2. If 2a   5 , then find
3a
59
1 1
(a) 8a 3  (b) 27 a 3 
i
=?
27 a 3 8a 3
nk
-3
1 1
3. If x 4  4 = 119, find
x3  3 = ?
x x
91 tio
4. If x +
1
x
= 5 Find 68
,8
t i
1 1
(a) x 5  (b) x3/2 
pe
5
x5 x 3/2
1
 If x  = 1
m
35
x
 x2 + 1 = x  x2 - x + 1 = 0
4-
o
& (x3 +1) = (x + 1) (x2 - x + 1)

Ph .c
28
= 0 [ x2 - x + 1 = 0]
x3 = -1
w
97
1
w
e.g. If x + = 1, then find x54 + x 48 + x12 +x 6

.
x
w
1
Solution :- x  = 1  x3 = -1
x
x54 + x48 + x12 + x6
= (x3)18+ (x3)16 + (x3)4+ (x3)2
= (-1)18+ (-1)16+ (-1)4+ (-1)2
=1+1+1+1=4

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1
 x+ = -1  x3 = + 1
x
1
Q. If x + = 3
x
1
 x3 + = 3 3 - 3 3 =0
x3
m
 x6 + 1 = 0
.co
1 18 12 6
e.g. If x + = 3 , find x + x + x +1
x
1
59 n g
6
15
Solution - x+ = 3  x +1=0
x
x18 + x12 + x6 +1 = 0
59
i
= x12 (x6+1) + (x6 + 1)
nk
-3
= x12  0 + 0 = 0  [x6 + 1 = 0]
1 1
Q. If x + = 1, Find x17  17
91 tio
x x
1 1 x18 x
68
Solution - x  = 1  x17  17 =  18
,8
i
x x x x
t
pe
5
3 6
x  
x  1
6
x 1
= =  = x = 1
3 6 6
x x  x  1 x
m
35
1 1
4-
o
Q. If x  = 3  x 3  3 = 3 3 - 3 3 = 0  x6 + 1 = 0
x x
Ph .c
28
1
e.g. If x x  = 3 , Find x18 + x12 + x6 +1
w
97
x
w
1
Solution- x  = 3  x6 + 1 = 0
.
x
w
x18 + x12 + x6 +1
= x12 (x6+1) + (x6 + 1)
= x12  0 + 0 = 0 [ x6+1 = 0]

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Square Root In Algebra
 7  4 3 =?
Always Try to make 2ab from Root
2ab = 4 3  ab = 2 3
a = 2, b = 3  a2 + b2 = 4 + 3 = 7
2
Solution: - 7  4 3 =  2 3  =2+ 3
m
Q. 13  4 3 = ?
.co
76  10 3 1 1
38  5 3  = 76  10 3 = (5 3 +1)
2 2 2
59 n g
15
3
59
Q. x , then find 1 x + 1 x
i
2
nk
-3
3 3 2 3
Solution - x   1 x = 1 
2 2 2
91 tio
=
42 3 1
=  
3 1 =
3 1 68
,8
4 2 2
t i
pe
3 1
5
in same way 1  x =
2
m
35
3 1 3 1 2 3
 1 x + 1 x = + = = 3
2 2 2
4-
o
Q. If a = 998, b = 998, & c = 997 find a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = ?

Ph .c
28
abc
Solution :- a3 + b3 +c3 - 3abc = [(a-b)2+(b-c)2+(c-a)2]
w
2
97
 998  998  997 

w
=   0  1  1
.
 2
w
= 2993
Q. If a + b+ c = 8, then find (a-4)3 + (b-3)3 +(c-1)3 - 3(a-4)(b-3)(c-1)

Solutions :- Put a = 4, b = 3, c = 1
4+3+1=8
we get 0

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ac
Q. If a2 + b2 +c2 = ab + bc + ca then =?
b
Solution ;- a2 +b2+c2= ab + bc + ca
 a2 + b2 +c2 - ab - bc - ca = 0
1
 [(a-b)2+(b-c)2+(c-a)2] = 0
2
ac aa
m
 a=b=c  = =2
b a
or by hit and trial method
.co
put a = b = c =1
11
59 n g
Ans. is = 2
15
1
59
i
a b
If a2 +b2 +2b+4a + 5 = 0, find
nk
-3
Q.
ab
Solution :- a2 + b2 + 2b + 4a + 5 = 0
91 tio
 a2 + 4a +4 +b2 +2b +1 = 0
 [a+2]2 +[b+1]2 = 0 68
,8
a = -2, b= -1
t i
a b 1
pe
5
Put =
ab 3
Q. If a+b+c = 9 & ab+bc+ca = 26, then find a3+b3+c3-3abc =?
m
35
Solution :- [a+b+c]2 = a2 +b2 +c2 + 2 (ab + bc +ca)

 [9]2 = a2 + b2 + c2 +2 (26)
4-
o
 a2 +b2 + c2 = 29
Ph .c
28
3 3 3 2 2 2
 a + b +c - 3abc = (a+b+c) [a +b +c - (ab +bc +ca)]
w
= 9 [29-26] = 27
97
or by hit and trial method

w
.
put a = 4, b = 3, and c = 2
w
1
a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a+b+c) [(a-b)2 + (b-c)2 + (c-a)2]
2
1
=  9 [1 + 1 + 4] = 27
2

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1
Q. If x = 3 + 2 , then Find x 3  3
x
Solution :- x = 3 + 2
1 1

x
= 3- 2  x x = 2 3
3 1
x  = - =
x 3 24 3 6 3 18 3
m
2p 1 2 1
Q. If p 2  2 p  1 = , then find p  p 2
o
4
- 3 .c
2p 1 p2  2 p  1
Solution :-  or =4
p2  2 p  1 4 2p
59 n g
5
91
p2  2 p  1
=8
i
5
p
1
p - 2 + p = 8  p + p = 10
1 nk
91 tio
1
 p2 + p 2 = 100 - 2 = 98
68
,8
t i
a b b
Q. If + + = 1, then find the value of
pe
5
1 a 1 b 1 c
1 1 1
+ +
m
35
1 a 1 b 1 c
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
4-
o
1
Ph .c
28
Solution:- Put a = b = c =
4
w
Ans. is 4
97
Q. Find the value at x = 16 of the following

w
.
expression
w
x4 - 17x3 + 17x2 - 17x + 14

Solution:- x4 - 17x3 + 17x2 - 17x +14
= x4 - 16x3 - x3 + 16x2 + x2 - 16x -x +14
Now put x = 16
= 164-164-163-163-162-162-16+14 = - 2

