Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction
Touch screens as a popular user interface are more and more common. Applications span from public
information systems to Customer self-service terminals. Thus, as a Logical step, more and more devices
today Feature this kind of user interface, e.g. Bank Automatic teller machines (ATMs), personal Digital
assistants (PADs), mobile phones and displays. A touch screen is a display that can detect the presence
and location of a touch within the display area. Lets do so without requiring any intermediate device,
again, such as a stylus that needs to be held in the hand. Such displays can be attached to computers or,
as terminals, to it networks. Therefore it is very suitable for restaurant & time saving. It enables one to
interact with what is displayed directly on the screen, where it is displayed, rather than indirectly call the
waiter & ordered the menu. These devices also allow multiple users to interact with the touch screen
simultaneously. Touch based interfaces have been around for a long time in consumer electronic
devices, and even longer in research labs, but it has only been recently that the wider public has
taken a keen interest in this mode of human computer interaction.The touch screen is an assistive
technology. This interface can be beneficial because it is time saving. The purpose of this project is to
introduce a wireless zigbee based ordering systems for restaurants. Compared to traditional restaurant
system, by using this system customer get faster and better service, restaurant staff cooperatesmore
efficiently with less working mistakes and enterprise owner thus receives more business profit

Fig.1.1 Advanced way of ordering food

1
1.2 Problem definition
The basic problem in the food service industry is that restaurants are not realizing efficiencies that would
result from better applications of technology in their daily operations. Every restaurant needs an
employee for taking the order and processing the payment. Labor rates are increasing every new and
then and it is difficult to find employees, hence to solve this problem we plan to design a “ Touch screen
based advanced menu display and ordering system for restaurants”.

This will equipped with a user friendly touch screen. For this system there will be a system administrator
who will have the rights to enter the menu with their current prevailing prices. He or she can enter
anytime in the system by a secure system password to change the menu contents by adding or deleting
an item or changing its price.

Now when the customer enters the restaurant, he will place his order with the help of a touchscreen
using graphical user interface, right from the section of language till the payment confirmation. He will
select from the food option according to his choice.

Fig 1.2 Conventional way of ordering food

2
 Chapter 2
Review of Literature
2.1.TOUCH SCREEN BASED MENU CARD FOR RESTAURANT by Prof. Snehal S. Dambhare,
Prof. Mangesh A. Parjane, Prof. Dhananjay M. Deore

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJCET)

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- September 2012

The authors have enlightened that In today’s world we have automation in all areas; there is one field
where technology not entered yet. It is the menu display & ordering system & so far there is no initiative
to taken to introduce technology in this area. Touch-screen based advanced menu display is the method
by which anyone will select any items by their choice which are in menu display & that order will be
transferred to the manager personal computer using zigbee module & that ordered item will be given to
that customer. Keywords: PIC microcontroller. zigbee models touch screen, Graphic LCD, MAX2,.
Touch screens as a popular user interface are more and more common. Applications span from public
information systems to Customer self-service terminals. Thus, as a Logical step, more and more devices
today Feature this kind of user interface, e.g. Bank Automatic teller machines (ATMs), personal Digital
assistants
(PADs), mobile phones and displays. A touch screen is a display that can detect the presence and
location of a touch within the display area. Lets do so without requiring any intermediate device, again,
such as a stylus that needs to be held in the hand. Such displays can be attached to computers or, as
terminals, to it networks.
Therefore it is very suitable for restaurant & time saving. It enables one to interact with what is
displayed directly on the screen, where it is displayed, rather than indirectly
Call the waiter & ordered the menu. These devices also allow multiple users to interact with the touch
screen simultaneously.

3
2.2. Touch screen based ordering system for restaurants byShriwas,R.; Patel,N.; Bherani,A.;
Khajone,A.; Raut

M.Communications and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 2014 International Conference

The authors have stated that the Automation has gained importance in every field of human life. But
there are still some fields where more traditional methods are being employed. One such field is the
ordering system in restaurants. Generally, in restaurants menu ordering system will be available in paper
format from that the customer has to select the menu items and then the order is handed over to waiter
who takes the corresponding order, which is a very time consuming process. In this paper we propose a
fully automated ordering system in which the conventional paper based menu is replaced by a more user
friendly touch screen based menu card. The system consists of microcontroller which is interfaced with
the input and output modules. The input module is the touch screen sensor which is placed on GLCD to
have graphical image display, which takes the input from the user and provides the same to the
microcontroller. The output module is a RF module which is used for communication between system at
table and system at ordering department. Microcontroller also displays the menu items on the GLCD. At
the receiving end the selected items will be displayed on the LCD and the ordering department will note
down the order received.

