Translated Copy of Materi-2-Pengantar-Aplikasi-Matriks-Koefisien-Teknis PDF

Input-Output Module

INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF MATRICES

1. Introduction
Analysis of the IO and SNSE (SAM) models is carried out through mathematical
operations in the form of matrix reversals. Moreover, by using matrix notation all
calculations involving the IO and dSNSE models can be explained briefly. Most of
the literature on IO and SNSE was written in mathematical language so that the
mathematical basics used to explain the methods of compiling an IO and SNSE
table need to be introduced first.
This module will explain several things about matrices that are closely related to
the preparation and analysis of IO and SNSE models. Of course, complete
knowledge can only be obtained from the appropriate literature. As an
introduction to the analysis of IO and SNSE models, important things need to be
introduced regarding matrix operations, such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and matrix inversion, which have great significance for the analysis
of IO and SNSE models.
2. Definition of Matrices
Matrices are defined as numbers arranged into rectangles, arranged according to
rows (i) and columns (j) as follows:

⎡ a11 a12 a 13 ⎤
A = {aij} = ⎢ a21 a 22 a
23 ⎥
⎣ a31 a 32 a 33 ⎦

1
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE ECONOMIC SCIENCE UI
Input-Output Module
In IO and SAM models, the matrix is in the form of square matrix because
the number of rows equals the number of columns. Numbers that only consist of
one column, are called column vectors. Whereas those consisting of one line, are
called row vectors. If the number consists of only one column and one row, it is
called a scalar.

⎡ a11 ⎤
⎢ a21 ⎥
(a11 a12 a 13 ) a11
⎣ a31 ⎦

column vector row vector scalar
To facilitate notation, matrices are usually expressed in capital letters and
scalars in lowercase letters. One advantage is that complex equations can be
written briefly. Here the matrices are treated as if they were ordinary numbers,
but they are not. Suppose the linear equation is as follows:
a11 x
1 + a
12 x
2 + ... + a
1n x
n = y
1
a21 x
1 + a
22 x
2 + ... + a
2n x
n = y
2
. . . . .
an1 x
1 + a
n2 x
2 + ... + a
nn x
n = y
n The
whole system can be expressed in the form of a matrix equation whose
elements consist of two column vectors and one square matrix:
⎡ a11 a12 a 13 ⎤ ⎡ x1 ⎤ ⎡ y1 ⎤

⎢ a21 a 22 a
23 ⎥ ⎢ x2 ⎥ = ⎢ y2 ⎥
⎣ a31 a 32 a 33 ⎦ ⎣ x3 ⎦ ⎣ y3 ⎦

which can be briefly stated in a matrix equation as:
A x = y
where A is a square matrix containing n2 elements (aij), x is a column vector with

n elements, and y is another column vector with n elements as well.
2
Input-Output Module
In ordinary algebra A and y is a number that is unknown, while the x
number of the unknown and to look for value, so that x = y/A.In matrix algebra, if
all the elements (aij) and the y element are known, then the settlement of the
values is x done in a similar way, although not exactly.
3. Some Terms
A square matrix is called not singular if the determinant of the matrix is not equal
to zero. This matrix has an inverse matrix(inverse).
⎜ 3 2 ⎜
⎜ 2 3 ⎜ = (3) (3) - (2) (2) = 9-4 = 5
matrix singular is a matrix whose determinant is equal to zero. This matrix

has no opposite.
⎜ 2 2 ⎜
⎜ 3 3 ⎜ = (2) (3) - (3) (2) = 6 - 6 = 0
A matrix where the element on the main diagonal is 1 while the other
element is zero is called the identity matrix. The identity matrix, usually written
as I, has a role in algebra matrices similar to number 1 in ordinary algebra.
⎡ 1 0 0 ⎤
I = ⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 ⎦
Two matrices are said to be the same only if they have the same degree
and each element of one matrix equals the value of the elements that are laid out
on the other matrix. This means that a matrix is the same as another matrix which
is a duplicate.