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Some Selected Questions
1
Q. If x  = 3 , find the value of
x
(i) x72 +x66 +x54+x36+x24+x6+1
(ii) x206 +x200+x90+x84+x18+x12+x6+1
1
Solution :- (i) x+ = 3 = x6+1= 0
m
x
x72 + x66 +x54 +x36 +x24 +x6 +1
.co
[x6]12 +[x6]11 +[x6]9+[x6]6+[x6]4+x6+1
= [-1]12+[-1]11+[-1]9 +[-1]6+[-1]4+0
=1-1-1+1+1=1
59 n g
15
(ii) x206 + x200 +x90+ x84 +x18+x12+x6+1
59
x200[x6+1]+x84[x6+1]+x12[x6+1] + x6+1
i
0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 [ x6 + 1 = 0]
nk
-3
1 1
Q. 
If x = a  a  b 2 3
 + a 
3
a b2 3
 3
then find the value of x3 +3bx -2a
91 io
(a) 2a3 (b) -2a3 (c) 0 68 (d) 1
35 it
1 1
,8
Solution:- x = a a b  2 3
 + a 
3 2
a b 3
 3
4- e t
cubing both sides, we get

p
  
x3 = a  a 2  b 3 + a  a 2  b 3 
m
1 1
o

+ 3 a a b 2 3
 a 
3
a b2 3
 3
(x)
Ph .c
28
 x3 = 2a +3[a2-(a2+b3)]1/3 [x]
w
97
= 2a +3 [-b3]1/3 x
= 2a -3bx
w
.
 x3 +3bx - 2a = 0
w
1 2
Q. If x = 2 + 2 3 + 2 3 , then value of x3 - 6x2 + 6x +1 is
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
1 2 1 2
Solution:- x = 2 + 2 3 + 2 3  x -2 = 2 3 + 2 3
cubing both sides, be get
x3 - 8 - 3.2x [x-2] = 2 + 22 +3  21/3  22/3 (x-2)
 x3 - 8 - 6x2 +12x = 2 + 4 + 6 (x -2)

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 x3 - 6x2 + 6x = 2
 x3 - 6x2 + 6x +1 = 2+1 = 3
a6  a4  a2  1
Q. If a = 3+ 2 2 , then find the value of
a3
1
Solution:- a = 3 + 2 2  = 3 -2 2
a
1
m
a+ =6
a
a6  a4  a2  1
.co
1 1
Now 3 = a3+a + + 3 = 6 + 198 = 204
a a a
1 5x
59 n g
15
Q. If 2x+ =5, then find the value of 2
3x 6 x  20 x  1
59
1
i
Solution :- 2x+ =5  6x2 +1 = 15x
3x
nk
-3
5x 5x 5x 1
 2 = = =
6 x  20 x  1 15 x  20 x 35 x 7
91 io
Q.
1
If x + = 99, then find of value of
100 x 68
35 it
2
x 2 x  102 x  2
,8
4- e t
1
Solution:- x+ = 99  x2 + 1 = 99x
5
x
p
2x2+2 = 198x
m
100 x 100 x 100 x 1

 2 = = =
2 x  102 x  2 198 x  10 x 300 x 3
o
1 1
Ph .c
Q. If x   3 , then find the value of x 3 

28
x x3
w
97
2 2
 1  1
Solution:-  x  x  =  x  x  + 4 = 13
w
.
1 1
w
3
 x = 13  x  x3 = 13 13 - 3 13 = 10 13
x
1 2  1
Q. If x  = 5, then find the value of 2  x  x 2 
x  
 2 1   1
 1

Solution:- 2  x  x2  = 2  x  x   x  x 
    

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2 2
 1  1
 x  x  =  x  x  +4 = 2 5+4 = 29
1
 x = 29
x
 2 1 
2  x  x 2  = 2  5  29 = 10 29
 
m
1
Q. If x = 3  2 2 ,then find the value of x 3  3
x
.co
1
Solution:- x = 3+ 2 2  = 3- 2 2
x
59 n g
15
1
x+ =6
x
59
i
3
1  1  1
 x  x 
nk
3
x + 3 = x   - 3
-3
x  x
= 216 - 3 [6] = 198
91 io
a b
Q. If  =1, then find the value of a3 +b3
b a
68
35 it
,8
a b
4- e t
Solution:-  = 1  a2 +b2 = ab
5
b a
p
& a3 + b3 = (a+b) (a2 -ab+b2)

= (a+b) (ab -ab) = 0
m
Q. If p = 101, then find the value of 3

p3  3 p 2  3 p  1
o
Solution:- 3
p3  3 p 2  3 p  1 = 3
p 3  13  3 p ( p  1) = 3
( p  1)3 = p - 1
Ph .c
28
= 101 -1 = 100
w
97
a b c 1 1 1
Q. If   = 1, then find the value of  
w
1 a 1 b 1 c 1 a 1 b 1 c
.
w
a b c
Solution:-   =1
1 a 1 b 1 c
a b 1
1 1  1 = 1+3 = 4
1 a 1 b 1 c
a 1 a b 1 b c 1 c
  =4
1 a 1 b 1 c