4
2.3. Zigbee-Based Smart Ordering System by Asan, N. Badariah

International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) –volume 11number 5– May2014
ISSN:2231-5381

The authors have enlightened that in the era of information technology, human tend to develop better
and more convenient lifestyle. Nowadays, almost all the electronic devices are equipped with wireless
technology. A wireless Communication network has numerous advantages and becomes an important
application on. The Enhancements provide by the wireless technology gives the ease of control to the
users and not least the mobility of the devices within the network. It is use the Zigbee as the wireless
modules. The Smart Ordering System introduced current and fast way to order food at a restaurant. The
system uses a small keypad to place orders and the order made by inserting the code on the keypad
menu. This code comes along with the menu. The signal will be delivered to the order by the Zigbee
technology, and it will automatically be displayed on the screen in the kitchen. Some related works for
the smart ordering system based on ZigBee are reviewed in this section. SunGulling proposed a design
of the Restaurant Self Service Ordering System Based on Zigbee Technology. This paper discussed
about the comparison with the traditional enterprise management mode, wireless self-service ordering
management information system realizes the intellectual and information listed restaurant management.
The touch screen display of taste and food prices to customers for their input orders directly with touch.
This system complete automatically receive data, storage, display, and analysis. Ordering by LCD
display device name restaurant food items and by touching the LCD can be distinguished customers the
price, taste and sample images food. Customers can order their meals with it immediately. Instead of
using Zigbee, it developeda smart Ordering System via Bluetooth. In the system, the Bluetooth
technology has the communication medium and Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) as the hardware
which implements faster ordering system. It consists of a keypad at customer’s table as a remote control
and monitor at kitchen or counter to display the ordering information systematically.The system uses a
small keyboard which is placed on each table for the customer to make orders. Order is made by
inserting the menu code on the small keyboard. This code comes together with the menu. A signal will
be sent to the order section by Bluetooth communication, and automatically will be displayed on a
screen in the kitchen.The whole system is divided into three area which are User area, Kitchen area, and
Counter area.

5
 Chapter 3
3.1 Proposed Methodology
Phase 1:
Firstly when the customer will arrive at the restaurant there will be a GLCD placed on the table for the
customer, so that he can order the food according to his choice.
There will be different sections on the GLCD for different types of food like veg cuisine, non-veg
cuisine, desserts and soft drinks etc.

Phase 2:
On the chef's counter there will be a display screen on which he will be able to see the order placed by
the customer form a particular table number.
Chef can also send a acknowledgement to the customer whether the placed item is available or not.

Phase 1: Phase 2:

Fig 3.1 Expected Result

6
3.1.1 Basic flow of methods

The architecture consists of 5 major components:

 ATMEGA32 Microcontroller

 Touch screen

 Transmitter section

 Receiver section

 Power supply unit

3.2System Block Diagram:

3.2.1 TRANSMITTER:

At the transmitter there will be a touch screen (4 wire resistive) placed on the table of the
restaurant, the user will select the food items and press confirm on the touch screen, once the
order is confirmed the signal is transmitted to the microcontroller ATMEGA32 via serial ports,
then the signal is given to the zigbee tarang module that is the zigbee transmitter. There is a
power supply unit which is used to drive the microcontroller, zigbee transmitter as well as the
touch screen LCD. The power supply unit consists of a transformer which is a step down
transformer, a bridge rectifier and a regulator 7805. Once the signal is given to the zigbee tarang
module then it transmitted the data by mean of wireless communication to the zigbee tarang
receiver which will be placed in the kitchen of the restaurant.

7
GRAPHICAL A POWER
LCD SUPPLY
T
UNIT
M

E CHEF’S PC

POWER ZIGBEE ZIGBEE MAX UNIT

G
SUPPLY
TRANS RECEV 232
UNIT A

Fig 3.2 System Block Diagram

3.2.2 RECEIVER:

At the receiver end that is in the kitchen the zigbee module will receive the signal from the antenna and
the signal will be feed further to the MAX232 which is used to convert the signal which will be
compatible with the PC unit which will be placed in the kitchen. At the receiver end their will be a
power supply unit with a step down transformer, a bridge rectifier and a regulator 7805. The order will
be displayed on the display of the chef with the table number, then according to the availability of the
menu the chef will respond to the customer and will confirm the order.

8
3.3 COMPARATIVE STUDY

Conventional Method
In the conventional methods for menu ordering it was necessary to go through the menu book which is
placed on the table of customer , then giving the order to the waiter which will then pass it to the
kitchen, this was a bit time consuming. As well as there are chances for errors as the waiter writes down
the order on a bit of paper. Even if the restaurant wants to change the menu then it was a bit tedious task.
If on some occasion there is much rush in the restaurant then there are chances that the order of one table
can be mistakenly served to another table. To overcome such problems technology was brought into
picture in hotel industry.

