Solutions to LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics Volume I Mechanics e Heat e Electrodynamics SECOND EDITION ABHAY KUMAR SINGH Director Abhay's I.1,T. Physics Teaching Centre Patni a \ cBSsS CBS PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS 4596/1A, 11 DARYAGANMJ, NEW DELHI - 110 002 (INDIA)Dedicated to my Teacher Prof. (Dr.) J. Thakur (Department of Physics, Patna University, Patna-4) ISBN : 81-239-0399-5 First Edition : 1995 Reprint : 1997 Second Edition : 1998 Reprint : 2000 Reprint : 2001 Reprint : 2002 Reprint : 2003 Reprint : 2004 Reprint : 2005 Copyright © Author & Publisher Alll rights reserved. No part of this book may, be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system without permission, in writing, from the publisher. Published by S.K. Jain for CBS Publishers & Distributors, 4596/1A, 11 Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002 (India) Printed at : India Binding House, Delhi - 110 032FOREWORD Science, in general, and physics, in particular, have evolved out of man’s quest to know beyond unknowns. Matter, radiation and their mutual interactions are basically studied in physics. Essentially, this is an experimental science. By observing appropriate phenomena in nature one arrives at a set of rules which goes to establish some basic fundamental concepts. Entire physics rests on them. Mere knowledge of them is however not enough. Ability to apply them to real day-to-day problems is required. Prof. Irodov’s book contains one such set of numerical exercises spread over a wide spectrum of physical disciplines. Some of the problems of the book long appeared to be notorious to pose serious challenges to students as well as to their teachers. This book by Prof. Singh on the solutions of problems of Irodov’s book, at the outset, seems to remove the sense of awe which at one time prevailed. Traditionally a difficult exercise to solve continues to draw the attention of concerned persons over a sufficiently long time. Once a logical solution for it becomes available, the difficulties associated with its solutions are forgotten very soon. This statement is not only valid for the solutions of simple physical problems but also to various physical phenomena. Nevertheless, Prof. Singh’s attempt to write a book of this magnitude deserves an all out praise. His ways of solving problems are elegant, straight forward, simple and direct. By writing this book he has definitely contributed to the cause of physics education. A word of advice to its users is however necessary. The solution to a particular problem as given in this book is never to be consulted unless an all out effort in solving it independently has been already made. Only by such judicious uses of this book one would be able to reap better benefits out of it. As a teacher who has taught physics and who has been in touch with physics curricula at 11.T., Delhi for over thirty years, I earnestly feel that this book will certainly be of benefit to younger students in their formative years. Dr. Dilip Kumar Roy Professor of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi New Delhi-110016.FOREWORD A. proper understanding of the physical laws and principles that govern nature require solutions of related problems which exemplify the principle in question and leads to a better grasp of the principles involved. It is only through experiments or through solutions of multifarious problem-oriented questions can a student master the intricacies and fall outs of a physical law. According to Ira M. Freeman, professor of physics of the state university of new Jersy at Rutgers and author of ‘‘physic--principles and