PSZ 19:16 (Pind.

1/97)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS♦

JUDUL : COMPARISON OF FLOW COMPUTATIONS AROUND

BRIDGE PIERS

SESI PENGAJIAN : 2005/2006

Saya MOHD RIZAL BIN RISAN

(HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/ Sarjana / Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan
pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara
institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan ( √ )

SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah

keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti
yang termaktub di AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah

ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana
penyelidikan dijalankan)

√ TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan Oleh

_____________________________ ___________________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat Tetap:
80,JLN.CIKU, BLOK 4, DR. NOOR BAHARIM HASHIM
FELDA MAOKIL 4, 85300 LABIS,
SEGAMAT, JOHOR.

Tarikh: 19 APRIL 2006 Tarikh: 19 APRIL 2006

CATATAN : * Potong yang tidak berkenaan.

** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak
berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis
ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
♦ Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara
penyelidikan, atau laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).
 “
Ihe
reb
yde
cla
ret
hatIha
ver
eadt
hist
hes
isa
ndi
n
my opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and
quality for the award of Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering”

Signature : …………………………….
Name of Supervisor : DR. NOOR BAHARIM BIN HASHIM
Date : APRIL 2006
COMPARISON OF FLOW COMPUTATIONS AROUND BRIDGE PIERS

MOHD RIZAL BIN RISAN

A report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for award of
Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

APRIL 2006
PERBANDINGAN PENGIRAAN ALIRAN DI SEKITAR TIANG JAMBATAN

MOHD RIZAL BIN RISAN

Laporan ini dikemukakan

sebagai memenuhi sebahagian daripada
syarat penganugerahan Ijazah Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Awam

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

APRIL 2006
 ii

“
I declare that this thesis is the result of my own research except as cited in the
references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently
submitted in candidature of any other degree.”

Signature : ………………………
Name : MOHD RIZAL BIN RISAN
Date : APRIL 2006
 iii

To my beloved family member;

Mother and father,

MISKINAH BINTI SULAIMAN

RI
SAN BI
NJAAF
AR…

Siblings,

SITI HAWA BINITI RISAN,

MOHAMAD SAFARI BIN RISAN,
MOHD HANIF BIN RISAN,
CITI NURUL LAILA BINTI RISAN...

And to;

ROSMAWATI BINTI HJ. BAJURI@PAJURI...

 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my thesis

supervisor, Dr. Noor Baharim Hashim, for encouragement, guidance, critics,
friendship, advices and motivation. Without the continued support and interest, this
thesis would not have been the same as presented here.

My fellow friend should also be recognized for their support. My sincere

appreciation also extends to all my colleagues and others who have provided
assistance at various occasions. Their views and tips are useful indeed.
Unfortunately, it is not possible to list all of them in this limited space.

Lastly, I am grateful to all my family members for encouragement, advices

and motivation.
 v

ABSTRACT

Piers for hydraulic structures such as bridges are often built in open channels.
Generally, the structural engineer is concerned with the appearance of the piers in
relation to the surrounding features. The hydraulic engineer is concerned which
piers caused obstruction to the flow affecting the flow pattern and dissipated energy.
In this research HIVEL2D is used to predict the two-dimensional flow field around
bridge piers. Then, the results were used to compare against computation results of
HIVEL2D, Finite-volume and TELEMAC-2D models. The three models give
comparable results to the problem of viscous flow around circular bridge piers.
Some differences may be justified due to small differences in the actual values
applied for the upstream boundary conditions.
 vi

ABSTRAK

Tiang jambatan untuk struktur hidraulik yang kebiasaannya di bina di saluran

terbuka. Umumnya, jurutera struktur menitik beratkan rupa tiang jambatan dengan
keadaan sekeliling. Jurutera hidraulik memikirkan mengenai had tiang jambatan di
mana ia boleh menyebabkan halangan kepada aliran kepada kesan profil aliran dan
pengabaian tenaga. Dalam kajian ini HIVEL2D digunakan untuk meramalkan aliran
dua-dimensi di sekitar tiang jambatan. Seterusnya, keputusan itu digunakan untuk
perbandingan keputusan antara HIVEL2D, Finite-volume dan TELEMAC-2D
model. Ketiga-tiga model memberikan perbandingan terhadap masalah aliran di
sekitar tiang jambatan. Perbezaan yang kecil mungkin disebabkan oleh perbezaan
nilai sebenar yang digunakan di hulu batas sempadan model.
 vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF SYMBOLS xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES xiv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of problem 2
1.2 Objectives of research 3
1.3 Outline 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 Model in surface flow review 4
2.1.1 Surface Water Modeling System (SMS) 4
2.1.2 TELEMAC 5
2.1.2.1 Hydrodynamics (TELEMAC-2D,
TELEMAC-3D) 6
 viii

2.1.2.2 Water quality (WQ-2D, WQ-3D) 7

2.1.2.3 Dispersion of pollutants
(PLUME-RW) 7
2.1.2.4 Sediment transport (SUBIEF,
SISYPHE, SEDPLUME-3D) 8
2.1.2.5 Wave dynamics (ARTEMIS,
COWADIS, BOUSSINESQ) 8
2.1.2.6 Pre- and post-processing
(MATISSE, RUBENS) 9
2.1.3 Finite-volume 10

CHAPTER 3 HIVEL 2D 12
3.1 Surface Water Modeling System (SMS) 12
3.1.1 History of Surface Water Modeling
System (SMS) 13
3.1.1.1 TABS-MD (Multi-dimensional)
Numerical Modeling System 13
3.1.1.2 FESWMS-2DH Finite Element
Surface Water Modeling System –
2 Dimensional Hydrodynamics
Numerical Modeling System 14
3.2 Hivel 2D v 2.0 14
3.2.1 Governing equations 15
3.2.2 Finite element model 17
3.2.3 Petrov-Galerkin Test Function 19
3.2.4 Shock Capturing 19
3.2.5 Temporal Derivatives 20
3.2.6 Solution of the Nonlinear Equations 20
3.2.7 Model Features 21

CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY 23
4.1 General 23
4.2 Model development 23
 ix

CHAPTER 5 MODEL DEVELOPMENT 26

5.1 Model description 27
5.2 Grid generation 27
5.3 Hydrodynamic Input 30
5.4 Hot Start File 34
5.5 Running the Model 35
5.6 Result examination 36

CHAPTER 6 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 37

6.1 Result 37
6.2 Analysis 40

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 46

7.1 Conclusion 46
7.2 Suggestion 47

REFERENCES 48

APPENDIX A 50
 x

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

4.1 Flowchart for using the HIVEL2D 25

5.1 Grid originally from J.V.SOULIS, Hydraulic Engineering
Software. 28
5.2 Example the nodes that have been created. 29
5.3 Example meshing grid shown in model and mesh quality
for the grid finite element mesh. 30
5.4 Input for boundary condition (Inflow string). 31
5.5 Input for boundary condition (Outflow string). 32
5.6 Input for Model Control. 33
5.6 Input for material properties. 34
5.7 Input for Hot start file. 35
5.8 Screen during running process. 36
6.1 HIVEL2D contour profile for magnitude velocity data at each
node. 38
6.2 HIVEL2D contour profile for water surface elevation or water
depth data at each node. 38
6.3 Vector arrow near bridge pier. 39
6.4 Flow Trace animation through piers. 40
6.5 The Finite-volume predicted contours of equal water depth (m). 41
 xi

6.6 TELEMAC-2D predicted contours of equal water depth (m). 41

6.7 The Finite-volume predicted contours of scalar velocity in
x-direction (u m/s). 42
6.8 TELEMAC-2D predicted contours of scalar velocity in
x-direction (u m/s). 42
6.9 The Finite-volume predicted contours of scalar velocity in
y-direction (v m/s). 43
6.10 TELEMAC-2D predicted contours of scalar velocity in
y-direction (v m/s). 43
6.11 HIVEL2D contour for scalar velocity in x-direction (u m/s). 44
6.12 HIVEL2D contour for scalar velocity in y-direction (v m/s). 44
 xii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

u - depth-averaged x-direction component of velocity.

v - depth-averaged y-direction component of velocity.
g - acceleration due to gravity.
 - Reynolds stresses where the first subscript indicates the direction
and the second indicates the axis direction normal to the face on
which the stress acts.
ρ - fluid density.
zo - channel invert elevation.
n - Manning's roughness coefficient.
Co - dimensional constant (C0 = 1 for SI units and Co = 1.486 for
English units).
e - subscript indicating a particular element.
 - domain.
i - test function.

i - Galerkin part of test function.

 - identity matrix.
i - non-Galerkin part of the test function.

nˆ - unit vector outward normal to the boundary.

β - dissipation coefficient varying in value from 0 to 0.5.
Δ - the linear basis functions.
Δx, Δv - the grid intervals.
 xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

SMS - Surface Water Modeling System

USACE - United States Army Corps of Engineer
TABS-MD - TABS Multi-dimensional Numerical Modeling System
FHWA - Federal Highway Administration.
 xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Conve
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coefficient, n. 50
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

All bridges and structures associates with waterways are potentially at risk
from hydraulic action. Therefore, knowledge of the flow field is important.

Soulis (1994) and Bellos (1998) presented two numerical solutions for the
computation of two dimensional, inviscid, supercritical, free surface flows including
the friction and slope terms. The first numerical solution was obtained by using the
well known numerical scheme of MacCormack: the second solution was obtained by
solving the flow equations in integral form to a series of finite volumes with
adjacent volumes sharing a common face.

Soulis (1994) decided to expand it so as include the viscous flow effects. At

early stages of the computing code developments a constant value eddy viscosity
coefficient was applied and the appropriate stresses were accordingly calculated.
The eddy viscosity terms, although approximations of the effective shear terms, have
far reaching consequences in that they enable the two dimensional treatment of the
predominantly three dimensional features of the flow phenomena, with the
computational advances associates with it.
 2

In this study, a new numerical model HIVEL2D will be investigated in the

bridge piers problem. Similar test case conducted by Soulis (1994) will be used.
Detailed HIVEL2D model description is discussed in Chapter 3.

1.1 Background of problem.

Bridges can fail structurally in a catastrophic theory, or they can fail through
obsolescence structure. Those are basic consideration of bridges failure. Actually
bridges and structures associates with waterways are potentially at risk from
hydraulic action. Therefore, knowledge of the flow field or flow simulation is quite
important.

Kamil H. M. Ali.(2002), mention that the drowning of four rail passengers

during the collapse of Glandary Bridge on the swollen River Towy, October 1987.
That is an illustrated the danger of scour. Lack of practical knowledge about scour
has left some hydraulic experts claiming that the collapse of a large bridge caused by
foundation erosion is a disaster waiting to happen. In addition, with over 150,000
road bridges and 6000 rail bridges in the U.K., the problem could pose a serious
safety problem as well as significant financial burden (Penson, 1996).

The Texas Transportation Institute (1999) reported that Texas has about
48,000 bridges, most of them over water. From 1961 to 1991, one thousand bridges
collapsed. Today one out of every 27 over-water bridges crossed could collapse.
Sixty percent of those failures are due to scour, erosion of the streambed particularly
around bridge foundations. I
nfa
ct,mo
ret
han1
8,0
00br
idg
esa
rec
ons
ide
red“
sco
ur
c
rit
ic
al.
” Scour slowly excavates the soil around bridge foundations, causing the
bridge to become less sturdy and eventually collapse.
 3

Based on the background of the problem above, a serious problem which is

frequently encountered around piers is scour. Scour is the erosive action of running
water in streams in excavating and carrying away material both earth and solid rocks
or sand. Scour as a natural phenomena takes place primarily in scattered streams,
although scour may occur in all streams.