Fig3.3.1 Traditional method

9
ADVANCED METHOD
In this we have planned to keep the a touch screen based menu ordering system on each table in the
restaurant so that when the customer arrives it can select the desired food items and place the order by
themselves by just pressing one confirm button. This can reduce the labor cost, as well as their will be
very less chances of misplacing the order of the customer. This will take very less time to place the order
as compared to human doing it.

Fig3.4.2 Exampleoftouchscreenmenu

Fig.3.4.2 Touchscreenplacedoneachtable

10
ZIGBEE AND BLUETOOTH

 Origin: Bluetooth was launched in the year 1994 by German telecom giant Ericsson while
Zigbee was devised in the year 1998. The name Bluetooth has been derived from popular
European unification king, Harald Blatand while Zigbee gets its name from the dance
movements of a honeybee.
 IEEE Standards: Bluetooth, though not under IEEE now, was defined under 802.15.1
standard while Zigbee is defined under IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
 Management Alliances: Zigbee is managed by Zigbee Alliance which tests and certifies
Zigbee based devices. All Zigbee based protocols get standardized under IEEE. On the other
hands, Bluetooth is managed for standards and device by a single body: Bluetooth SIG
(Special Interest Group).
 Frequency: Bluetooth works less than 2.4 GHz while Wi-Fi works at 868 MHz, 915 MHz
and 2.4 MHz frequencies.
 Channel Bandwidth: Bluetooth based channel consume bandwidths up to 1MHz while
Zigbee based networks consume bandwidths of 0.3MHz, 0.6 MHz and 2 MHz depending
upon the frequency at which networks are communicating.
 Type of Computer Network: Zigbee has been designed to communicate under Personal
Area Network whereas Bluetooth based communication serves for Wide PAN (WPAN).
 Maximum number of cell nodes: In Bluetooth, upto 8 cell nodes can be connected to each
other while in Zigbee more than 65,000 cell nodes can be connected together.
 Range: Bluetooth based networks can exist upto 10m, while Wi-Fi based networks can exist
from 10-100meters.
 Data Transfer Rates: Bluetooth based networks have maximum data transfer rates of upto
1Mbps while in Zigbee, data transfer rates are upto 250Kbps.
 Applications: Zigbee based systems are designed for wireless networking among sensors
and is more preferred for devices which are smaller in size and consume less energy. TV
remote controls, SCADA system sensor, medical instruments etc. are some areas where
Zigbee based networking are done.

11
3.4 ALGORITHM:

1. Initializationofperipheraldevices like LCDmodule&touchscreen

2. Initializationof serial portof UART ofmicrocontrollerat 9600 bit/sec.

3. Touch screen &LCDmodulewithcalibration

4.Logicaldivisionof touch screen into9locations.

5.Wait till user tapping.

6.Get tapping coordinateX, Y& resolve thelocation we have tapped.

7. Generate a code forcommand based uponlocation&send to serial port.

8.Repeat theaboveall steps.

12
3.5 FLOW CHART:
INITIALIZING

TOUCH SCREEN

START UP

MESSAGE

SELECTION OF

DATA 1

SELECTION OF

DATA 2

PLACE ORDER

DISPLAY OF ORDER

AT CHEF’S SIDE

NO
IS OREDR
PLACED?

YES

SEND ORDER

Fig 3.5 Flow chart

13
 CHAPTER 4
Design Details
4.1 Power Supply:

Fig 4.1.1 Block diagram of power supply

7805
VCC
1

BRIDGE RECTIFIER 1
VIN VOUT
3

220 ohms
A.C TRANSFORMER I/P

- +
1000uf/25v

1 2 4
2

104pf
33pf

led
3

GND

Fig 4.1.2 Circuit diagram of power supply

The power supply converts not only A.C into D.C, but also provides output voltage of 9volts. In our
project we are using 9 volts transformer for continuous power supply. Why we are using this means to
continuous power will come. Otherwise If we use a battery sometimes the total currents will loss so
that’s why we are using A.C Transformer. A.C transformer is giving the input to Bridge Rectifier.
Bridge Rectifier converts A.C to D.C. After that we are using one filter capacitor 1000uf/25v electrolytic
capacitor .We are connecting this capacitor in parallel section. The main purpose of this capacitor is if
there is any alternate peaks we need to reduce that peaks. Nothing but a filtering that repull’s. After that
we are using LM7805 Regulator Most digital logic circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply.
To use these parts we need to build a regulated 5 volt source. We make a 5 volt power supply, The
LM7805 is simple to use. First connect the positive lead of our unregulated DC power supply Input pin,
connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when we turn on the power, we get a 5 volt
supply from the Output pin. Here we are using one red color led to indicate the power.