⎡ 2 2 4 ⎤ ⎡ 2 2 4 ⎤
B = ⎢ 5 3 1 ⎥
B = ⎢ 5 3 1 ⎥
3
Input-Output Module
⎣ 3 1 6 ⎦ ⎣ 3 1 6 ⎦

Another important term is the rotation matrix, ie when all the rows and
columns of a matrix are exchanged then obtained a rotation matrix(transpose).The
round matrix B is written with B '
⎡ 2 2 4 ⎤ ⎡ 2 5 3 ⎤
B = ⎢ 5 3 1 ⎥
B '= ⎢ 2 3 1 ⎥
⎣ 3 1 6 ⎦ ⎣ 4 1 6 ⎦

4. Adding and Subtracting Matrices
If matrices A and matrix B have the same degree, then a matrix C can be
determined as A + B. The sum of the matrices is done by adding elements that are
laid out on matrices A and B to obtain the element C that is laying. For example:

⎡ 2 2 4 ⎤ ⎡ 2 5 3 ⎡ ⎤ 4 7 7 ⎤
A = ⎢ 5 3 1 ⎥
B = ⎢ 2 3 1 ⎥ C = A + B = ⎢ 7 6 2 ⎥

⎣ 3 1 6 ⎦⎣
4 1
6 ⎦
⎣ 7 2 12
⎦

The same results would be obtained if the sought matrix C = B + A,
resulting commutative law in matrix addition remains in force, so that A + B = B
+A. Also the associative law in the sum of the matrix remains valid so that A + (B
+ C) = (A + B) + C.
Subtraction is the opposite of addition. So if A and B are two matrices of
the same degree, subtraction can be considered as different from A and B.
Example:
⎡ 2 2 4 ⎤ ⎡ 2 5 3 ⎡ ⎤ 0 -3 1 ⎤
A = ⎢ 5 3 1 ⎥
B = ⎢ 2 3 1 ⎥ C = A - B = ⎢ 3 0 0 ⎥

⎣ 3 1 6 ⎦⎣
4 1
6 ⎦
⎣-1 0 0 Umumnya

4
Input-Output Module
Generally the addition and subtraction of a matrix are the same as the
addition and subtraction of ordinary numbers because these operations are
carried out only on the layout elements.
5. Multiplication of Matrices
Only the appropriate matrices can be multiplied. A matrix can be multiplied by
matrix B only if the number of columns of the matrix A equals the number of
rows matrix B. Then the result of time, ie AB will have a number of rows equal to
the number of lines of the matrix A and a number of columns equal to the
number of column matrixB.
If the following two matrices A and B:
⎡ a11 a12 a 13 ⎤ ⎡ b11 b

12 b
13 ⎤

A = ⎢ a21 a 22 a
23 ⎥ , B = ⎢ b21 b
22 b23 ⎥
⎣ a31 a 32 a 33 ⎦
⎣ b31 b32 b
33 ⎦

the product of C = AB is:

⎡ a11 b11 + a12 b21 + a 31 b31 a

11 b12 + a12 b22 + a13 b32 a
11 b13 + a12 b23 + a13 b33 ⎤
AB = ⎢ a21 b
11 + a
22 b
21 + a
32 b
31 a
21 b
12 + a
22 b
22 + a
23 b
32 a
21 b
13 + a
22 b
23 + a
23 b
33 ⎥

⎣ a31 b
11 + a
32 b
21 + a
33 b
31 a
31 b
12 + a
32 b
22 + a
33 b
32 a
31 b
13 + a
32 b
23 + a
33 b
33 ⎦

The following example uses real numbers:
⎡ 1 2 ⎤
⎡ 3 1 ⎤
A = ⎣ 3 1 ⎦ B = ⎣ 2 2 ⎡

⎦ (1) (3) + (2)
(2) (1)
(1) + (2)
(2) ⎤ ⎡ 7 5 ⎤

AB = ⎣ (3) (3) + (1) (2) (3) (1)+ (1) (2)⎦ = ⎣ 11 5 ⎦

5
Input-Output Module
If the multiplication order is reversed, i.e. BA will get different results:
⎡ (3) (1) + (1)

(3) (3)
(2) + (1)
(1) ⎤ ⎡ 6 7 ⎤

BA = ⎣ (2) (1) + (2)

(3) (2) (2)+ (2) (1) ⎦ = ⎣ 8 6 ⎦
AB is not the same as BA, meaning that in general matrix multiplication is not
commutative. The non-commutative nature of matrix multiplication is most
obvious when illustrated by the multiplication between row vectors and column
vectors. If the row vector f is multiplied by the column vector g following:

⎡ 4 ⎤
f = (3 1) g = ⎣ 2 ⎦

then fg = (3x4) + (1x2) = (14)