Insights’” -- “In certain situations mathematical formulation actually promotes intuitive understand- ing. Sometimes a mathematical formulation is not feasible, so that ordinary language must take the place of mathematics in both roles. However, Mathematics is far more rigorous and its concepts more precise than those of language. Any science that is able to make extensive use of mathematical symbolism and procedures is justly called an exact science’’. ILE, Irodov’s problems in General Physics fulfills such a need. This book originally published in Russia contains about 1900 problems on mechanics, thermody- namics, molecular physics, electrodynamics, waves and oscillations, optics, atomic and nuclear physics. The book has survived the test of class room for many years as is evident from its number of reprint editions, which have appeared since the first English edition of 1981, including an Indian Edition at affordable price for Indian students. Abhay Kumar Singh’s present book containing solutions to Dr. I.E. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics is a welcome attempt to develop a student’s problem solving skills. The book should be very useful for the students studying a general course in physics and also in developing their skills to answer questions normally encountered in national level entrance examinations conducted each year by various bodies for admissions to profes- sional colleges in science and technology. BP. PAL Professor of Physics LLT., DelhiPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Nothing succeeds like success, they say. Now, consequent upon the warm welcome on the part of students and the teaching fraternity this revised and enlarged edition of this volume is before you. In order to make it more up-to-date and viable, a large number of problems have been streamlined with special focus on the complicated and ticklish ones, to cater to the needs of the aspiring students. I extend my deep sense of gratitude to all those who have directly or indirectly engineered the cause of its existing status in the book world. Patna June 1997 Abhay Kumar SinghPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION When you invisage to write a book of solutions to problems, one pertinent question crops up in the mind that—why solution! Is this to prove one’s erudition? My only defence against this is that the solution is a challenge to save the scientific man hours by channelizing thoughts in a right direction. The book entitled “Problems in General Physics” authored by LE. Irodov (a noted Russian physicist and mathematician) contains 1877 intriguing problems divided into six chapters. After the acceptance of my first book “Problems in Physics”, published by Wiley Eastern Limited, I have got the courage to acknowledge the fact that good and honest ultimately win in the market place. This stimulation provided me insight to come up with my second attempt—“Solutions to I.E. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics.” This first volume encompasses solutions of first three chapters containing 1052 problems. Although a large number of problems can be solved by different methods, I have adopted standard methods and in many of the problems with helping hints for other methods. In the solutions of chapter three, the emf of a cell is represented by & (xi) in contrast to the notation used in figures and in the problem book, due to some printing difficulty. I am thankful to my students Mr. Omprakash, Miss Neera and Miss Punam for their valuable co-operation even in my hard days while authoring the present book. I am also thankful to my younger sister Prof. Ranju Singh, my younger