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1 1 1
  =4
1 a 1 b 1 c
x z
Q. If x + y = 2z, then find the value of + yz
xz
Solution:- x+y = 2z
 x -z = z - y
m
x z x z xz
+ yz = - = =1
xz xz xz xz
.co
Q. If a+b+c = 10, a2 +b2+c2 = 38 & abc = 30, then find the value of
1 1 1
(i)  
59 n g
15
a b c
(ii) a3 +b3+c3
59
i
1 1 1 bc  ac  ab
Solution:- (i)   =
nk
-3
a b c abc
(a+b+c)2 = a2+b2+c2+ 2(ab+bc+ca)
91 io
 (1012 = 38 +2(ab+bc+ca)
1 1 1 31
68
35 it
 ab +bc +ca = 31    =
,8
a b c 30
4- e t
(ii) a3 +b3+c3 - 3abc = (a+b+c) [a2+b2+c2-ab-bc-ca]

5
a3+b3+c3 -3  30 = 10 [38-31] = 70
p
a3+b3+c3 = 160
m
 (a+b)2 = a2+b2+2ab
o
 (a-b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab
Ph .c
28
w
97
Q. 13  4 3
w
2ab = 4 3
.
w
ab = 2 3 1
a= 2 3 b=1
2 2
a + b = 12 + 1 = 13
2
13  2 3 = 2 
3 1 = 2 3 1

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76  10 3 1
Q. 38  5 3 = = 76  10 3
2 2
Now 2ab = 10 3 ab = 5 3
a2 + b2 = 75 +1 = 76
1 1

2 76  10 3 = 2
 
5 3  1 Ans.
m
4 6 x  8 x  12
Q. If x  , then find +
2 3 x  8 x  12
.co
4 6 4 2 3 8  12
Solution:- x = =
2 3 2 3 2 3
59 n g
15
59
x 12
i
 =
nk
-3
8 2 3
applying C & D , we get
91 io
x 8 12  2  3 3 3 2
x 8
=
12  2  3
=
3 2
-i 68
35 it
,8
x 8
4- e t
Simillary =
5
12 2 3
p
o m
Ph .c
28
Applying C & D, we get

w
97
8  2 3  3 2
w
x  12 3
.
= 8  2 3
= - ii
x  12 2 3
w
Adding (i) of (ii), we get

x 8 x  12 3 3 2 3 2 3
+ = + =2
x 8 x  12 3 2 2 3
In these type of Qu. Ans. is always 2

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4a  1  1
 a  a  a  .......  = 2
[This tricx applies to all]
e.g. 12  12  12  .........  [a= 2]
12  4  1  1
= =3
2
m
e.g. 19  19  19  .......... [a=19]
.co
4  19  1  1 77  1
= =
2 2
59 n g
15
e.g. 72  72  .......... [a =72]
59
4  72  1  1 17  1
i
= = 9
2 2
nk
-3
52 3
Q. If = a + b 3 , then find the value of a + b
91 io
74 3
68
35 it
52 3
,8
Solution:- = a+b 3
74 3
4- e t
52 3 74 3
p
  =a+b 3
74 3 74 3
m
 35 - 6 3 - 24 = a + b 3
o
 11- 6 3 = a + b 3
Ph .c
Comparing coefficient both sides we get a = 11 , b = - 6  a+ b = 5

28
w
97
w
.
w

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2017
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CIRCLE (o`Ùk) 4) Arc of a circle (pki ) :
CIRCLES A piece of a circle between two points is called an arc.
A circle is a locus i.e. path of a point in a plane which Consider two points M and N on the circle. We fnd that
moves in such a way that its distance from there are two pieces of circle between A and B. One is
P
a fIxed point always remains constant. longer and other is smaller.
In fgure, 'O' is the fixed point The longer piece is called major arc
and P is a moving point in and smaller piece is called minor arc
the same plane. The path
traced by P is called a circle. Unless stated otherwise, by
Fixed point O is the centre of an arc AB we shall mean the A B
minor arc.
the circle and the constant
P
distance OP is called radius of
Major Arc
Major arc is denoted by APB
the circle.
circumference (ifjf/) and minor arc is denoted by
OR A circle is a simple closed curve, all the points of A B
which are at the same distance from a given fIxed point. AQN
Circumference
Length of a complete circle is called its circumference. Q
Note:-When M and N are ends of a diameter then both
Terminology Related to CIRCLES the arcs are equal and both are called semicircle.
1) Radius (f=kT;k) : Line segment joining centre and 5) Segment of a circle (o`Ùk[k.M) :
any point of circle.
The region between a chord and an arc of a circle is
called a segment.
There are two segments corresponding to two arcs,
major segment and minor segment. Major segment is
the segment enclosed by major arc.
Radius (f=kT;k) Centre of the circle lies in the major segment.
Minor segment is the segment enclosed by minor arc.
2) Chord (thok) : A line segment joining any two points Major
on a circle is called chord of the circle. segment
Centre
P Q
Chord (thok) Minor
segment
Major segment
Minor segment
3) Diameter (O;kl) : A chord passing through the cen-
tre of a circle is known as its diameter. Diameter is 6) Sector of a circle(f=kT;[k.M) : The part of a circle
longest chord. enclosed by an arc and two radii is called a
sector.
Major Sector
Diameter (O;kl)
Minor Sector
MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RJ GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

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7) Semicircle (v¼Zo`Ùk) : A diameter of a circle divides Important formulas of CIRCLE
the circumference of the circle into two equal arcs
and each of these arcs is known as a semicircle. 1. Area of circle = π r2
2. Perimetre of circle = 2 π r
1 2
3. Area of semicircle = πr
8) Tangent of a circle ( LiZ'kjs[kk) : 2
A tangent is a straight line which touches the
circumference of a circle at only one point. A tangent 4. Perimeter of semicircle = ( π +2)r
does not intersect the circumference, if produced 1 2
infinitely on either sides. 5. Area of a quadrant of a circle = πr
4
π 
A 6. Perimeter of a quadrant of a circle =  + 2 r
O
2 
θ
P 7. Area of a sector of a circle = × πr 2
360 
θ
B 8. Length of arc = × 2πr
360
9) Secant of a circle ( izfrPNsnhjs[kk ) : A straight line inter-
secting the circle at two points, is called a secant.
10) Concentric Circles (ldsfUæ;o`Ùk) : Circles having the