14
The essential components of the power supply are:

4.1a Transformer:
As name suggests it transforms the voltage level from one level to another. Transformer used is the step
down transformer to step 230 v to +12v.It provides isolation too from the mains.
4.1b Rectifier:
The rectifier is used to convert A.C to D.C voltage. The design that we have carried out is of the full
wave rectifier, using bridge rectifier IC.
4.1c Filter:
A filter circuit is a device, which removes ac component of rectified output but allows the dc component
to reach the load. The filter used is a simple capacitor of 2200μf /25v.
4.1d Regulator:
A voltage regulator is a circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless of changes in load current. The
regulator used in our project is IC7805, which is a three terminal vtgregulator.

Fig 4.1.3 Pin Diagram of LM 7805

15
4.2 Microcontroller (ATmega32):

ATmega32 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVRenhanced RISC architecture.
By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, theATmega32 achieves throughputs
approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designed to optimize power consumption versus
processing speed

Fig 4.1.4 Pin Diagram of ATmega32

AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers
are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be
accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code
efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.

16
Why ATMEGA32?

The system requirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of 16, 32 or 64 bit micro
controllers or microprocessors. Systems using these may be earlier to implement due to large number of
internal features. They are also faster and more reliable but, the above application is satisfactorily served
by 8-bit micro controller. Using an inexpensive 8-bit Microcontroller will doom the 32-bit product
failure in any competitive market place.

Coming to the question of why to use ATMEGA32 of all the 8-bit microcontroller available in the
market the main answer would be because it has 4 Kb on chip flash memory which is just sufficient for
our application. The on-chip Flash ROM allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in system or
by conventional non-volatile memory Programmer. Moreover ATMEL is the leader in flash technology
in today’s market place and hence using ATMEGA32 is the optimal solution.
The ATmega32 provides the following features:

 32Kbytes of In-System Programmable Flash Program memory with Read-While-Write

capabilities
 1024bytes EEPROM, 2Kbyte SRAM
 32 general purpose I/O lines
 32 general purpose working registers
 JTAG interface for Boundary-scan
 On-chip Debugging support and programming
 Three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes
 Internal and External Interrupts
 A serial programmable USART, a byte orientedTwo-wire Serial Interface
 An 8-channel
 10-bit ADC with optional differential input stage with programmable gain (TQFP package only)
 A programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator
 An SPI serial port
 Six software selectable power saving modes.
 The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the USART Two-wire interface, A/D Converter
&SRAM & Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.
The Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other
chip functions until the next External Interrupt or Hardware Reset.
 In Power-save mode, the Asynchronous Timer continues to run,allowing the user to maintain a
timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping.
 The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except Asynchronous
Timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions.
 In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is
sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low-power consumption.

17
4.3 Touch Screen:

A touch screen is a display which can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area.
The term generally refers to touch or contact to the display of the device by a finger or hand. Touch
screens can also sense other passive objects, such as a stylus. However, if the object sensed is active, as
with a light pen, the term touch screen is generally not applicable. The ability to interact directly with a
display typically indicates the presence of a touch screen.

Until the early 1980s, most consumer touch screens could only sense one point of contact at a time, and
few have had the capability to sense how hard one is touching. This is starting to change with the
commercialization of multi-touch technology.

The touch screen has two main attributes. First, it enables one to interact with what is displayed directly
on the screen, where it is displayed, rather than indirectly with a mouse or touchpad. Secondly, it lets
one do so without requiring any intermediate device, again, such as a stylus that needs to be held in the
hand. Such displays can be attached to computers or, as terminals, to networks. They also play a
prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as the personal digital assistant (PDA), satellite
navigation devices and mobile phones.

There are many different type of touch screen available in market

1. Resistive
1. Capacitive
2. Infrared Touch Screen
3. Optical Imaging
4. Strain Gauge and etc

18
In our project we used Resistive touch Screen .The working of resistive touch Screen is described below.

Resistive touch screens are composed of two flexible sheets coated with a resistive material and
separated by an air gap or microdots. When contact is made to the surface of the touch screen, the two
sheets are pressed together, registering the precise location of the touch. For example, during operation
of a four-wire touch screen, a uniform, unidirectional voltage gradient is applied to the first sheet. When
the two sheets are pressed together, the second sheet measures the voltage as distance along the first
sheet, providing the X coordinate. When this contact coordinate has been acquired, the uniform voltage
gradient is applied to the second sheet to ascertain the Y coordinate. This operation occurs
instantaneously, registering the exact touch location as contact is made.

Resistive touch screens typically have high resolution (4096 x 4096 DPI or higher), providing accurate
touch control. Because the touch screen responds to pressure on its surface, contact can be made with a
finger or any other pointing device. Resistive touch screens consist of a glass or acrylic panel that is
coated with electrically conductive and resistive layers made with indium tin oxide (ITO) (see Figure 1).