Therefore, to understanding of the scouring process and the ability to predict

the scour behavior, it is very important that to understand the flow simulation.

1.2 Objective of Research

This research work presents the formulation an application of three

mathematical model for the steady state, two-dimensional, viscous flows in open
channels.

The HIVEL2D model will be compared against results of previous two

modeling studies.

1.3 Outline

The content of this thesis is divided into several important chapters,

describing the computational model or numerical model, comparing, results and
conclusion.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Model in surface flow review

2.1.1 Surface Water Modeling System (SMS)

SMS is a pre- and post-processor for surface water modeling and analysis
includes two- and three-dimensional finite element and finite difference models, and
one-dimensional step backwater modeling tools. The model interfaces specifically
designed to facilitate the utilization of several numerical models comprise the
modules of SMS. Supported models include the USACE-WES supported TABS-MD
(GFGEN, RMA2, RMA4, RMA10, SED2D-WES), HIVEL2D, ADCIRC, CG
WAVE, STWAVE, and M2D. Comprehensive interfaces have also been developed
for facilitating the use of the FHWA commissioned analysis packages Flo2dh and
WSPRO.
 5

Each numerical model is designed to address a specific class of problem.

Some calculate hydrodynamic data such as water surface elevations and flow
velocities. Others compute wave mechanics such as wave height and direction. Still
others track contaminant migration or suspended sediment concentrations. Some of
the models support both steady-state and dynamic analyses, while others support only
steady-state analysis. Some support supercritical flow, while others support only
subcritical.

2.1.2 TELEMAC

TELEMAC is a modeling system for hydrodynamics, sediment transport and

water quality in the natural environment.

The TELEMAC system was developed to simulate physical processes

associated with rivers, estuaries and coastal waters. TELEMAC is based on the
latest finite element techniques which are applied to unstructured triangular grids,
allowing realistic representations of complicated coastlines and bathymetries.
TELEMAC can be applied to a wide range of phenomena, from small eddies behind
bridge piers to pollutant transport in large coastal areas. TELEMAC is possible to
use to study:

• Environmental impact of reclamations and dredging schemes

• Strategic water quality planning
• Outfall design and pollutant dispersion
• Dredged material disposal
• Coastal defence design
• Port and harbour design
 6

• Navigation and design of shipping channels

• Wave activity including harbour resonance
• Failure of dams or dykes.

The TELEMAC system is developed by Electricité de France –Laboratoire

Na
tio
nald
’Hy
dra
uli
que
. It is extensively used, marketed and developed by HR
Wallingford in close partnership with EDF - LNH.

2.1.2.1 Hydrodynamics (TELEMAC-2D, TELEMAC-3D)

Using finite element techniques, TELEMAC solves the shallow water

equations, either vertically averaged in two dimensions or layered in three
dimensions. Using unstructured triangular grids, boundary conditions can be
applied away from areas of interest, which in turn can be modeled in fine detail.
TELEMAC includes horizontal turbulence options for the simulation of very
detailed flow patterns, spherical co-ordinates for very large area models, simulation
of wetting and drying within the model domain and solution for transcritical flow.
TELEMAC-3D can also simulate three dimensional flow affected by stratification
(thermal or saline), wind or wave breaking. Turbulence models available include k-
epsilon and mixing length. The results from TELEMAC-2D and TELEMAC-3D are
often used as input to other modules to study, for example, water quality and
sediment transport.
 7

2.1.2.2 Water quality (WQ-2D, WQ-3D)

Two and three dimensional water quality modules are available for use
alongside the TELEMAC hydrodynamic modules. Using the water quality modules
it is possible to simulate water quality in river, estuarine and coastal regions, in two
or three dimensions. Process variables are modeled both in the water column and on
the bed so providing a prediction of dissolved, settling and deposited materials.
Interactions between the following parameters are including salinity and
temperature, Biological Oxygen Demand, organic nitrogen, ammoniac nitrogen,
Nitrite, Nitrate, Dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, Algal carbon and detrital
carbon, Phosphate, Silicates, Hydrogen sulphide and e.coli within water quality.

The model is flexible to allow for additional toxic pollutants to be

incorporated easily. Both WQ-2D and WQ-3D have been applied to major regional
and urban pollution studies.

2.1.2.3 Dispersion of pollutants (PLUME-RW)

PLUME-RW is a well-established model developed for studies of pollutant

dispersion in estuaries and coastal waters. Both dissolved pollutants, such as
bacteria from sewage discharges, and suspended pollutants, such as sediment
released during dredging operations, can be simulated. Based on a particle based
random walk technique, and available in 2 and 3 dimensions, PLUME-RW uses
flow data derived using TELEMAC to simulate transport by prevailing currents,
turbulent dispersion, bacterial decay and deposition and re-suspension of particulates
at the sea bed. Typically, PLUME-RW is used to optimize outfall location and
waste treatment levels.
 8

2.1.2.4 Sediment transport (SUBIEF, SISYPHE, SEDPLUME-3D)

SUBIEF models suspended sediment transport and is used mainly for the
transport of cohesive sediments. Applications of the software include the
assessment of siltation rates within ports, and hence the estimation of maintenance
dredging rates and the prediction of the impact of engineering works on existing
sediment transport patterns.

SISYPHE is used to model the transport of sand under the combined action
of waves and currents. The module is based on state-of-the-art formulae (for
example, Bijker, Engelund-Hansen) with information on the wave and flow
conditions derived using TELEMAC and ARTEMIS (or COWADIS). Applications
of SISYPHE include the prediction of sedimentation rates within ports and the
assessment of coastal harbours on littoral and near-shore sediment transport.