same centre are said to be concentric circles.
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Properties related to Circle 5). If two circles intersect at two points then
the line segment joining their centre is
1). One and only one circle can pass perpendicular bisector of common chord.
through given three non- collinear points.
In case, the three given points are collinear, A
then a single circle cannot pass through
these 3 points O O'
C
2).The perpendicular from the centre of a
circle to a chord bisects the chord.
B
O AC = BC and OC ⊥ AB
A P B
# In a circle with radius 13 cm, a chord is drawn at
If OPAB then AP = PB the distance 12 cm from the centre. Find the length
of the chord.
Conversely, the line joining the centre of a circle
Solution:- Distance of the chord from the centre is 12 cm
to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular tothe chord. obviously, OC AB. C is the midpoint of
If AP = PB then OPAB . AB.
3).Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from 2

the centre. A
O
L cm 12 cm
B 13
A C B
O
D
M By the Pythagoras Theorem,
C
2 2
Chords AB and CD are equidistant from the centre O, OC2  AC2  OA 2  12  AC  13
ie OL = OM if AB = CD.  Length of the chord = AC + CB = 2AC = 10 cm
Conversely, chords of a circle which are equidistant
# The radius of the circle is 13 cm. The lengths of
from the centre are equal. two parallel chords on same sides of centre of the
circle are 24 cm and 10 cm respectively. The distance
between the chords is
4).The perpendicular bisectors of two chords 1) 4 cm 2) 7 cm 3) 6 cm 4) 8 cm
of a circle intersect at its centre. Solution:- AB and CD are parallel chords. The
A perpendicular from the centre bisects the chord.
E
O O
B cm
13 E
cm
C D
13
F 5 cm
C D A F B
By the Pythagoras Theorem:
The perpendicular bisectors of two chords AB and CD OF  132  5 2 = 144 = 12 cm
of a circle intersect at its centre O.
OE = 132  122  5 cm
 EF is the distance between the chords
and EF = OF – OE = 12 cm – 5 cm = 7 cm
GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

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TRICK:- CE will become OF & # Two chords AB and CD of lengths 5 cm and 11 cm
AF will become OE respectively of a circle are parallel to each other and
OF=CE=12 cm both chords are on the same side of its centre. If the
OE=AF=5 cm distance between AB and CD is 3 cm, then find the
radius of the circle.
and EF = OF – OE = 12 cm – 5 cm = 7 cm
Solution:- The perpendicular bisector OL of AB and OM
# In a circle of radius 17 cm, two parallel of CD are in the same line because AB || CD.
chords are drawn on opposite sides of a diameter. Let OM = x cm and radius of the circle be r cm.
The distance between the chords is 23 cm. If
length of one chord is 16 cm, then the length of
the other one is :
(a) 15 cm (b) 23 cm
(c) 30 cm (d) 34 cm
Solution: (c) Let PQ and RS be two parallel chords of the
circle on the opposite sides of the diameter AB = 16 cm
Then, from ΔOMD
2
 11  121
x2     r 2  x2   r 2 .... (1)
 2 4
From ΔOLB ,
2
x  3   5   r 2  x 2  6x  61  r 2 .... (2)
2
 2 4
From (1) and (2), we get
121 61 60 5
x2   x 2  6x   6x  x
4 4 4 2
Substituting x into (1), we get
Now, PN = 8 (Since ON is the perpendicular bisector) 2 2
5  11  25 121 146 1
In DPON r2         r  146
ON 2 = OP 2 – PN 2  2  2 4 4 4 2
= (17)2 – (8)2 = 289 – 64 = 225 TRICK:-
or ON = 15 ⇒ ∴ OM = 23 – 15 = 8
In DORM,
RM 2 = OR2 – OM 2
17 – 82 = 289 – 64 = 225
2
or RM = 15 ⇒ RS = 15 × 2 = 30 cm
TRICK:-
NP becomes OM =8
In DORM,
RM 2 = OR2 – OM 2
17 – 82 = 289 – 64 = 225
2
or RM = 15 ⇒ RS = 15 × 2 = 30 cm
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# What is the distance in cm between two parallel # Two circles of radii 10 cm and 8 cm intersect each
chords of lengths 32 cm and 24 cm in a circle of other and length of the common chord is 12 cm.
radius 20 cm? Find the distance between their centres.
1) 1 or 7 2) 2 or 14 (a) 13.8 cm (b) 13.29 cm
3) 3 or 21 4) 4 or 28 (c) 13.2 cm (d) 12.19 cm
Solution:-The two parallel chords lie either on

Solution: (b) Here, OP = 10 cm; O′P = 8 cm
the same side of the diameter or on the
opposite sides of the diameter. If we find P
the distance between parallel chords of any
10 8
one of the above two cases, then it serves
our purpose. O L O
Q
12
20
x PQ = 12 cm
O 1
∴ PL = 1/2 PQ ⇒ PL = × 12 ⇒ PL = 6 cm
20 y 2
16 In rt. DOLP, OP2 = OL2 + LP2
(using Pythagoras theorem)
Distance between chords ⇒ (10)2 = OL2 + (6)2 ⇒ OL2 = 64; OL = 8
In DO′ LP, (O′L)2 = O′P2 – LP2 = 64 – 36 = 28
= x  y  20 2  12 2  20 2  16 2  16  12  28 cm
O′L2 = 28 ⇒ O′L = 28
Only one option contains 28. Hence theywill
definitely be 4 cm apart in the othercase. O′L = 5.29 cm
TRICK:- 16 will become x & 12 will become y ∴ OO′ = OL + O′L = 8 + 5.29
OO′ = 13.29 cm
Distance between chords
x+y=28 or x-y=4 cm # Two equal circles pass through each other's centre.
If the radius of each circle is 5 cm, what is the length
of the common chord?
# A chord of length 14 cm is at a distance of 6 (a) 5 3 (b) 10 3
cm from the centre of a circle. Find the
length of another chord at a distance of 2 5 3
(c) (d) 5
cm from the centre of the circle. 2
(a) 18 cm (b) 16 cm Solution: (a)
A
(c) 10 cm (d) 12 cm
Solution:- (a) Let AB be the chord of length 14 cm.
at a distance of 6 cm from the centre O.
Draw OE ^ AB. Then, BE = 7 cm and OE = 6 cm. O
M
O
\ OB2 = OE2 + BE2 = (62 + 72) = 85.
Let CD be the chord at a distance of 2 cm from O.
Now, OF = 2 cm, OD2 = OB2 = 85.
B
A E
B Given, distance between the centres of two circle = 5 cm
7 7 OO' = 5 cm
C
F D 5
∴ OM = cm
O 2
\ FD = 9 cm.
\ CD = 2 ´ FD = 18 cm.
MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ
∴ The length of common chord, AB = 2 × AM