brother Mr. Ratan Kumar Singh, my junior friend Miss Anupama Bharti, other well wishers and friends for their emotional Support. At last and above all I am grateful to my Ma and Pappaji for their blessings and encouragement, ABHAY KUMAR SINGHCONTENTS Foreword Preface to the second edition Preface to the first edition 21 23 2.4 25 2.6 27 PART ONE PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS Kinematics The Fundamental Equation of Dynamics Laws of Conservation of Energy, Momemtum, and Angular Momentum Universal Gravitation Dynamics of a Solid Body Elastic Deformations of a Solid Body Hydrodynamics Relativistic Mechanics PART TWO THERMODYNAMICS AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS Equation of the Gas State. Processes The first Law of Thermodynamics. Heat Capacity Kinetic theory of Gases. Boltzmann’s Law and Maxwell’s Distribution The Second Law of Thermodynamics. Entropy Liquids. Capillary Effects Phase Transformations Transport Phenomena PART THREE ELECTRODYNAMICS Constant Electric Field in Vacuum Conductors and Dielectrics in an Electric Field Electric Capacitance. Energy of an Electric Field Electric Current Constant Magnetic Field. Magnetics Electromagnetic Induction. Maxwell’s Equations Motion of Charged Particles in Electric and Magnetic Fields iii vi 1-34 35-65 66-101 102-117 118-143 144-155 156-167 168-183 184-195 196-212 213-226 227-241 242-247 248-256 257-266 267-288 289-305 306-324 325-353 354-379 380-407 408-424PART ONE PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS 11 KINEMATICS 11 Let % be the stream velocity and v’ the velocity of motorboat with respect to water. The motorboat reached point B while going downstream with velocity (v, + v’) and thea returned with velocity (v' - vy) and passed the raft at point C. Let ¢ be the time for the raft (which flows with stream with velocity v,) to move from point A to C, during which the motorboat moves from A to B and then from B to C. Therefore oe Gav eeh — Cae ee) A 8 S On solving we get v, = + — 12 Let s be the total distance traversed by the point and #, the time taken to cover half the distance. Further let 2¢ be the time to cover the rest half of the distance. s Therefore x7 oF he Be (1) s s and Zr tye or Ue 2) Hence the sought average velocity : 24 (vy +¥%) s Hence A= tV1- = 15s. wt (a) Sought average velocity ee ees 1” 208 (>) For the maximum velocity, s should be maximum. From the figure & is maximum for all points on the line ‘ac, thus the sought maximum velocity becomes average velocity for the line ac and is equal to : be | 100.cm a ae 3 = 25 cm/s (©) Time fy should be such that corresponding to it the slope & should pass through the point O (origin), to satisfy the relationship 4. = From figure the tangent at point d 0 passes through the origin and thus corresponding time f= fy = 165. 1.5 Let the particles collide at the point A (Fig,), whose position vector is 73 (say). If t be the 16 time taken by each particle to reach at point A, from triangle law of vector addition : r= +yt= H+ My bed Aad deal ele A so, Hae Gaye @ @ ve therefore, t= Io (2) ae rd t Iya-vil " Yt From Eqs. (1) and (2) lA-*l Po rr aires = Ran iam 0 ® qe AT 8 or, 73, = 73-4, which is the sought relationship. In-nl Inv’ ‘We shave oe vw evtVy (t) From the vector diagram [of Eq. (1)] and using properties of triangle17 va Vite 42vgvcosp = 39.7km/br (2) and = or, sin = EP sin(w-@) sin® y’ or O= sin” Using (2) and putting the values of v and d O= 19.1" Let one of the swimmer (say 1) cross the river along AB, which is obviously the shortest path. Time taken to cross the river by the swimmer 1. d View For the other swimmer (say 2), which follows the