This is a particle tracking module used mainly for dredging related

applications including the dispersion of suspended sediments during dredging and
disposal operations. In SEDPLUME, particles are released during a model run,
either at the surface or throughout the water column, and then a random walk
algorithm is used to represent the dispersal of the particles, according to local flow
conditions derived using TELEMAC.

2.1.2.5 Wave dynamics (ARTEMIS, COWADIS, BOUSSINESQ)

ARTEMIS is based on the finite element solution of the Mild-Slope

Equation and it can be used to determine resonant behaviour or wave disturbance
within a port for specified offshore wave conditions. As well as representing
 9

shoaling, diffraction, refraction and reflections, ARTEMIS includes depth-induced

wave breaking and the computation of radiation stresses which can be coupled with
TELEMAC-2D to compute wave-induced currents. Using an unstructured
triangular grid it is possible to represent complex coastlines and port layouts
accurately.

This module was developed in association with the development of a 3rd

generation wave model and is best suited to the simulation of the transformation of
extreme spectral wave conditions in coastal areas. COWADIS represents refraction
due to the seabed and ambient currents, wave generation by wind, energy dissipation
due to bottom friction, depth induced wave breaking and white capping and non-
linear interactions (quadruplets).

The BOUSSINESQ module is based on the finite element solution of the

Boussinesq Equations. It is an advanced wave module which can be used to
represent wave conditions within ports and harbours. As well as representing the
effects associated with short crested waves, BOUSINESSQ includes non-linear
effects associated with wave grouping.

2.1.2.6 Pre- and post-processing (MATISSE, RUBENS)

The TELEMAC system is supplied with sophisticated, easy-to-use pre- and

post-processing software.
 10

MATISSE is an unstructured finite element grid generator, which will

generate grids given a digital description of the coastline being modelled. There is
also an option for automatic adaptation of the grid in order to represent the
bathymetric data accurately.

Once results are available from the various TELEMAC modules, they can be
viewed using the visualization software, RUBENS. Results can be viewed in many
ways including contour plots, time histories and cross-sections. Further analysis of
the results is available within RUBENS, including integration and the calculation of
additional variables.

2.1.3 Finite-volume

A finite volume is model for unsteady, two-dimensional and shallow water

flow. The finite-volume method (FVM) used in this model combines the advantages
of a finite-element method (FEM) for geometric flexibility and a finite-difference
method (FDM) for simple discrete computation.

There are several types of numerical model that designed and developed to
address a specific class of problem. Different techniques had been applied such as
finite-difference method and finite element method. Therefore, different numerical
model have different techniques had been applied.

The finite-different methods have been utilized very extensively. There are
several possibilities for approximating the partial derivatives. The spatial partial
derivatives replaced in terms of the variables at the known time level are referred to
as the explicit finite differences, whereas those in terms of the variables at the
 11

unknown time level are called implicit finite differences. There are several explicit
and implicit finite-difference methods used for the numerical integration of shallow-
water equation. The finite-difference methods applied in both one- and two-
dimensional flow problems.

The finite-element method is an alternative technique for solving these same

differential equations. The main advantage of the finite-element method is its ability
to handle irregular boundaries and grid refinement.

The finite-difference solutions have grids with square corners, straight edges,
and mostly uniform grid spacing. The finite-element method adapts easily to
problems where these boundary characteristics are unsuitable. The computational
grids for the finite-difference method are usually defined by parallel lines and cannot
easily be used to simulate natural boundaries. Smaller grid spacing is frequently
required with either method for areas of rapid variable change. These grid
refinements are easily handled by the finite-element method but require additional
effort when using finite-difference methods.
 CHAPTER 3

HIVEL 2D

3.1 Surface Water Modeling System (SMS)

SMS is graphical pre- and post-processor for numerical surface water

modeling that allow interactive editing and display of finite element networks.
u
Display controls allow the user to adjstt
hed
isp
layt
oon
e’sp
art
ic
ula
rpr
efe
ren
ces
.
Color and line contouring are supported to display either bed elevation or model
results such a velocity fields or water surface elevation.

Additional features in SMS include a plot window for examining profiles,

time series data and calibration error, mapping module that allows the user to create
a conceptual model and use background image and a scatterpoint module for
performing data analysis or interpolation.

Pre- and post-processor is computer program used for constructing, editing

and displaying finite element networks (meshes) used in hydraulic modeling and
review results.
 13

3.1.1 History of Surface Water Modeling System (SMS)

Surface Water Modeling System (SMS) is developed at the Environmental

Modeling Research Laboratory at Brigham Young University designed for TABS
and FESWMS. TABS-MD is suite of programs developed by the United States
Army Corps of Engineer (USACE) and FESWMS-2DH is program developed for
the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to address two dimensional flows in
general and highway crossing of floodplains in particular.

 Graphics software developed at ECGL.

 WES/Norm Jones develop NGRID
 ECGL and WES partner to develop FastTABS (First released 1992)
 FHWA joins partnership to develop interface to FESWMS.
 V 4.0 (Sept. 1995), V 5.0 (Apr. 1997), V 6.0 (Feb 1999), V 7.0 (Apr 2000),
V 8.0 (Mar 2002)

3.1.1.1 TABS-MD (Multi-dimensional) Numerical Modeling System

The TABS-MD (Multi-dimensional) Numerical Modeling System is a

collection of generalized computer programs and utility codes. It designed for
studying multi-dimensional hydrodynamics in rivers, reservoirs, bays and estuaries
and requires a vertically homogenous fluid with a free surface. These models can be
used to study project impacts or flows, sedimentation, constituent transport and
salinity.
 14

TABS-MD is composed of several analysis codes and developed for Walla

Walla District, USACE in 1973. I
t’
sco
ded by I
an P.Ki
ng o
fRe
sou
rce
s
Management Associates (RMA) and maintained, expanded and supported by both
RMA and WES.