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In DOAM,
OA2 = OM2 + AM2 Properties based on ANGLES of a Circle
2 1. Equal chord of a circle subtend equal angles at
5 the centre.
(5)2 =   + AM2 A
2
25 5 3 O P
AM = 25 − = cm
4 2 B
∴ The length of common chord, AB = 2 × AM
5 3 Q
= 2× 5 3 cm
=
2 If AB = PQ, then ∠AOB = ∠POQ
The converse is also true.
If the angles subtended by two chords of a circle
at the centre are equal, the chords are equal.
2. The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at

the centre is double the angle subtended by it
at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
R R R
P
Q
O O
P Q
O
P Q
In each of the above figures,

POQ  2PRQ
3. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
x0 x0
∴ ∠ACB = ∠ADB = ∠AEB.
4. Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

P
A B
O
In figure, AOB is a diameter, hence AOBPA is a semicircle,

therefore ∠APB = 90°.
Conversely, the arc of a circle subtending a right angle
at any point of the circle in its alternate segment is a semi-circle.
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5. Angle made by a chord in minor segment is
obtuse and in major segment is acute.
Acute Angle
Obtuse Angle
# Find the value of x in the following circle with

centre O. A
Solution:- We know that the angle x°
subtended by a chord at the
O
centre is twice that at the
circumference. 112°
C
 2x  112 B
 x  56
# In the given figure, chord ED is parallel to the

diameter AC of the circle. If ,CBE  65
then whatis the value of DEC?
1) 25° 2) 65° B
3) 45° 4) 35°
A O C
E D
Solution:- Draw the line from point A to point E.

EAC  CBEAngles made by the same chord
on the circumference are equal  = 65°
Also, AEC  90 Angle made by diameter on
the circumference 
 ACE  180  90  65  25

And ACE  DEC  25 (Alternate angles)
GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

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TRICK:- If two chords intersect each other then Cyclic Quadrilateral Properties
angle made by them on point of intersection –
Cyclic quadrilateral (pfØ;prqHkqZt) : A cyclic quadrilat-
A eral is called cyclic quadrilateral if its all vertices lie on a
B circle.
x0
C
D D
1 B
x= × angle by A
2
( arc AC – arc BD) at the centre 1. The sum of either pair or opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral is 1800.
A
D
x 0
D
A
B
C
C
1 B
x = × angle by
2
(arc AC + arc BD) at centre ∠ A + ∠ C = 1800 and ∠ B + ∠ D = 1800
2. If the sum of any pair of opposite angles of a quad-

rilateral is 1800, then the quadrilateral is cyclic.
3. If one side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced,

then the exterior angle is equal to interior opposite
angle.
A
D
C E
B
∠ CDE = ∠ A
4. The quadrilateral formed by angle bisectors of a

cyclic quadrilateral is also cyclic.
A D
P
Q S
R
B C
PQRS is cyclic quadrilateral

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2017
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5. If two sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are parallel then
the remaining two sides are equal and diagonal are # In the given figure, ABCD is a cyclic
also equal. quadrilateral; O is the centre of the circle. If
BOD  160 , find the measure of BPD
6. If two opposite sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are
equal, then the other two sides are parallel. 1) 20° 2) 100°
3) 80° 4) None of these
7. If the bisectors of the opposite angles ∠ P and ∠ A
R of a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS intersect the cor-
responding circle at A and B respectively, then AB
O
is a diameter of the circle.
160°
D B
B
P S P C
Consider the arc BCD of the circle. This arc
make angle BOD  160
Q R at the centre of the circle and BAD
A
at a point A on the circumference.
8. The sum of the angles in the four segments exterior 1
to a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to 6 right angles.  BAD  BOD  80
2
A Now, ABPD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
P S  BAD  BPD  180
 80  BPD  180
D B
 BPD  180  80  100
Q R
C # I n t h e a d joi n i n g fi g u r e , A B C D i s a c yc l i c
quadrilateral. If AB is a diameter, BC = CD and ÐABD
= 40°, find the measure of ÐDBC.
∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ C + ∠ D = 900 x 6 = 5400
D
C
9. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. AB and DC are pro- d X
X
duced to meet in E, then ∆ EBC ~ ∆ EDA .
a 40°
A B
D
C
E
B
(a) 65 (b) 25
A
(c) 45 (d) 60
10. AB is diameter of a circle. Chord CD is equal to SOLUTION:- (b) In DBCD, BC = CD, ÐBDC = ÐCBD = x
radius. If AC and BD when produced intersect at P, In cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, ÐABC + ÐADC =
then ∠ APB = 600 180°40° + x + 90° + x = 180° Þ x = 25°.
A
B
600
D
C
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# In the following figure, O is the centre of the circle Þ ÐABC + 110° = 180°
andÐABO = 30°, find ÐACB. ( ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral )
C
Þ ÐABC = 180 – 110 Þ ÐABC = 70°
B Q AD || BC
A 30° \ ÐABC + ÐBAD = 180° (Sum of the interior angles
(a) 60° (b) 120°
on the same side of transversal is 180°)
(c) 75° (c) 90° O
70° + Ð BAD = 180°
Þ ÐBAD = 180° – 70° = 110°
C
Þ ÐBAC + ÐDAC = 110° Þ 50° + ÐDAC = 110°
Þ ÐDAC = 110° – 50 ° = 60°
B
# If two sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are parallel
A 30° then the remaining two sides are equal and the
diagonals are also equal. or
A cyclic trapezium is isosceles and its diagonals are
O
equal.Conversely, If two nonparallel sides of a
trapezium are equal it is cyclic. or
An isosceles trapezium is always cyclic.
D
OB = OA = radius of the circle
ÐAOB = 180 – (30 + 30)
{Sum of angles of triangle = 180°)
Þ 120°
120
Then ÐADB = = 60°, because the angle subtended If there is a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD in which
2
AB || CD then
by a chord at the centre is twice of what it can subtend
at the circumference. Again, ABCD is a cyclic (i) AD = BC (ii) AC = DB
quadrilateral;
So ÐACB = 180° – 60° = 120° (because opposite angles
of cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary). # The bisectors of the angles formed by
producing the opposite sides of a cyclic
# ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral in which BC || quadrilateral(provided that they are not
AD, ÐADC = 110° and ÐBAC = 50° find ÐDAC parallel), intersect at right angle.
(a) 60° (b) 45°
(c) 90° (d) 120° Q
SOLUTION:-(a) ÐABC + ÐADC = 180° (sum of opposites
angles of cyclic quadrilateral is 180°)
D
A D
C
50° 110°
R
B C
A
B
P
In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, AB and DC