quickest -path, the time taken to cross the river. he , (where AB= d is the width of the river) ) an $ @ po Les} In the time f,, drifting of the swimmer 2, becomes Yo x= vyh= 4, (using Eq. 2) Q) If f, be the time for swimmer 2 to walk the distance x to come from C toB (Fig.), then x Vod 3 4) f= <= 57, (using Ea. 3) (4) According to the problem ¢, = f) +f d a or, “7 re wa On solving we get = 3km/hr.4 18 19 1.10 Let { be the distance covered by the boat A along the river as well as by the boat B acrc the river. Let vp be the stream velocity and v’ the velocity of each boat with respect water. Therefore time taken by the boat A in its journey 1 1 Ve : TE vo and jor the boat B t= * vi “Vv Wt =v t vl Henc 4.§— where y = — . Bina net} On substitution ty/ty= 18 Let vo be the stream velocity and v’ the velocity of boat with respect to water. A ve y n= 2>0, some drifting of boat is inevitable. Let ¥” make an angle 0 with flow direction. (Fig.), then the time taken to cross the rive d t= @ (where d is the width of the river) In this time interval, the drifting of the boat x= (v’ cos @ + V9) t = 0 cos 0+) Se é G~ (cot +n cosec 8) — OF Xan = drifting) —_ d —_ 7a (cot 8 +1, cosec 8) = 0, which yields yt! —- el vv —, cos O= -—= -= g n 2 x Hence, O= 120° 0 The solution of this problem becomes simple in the frame attached with one of the bodies. Let the body thrown straight up be 1 and the other body be 2, then for the body 1 in the frame of 2 from the kinematic equation for constant acceleration : So lo 2 72 Tour * Youn! + > Mia! So, Fam Vout (because Wp = 0 and Fo12)= 0) or, Fial= Iu) lt @) But |v l= |¥al= v% So, from properties of triangle Vociay = V ve + v8 - 2 v9 v9 008 (71/2 ~ 8) Hence, the sought distance |? l= vo V 2(-sin 8) t= 22m.1 1.12 5 Let the velocities of the paricles (say vj" and v3’) becomes mutually perpendicular after time 1, Then their velocitis become a =p eet ae Vy = Vj +8t; Vy = Vy tRe @ As Wy Liz so, vy vy) = 0 or, (0, +84) (1 +8t) = 0 or -vy,+9't?= 0 Hence, t= “ => 1 Now form the Eq. Ft = 7ouzy + Youn! + 32 te IF [= [Paz ls ecause here Wi = 0 and Fax) ~ 0) Hence the sought distance a o ae IFal= ZV em Gol Ranl= 4D From the symmetry of the problem all the three points are always located at the vertices of equilateral triangles of varying side length and finally meet at the centriod of the initial equilateral triangle whose side length is a, in the sought time interval (say ¢). > = 120° 3° Let us consider an arbitrary equilateral triangle of edge length / (say). ‘Then the rate by which 1 approaches 2, 2 approches 3, and 3 approches 1, becomes : On integrating :6 1.13 114 Let us locate the points A and B at an arbitrary instant of time (Fig.). If A and B are separated by the distance s at this moment, then the points converge or point A approaches B with velocity =s. v—ucos a where angle o varies with time. On intergating, o ba ~fas= fv -ucos a) a, V o (where T is the sought time.) - or I= f(v-ucos.a) dt (Qy 0 As both A and B cover the same distance in x-direction during the sought time interval, so the other condition which is required, can be obtained by the equation bcm fv.at r So, uT= [vos a at @ 0 : ul Solving (1) and (2), we get T= ay One can see that if u= v, or u4 ‘ 2 t Thus Se 4-5-8 Putting t= 6, Ax,=-1 ‘ 2 = t Similarly ag le) eee Putting t= 6, s,= 2unit For the patd7: w,= 2 and v= -242(t-6)= 2(¢-7) v= |v, |= 2(7-2) for t<-7 ‘ Now, Ax (t)= f2 ¢-Tadt= 12-1414 48 : Putting t= 4, Arse -1 ‘ Similarly 55()= [2(7~1)dr= 141-1748 : Putting t= 7, soa On the basis of these obtained expressions w, (t), x(t) and s (¢) plots can be easily plotted as shown in the figure of answersheet.10 1.19 (a) Mean velocity 