3.1.1.2 FESWMS-2DH Finite Element Surface Water Modeling System –2

Dimensional Hydrodynamics Numerical Modeling System

The Finite Element Surface Water Modeling System –2 Dimensional

Hydrodynamics (FESWMS-2DH) Numerical Modeling System was developed with
a goal to provide a means of simulating flow at highway crossings.

FESWMS-2DH developed for FHWA and USGS, Water Resources Division

in 1978. I
t’
ssimilar to TABS-MD and started with knowledge of RMA2.
FESWMS-2DH coded by David C. Froechlich, Ph.D., P.E.

Interfaces specifically designed to facilitate the utilization of several

numerical models comprise the modules of SMS. Supported models include the
USACE-WES supported TABS-MD (GFGEN, RMA2, RMA4, RMA10, SED2D-
WES), HIVEL2D, ADCIRC, CGWAVE, STWAVE and M2D.
 15

3.2 Hivel 2D v2.0

Based on the HIVEL2D v2.0 users manual, HIVEL2D is a finite element

description model of two-dimensional model designed especially for flow free-
surface, depth-averaged, field that contain supercritical and subcritical regimes as
well as the transitions between the regimes. HIVEL2D has been verified by
comparing computed model results with laboratory data. The findings of these tests
are presented in Stockstill and Berger (1994).

HIVEL2D is purposed to simulate flow typical in high-velocity channels.

The model is based on a finite element description of the two-dimensional shallow-
water equations in conservative form. The model does not include Coriolis or wind
effects as these are typically not important in high-velocity channels.

3.2.1 Governing Equations

The governing equations commonly referred to as the shallow-water

equations. Vertical integration of the equations of mass and momentum
conservation for incompressible flow with the assumption that vertical accelerations
are negligible compared to the acceleration of gravity.

The dependent variables of the two-dimensional fluid motion are defined by

the flow depth, h, the volumetric discharge per unit width in the x-direction, p, and the
volumetric discharge per unit width in the y-direction, q. These variables are
functions of the independent variables x and y, the two space directions, and time t.
The shallow-water equations in conservative form are given as (Abbott 1979):
 16

Q 
 F Fy
 x  H 0 
3.1
t x 
y

where

p 
 
Q q  
3.2 
h 
 

 
 p 
 
p 2 1 2 hxx 
Fx    gh   
3.3
h 2 
 pq hyx 
  

 h  


 
 q 
 
 pq hxy 
Fy    
3.4 
 h  
q 2 1 2 hyy 
  gh  

h 2  

 
 
 
 0 
 
 z 0 n 2 p p 2 q 2 
H 
gh g  
3.5
 x
7

C 02 h 3 
 
 z n 2 q p 2 q 2 

gh 0
g 
 y 
7
2 3
 C 0 h 
 17

where

p = uh, u being the depth-averaged x-direction component of velocity

q = vh, v being the depth-averaged y-direction component of velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity
xx , xy , yx , yy = Reynolds stresses where the first subscript indicates the

direction and the second indicates the axis direction normal to the
face on which the stress acts.
ρ
= fluid density
zo = channel invert elevation
n = Manning's roughness coefficient
Co = dimensional constant (C0 = 1 for SI units and Co = 1.486 for English
units)

The Reynolds stresses are determined using the Boussinesq approach relating stress
to the gradient in the mean currents:

u
xx 2 vt
x
 v
u 
xy yx vt 
   
3.6 
y x

v
yy 2 vt

y

where nt is the eddy viscosity, which varies spatially and is solved empirically as a
function of local flow variables (Rodi 1980):

C n 8 g p 2 q 2
vt  1

3.7 
C0 h 6

where C is a coefficient that varies between 0.1 and 1.0.

 18

3.2.2 Finite Element Model

As a mentioned earlier, this model is a finite element description of the two-

dimensional shallow-water equations in conservative form. So, this system of partial
differential equations is solved using the finite element method. The finite element
approach taken is a Petrov-Galerkin formulation that incorporates a combination of
the Galerkin test function and a non Galerkin component to control oscillations due to
convection. Integration by parts procedure is used to develop the weak form of the
equations. The weak form which facilitates the specification of boundary
conditions is:

  Q  i i 
Q   
 

   F  F  A B
Q
 H 
d
    
F n F n 
dl 0
x  x 
i x y i i e i x x y y
e

e 
 t y y  e 


3.8

where the variables are understood to be discrete values and

e = subscript indicating a particular element
= domain
i i i test function

i  Galerkin part of test function

= identity matrix
i non-Galerkin part of the test function

n , n n unit vector outward normal to the boundary 


x y e

and

F
A x

Q
Fy
B 
3.9 

Q
 19

3.2.3 Petrov-Galerkin Test Function

The Petrov-Galerkin test function yi is defined (Berger 1993) as:

i i i 
3.10 

  i ˆ  ˆ
i 
x  A y i  
3.11
 x y 

wh
ereβis a dissipation coefficient varying in value from 0 to 0.5, the Δterms are
the linear basis functions, and Δ x and Δ v are the grid intervals. A detailed
^ ^
explanation of this test functions, in particular A and B , is given in Berger (1993).

3.2.4 Shock Capturing

The coefficient βscales the dissipation needed for numerical stability.

More dissipation is needed in the vicinity of shocks such as hydraulic jumps than
in smooth regions of the flow field. Because a lower value of β( β= βSM ) is
mote precise, a large value of β(β= βSH = 0.5 where βSM and βSH are the Petrov-
Galerkin parameters for smooth flow and for shocks, respectively) is applied only
in regions in which it is needed. HIVEL2D employs a mechanism that detects
shocks increase βa
uto
mat
ica
lly
.