The thin layers are separated by invisible spacers. Resistive screens are generally the most affordable
type of touch screen, which explains their success in high-use applications like PDAs and Internet
appliances. Although clarity is not as good as with other touch-screen types, resistive screens are very
durable. The only concern is that the resistive layers can be damaged by a very sharp object. The two
most popular resistive architectures use 4-wire or 5-wire configurations, as shown in (Figure 2.) (The 5-
wire configuration uses the second layer as a wiper contact, not shown here). The circuits determine
location in two coordinate-pair dimensions, although a third dimension can be added for measuring
pressure in 4-wire configurations. Texas Instruments (TI) offers specialized analog-to digital converters
(ADCs) for interfacing to these two popular resistive touch screens. Since the majority of applications
use 4-wire touch screens, the rest of this article concentrates on this architecture, although the same
advice applies to the 5-wire screens and the ADS7845, TI’s 5-wire touch-screen controller.

Fig4.1.5 Four Wire Resistive Touch Screen

19
4.4 MAX232 IC:

The MAX 232 is a 16 pin IC. This IC will be primarily used for communication between PC and
microcontroller. Serial Communication is done by this IC. The MAX232 was the first IC which in one
package contains the necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal
voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates
the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally. This greatly simplified the
design of circuitry. The MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. It should be noted that the MAX232
(A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate the necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces
with the right timing, it does not decode the RS-232 signal, it does not provide a serial/parallel
conversion. All it does is to convert signal voltage levels. Generating serial data with the right timing
and decoding serial data has to be done by additional circuitry.

Fig 4.1.6 Pin diagram of MAX232

20
 4.5 Transformer:

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction.

A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the core and a
varying magnetic field impinging on the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the
secondary induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding. Making
use of Faraday's Law in conjunction with high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can
thus be designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage level to another within power
networks.

Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume to units
interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons. A wide range of transformer designs is
encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Since the invention in 1885 of the first
constant potential transformer, transformers have become essential for the AC transmission, distribution,
and utilization of electrical energy.

Fig 4.1.7 Transformer

21
 4.6 Resistor:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a

circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels
within circuits. In electronic circuits resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal
levels, bias active elements, terminate transmission lines among other uses. High-power resistors that
can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change
slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit
elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity,
force, or chemical activity.

Fig 4.1.8 Resistor and Capacitor

4.7 Capacitor:

A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to

store energy electro statically in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all
contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. insulator). The conductors
can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The non-conducting
dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air,
vacuums, paper, mica, oxide layer etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many
common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a
capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.

22
4.8 SerialCommunication:
The communications between microcontroller and PC is through PC serial port. It uses the RS232
Connector. Communication happens between PC and microcontroller through MAX232 IC which
converts the PC voltage logic level to microcontroller voltage logic level and vice versa.
Figure below shows the RS 232 connector.

Fig 4.1.9 Serial port

In telecommunication and computer science, serial communication is the process of

sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a communication channel or computer bus. This is in
contrast to parallel communication, where several bits are sent as a whole, on a link with several parallel
channels.

Serial communication is used for all long-haul communication and most computer networks, where the
cost of cablemake parallel communication impractical. Serial computer buses are becoming more
common even at shorter distances, as improved signal integrity and transmission speeds in newer serial
technologies have begun to outweigh the parallel bus's advantage of simplicity (no need for serialized
and deserializer, or SerDes) and to outstrip its disadvantages (clock skew, interconnect density). The
migration from PCI to PCI Express is an example.

23
4.9 Zigbee:

The past several years have witnessed a rapid development in the wireless network area. So far wireless
networking has been focused on high-speed and long range applications. However, there are many
wireless monitoring and control applications for industrial and home environments which require longer
battery life, lower data rates and less complexity than those from existing standards. What the market
need is a globally denied standard that meets the requirement for reliability, security, low power
and low Cost. For such wireless applications a new standard called zigbee. It uses the standard of
IEEE 802.15.4 physical and MAC (Medium Access Control) layers to provide standards-based,
reliable wireless data transfer. ZigBee adds network structure, routing, and security (e.g., key
management and authentication) to complete the communications suite. ZigBee uses the license-
free ISM bands, which provide unrestricted geographic use. ZigBee and the underlying 802.15.4
standard offer the system designer several classes of devices: the reduced-functionality device
(RFD), the full-functional device (FFD), and the network coordinator. All ZigBee networks have at
least one RFD or FFD and a network coordinator. Most sensor applications fall natively into the
RFD class, with extended networks making use of both FFDs and network coordinators to form
bridges and links required by the network topology. ZigBee networkscan form autonomously,
based on connectivity and function. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard targets home and building control,
automation, security, consumer electronics, PC peripherals, medical monitoring, and toys.