⎡ (4) (3) (4) (1) ⎡ ⎤ 12 4 ⎤

while gf = ⎣ (2) (3) (2) (1) ⎦ ⎣ 6 2 ⎦

It is clear that the row vector (f) multiplied by the column vector (g)
produces a scalar. But the column vector multiplied by the row vector produces a
matrix.
Associative law still applies to matrix multiplication. That is, if we have 3
matrices A, B and C, then: A (BC) = (AB) C with the condition that the order of the
matrix cannot be exchanged.
There are exceptions to the general state of this matrix multiplication. In
the following section, we will explain the inverse matrix denoted by rank -1. The
order of multiplication between a matrix and its inverse will not change the
results, meaning AA-1 = A-1A = I.
6
Input-Output Module
6. Turning the Matrix There are
two ways to reverse the matrix, namely first by calculating the determinant,
minor, cofactor and doing addition, subtraction and multiplication and secondly
by decomposition becomes: I + A + A2 + A3 + A4 + ... + An.
The(inverse matrix inverse matrix) is a special matrix (unique matrix) that has

a general solution (general solution) of equations in an input-output system.
Conventionally, it will be discussed briefly. Later examples of calculations using a
spreadsheet will be given using the MS-Excel program.
It has been explained that a matrix multiplied by the inverse will produce
an identity matrix, I. So after a matrix is reversed, the inverse matrix can be
multiplied by the original matrix. If the results do not produce an identity matrix,
the calculation procedure needs to be checked again. Thus we can test whether
the resulting inverse matrix is correct.
As an illustration, a matrix with a determinant value equal to 1. is chosen.
The purpose is to simplify the calculation, so that attention can be focused on the
process of reversing the matrix, not on the calculation.
Look for the inverse matrix A, if:

⎡ 1 2 3 ⎤
A = ⎢ 1 3 3 ⎥
⎣ 1 2 4 Pertama

The first step is to calculate the determinants of the matrix by describing all

cofactors along the first row.
⎜ 1 2 3 ⎜ ⎜ 3 3 ⎜ ⎜ 1 3 ⎜ ⎜ 1 3 ⎜
D = ⎢ 1 3 3 ⎥ = 1 ⎢ 2 4 ⎥ - 2 ⎢ 1 4 ⎥ +3 ⎢ 1 2 ⎥

⎜ 1 2 4 ⎜
D = (12-6) - 2 (4-3) + 3 (2-3) = 6 - 2 - 3 = 1
So the determinant value of matrix A is equal to one.
7
Input-Output Module
The next step is to mark all the cofactors from the determinant, as follows:

⎡ 3 3 ⎤
⎡ 1 3 ⎡ ⎤ 1 3 ⎤
A11 = ⎣ 2 4 ⎦ A12 = - ⎣ 1 4 ⎦ A13 = ⎣ 1 2
⎦

(6) (-1) (-1)

⎡ 2 3 ⎤
⎡ 1 3 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤
A21 = - ⎣ 2 4 ⎦ A22 = ⎣ 1 4 ⎦ A23 = - ⎣ 1 1 ⎦

(-2) (1) (0)

⎡ 2 3 ⎤
⎡ 1 3 ⎡ ⎤ 1 2 ⎤
A31 = ⎣ 3 3 ⎦ A32 = - ⎣ 1 3 ⎦ A33 = ⎣ 1 3
⎦

(-3) (0) (1)
All numbers in the brackets below each cofactor are the cofactor values
concerned. The cofactor value is then arranged in a benthic matrix and after that
the matrix is rotated (transpose) . The cofactor matrix that has been rotated is called
the adjoint matrix. This step is described as follows:

⎡ 6 -1 -1⎤ ⎡ 6 -2 -3⎤
⎢-2 1 0 ⎥ ⎢-1 1 0 ⎥
⎣-3 0 1 ⎦ ⎣-1 0 1 ⎦
Cofactor matrix The adjoint matrix
The next step is to divide each element of the adjoint matrix by the
determinant value of the original matrix. Because the determinant value of the
original matrix is equal to one, this adjoint matrix is the inverse matrix. To test it
can be checked by multiplying the inverse matrix with the original matrix and
must produce an identity matrix.
AA-1 I
8
Input-Output Module
⎡ 1 2 3⎤ ⎡ 6 -2 -3⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0 ⎤

⎢ 1 3 3 ⎥
⎢-1 1 0 ⎥
= ⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥

⎣ 1 2 4 ⎦
⎣-1 0
1 ⎦
⎣ 0 0 1 Alian

Multiplication details are as follows:

⎡(1) (6) + (2) (- 1) + (3) (- 1) (1) (- 2) + (2) (1) + (3) (0) ) (1) (- 3) + (2) (0) + (3) (1)⎤ ⎡
1 0 0 ⎤
⎢(1) (6) + (3) (- 1) + (3) (- 1) (1)
(- 2) + (3) (1) + (3) (0) (1) (- 3) + (3) (0) + (3) (1)⎥ = ⎢ 0
1 0 ⎥
⎣(1) (6) + (2) (- 1) + (4) (- 1) (1) (- 2) + (2) (1) + (4) (0) (1)
(- 3) + (2) (0) + (4) (1)⎦ ⎣
0 0
1 ⎦

The result is matrix I, so it is proven that the matrix A-1 obtained is the opposite of

matrix A.
As explained that matrix multiplication is generally not commutative. But
in the case of multiplication with an inverse matrix the multiplier sequence and
the multiplied one do not matter.
The method of reversing matrices in this way can be easily and quickly if
the matrix is small, 3 x 3. However, it is inefficient for large matrices, for example
40 x 40. Another method is the so-called rank series method. For detailed multiple
impact analysis this method is very useful. Here will be given an example of
reversing the Leontief matrix (I - A) to see the initial effects,direct effects a nd indirect
effects. In this case I is the identity matrix and A is the direct input coefficient
matrix of an IO table. The Leontief inverse matrix (I - A)-1 is calculated as I + A +
A2 + A3 + ... + An, so:
(I - A)-1 = I + A + A2 + A3 +. .. + An
In the input-output multiplier analysis, the reverse matrix Leontief (IA)-1 is

the total multiplier which can be broken down into the initial impact indicated by
9
Input-Output Module
matrix I, the direct effect is shown by matrix A and the indirect effect which is the

sum of A2 + A3 + ... + An , where for n large enough the value can be ignored
because it is very small.
EXAMPLE: Matrix Operations Using Spreadsheets
The MS-Excel software used in almost all of these training modules will be used
to provide examples of matrix operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication
and reversal).

The steps are as follows:
1. Run the MS-Excel program
2. Open the "Matrix Operations" file on the diskette provided
3. On "sheet1", there are two matrices, namely matrix A (B1: D3) and matrix B
(G1: I3)
4. For operations addition, place the cursor on B5, then type the command "=
(B1 + G1)"
5. Copy the command on B5 to B6, B7, C5, C6, C7, D5, D6, D7.
6. Obtained matrix A + B results in C (B5: D7)
10
Input-Output Module
7. For operations subtraction, place the cursor on G5, then type the command
"= (B1-G1)"
8. Copy the commands on G5 to G6, G7, H5, H7, H5, I5 , I6, I7.
9. Obtained result of reduction matrix A - B on D (G5: I7)
10. For operations multiplication matrix, click "sheet2".
11. There is a matrix A (B1: C2) and a matrix B (G1: H2)
12. Because the matrix multiplication operation using MS-Excel is a bit
complicated it is recommended to use Lotus-123 contained in the MS-Excel
program. For that, click "Help". Then click "Lotus 123 Help". Double-click
"Data>". Double-click "Matrix>". Double-click "Multiply".
13. On the top left will appear "Help for Lotus 123 Users" with the command:
"Enter choices to use in demonstration of Data Matrix Multiply"
14. Fill in "First Range" by selecting matrix A (B1: C2).
15. Fill in the "Second Range" by selecting the matrix B (G1: H2)
16. Fill in the "Output Range" to indicate the location of the AB multiplication
output (B4: C6)
17. Click OK at the top right corner
18. Wait for the operation to finish, the results are in C = AB ( B4: C6)
19. For operations reversal matrix, click "sheet3", where there is matrix A (B1: D3)
20. Do as Step 12, but the last time is Double click "Invert", not "Multiply".
21. On the top left will appear "Help for Lotus 123 Users" with the command:
"Enter choices to use in demonstration of Data Matrix Inverse"
22. Fill in "Range to Invert", by selecting the matrix range A (B1: D3)
159428004. Fill in "Output range", to show the location of the reversal of the
output matrix A (G1: I3)
11
Input-Output Module
159428005. Click the OK command at the top right corner
159428006. Wait for the operation to finish, the result A-1 is in cel (G1: I3)
7. Direct Coefficient Matrix