Th
ere
for
e,βSH is implemented only when needed as determined by
evaluation of the element energy deviation. In a similar manner, the eddy viscosity
coefficient C varies from CSH and CSH, the effect being that eddy viscosity is
increased only in areas of greatest element energy deviation.
 20

3.2.5 Temporal Derivatives

For the temporal derivatives, a finite difference expression is used. The

general expression for the temporal derivative of a variable Qj is:

m 1
Qj  Q mj 1 Q mj
1 
  Q mj Q mj 1 
1 

 
 


t m 1 t m

2 

t m t m1 
 
3.12 
 t   2 
  
 

where j is the nodal location and m is the time-step. An αequal to 1 results in a

first order backward difference approximation, and an αequal to 2 results in a
second-order backward difference approximation of the temporal derivative.

3.2.6 Solution of the Nonlinear Equations

The system of nonlinear equations is solved using the Newton-Raphson

iterative method. Let Ri be a vector of the nonlinear equations computed using a
particular test function ψi; and using an assumed value of Qj. Ri is the residual error
for a particular test function i. Subsequently, R; is forced toward zero as:

Rik
Q kj Rik 
3.13

Qj k

where the derivatives composing the Jacobian are determined analytically and k is the
k
iteration number. This system of equations is solved for Δ Q and then an
j

k 1
improved estimate for Q j
is obtained from:
 21

Q kj 1 Q kj Q kj 
3.14 

This procedure is continued until convergence to an acceptable residual error is

obtained.

3.2.7 Model Features

This is a particular features or summary of HIVEL2D Version 2.0 are as

follows:

a. Combination of linear-based triangular and rectilinear shape functions are

used to represent p, q, and h.
b. The model is compiled to solve problems having meshes as large as
2000 nodes and 2000 elements and will run on a IBM-compatible
personal computer having at least 8MB of RAM.
c. Newton-Raphson iteration is used within each time-step.
d. The mile slope assumption is invoked. This means the slope should be less
than about 0.05. This assumes that the slope is geometrically mild, not
hydraulically mild.
e. Boundary conditions are specified for any combination of supercritical and
subcritical inflow and outflow.
f. Boundary conditions are constant over the simulation period.
g. Bo
und
aryr
oug
hne
ss(
Man
ning
’s)i
ssp
eci
fi
edo
nane
leme
nt type basis.
p
h. A user-sec
ifi
edp
ara
met
erα produces either first-order or second-order
backward temporal differences.
i. A Petrov-Galerkin approach in which the test function is weighted upwind
along characteristic is employed. The degree of upwinding and thus stability
is determined by the parameters βSM and βSH . Defaults are βSM = 0.25 and βSH
= 0.5.
 22

j. A shock detection mechanism based upon the energy variation per element is
used to invoke βSH.
k. The turnulent eddy viscosity is calculated besed upon simple user-specified
parameters CSM and CSH using velocity, depth, and roughess.
 CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 General

In this research, the main objective is using a computational model

HIVEL2D to simulate flow around bridge piers in an open channel.

4.2 Model development

Generally, the basic steps to developing an application using HIVEL2D are as

follows:

a. Generate the grid and mesh editing. Then number the grid intelligently and
identify inflows and outflow.
b. Develop a hydrodynamic input file.
c. Develop a reasonable hot start file.
 24

d. Run the model and probably in several times.

e. View the output files in Surface Water Modeling System (SMS) or in any
other graphical program.
f. Examine the solution for reasonableness.

These basic steps to developing an application using HIVEL2D will be

explained in next chapter.

The pre and post processing are very important. For the pre processing, the
finite element meshes, or cross section entities, along with associated boundary
conditions necessary for analysis, are needed to be created and save to model-specific
files. The post processing is needed to view solution data such as flow velocity and
steady water depth.
 25

Figure 4.1: Flowchart for using the HIVEL2D.

START

Model
Development

Run
Model No

Result / Comparing
Simulation

Yes
Report Writing

End
 CHAPTER 5

MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Hivel 2D (version 2.0) uses SMS (Brigham Young University, 1997) as the
pre- and postprocessor for programs involving two- dimensional finite element
meshes. Generally, the basic steps to developing an application of HIVEL2D are as
follows:

a. Generate the grid and mesh editing. Then number the grid intelligently.
b. Identify inflows and outflow.
c. Develop a hydrodynamic input file.
d. Develop a reasonable hot start file.
e. Run the model (probably several times).
f. View the output files in Surface Water Modeling System (SMS) or in any
other graphical program.
g. Examine the solution for reasonable.
 27

5.1 Model Description

The application refers to subcritical flow entrance. However, the method is

more general and supercritical flows can be calculated. For subcritical entrance the
following boundary conditions, along the upstream boundary a relative flow
direction is specified, across the flow field a fixed value for the flow discharge, Q is
also specified. At the downstream boundary, a uniform across the width water depth
h2 is assumed.

The geometry tested along with the computational grid used by the finite -
volume method 42x74(=3108). The diameter of the bridge pier was set equal to
0.4m. The center to center distance between the cylinders is 2.0m. The bottom
slope was set to zero and the Chezy flow friction coefficient was set equal to 14.6,
while the eddy viscosity coefficient was set equal to 0.001m/s, the downstream
water depth was set equal to 0.0965m. The actual range of the resulting upstream
flow velocity was in the 0.18m/s range.