1.20 Total distance covered Time elapsed = ie ah. SOcm/s = (1) Vo (b) Modulus of mean velocity vector i [<3] = tart 2k, 32em/s (2) (c) Let the point moves from i to f along the half circle (Fig.) and vy and v be the spe at the points respectively. We have #. », or, v= Vo+w,t (as w, is constant, according to the problem) ' J Oo+w,t)de Vot (Vy +Ws) vty So oe Wore) © vor 2 2 2 fe 0 W+tv aR 2s Now the modulus of the mean vector of total acceleration a) Avy WM vote : []= eae (see Fig.) So, from (1) and (3) Using (4) in (5), we get : / 2nR : |= I ioe (a) we have Fe at(l-as) So, ©. t-209 a a #- Fe one . dt (b) From the equation r= at(l-an, 7% 0, at t= O and also at r= Ar= 2 So, the sought time a= As v= a1-2a8) a(l-2a2 forrs So, ve |vy= 1 a(2at-1) fort> oe GB 61.21 ll Hence, the sought distance 2a Va s=fvde= f a(1-2ad+ f a@ar-ar 0 ia a a a Simplifying, we get, s= a (a) As the particle leaves the origin at r= 0 So, Acex= fra qa = oof, tt As ve volL-), where vo is directed towards the +ve x-axis So, v= Vy (: - 4} 2) From (1) and (2), vo fufi-gae voe(t-35] e) 0 Hence x coordinate of the particle at r= 6s. 6 x= 10%6 {1-345} 24cm = 024m Similarly at and at 20 x 10% 20/1325] -200cm = -2m (b) At the moments the particle is at a distance of 10 cm from the origin, x = + 10 cm. Putting, x= +10 in Eq, (3) =f) 20 = 10 = 104 (- io} on, t?=10t+10= 0, So, te po 12 VI00= 40 Y= 0 52 Vs Now putting x= -10in Eqn (3) t -10= 10 (- io} On solving, t-52VB 5 As t cannot be negative, so, t=(5+V35)s12 1.22 Hence the particle is at a distance of 10 cm from the origin at three moments of time : t=5Vi5 s,5+Vv35 8 (©) We have ve eli t vo(t-3) forts t So, v= |vT= : v(£—-1)} forte>t le So se vo(t-s)a for ts t = vgt (1-40) «ote ' and of oft-g)aefule-s)a for 1> 0 t = vot [1 +(1-%)]/2 for >o (A) 4 4 on fu(t-ga- Srof-ga- 24cm. o 0 And for t= 8s 7 & f : of o(t-Jasfofg-sja : : On integrating and simplifying, we get s= 34cm. On the basis of Eqs. (3) and (4), x (¢) and 5 (¢) plots can be drawn as shown in the answer sheet. As particle is in unidirectional motion it is directed along the x-axis all the time. As at t=0,x=0 So, Avexes, nde at Therefore, veavx= avs . a, ods a : dt 2Vs dt 2vVs av aavs_ o? “2s” 2s "2 a dv a As, Cae 2 | a2 a On integrating, Sa-fea o, ve pe (2)123 1.24 13 (b) Let s be the time to cover first s m of the path. From the Eq. se fod ' 2 22 @ Ont : fe ae OF (using 2) 0 or t= 2 v5 @) The mean velocity of particle 2Vs/a According to the problem : wae = aVv (as v decreases with time) or, -f W dv= afds On integrating we get s= 2? Again according to the problem dv dv ane 4 Ad peeled Yo Thus t= (a) As Fe atizbe ij” So, xe at, y=-bt? 2 and therefore ya a14 1.25 which is Eq. of a parabola, whose graph is shown in the Fig. (b) As Fe atizbs2j” oe fe ait abe 1) ve Fre ait be] () So, v= Va2(-2bty = Va7+4b7r Diff. Eq. (1) wart. time, we get <= dv aod wea -2bj So, [Wl -w=2b ww _ (ai 2b17°)-(-26j) ve” Wana BEF) Db 2bt or, ost SS Va7+4br © cos a= a 50, tana = =o 2bt a= tan? ( oe Zot (a) The mean velocity vector ' fra Sat abi jSae = oo i251” fa : Hence, | |= Va7+ (bi)? = Va74b7 2" (a) We have x= atand y= at(l-at) (1) Hence, y (x) becomes, ST oe ee ye ® (1 a) x- 2x? (parabola) (b) Ditferentiating Eq. (1) we get v= a and v= a(1-2a1) Q)1.26 1.27 15 So, va Wi +vy =aV14(1-208)7 Diff. Eq. (2) with respect to time w,= 0 and wy= -2aa So, wa Vit w= 200 (6) From Eqs. (2) and (3) We have Ve ajta(1-2ae)j” and We 2aaj” yw -a(1-2a%)2 So, cos B= fon PE, Atta ha 40 v20 vw aV1+(1-20%) 2a On simplifying. 