when produced meet at P and AD and BC
whenproduced meet at Q. Bisectors of P
and Q meet at a point R. Then PRQ  90.

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TANGENT AND ITS PROPERTIES (ii) ∆PAO ≅ ∆PBO
(iii) ∠ P + ∠ O = 1800
1) A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius
through the point of contact. (iv) PO is a angle bisector of ∠P & ∠O
(v) OP is perpendicular bisector of AB
(vi)  < BA
AB 
O
8.ALternate segment THEOREM
If a chord is drawn through the point of contact of a
tangent to a circle, then the angle which this chord makes
A P B OP ⊥ AB with the given tangent is equal to
the angle formed in the alternate segment.
2) A line drawn through the end point of a radius and
perpendicular to it is a tangent to the circle.
C B
3) One and only one tangent can be drawn to a circle
at a given point on the circumference.
D
4) The perpendicular to a tangent through its point of

a contact passes through the centre of the circle.
P A Q
5) If two circles touches each-other, the point of contact In the figure, AB is a chord of a circle. PQ is a tangent at
lies on the straight line joining their centers. an end point A of the chord to the circle. C is any point
on arc AB and D is any point on arc BA.
∠BAQ and ∠ACB are angles in the alternate segments
∠BAP and ∠ADB are angles in the alternate segments.
Angles in the alternate segments of a circle are equal i.e.
∠BAQ = ∠ACB and ∠BAP = ∠ADB
9. If two chords AB and CD of a circle intersect inside a
circle (or outside a circle when produced) at
point E, then AE × EB = CE × ED.
6) From any point outside a circle two tangents can be
drawn to it and they are equal in length. A
D
A
B
A E
E
B D
P C C
T
B PA = PB
7) P
A
Q
R
P O PR x RQ = TR2
10) Two circles touch externally and through the point
B of contact a straight line is drawn, touches the
circumference of both circle, then the tangent at its
(i) PA = PB extremities are parallel.
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A A E
B
B
C C D
F
D
If AB | | CD than ∠ EOF = 900
AB | | CD
15) Tangents at the end point of a diameter of a circle
11) If a circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral are parallel.
then the sum of opposite pair of sides are equal.
R S
A
d
c
B
C a P Q
b PQ | | RS
D
16) Common tangents to two circle
AB + DC = BC + DA
Area = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d)
12) A circle touching the side BC of ∆ABC at P and touch-

ing AB and AC produced at Q and R respectively
No common tangent
1
then AQ = (perimeter of ∆ABC)
2
A
B P C
Q R One common tangent
13) Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with

centre O from an external point T, then ∠ PTQ = 2
∠ OPQ . Two common tangent
T O
Q Three common tangent

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# IMPORTANT RESULT
A
E B
D
Four common tangent C F
(i) AB = CD = EF
# Direct common tangent: A tangent to two circles are such
that the two circles lies on the same side of the tangent, (ii) AE = EB = EG = GF = CF = FD
then the tangent is called direct tangent to the two circles.
# IMPORTANT RESULT
Q A
P B
r1 2 C
O O
R
∠ ACB = 900
S
In the figure, PQ and RS are two direct common tangent # The point of intersection of direct common tangents
to the same two circles. Length of these two common and indirect (transverse) common tan-gents to two circles
tangents to the same two circles are equal. divide the line segment joining the two centres, both
externally and inter-nally, in the ratio of their radii.
i.e. PQ = RS
Also PQ = RS = (OO′)2 + (r2 − r1 ) 2 A
E B
Here O, O′ are the centres and r1, r2 H
O P
2 1 Q O´
F
# Indirect or Transverse Common Tangent: If a tangent
G D
to two circles is such that the two circles lie on opposite
sides of the tangent, then the tangent is called indirect C
tangent. In the above figure, there are two non-intersecting circles.
Length of two indirect tangents to two circles is equal. AB and CD are their direct commontangents, which when
produced meet at P. Also, EF and GH are the transverse
common tan-gents intersecting at Q. r is the radius of
the circle having centre O and s is the radius of circle
P S
having centre O´.Then
r1
O (i) P divides OO´ externally in the ratio r : s.
O
r2 OP r
ie 
R O´P s
Q
(ii) Q divides OO´ internally in the ratio r : s
OQ r
ie 
In the figure, PQ and RS are two indirect common tangents O´Q s
to the same two circles.
∴ PQ = RS
2 2
Also PQ = RS = (OO′) − (r1 + r2 )
Here O, O′ are centres r1, r2 are radii of the two circles
respectively.
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# In the given figure, chords AB and CD of a circle #In the given fig. PQ is a chord of a circle and PT is the
intersect externally at P. If AB = 6 cm, CD = 3 cm and tangent at P such that ÐQPT = 60°. Then ÐPRQ is equal to
PD = 5 cm, then PB = ?
Q
O
R
(a) 5 cm (b) 6.25 cm P