5.2 Grid Generation

The accuracy and stability of the model determines to a large degree the quality
of the grid. The first step in grid generation is getting the necessary, geometry
information into the grid generator. Critical elements such as points on transitions
bridge piers, and curves should be put into the grid generator.
 28

Consideration of general rules when generating the grid:

a. HIVEL2D use linear elements. Therefore, when generating a HIVEL2D

grid, use only four-node quadrilateral and three-node elements.
b. Keep the element aspect ratio less than 3:1 (the closer to 1:1, the better). The
aspect ratio is the ratio of the longest element dimension to the shortest, i.e.,
the length-to-width ratio.
c. Use gradual transitions in element size. Ge
ner
all
y,a
nel
eme
nt’
sar
eas
hou
ld
not be greater than 11/2 times its smallest neighbor.
d. Include at least five or six elements across a channel in the area of interest.
If, for example, the channel has an island in the center, this resolution is
needed on both sides of the island. Also, increase the resolution around
grade breaks and wall transitions.

Figure 5.1 Grid originally from J.V.SOULIS, Hydraulic Engineering Software

(Figure 2)
 29

Figure 5.2: Example the nodes that have been created.

Once the node have been created, for the next step is required to build a
finite element mesh use mesh editing techniques. Triangulating the nodes, merging
triangles, split or merge and swap edge are the technique that useful in mesh editing
process.
 30

Figure 5.3: Example meshing grid shown in model and mesh quality for the grid
finite element mesh.

Once the grid generation is complete, be sure to renumber the grid using
SMS renumber options. The best numbering scheme will give the smallest
bandwidth. Normally, the nodes need to be numbered progressively across the
narrowest dimension of the grid. This minimizes the bandwidth, which makes
HIVEL2D run more efficiently.
 31

5.3 Hydrodynamic Input

Suitable boundary condition are required and asigned by selecting specified

node or node string. The number of boundary conditions is equal to characteristic
that originate exterior to the control and enter it. For an inflow boundary condition
when the flow is supercritical both x- and y-components of flow along with the
depth must be specified. If inflow is subcritical, the downstream control effect will
provide the depth. In that way, the depth is not needed in this inflow boundary.

Figure 5.4 : Input for boundary condition (Inflow string).

For an outflow boundary condition, if outflow is supercritical, no boundary

condition is specified because all information can be determined within the control
domain. Conversely, if outflow is subcritical, then the depth should be provided as
tailwater.
 32

Figure 5.5 : Input for boundary condition (Outflow string).

Every computation in numerical model was started with the small time step,
and then gradually increased if the steady state solution desired. This steady state
solution can prevents model from error and gives better results. However, more
time is spent with smaller time step.
 33

Figure 5.6 : Input for Model Control.

sn as material
The element type in HIVEL2D was assigned using Manning’
properties. As
sig
nedu
sin
gMa
nni
ng’
sn because stresses are modelled using the
Ma
nni
ng’
sfo
rmu
lat
ionf
orb
oun
dar
ydr
ag. No
tet
hatt
heMa
nni
ng’
sn applies to
each element bed surface include the adjoining sidewalls automatically. This
include the wall friction for pier in model. That means that the sidewall roughness
cannot be assigned independently.

Based on the model description, material properties from original model

using Chezy roughness coefficient. Therefore, conversion from Chezy coefficient to
Ma
nni
ng’
sn coefficient necessary. The detail of this conversion can refer in
Appendix A.
 34

Figure 5.6 : Input for material properties.

5.4 Hot Start File

The hot start file contains data such as flow rate, velocity and initial depth for
each mesh node when the time associated with values at time-step m. Time-step m
mean that the last time-step and m= -1 refer to the next to the last time-step. This file
will be over written by the model and replaced with latest result data. For this reason,
a copy of hot start file was always made.
 35

Figure 5.7 : Input for Hot start file.

5.5 Running the Model

During this process, the results for each time-step are displayed include the
number of iteration required, the maximum residual error and the node within which
it is associated and the average energy. When done, results will be saved in two
output files that contain final water depth and velocity for each node. Post
processing is needed to view the results.
 36

Figure 5.8 : Screen during running process

5.6 Result examination

Result from model were examined for reasonable. To achieve this

requirement, comparing that result from running process with the simulation that has
been developed by earlier researcher. All the comparing will conduct in next
chapter at result and analysis.
 CHAPTER 6

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

6.1 Result

HIVEL2D may take a few minutes during running process to get the
solution. When it is finished, the run process has created 3 new files follows:

 ### flo.dat: contains magnitude velocity data at each node.

 ### wse.dat : contains water surface elevation or water depth data at each
node.
 Hivel.hot : contains hotstart data to continue where HIVEL2D left off.

These files can be opened through the Data Browser. At this step also called
simulation. At this moment, screen displayed contour profile for magnitude velocity
data at each node or water surface elevation or water depth data at each node.
 38

Figure 6.1: HIVEL2D contour profile for magnitude velocity data at each node.

Figure 6.2: HIVEL2D contour profile for water surface elevation or water depth
data at each node.
 39

In this numerical model, it has one interesting tool that creating a flow trace
animation. A flow trace can be created if a vector data has been opened. The flow
trace randomly introduces particles into the network and follows each through the
vector field. Steady state vector fields can be used in a flow trace animation to show
flow direction trends. To view the flow trace animation can use Surface Water
Modeling System (SMS) or in any other graphical program.

Figure 6.3: Vector arrow near bridge pier.

 40

Figure 6.4: Flow Trace animation through piers.

6.2 Analysis

In this section, how to analyze or examine the result is comparing that result
using SMS with Finite-volume and TELEMAC-2D. Therefore, to achieve this
p
urp
ose
,‘Fl
owc
omp
uta
tion
sar
oun
dbr
idg
epi
ers
’byJ
.V.
Sou
lisr
ese
arc
hwo
rk
referred. On his research work, he obtained the simulation using Finite-volume and
TELEMAC-2D.
 41

Figure 6.5: The Finite-volume predicted contours of equal water depth (m).