Fig 4.1.10 Zigbee Pin Configuration

24
 Fig 4.1.11 Zigbee module

Specifications:

RF data rate: 250 kbps

Indoor/urban range:133 ft (40 m)

Outdoor/rf line-of-sight range: 400 ft (120 m)

Transmit power: 1.25 mw (+1 dbm)

Receiver sensitivity (1% per):97 dbms

Serial data interface: 3.3v cmos uart

Configuration method: API or at commands, local or over-the-air

Frequency band: 2.4 GHz

Interference immunity: DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum)

Serial data rate: 1200 bps -1 mbps

ADC inputs :(4) 10-bit ADC inputs (4)

Digital i/o: 10

25
4.10 Crystal Oscillator:

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating
crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a precise frequency. This frequency is
commonly used to keep track of time, as in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for
digitalintegrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most
common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating
them became known as crystal oscillators, but other piezoelectric materials including polycrystalline
ceramics are used in similar circuits.

Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to hundreds of megahertz.
More than two billion crystals are manufactured annually. Most are used for consumer devices such as
wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cell phones. Quartz crystals are also found inside test and
measurement equipment, such as counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes.

Fig 4.1.12 Crystal Oscillator

26
4.11 Bridge Rectifier

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit configuration that provides
the same polarity of output for either polarity of input.

When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into
a direct current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave
rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier
with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.

The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same regardless of the
polarity at the input.

Fig 4.1.13 Bridge rectifier

According to the conventional model of current flow (originally established by Benjamin Franklin and
still followed by most engineers to do), current is defined to be positive when it flows through electrical
conductors from the positive to the negative pole. In actuality, free electrons in a conductor nearly
always flow from the negative to the positive pole. In the vast majority of applications, however,
the actual direction of current flow is irrelevant. Therefore, in the discussion below the conventional
model is retained. In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left corner of the diamond
is positive, and the input connected to the right corner is negative, current flows from the upper supply
terminal to the right along the red (positive) path to the output, and returns to the lower supply terminal
via the blue (negative) path.

27
4.12 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a pn-junction diode, which
emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to
shape its radiation pattern .Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962,[6] the earliest LEDs
emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in
remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The
first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across
the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. Early LEDs were often used
as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged
into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks.

Fig 4.1.14 LED

28
4.2 Software used:

 Kiel

The Kiel C51 C Compiler for the 8051 microcontroller is the most popular 8051 C compiler in the
world. It provides more features than any other 8051 C compiler available today.

The C51 Compiler allows you to write 8051 microcontroller applications in C that, once compiled,
have the efficiency and speed of assembly language. Language extensions in the C51 Compiler give
you full access to all resources of the 8051.

The C51 Compiler translates C source files into reloadable object modules which contain full
symbolic information for debugging with the µVision Debugger or an in-circuit emulator. In
addition to the object file, the compiler generates a listing file which may optionally include symbol
table and cross reference information.

Features of Kiel:

 Nine basic data types, including 32-bit IEEE floating-point,

 Flexible variable allocation with bit, data, data, I data, xdata, and pdatamemory types,
 Interrupt functions may be written in C,
 Full use of the 8051 register banks,
 Complete symbol and type information for source-level debugging,
 Use of AJMP and ACALL instructions,
 Bit-addressable data objects,
 Built-in interface for the RTX51 Real-Time Kernel,
 Support for dual data pointers on Atmel, AMD, Cypress, Dallas Semiconductor, Infineon, Philips,
and Transcend microcontrollers,
 Support for the Philips 8xC750, 8xC751, and 8xC752 limited instruction sets,
 Support for the Infineon 80C517 arithmetic unit

29
4.3 PCB LAYOUT:

POWER SUPPLY

Fig 4.3.1 Power Supply

RS 232

Fig 4.3.2 RS232

30
Transreceiver section

Fig 4.3.3 Transreceiver section

31
4.4 STIMULATED RESULTS

Fig 4.4 Simulated Output

32
 Chapter 5
5.1 Advantages:
1. Fast response

2. Error free input

3. Easy to install

4. Use finger, fingernail, gloved hand, stylus or any soft tip pointer to operate.

5. Easy to clean & maintain.

6. Make computing easy, powerful and fun.

7. Compatible with window, Linux

5.2 Disadvantages:
1. Stress on human finger when used for more than a few minutes at a time

2. Touch screen can suffer from the problem of fingerprints on the display.

3. User has to sit closer to the screen as compared to external keyboard.

4. Problem to handle for illiterate people.

5.3 Application:
1. Timesaving: Time is money, especially in a fast paced retail or restaurants environment. In retail or
restaurants environment, touch screen systems are easy to use so employees can get work done faster
and also training time can be reduced for new employees. As input is present right on the screen,
valuable counter space can be saved.