T
(c) 6 cm (d) 4 cm
Solution: (d) PA × PB = PC × PD (According to property of circle) (a) 135° (b) 150°
⇒ (x + 6) × x = 8 × 5 (c) 120° (d) 110°
⇒ x2 + 6x – 40 = 0
⇒ (x + 10) (x – 4) = 0 ⇒ x = 4
∴ PB = 4 cm
# In the given figure, PAB is a secant and PT is a tangent
to the circle from P. If PT = 5 cm, PA = 4 cm and AB = x cm,
then x is equal to
# If four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD are tangential to a

circle, then.
(a) 2.5 cm (b) 2.6 cm (a) AC + AD = BD + CD (b) AD + BC = AB + CD
(c) 2.25 cm (d) 2.75 cm (c) AB + CD = AC + BC (d) AC + AD = BC + DB
Solution: (c) PA × PB = PT2 ⇒ 4 × (4 + x) = 25 (b) Since ABCD is a quadrilateral
25 Again AP, AQ are tangents to the circle from the point A.
⇒ 4+x= = 6.25 ⇒ x = 2.25 cm
4 S
# In the given figure, two chords AB and CD intersect D C
each other at O. If AO = 8 cm, CO = 6 cm and
OD= 4 cm, find OB.
D P R
1) 3 cm 2) 4 cm
3) 5 cm 4) 6 cm
A
O B
A B
C Q
We know that, OA × OB = OC × OD \ AP = AQ
Similarly BR = BQ
 8  OB  6  4 CR = CS
OB=3 CM DP = DS
\ (AP + DP) + (BR + CR) = AQ + DS + BQ + CS
= (AQ + BQ) + (CS + DS)
Þ AD + BC = AB + CD
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R
# Find ÐBOA. S
C r1 r2
O
P Q
50°
O
30°
B A F I II
(a) 100° (b) 150° 1. (b) In DSOQ and DROP
(c) 80° (d) Indeterminate ÐO is common
ÐS = ÐR = 90º (tangent at
(a) ÐCAF = 100°. Hence ÐBAC = 80° circle)
Also, ÐOCA = (90–ACF) = 90 – 50 = 40° =
\ D SOQ ~ DROP
ÐOAC (Since the triangle OCA is isosceles)
Hence ÐOAB = 40° RP OP PQ + OQ PQ
In isosceles DOAB, ÐOBA will also be 40° Þ = = = +1
SQ OQ OQ OQ
Hence, ÐBOA = 180 – 40 – 40 = 100°
4 PQ PQ 4 1
Þ = + 1 or = -1 =
3 OQ OQ 3 3
Þ PQ = 7 and OQ = 21
Directions for Questions 1–3: Answer the questions on the
7 1
basis of the information given below. \ Required ratio = =
21 3
In the adjoining figure, I and II are circles with centers P and Q
respectively. The two circle touch each other and have a common 2. (b) PQ = r1 + r2 = 7
tangent that touches them at points R and S respectively. As the ratio of radii is 4 : 3.
So, the only value which satisfies the radii of
This common tangent meets the line joining P and Q at O.
circle II = 3
The diameters of I and II are in the rartio 4 : 3. It is also known
3. (c) In DSOQ,
thatthe length of PO is 28 cm.
Þ SO2 + SQ2 = OQ2
Þ SO2 = 212 – 32 = (21 – 3) (21 + 3) = 18 × 24 = 432
R
Þ SO = 12 3
S
# In the given diagram O is the centre of the circle and CD is
a tangent. ÐCAB and ÐACD are supplementary to each
O other ÐOAC 30°. Find the value of ÐOCB:
P Q
A
B
I II
O
1. What is the ratio of the length of PQ to that of QO?
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 3
(d) 3 : 8 (d) 3 : 4
C D
2. What is the radius of the circle II?
(a) 2 cm (b) 3 cm (a) 30° (b) 20°
(c) 60° (d) None of these
(c) 4 cm (d) 5 cm
(a) ÐOCD = 90°
3.. The length of SO is ÐOAC = ÐOCA = 30°
ÐACD = ÐACO + ÐOCD = 30° + 90° = 120°
(a) 8 3 cm (b) 10 3 cm \ ÐBAC = 180° – 120° = 60°
Þ ÐBCD = 60° (ÐBCD = ÐBAC)
(c) 12 3 cm (d) 14 3 cm Þ ÐOCB = ÐOCB – ÐBCD
= 90° – 60° = 30°
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#. Two circles touch each other internally. Their radii #A smaller circle touches internally to a larger circle at A and
are 2 cm and 3 cm. The biggest chord of the outer circle passes through the centre of the larger circle. O is the centre
whichis outside the inner circle is of length of the larger circle and BA, OA are of the diameters of the
(a) 2 2 cm (b) 3 2 cm larger and smaller circles respectively. Chord AC intersects
the smaller circle at a point D. If AC = 12 cm, then AD is:
(c) 2 3 cm (d) 4 2 cm
B
(d)
C
2 cm
2 2 O'
AB = 3 - 1 = 2 2 cm
O O
1 cm 3 cm
\ AC = 4 2 cm D
C B A
2 2 cm
A
(a) 4 cm (b) 6 cm
(c) 5.6 cm (d) Data insufficient
# In the given figure, AB is chord of the circle with centre O,
(b) ÐADO is a right angle (angle of semicircle)
BT is tangent to the circle. The values of x and y are
Again when OD is perpendicular on the chord AC and
OD passes through the centre of circle ABC, then it
P
must bisect the chord AC at D.
y \ AD = CD = 6 cm
B O O
X D
32º 90°
(a) 52º, 52º (b) 58º, 52º