Figure 6.6: TELEMAC-2D predicted contours of equal water depth (m).

 42

Figure 6.7: The Finite-volume predicted contours of scalar velocity in x-direction

(u m/s).

Figure 6.8: TELEMAC-2D predicted contours of scalar velocity in x-direction

(u m/s).
 43

Figure 6.9: The Finite-volume predicted contours of scalar velocity in y-direction

(v m/s).

Figure 6.10: TELEMAC-2D predicted contours of scalar velocity in y-direction

(v m/s).
 44

Based on the SMS simulation result, the velocity is in magnitude velocity.

Therefore, the result must modify with vector to scalar conversion tool in SMS. The
results of conversion stated in Figure 6.6 and 6.7.

Figure 6.11: HIVEL2D contour for scalar velocity in x-direction (u m/s).

Figure 6.12: HIVEL2D contour for scalar velocity in y-direction (v m/s).

 45

After the conversion of vector to scalar complete, the comparing process

section. Many observations can be made. Observation is on the different result
between water depth or water surface elevation, scalar velocity in x-direction and
scalar velocity in y-direction.

A flow computational model have been developed and subsequently applied

to predict the flow field around circular bridge piers using the conservative form of
the shallow water equations. To support the predicted results, another numerical
scheme result was applied.

The comparisons were made. The differences which may be due to the
different approaches on the governing flow equations. Also, types of grid also
influence the result. TELEMAC2D is used linear triangular finite-elements and
HIVEL2D used linear quadrilateral elements. Different types maybe give different
results. Then, some differences may be due to small differences in the actual values
applied for the upstream boundary condition.
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

7.1 Conclusion

In this research HIVEL2D is used to predict the two-dimensional flow field

around bridge piers. Then, the results were used to compare against computation
results of HIVEL2D, Finite-volume and TELEMAC-2D models. The three models
give comparable results to the problem of viscous flow around circular bridge piers.

There are some differences which may be due to different approaches taken
for sorting out the governing flow equations (conservatives versus non conservative
forms of equations). Some differences may be justified due to small differences in
the actual values applied for the upstream boundary conditions.
 47

7.2 Suggestion

i. Further study of related this research by others people are needed.

ii. To do comparison, the experimental in laboratory study is relevant to achieve
that objective.
iii. Consider more about scour problem near bridge piers.
 REFERENCES

St
ock
cti
lla
nd Be
rge
r,(
199
4),“
Hivel 2D v2.0 Users Ma
nua
l.“
Coa
sta
lan
d
Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL) of Waterways Experiment Station.

Surface Water Modeling System (SMS) Tutorials version 8.0, (2002),

Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University.

Kamil H. M. Ali and Othman Karim, (2002), “

Simu
lat
ionoff
lowa
rou
ndp
ier
s”,
Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 40, no.2.

Dr. Jean-Lo
uisBr
aui
d,(
Jun
e19
99)
,“SCRI
COSsheds light on the bridge scour
p
rob
lems
”,Texas Transportation Institute.

J. V. Soulis, (1994), “
Flo
w c
omp
uta
tio
nsa
rou
ndb
rid
gep
ier
s”,Hy
dra
uli
c
Engineering Software V Vol.2.

TELEMAC –A modeling system for hydrodynamics, sediment transport and water

quality in the natural environment, HR Wallingford Limited and Departement
La
bor
ato
ireNa
tio
nald’
Hyd
rau
liq
ueElectricité de France.

Ch
en,Ch
ang
she
ng,Li
u,He
don
g,Be
ard
sle
y,Ro
ber
tC.
,(2
003
),“
AnUn
str
uct
ure
d
Grid, Finite-Volume, Three-Dimensional, Primitive Equations Ocean Model:
Application to Coastal Oc
eana
ndEs
tua
rie
s.”
,Jo
urn
alo
fAt
mos
phe
rica
ndOc
ean
ic
Technology, Vol. 20, pp 159-186.
 49

Scott F. Bradford and Nikolaos D. Katopodes,(

200
1),“
Fin
itev
olu
memo
delf
or
n
onl
eve
lba
sini
rr
iga
tion
”,Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, pp 216-
223.

Ha
dib
ahI
sma
il,Fa
ti
mahMo
hd.No
ora
ndAz
mah
ani
.A.Az
iz,(
199
6),“
Hid
rau
lik
Sa
lur
anTe
rbuk
a”,Fa
kul
tiKe
jur
ute
raa
nAwa
m,UTM Sk
uda
i,p
p12
.

M. Hanif Chaudrhy, (
199
3),
“Op
en h
-can
nelFl
ow”
,Pr
ent
ic
eHa
ll
,pp1
31.
 APPENDIX A

Conversion of Chezy coefficient, C to Manni

ng’
scoefficient, n.

Chezy formula, v C RS 0 (1)

2 1
3
R So 2
Manning formula, v (2)
n

where C = Chezy coefficient

n = Manning coefficient
So = slope of the channel bottom
R = the hydraulic radius
v = flow velocity

Chezy coefficient and Manning coefficient have same dimension, that is

1

TL 3
or in SI unit as s 1 . Therefore, both of coefficient have correlation.
3
m
 51

Substituted eq.(1) in eq. (2), become

2 1
3 1
R S0 2 1
C R 2 S 0 2
n
2 1
R 3 S0 2
n  1
1
CR 2 S 0 2
1
R6

C

A
where, R
P
A = the flow area for the depth
P = wetted perimeter for the flow depth

In this case, the flow area, A and the wetted perimeter for the flow define as:

A = 2 x 0.1 = 0.2
P = 2 + 2(0.1) = 2.2

Therefore,

R = 0.2/2.2 = 0.0909

0.0909 6
n 
14.6
0.04592844
0.046