Table 1.
Table of Domestic Basic Transaction Producer Price (Rp. Billion)
Total Household Other
Demand Consumptio Final Exports Total
Sector 1 2 3 4 Between n Petroleu Output
m
1 4,057 4 22,706 3,439 30,206 21,280 320 1,379 53,186
2 7 142 9,384 3,026 12,559 0 2,796 13,265 28,620
3 3,771 718 19,866
23,848
48,202
42,271
3,965
28,621
123,059
Total
input 10,073
Between 2,664
63,701
56,751
133,190
116,242
65,610
53,289
Salaries and 7,951

wages 2,155
10,615
36,256
12
Input-Output Module
56,978 0
00
Input Primer
Other 34,581
23,479
31,352
61,412
150,824
000
Imports 581 322

17,390
9,046
27,339
7,942
17,829 0
Total Input 53,186

28,620
123,059
163,465
368,330
124,184
83,439
53,289
TK (thousand)
39,005
698 8,027
26,548
74,278 0 0

Source: Adapted from Central Bureau of Statistics, 1994
Sector 1 covers the agricultural
sector Sector 2 covers the mining and quarrying
sector Sector 3 covers the industrial
sector Sector 4 includes the service sector

Direct coefficient matrix or often also called the IO coefficient matrix as
presented in Table 2, calculated by dividing each cell (by column) with total input.
For example, for sector 1 column in Table 2, all cells are divided by 53,186 (total
input in Table 2). This coefficient matrix is often used in confusion because
sometimes it is called a technical coefficient matrix, a technology coefficient
matrix, an input-output coefficient matrix or a direct coefficient matrix.
Sometimes, this term is also used for the whole matrix and sometimes only
includes an intermediate quadrant. More often this matrix is called matrix A,
13
Input-Output Module
whose elements are aij. Using Program spreadsheet this matrix can easily be
calculated. Although there is already special software for analyzing the IO model,
this training module emphasizes the use of spreadsheets especially so that the
process of understanding is easier.
Table 2.
Coefficient Matrix Direct

Total Household Consump

Sector 1 2 3 4 Permin-Taa tion-Taan Export Total
n Between Permin Output
Other End
1 0.0763 ,
0.0002
0.1845
0.0210
0.2820
0.1714
0.0038
0259 0.4831
2 0.0001
0.0050
0.0763
0.0185
0.0999
,
3404
0.0475
0.5371
1.3283 4
0.0421
0.0629
0.0954
Total
input 0.1894 0.0931 0, 1.0000 5176
Between 0.3472
1.1473
0.9360
0.78633.
8697
Salaries and 0.1495

Wages 0.0753
0.0863
0.2218
0.5329
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
14
Input-Output Module
input Other
primary 0.6502
0.8204
0.2548
0.3757
2.1010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Import 0.0113 0.0109 0, 2137 0.0000 0.4965

0.1413
0.0553
0.2188
0.0640
Total input 1.0000

1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
4.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
TK 0.02440. 0.0652 0.7334 0 , 9854 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.9854

1624
Source: Adapted from the Central Bureau of Statistics, 1994

coefficient of each column in Table 2 shows the number of inputs required
directly ol uh every sector with a number on it from every sector that is on his left.
For example, for every Rp. 10,000 sector 1 output requires:
Rp. 763 from sector 1 (agriculture sector)
Rp. 1 from sector 2 (mining and quarrying sector)
Rp. 709 from sector 3 (manufacturing industry sector)
Rp. 421 from sector 4 (service sector)
or a total of Rp. 1,894 of all local production sectors.

In addition, as much as:

Rp. 1,495 in salaries and wages
Rp. 6,502 in the form of other primary inputs, and
Rp. 109 in the form of imported inputs.
15
Input-Output Module
This is the direct input coefficient, which is also referred to as the
first-round purchases inputs) and does not reflect an(indirect effect indirect effect) on
the local economy. Matrix A shows the interdependencies between sectors in an
economy; each coefficient aj shows the number of inputs needed from sector i for
each unit of output sector j.