1-2an= 21 1 As, n0, gaa Differentiating motion law : x= asin@t, y= a(1-cos@r), with respect to time, V¥,= @0 COS Mf, V,= aw sin wt So, V= awcosat{+ awsinotj” () and v= a@= Const 2) Differentiating Eq. (1) with respect to time iy We etm wit ote a) @) at (a) The distance s traversed by the point during the time v is given by se fvde= fawdt= aor (using?) 0 0 (b) Taking inner product of V” and > mn H rr ae . 2 od We get, Vv W= (aw cos wti+awsin wt; ): (ao sin wt (-i) +a w* cos wf -j) So, VW W= - a? wo sin wt cos wt +a” wo sin wt cos wt = 0 Thus, 7°L W,, i, the angle between velocity vector and acceleration vector equals os Accordiing to the problem We w(-J) dy, dy, os to] So, We Gia 0 and w= w Q) Differentiating Eq. of trajectory, y= ax - bx”, with respect to time dy adx_ dx "ae 288 | Q)16 1.28 So, = x=0 d’y_ ad?x dx 2x de di® -20(7) ee dt? 2 dx . or, -w= 4(0)-20( ~2bx (0) (using 1) dx w . or, EnV ap (using 1) _ w -9V 25 « Hence, the velocity of the particle at the origin 2 2 veV ()_ (4). = VE+0?™ (using Eqns (3) and (4)) Hence, ve VEU+e) Using (3) in (2) a x0 As the body is under gravity of constant accelration g°, it’s velocity vector and displacemen vectors are: ae Vig + gt a and Ar=re Ire dge? (= Oats = 0) Zz So, over the first ¢ seconds 2-2. ee Be A He @) Hence from Eq. (3), over the first ¢ seconds <= Rt Be (4) For evaluating ¢, take VV (p+ Bo +B) = V+ 2 (o-BIe+ gt? or, V= vet (voRle+ et? But we have v= vp at ¢= 0 and Also at t= + (Fig.) (also from energy conservation)129 17 Hence using this propety in Eq. (5) vem va+2(VoRe+ gr? at: As eet g& Putting this value of + in Eq. (4), the average velocity over the time of flight The body thrown in air with velocity vy at an angle o from the horizontal lands at point P on the Earth’s surface at same horizontal level (Fig.). The point of projection is taken as origin, so, Ax= x and Ay= y (a) From the Eq. Ay= vost yuye? O-= vosinat 3 gr? : 2vpsin a As t# 0, so, time of motion t= —"—— (b) At the maximum height of ascent, v, = 0 so, from the Eq. ve = vy +2, Ay O= (vysina)y-2gH vp sin? Hence maximum height H = During the time of motion the net horizontal displacement or horizontal range, will be obtained by the equation Ace Vogt t bw? i vasin2a. or, R= vg cos at — > (0)t = Vy COSat= 7 when R-H ysinra vesin’o & 28 or tana= 4, so, a= tan '4 (©) For the body, x() and y (i) are x= ypcos at @18 1.30 and ye vosinarr— 3 gt? Q Hence putting the value of f from (1) into (2) we get, 2 ) = zane : ao ye neal Ea) tele ifr Which is the sought equation of trajectory ie. y (x) (a) As the body thrown in air follows a curve, it has some normal acceleration at all the moments of time during it’s motion in air. At the initial point (x = 0, y= 0), from the equation : w= 2 » (where R is the radius of curvature) 2 2 a y Fig.) or R, . geasam pr (ee Fig. Os yeaa At the peak point v, = 0, v= v, = vp cos o and the angential acceleration is zero. Now from the Eq. wan ve cos” ¥ cos” — R > Note : We may use the formula of curvature radius of a trajectory y(x), to solve part (d), 3 14 (dy/de) | @y/ae | We have, v,= vocosa, vy = vysino - gt As Vt u, all the moments of time. Thus v= v2-2gtvysina+g?t? a, Now, w= a ia d= @ t-ansina) = ~ § ysin a - gth=- ¥, Hence Iw, | = glvl Now w,=Vw-w-= 85 Ve or 7 Be (where v= Va vy '131 132 19 As P44 ¥,, during time of motion On the basis of obtained expressions or facts the sought plots can be drawn as shown in the figure of answer sheet. The ball strikes the inclined plane (Ox) at point O (origin) with velocity vy= V2gh (1) As the ball elastically rebounds, it recalls with same velocity vp, at the same angle o. from the normal or y axis (Fig.). Let the ball strikes the incline second time at P, which is at a distance J (say) from the point O, along the incline. From the equation 1 2 Ya Moytt a Wyt O= vocosat-Fgcosa? where t is the time