2. This project is user friendly and fast.

33
 Chapter 6
6.1 Conclusions
In this project we have implemented a very reliable and efficient system for workers management in the
restaurants. This project provides simple and user friendly way for ordering the food in the restaurants,
other than being simple and user friendly it also reduces the man power upto certain extent.

The design system provides a low cost convenient and easy to use system for order placement in
restaurants. Now a days due to advancement of technology people are familiar with touch screen
interface it is easily accessible by user to navigate by simply touching the display screen .By using this
system restaurants staff co-operates more efficiently and the chances of error are reduced since the
system is itself a machine.

Apart from this the updating of menu and its prices can be done easily .The menu list can be increased
by selecting large memory size of microcontroller depe

6.2 Future Development:

1. With little bit modification this project can be used in library. In some librarie, users are not allowed
to enter in the book section of the library. In this case if any user neds book then he/she has to give book
names to the librarian. Then librarian finds out the books and gives it to user. In such situations, this
project can be used by the users of library. They can select books they want to order and they can press
confirm button. Then the books information will displayed on the computer of the librarian.

2. We can add printer to this project so users can immediately get printout of the bill. If the users want
printout then he/she can select the option to get the printout.

nding upon the family and ROM size of the processor

34
 Chapter 7

Appendix:

Component list

S.R. No. Components

1 MAX 232 IC16-Pin IC Socket
2 PCB Mount D Type 9 pin Female Connector
3 Capacitor 100uf 10uf
4 Step down Transformer
5 Bridge Rectifier
6 Regulator IC 7805
7 On-Off Switch
8 3mm Red Led
9 Diode
10 Transmitter module
11 Microcontroller IC ATMEGA32
40 pin IC Socket
12 On-Off Switch
13 Capacitors 0.1uf,10uf,33pf
14 Resistors270 ohm,51k,Resistor Pack 10k
15 Graphical LCD
16 Resistor pull ups
17 Zigbee tarang module
18 USB to serial converter
19 Receiver Module
20 Crystal Oscillator
21 Reset Switch

35
Simulated Circuit Diagram:

Fig 7.1 Stimulated Circuit Diagram

36
Program:
#include <mega32.h>
#include <delay.h>
#include <glcd_123.h>
#include "adc_touchscreen.h"
#include <stdio.h>

#define RXB8 1
#define TXB8 0
#define UPE 2
#define OVR 3
#define FE 4
#define UDRE 5
#define RXC 7

#define FRAMING_ERROR (1<<FE)

#define PARITY_ERROR (1<<UPE)
#define DATA_OVERRUN (1<<OVR)
#define DATA_REGISTER_EMPTY (1<<UDRE)
#define RX_COMPLETE (1<<RXC)
char data1;
#define RX_BUFFER_SIZE 8
char rx_buffer[RX_BUFFER_SIZE];
#if RX_BUFFER_SIZE<256
unsigned char rx_wr_index,rx_counter;
#else
unsigned int rx_wr_index,rx_rd_index,rx_counter;
#endif
bit rx_buffer_overflow;
interrupt [USART_RXC] void usart_rx_isr(void)
{
char status,data;
status=UCSRA;
data=UDR;
data1=data;
if ((status & (FRAMING_ERROR | PARITY_ERROR | DATA_OVERRUN))==0)
{
rx_buffer[rx_wr_index]=data;
if (++rx_wr_index == RX_BUFFER_SIZE) rx_wr_index=0;

37
if (++rx_counter == RX_BUFFER_SIZE)
{
rx_counter=0;
rx_buffer_overflow=1;
};
};
}

void main()
{
unsigned int i,ccc;
bbbb=0;ccc=0;ddd=0;ss=0;sss=0;ssss=0;sssss=0;ssssss=0;sssssss=0;ssssssss=0;home=0;
aa=0; bb=0; cc=0; dd=0;
a1=a2=a3=a4=0;
b1=b2=b3=b4=0;
c1=c2=c3=c4=0;
d1=d2=d3=d4=0;

a11=a22=a33=a44=0;
b11=b22=b33=b44=0;
c11=c22=c33=c44=0;
d11=d22=d33=d44=0;

PORTA=0x00;DDRA=0xCC;
PORTB=0x00;DDRB=0xFE;
PORTC=0x00;DDRC=0xFF;
PORTD=0x00;DDRD=0x00;