8. The Reverse Matrix
8.1. The Open Reverse Matrix
Besides direct effects, there are also a series of indirect effects as a second, third
and subsequent round of buying waves in an economy. For example, increasing
demand for sector 1 output will require inputs from all sectors in the first round;
these sectors then need to increase their output in order to supply the increased
demand for sector 1 and therefore need to buy inputs as a second round effect on
an economy.
One important thing in the analysis of the IO model is the preparation of a
table that can show the direct and indirect effects as a result of changes in the
output of a sector. Various methods, conceptually similar, can be used to calculate
these effects. One of the best known techniques is the inverse(inverse technique,
which is matrix matrix)usually called the open Leontief inverse matrix, the open
general solution matrix or simply referred to as the open inverse matrix) . The word
"open" is used to indicate that the model used only covers the production sectors
or intermediate sectors and none of the final demand sectors are covered by
matrix A.
The inverse inverse matrix for case examples is presented in Table 3 which
uses a program spreadsheet matrix this can easily be calculated.
Table 3.
Matrix Contrary Open

16
Input-Output Module
Sector 1 2 3 4 Total

1 1.1052
0.0111
0.2524
0.0719
1.4406 2
0.0095
,
0453
1.2449
0.2203
1.6162 4
0.0682
0.0815
0.1618
Total 1.2886 1.1478 1.7576 1.5565 5.7505

Table 3 shows the direct and indirect influence from the increased demand
for the sector above it for the sectors on the left. For example, an increase in sector
1 output demand of Rp 10,000, after calculating direct and indirect effects, will
increase sector 1 output by Rp11,052 (including Rp 10,000 initial injection), sector
2 only by Rp 95, sector 3 by Rp 1,056 and sector 4 in the amount of Rp. 682 so that
in total it increased overall economic output by Rp. 12,886. Each cell in Table 2 is
actually a multiple impact number indicating the magnitude of the response
expected from an increase in final demand of Rp 10,000.
The open inverse matrix has a number of uses in economic analysis. What
is clear, this matrix has several characteristics that can be suspected. First, the
elements in the main diagonal will be worth 1 or greater. Second, the elements in
the table are positive and openly reflect the level of economic interdependence.
17
Input-Output Module
8.2. The Closed Converse Matrix The
open model discussed above only illustrates a situation when the production
sectors in the economy are assumed to be endogenous to the system, that is, when
all sectors of the final demand sector are assumed to be determined by factors
outside the production system. If this assumption is unsatisfactory, the IO model
can be partially or completely "closed".
Most IO experts agree with the assumption that the household sector is an
endogenous component in an economy, in the sense that the level of production is
important in determining the level of household income, which is then largely
spent locally and subsequently affects the level of consumption, which will
further influence the level output of each sector. In this case, the model has
included the household sector in the intermediate quadrant; by combining
household columns and rows into the intermediate quadrant.
The new matrix is called an augmented matrix and is expressed as A*.
Conceptually this matrix is the same as matrix A, except that each round of
economic reaction has combined household income and increased output of
sectors to meet the needs arising from increased household expenditure due to
increased income. Thus, the inverse matrix of the closed model includes the
multiple effects of income and the effect of consumption. For the case in this
discussion, closed inverse matrix is presented in Table 4.
Table 4.
Matrix Contrary Closed

Sector 1 2 3 4 Total Househo Total
lds
18
Input-Output Module
1.1804 0.0505 1 2, 1448

0.3268 0.1921
1.7498 0.3950
2 0.0223 1.0167 0.1111 0.0601 1.2102 0.0671 1.2773
3 0.2371 0.1143 1.3752 0.4308 2.1574 0.6915 2.8490
4 0.2123 0 , 1570 0.3045 1.4552 2.1290 0.7575 2.8864
Total 1.6521 1.3384 2.1177 2.1382 7.2463 1.9112 9.1575
Household 0.2457 0.1288 0.2434 0.3932 1.0110 1.2918 2.3028
Total 1.8977 1.4672 2.3611 2.5314 8.2573 3.2029 11.4603

The cells in the closed inverse matrix are the multiple impact output
numbers. The value is greater than the value of the elements in the open inverse
matrix because these values also include the level of output needed to meet the
effects of household consumption. For example, every increase in sector 1 output
demand is Rp. 10,000 will cause a direct, indirect and balanced increase in sector 1
output of Rp 11,804 (including initial injection), sector 2 of Rp 223, sector 3 of Rp
2,371 and sector 4 of Rp 2,123, resulting in an increase in total production sector
output of Rp 16,521.
- - - *** - - -
19