(c) 58º, 58º (d) 60º, 64º

A
(c) Given AB is a circle and BT is a tangent, ÐBAO = 32º
Here, Ð OBT = 90º # The figure below shows two concentric circles with centre
[Q Tangent is ^ to the radius at the point of contact] O. PQRS is a square inscribed in the outer circle. It also
OA = OB [Radii of the same circle] circumscribes the inner circle, touching it at point B, C, D
\Ð OBA = Ð OAB = 32º and A. What is the ratio of the perimeter of the outer circle
[Angles opposite to equal side are equal] to that of polygon ABCD?
\Ð OBT = Ð OBA + Ð ABT = 90º or 32º + x = 90º .
P A
Ð x = 90º – 32º = 58º . Q
Also, Ð AOB = 180º – ÐOAB – ÐOBA
= 180º – 32º – 32º = 116º
1 D O B
Now Y = AOB
2
[Angle formed at the center of a circle is double the
angle formed in the remaining part of the circle]
1 S C R
= × 116º = 58º .
2
p
(a) (b) p
3
p p
(c) (d)
2 4

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(c) Let the diagonal of PQRS be 2r. # In the adjoining figure ‘O’ is the centre of the circle and
PQ, PR and ST are the three tangents. ÐQPR = 50°, then the
Therefore, side = r 2 . value of ÐSOT is:
r 2
Now, ABCD is a square. And side ´ 2 = r. Q
2 S
Perimeter of ABCD = 4r.
Circumference of bigger circle = 2pr.
p O M 50° P
Therefore, required ratio =
2
# A circle with radius 2 is placed against a right angle. Another T
smaller circle is also placed as shown in the adjoining figure. R
What is the radius of the smaller circle? (a) 30° (b) 75°
(c) 65° (d) can’t be determined
(c) ÐROQ = 180° – 50 = 130°

æQ ÐOQP + ÐORP + ÐQOR + ÐQPR = 360°ö
çè and ÐOQP = ORP = 90° ÷ø
Now, since RT = TM and QS = SM

\ also OR = OM = OQ
\ ÐROT = ÐTOM and ÐMOS = ÐSOQ

(a) 3-2 2 (b) 4- 2 2 1
\ ÐSOT = ÐROQ
(c) (d) 6 - 4 2 2
7-4 2
130
\ ÐSOT = = 65°
SOL:-. (d) 2
# The diagram below represents three circular garbage cans,
each of diameter 2 m. The three cans are touching as shown.
O 2 A Find, in metres, the perimeter of the rope encompassing
the three cans.
2 D
r
r
C O' B
OABC is square with side = 2
\ OB = 22 + 22 = 2 2
OB = 2 2 = OD + r + O'B = 2 + r + r 2
(a) 2p + 6 (b) 3p + 4
Þ r ( 2 +1) = 2( 2 –1) (c) 4p + 6 (d) 6p + 6
2( 2 - 1) 2( 2 - 1) 2
Þr= = = 2(2 + 1 - 2 2) (a) ÐAOB = ÐCO¢D = ÐFO¢¢E = 120°
( 2 + 1) 2 -1
Distance between 2 centres = 2 m
= 6- 4 2 \ BC = DE = FA = 2 m
Perimeter of the figure = BC + DE + FA +
circumference of sectors AOB, CO¢D and FO¢¢E.
But three equal sectors of 120° = 1 full circle of same
radius.
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B C
O O¢
120° 120°
A D
Therefore, perimeter of surface O¢¢
= 2pr + BC + DE + FA = (2p + 6)m F 120° E
# In the given figure (not drawn to scale),

A, B and C are three points on a circle with centre O
. The chord BA is extended to a point T such that CT
becomes a tangent to the circle at point C. If
ATC  30 and ACT  50 then BOA is
C
50°
O
30°
B T
A
1) 100° 2) 80°
3) 40 4) 65°
1; From the alternate segment theorem
ABC  ACT  ABC  50

Also, CAB  ACT  ATC = 50° + 30° = 80°
 BCA  180  ABC  CAB  180  50  80
 50Now, BOA  2.BCA  2  50  100
[Angle made by chord at the centre

is double that at the circumference]
MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ

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 (a-1)2 + (b-1)2 + (c+1)2 = 0

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if cos  + sec  = 2, then conn  + secnn  = 2

e.g. x   5  x 3  3 = 125 - 3  5 = 110

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& (x3 +1) = (x + 1) (x2 - x + 1)

e.g. If x + = 1, then find x54 + x 48 + x12 +x 6

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Q. If a = 998, b = 998, & c = 997 find a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = ?

 998  998  997 

Q. If a + b+ c = 8, then find (a-4)3 + (b-3)3 +(c-1)3 - 3(a-4)(b-3)(c-1)

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Solution :- [a+b+c]2 = a2 +b2 +c2 + 2 (ab + bc +ca)

or by hit and trial method

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Q. Find the value at x = 16 of the following

x4 - 17x3 + 17x2 - 17x + 14

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cubing both sides, we get

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100 x 100 x 100 x 1

Q. If x   3 , then find the value of x 3 

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& a3 + b3 = (a+b) (a2 -ab+b2)

Q. If p = 101, then find the value of 3

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(ii) a3 +b3+c3 - 3abc = (a+b+c) [a2+b2+c2-ab-bc-ca]

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Applying C & D, we get

Adding (i) of (ii), we get

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e.g. 12  12  12  .........  [a= 2]

Comparing coefficient both sides we get a = 11 , b = - 6  a+ b = 5

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MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RJ GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

10) Concentric Circles (ldsfUæ;o`Ùk) : Circles having the

3).Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from 2

GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

Solution:-The two parallel chords lie either on

MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ

∴ The length of common chord, AB = 2 × AM

2. The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at

In each of the above figures,

3. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.

∴ ∠ACB = ∠ADB = ∠AEB.

4. Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

In figure, AOB is a diameter, hence AOBPA is a semicircle,

# Find the value of x in the following circle with

# In the given figure, chord ED is parallel to the

Solution:- Draw the line from point A to point E.

 ACE  180  90  65  25

GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

2. If the sum of any pair of opposite angles of a quad-

3. If one side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced,

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