UCSRA=0x00;
UCSRB=0x98;
UCSRC=0x86;
UBRRH=0x00;
UBRRL=0x67;
#asm("sei")
glcd_init();clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" TOUCH ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SCREEN ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" BASED ");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING("RESTARENT");
delay_ms(3000);

printf("\r\n");
printf(" WIRELESS TWO-WAY RESTAURANT E-MENU FOOD ORDERING ");
printf("\r\n");
printf(" SYSTEM WITH CHEF ALERT VIA TOUCH SCREEN & ZIGBEE ");
printf("\r\n");

38
ss=1;ccc=1;ddd=0;
st:delay_ms(200);
while(1)
{
if(bbbb==1)
{
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" WATING ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" FOR ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" CANTEEN ");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING("RESPANCE");
delay_ms(300);

if(data1== '1'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" WAIT ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" FOR ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" 10 ");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" MIN ");
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== '0'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" U R ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" ORDER ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" IS ");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING("DISPATCH");
delay_ms(2000);bbbb=1;}

if(data1== 'a'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" CHIKEN ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" BIRYANI");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== 'b'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" FISH ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" FRY ");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== 'c'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" MUTTON");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" BIRYANI");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");

39
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== 'd'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" PRAWNS");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" CURRY");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== 'e'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" VEG ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" BIRYANI");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== 'f'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" PALAK ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" PANEER ");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== 'g'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" MANCHU ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" RIA ");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== 'h'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" DAL ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" TADKA");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== 'i'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" CHOCO ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" LATE ");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}

40
if(data1== 'j'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" VENNILA ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING("ICE CREAM");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== 'k'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" BUTTER ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SCOTCH ");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== 'l'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" STRAW ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" BERRY");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== 'm'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SPRITE ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" ");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== 'n'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" THUMBS ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" UP ");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== 'o'){clear();
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" FANTA ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" ");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}

if(data1== 'p'){clear();

41
address_right(0xb8,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" NO ");
address_right(0xbA,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" MAAZA ");
address_right(0xbC,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" ");
address_right(0xbE,0x40);rs=1;LCD_STRING(" SORRY");
delay_ms(1500);}
}
if(bbbb==0)
{
main menu
if(ss==1){touchpad5();sss=1; aa=0;bb=0;cc=0;dd=0;ddd=0;
for(i=0;i<2;i++)adc_convert(i);delay_ms(100);}

if(aa==1){sssss=1;ddd=1;touchpad();
for(i=0;i<2;i++)adc_convert(i);delay_ms(100);}

if(bb==1){ssss=1;ddd=1;touchpad1();
for(i=0;i<2;i++)adc_convert(i);delay_ms(100);}

if(cc==1){ssssss=1;ddd=1;touchpad2();
for(i=0;i<2;i++)adc_convert(i);delay_ms(100);}

if(dd==1){sssssss=1;ddd=1;touchpad3();
for(i=0;i<2;i++)adc_convert(i);delay_ms(100);}

if(ccc==1){ssssssss=1;
for(i=0;i<2;i++)adc_convert(i);delay_ms(100);}

if(ddd==1){home=1;
for(i=0;i<2;i++)adc_convert(i);delay_ms(100);}

goto st;
}
}}

42
 Chapter 8
8.1 References

JOURNAL PAPERS:

[1] Shneiderman, B. (1991). "Touch screens now offer compelling uses". IEEE Software 8 (2): 93–94,
107. doi:10.1109/52.73754

[2]A.H.GAl-Dhaher,“Integratinghardware – andsoftwareforthedevelopmentof – Microcontroller

basedsystems”,MicroprocessorsandMicrosystems,Vol.25,Issue7,October2001,Pp.317-328.

[3]HamitE,“Implementationofsoftware-basedsensorlinearizationalgorithmson-lowcostmicrocontrollers”,
ISATransactions,Vol49,Issue4,October2010,Pp.552-558.

[4] Lee,S.K;Buxton, William;Smith,K.C;"Amulti-touchthreedimensionaltouch – sensitivetablet”

CHI'85;Volume16,Issue4,pp21-25

BOOKS:

 Microcontrollers Theory and applications by Deshmukh, Tata McGraw-Hill

 The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C by Muhammad Ali
Mazidi, Janice Gillespie Mazidi, Rollin McKinley

43
 Acknowledgements
I am profoundly grateful to Prof. Junaid Mandviwalafor his expert guidance and continuous
encouragement throughout to see that this project rights its target.

I would like to express deepest appreciation towards Dr. Varsha Shah, Principal RCOE, Mumbai and
Prof. R.S.Deshmukh HOD Electronics and Telecommunication Department whose invaluable
guidance supported me in this project.

At last I must express my sincere heartfelt gratitude to all the staff members of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering Department who helped us directly or indirectly during this course of
work.

Rohit S. Barge
Amoli S. Sawant
Sayed Ali Mehdi
Ankit A. Singh

44