Translated Copy of Materi-2-Pengantar-Aplikasi-Matriks-Koefisien-Teknis PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Translated Copy of Materi-2-Pengantar-Aplikasi-Matriks-Koefisien-Teknis PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Input-Output Module

column vector row vector scalar

which can be briefly stated in a matrix equation as:

where ​A is a square matrix containing n​2 elements (a​ij​), ​x is a column vector with

matrix ​singular is a matrix whose determinant is equal to zero. This matrix

​⎣​ 3​ 1​​ ​ 6​ ⎦​ ⎣​ 3​ 1​​ ​ 6​ ⎦

4. Adding and Subtracting Matrices

If the following two matrices A and B:

⎡​ a​11 ​ a​12 a​​ 13​ ​⎤ ⎡​ b​11 b​

the product of C = AB is:

​⎡​ a​11 ​b​11 + ​a​12 ​b​21 + a​​ 31 ​b​31 a​

The following example uses real numbers:

If the multiplication order is reversed, i.e. BA will get different results:

⎡​ (3) (1)​ + (1)

BA = ⎣​ (2) (1)​ + (2)

then fg = (3x4) + (1x2) = (14)

while gf = ⎣​ (2) (3) (2) (1)​ ⎦​ ⎣​ 6 2​ ⎦

6. Turning the Matrix There are

The(​inverse matrix inverse matrix​) is a special matrix (​unique matrix)​ that has

Look for the inverse matrix A, if:

The first step is to calculate the determinants of the matrix by describing all

D = (12-6) - 2 (4-3) + 3 (2-3) = 6 - 2 - 3 = 1

So the determinant value of matrix A is equal to one.

(6) (-1) (-1)

(-2) (1) (0)

(-3) (0) (1)

⎡​ 1 2​ ​ 3​⎤ ⎡​ 6 -2​ ​ -3​⎤ ⎡​ 1 0​ ​ 0 ​⎤

Multiplication details are as follows:

The result is matrix I, so it is proven that the matrix A​-1 obtained is the opposite of

(I - A)​-1 ​ = I + A + A​2​ + A​3​ +. .. + A​n

In the input-output multiplier analysis, the reverse matrix Leontief (IA)​-1 ​is

matrix I, the direct effect is shown by matrix A and the indirect effect which is the

EXAMPLE: Matrix Operations Using Spreadsheets

The steps are as follows:

1. Run the MS-Excel program

2. Open the "Matrix Operations" file on the diskette provided

6. Obtained matrix A + B results in C (B5: D7)

9. Obtained result of reduction matrix A - B on D (G5: I7)

10. For operations ​multiplication ​matrix, click "sheet2".

11. There is a matrix A (B1: C2) and a matrix B (G1: H2)

14. Fill in "First Range" by selecting matrix A (B1: C2).

17. Click OK at the top right corner

"Enter choices to use in demonstration of Data Matrix Inverse"

159428005. Click the OK command at the top right corner

7. Direct Coefficient Matrix

Salaries and 7,951

Imports 581 322

Total Input 53,186

Coefficient Matrix Direct

Total Household Consump

Salaries and 0.1495

Import 0.0113 0.0109 0, 2137 0.0000 0.4965

Total input 1.0000

TK 0.02440. 0.0652 0.7334 0 , 9854 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.9854

In addition, as much as:

8. The Reverse Matrix

8.1. The Open Reverse Matrix

8.2. The Closed Converse Matrix The

1.1804 0.0505 1 2, 1448

You might also like

where A is a square matrix containing n2 elements (aij), x is a column vector with

matrix singular is a matrix whose determinant is equal to zero. This matrix

⎣ 3 1 6 ⎦ ⎣ 3 1 6 ⎦

⎡ a11 a12 a 13 ⎤ ⎡ b11 b

⎡ a11 b11 + a12 b21 + a 31 b31 a

⎡ (3) (1) + (1)

BA = ⎣ (2) (1) + (2)

while gf = ⎣ (2) (3) (2) (1) ⎦ ⎣ 6 2 ⎦

The(inverse matrix inverse matrix) is a special matrix (unique matrix) that has

⎡ 1 2 3⎤ ⎡ 6 -2 -3⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0 ⎤

The result is matrix I, so it is proven that the matrix A-1 obtained is the opposite of

(I - A)-1 = I + A + A2 + A3 +. .. + An

In the input-output multiplier analysis, the reverse matrix Leontief (IA)-1 is

10. For operations multiplication matrix, click "sheet2".