of motion of ball in air while moving from O to P. 2% As t#0, so, t= —~ 2) 8g Now from the equation. re Fe Vy ht yw yt Im ysinat+dgsinad? F (ete) - 1= asina(*) Lana (2) 4vesin a =P asing 2) Hence the sought distance, t= 4284) sin@ _ gy cinq (Using Eq. 1 = ng Total time of motion 2 vg sin a wg _ 98 t or sinoom 9 3240 (1) and horizontal range R__ 5100 _ 85 R= vycosat or cosa= vt” 2400" ae (2) From Eqs. (1) and (2) (9-8re? | (85) (4807? © (47? On simplifying vi - 2400 v? + 1083750 = 020 1.33 1.34 Solving for +” we get : 2 2400 + V 1425000 2400 + 1194 2 2 Thus t= 42:39s = 0-71 min and t= 2455s = 0-41 min depending on the angle a. Let the shells collide at the point P (x,y). If the first shell takes ts to collide with second and At be the time interval between the firings, then X= vqcos 0; t= vocos 0, (t-At) (1) and y= vpsin 0, 6-5 gt? y : 1 > = vosin @, (¢— Ad) ~ ze t- Ay @ Wh Arcos 6, (oy) Fom Eq. (1) t= Soy e |] P From Egs. (2) and (3) Ye 9 2vpsin@,-%) ng 0 g (cos 0, + cos 0,) x Ate According to the problem @) 2. vo or dy= vodt 7 ; Integrating s dy= vo ae or y= vt a) 0 0 And also we have a. ay or dx=aydt=avytdt (using 1) : i 2 lo So, Ue anofea ot xe Favys?= 5% (wing 1) (b) According to the problem vy= vp and v,= ay (2) So, ~Vieka Vite’ y’ Therefore v2 ee _#y a, aa Vij+ay? dt Vis (ain) Diff. Eq. (2) with respect to time. dv, dy, Sy. w= 0 and = w= a ®= avy dt dt dt So, w= |w[= av-Vw-w- V av —*y eo | i 1+ (ay/%) Vie(v/my (a) The velocity vector of the particle Ve ai+bxj a. So, &. br : ; From (1) fare afae on, r= at o 0 And dy= be dt= bat dt : Integrating fo- ab frat on ye Sab? 0 o From Eqs. (2) and (3), we get, y= ze (6) The curvature radius of trajectory y (x) is : 1+ (dy/ dx)? [Avra Let us differentiate the path Eq. y= ze with respect to x, i dy b fyb wen ae and 2 ; From Eqs. (5) and (6), the sought curvature radius : eal | In accordance with the problem we ae But “= vee or vdve w,ds So, vdv= (@°t)ds= a-d7” or, vdv= ai-dr= adx (because @is directed towards the x-axis) ’ z So, fra- afar ° ° Hence v= 2ax or, v= Viax 21 @) (2) @) @) 6) (6)22 1.37 1.38 The velocity of the particle v= at a So, va waa (1) 2 And w= ye ot (using v = at) (2) From sm fvde -2nRn= afvdem Sat? o 4uyn_ 2? So, aa. 3 0, ck G3) From Eqs. (2) and (3) w, = 4nay Hence w= Vwe+w? = Vas (4nany = aVi+l6n 4 = 08 m/s? According to the problem Iw l= 1,1 -d vy For v(t), mor Integrating this equation from vy s v< v and O< t= ¢ fs ae “if at 7.8) [oR 2 Now for v(s), - ad 7 , Integrating this equation from vy vs v and Os sss v s 1 v Ss SO, fovaf. or, Hee oR . 0 " Hence vewe* Q) (b) The normal acceleration of the point v ve wR Wee RR (using 2) And as accordance with the problem [w,[= [wy] and wi, LW, it, 2 2 vi s0, we VEw,= VE ge *R = VE23 1.39 From the equation v= avs dia ds a & ws EO Tie apt ye Ze md ark eR As w, is a positive constant, the speed of the particle increases with time, and the tangential acceleration vector and velocity vector coincides in direction. Hence the angle between v°and wis equal to between w,ig an W, and a can be found Lwyl a s/R_ 2s by means of the formula : tana =7—— . wl" a2 R From the equation I= asinot a v= ancoswt at So, w= 2. -a@*sinwt, and q@) ¥ @ @ cos? wt Wa" R™ R Q) (a) At the point /= 0,sinwt= 0 and cosm¢= + 1 so, w= 0, 2 etc. 2 Hence w= w= £2 Similarly at! = a, sinot= + 1 and cos at= 0, so, w,= 0 Hence we |w,|= ao? As w,= a and at t= 0, the point is at rest So, v(Q) and s(Q) are, v= at and s= par? () Let R be the curvature radius, then ¥_ at? _ 2as We" RT RT R (using 1) But according to the’problem w, = bt* 2 2,2 at a So, br* =o or, age Therefore w= Vw+w = Va'+(2as/R) = V @ + (4 bs*/ a)” (using 2) Hence we aV 1+ (4087/0) a . Sop (osing 1) @)24 1.42 (a) Let us differentiate twice the path equation y (x) with respect to time. sei ooh a at” Since the particle moves uniformly, its acceleration at all points of the path is normal and at the point x = 0 it coincides with the direction of derivative d” y/dt”. Keeping in mind that at the point x = 0, & =y We get fy =2av=w, dt x= 0 ¥ 1 So, w, = 2a RU Ra5 Note that we can also calculate it from the formula of problem (1.35 b) (b) Differentiating the equation of the trajectory with respect to time we see that By & at? Py ry Be 0 (1) which implies that the vector (b?xi+ a’ P yi} is normal to the velocity vector > des ve Ti Ye qi which, of course, is along the tangent. Thus the former vactor is along the normal a the normal component of acceleration is clearly Bx &, at OB ayy onusing w,= wen/ |r]. Atx= 0, y= * band so atx =0 x0 wef Be) of) Also from (1) ®oare0 Differentiating (1) 8 2) So (@] = + v (since tangential velocity is constant = v ) me (Si) 2 By ar’ a wiv and | Sot This gives R = a/b.1.43 1.44 25 Let us fix the co-ordinate system at the point O as shown in the figure, such that the radius vector 7“of point A makes an angle 0 with x axis at the moment shown. Note that the radius vector of the particle A rotates clockwise and we here take line ox as reference line, so in this case obviously the A ao angular velocity w= ar taking anticlockwise sense of angular displacement as positive. Also from the geometry of the triangle OAC R r SF = 2R cos 0. sin” sin(w-20) "7 7™ “™ OS Let us write, 7 rcos0j%rsin 07> 2Rcos’0j+ Rsin20j” Differentiating with respect to time. a a0 = ae ve 2R2cos 0(~- sino) 22 dt O74 2R cos 2022 a a *)[sin2 07° ow 207) or, = 2Rw(sin20i—cos?0j) So, \vi or v= 20R=0-4m/s. As @ is constant, v is also constant and w,= 2. 0, 2 2. vee Gory, 4u?R= 032 m/s? So, wa we Alternate : From the Fig. the angular velocity of the point A, with respect to centre of the circle C becomes 4(20)_ 4(-d0 “dt (a Thus we have the problem of finding the velocity and acceleration of a particle moving along a circle of radius R with constant angular velocity 2. Hence v= 2wR and )-20- constant Differentiating @ (1) with respect to time ee Gen Orn Dat q@) For fixed axis rotation, the speed of the point A: v veoR=2atR or R= 5 (2)26 145 1.46 Differentiating with respect to time w= #. 2aR~= %, (using 1) 2 y v : But wen RO Wage Baty (using 2) So, w= Vwlewe =V(v/t)+(2atvy 2 iVie4a7r The shell acquires a constant angular acceleration at the same time as it accelerates linearly. The two are related by (assuming both are constant) w_ BL 1 2nn Where w= linear acceleration and 6 =_angular acceleration Then, w= V2P2a7n = V 2 (2any But v?= 2wi, hence finally - 2unv 7 Let us take the rotation axis as z-axis whose positive direction is associated with the positive direction of the cordinate @, the rotation angle, in accordance with the right-hand screw rule (Fig.) (a) Defferentiating p(t) with respect to time. Z $20 g-3b17= 0, (1) and a’? do, oo = Gee B= -6b1 Q) From (1) the solid comes to stop at At= t= ve The angular velocity w= a-3bt?, for 0stsVa/3b OO = a *Pla-aeA yar far vee So, = = [at-be Nee BL arse = 20/3 dt ° Similarly B = [B,|= 6b¢ for all values of £.1.47 1.48 27 Va/3b 6btdt So, ae ee fat vez Yop, ° (b) From Eq. (2) B, = - 6bt So, (B,),= Va73b = ~ 6b WE -2Vab Hence B= | (82)... yarap | 7 24948 Angle a is related with |w,] and w, by means of the fomula : Wa tana Toys where Ww, = wR and |w,|= BR () " where R is the radius of the circle which an arbitrary point of the body circumscribes. From the given equation B = do. at (here B = do » as B is positive for all values of 1) * ' Integrating within the limit [do = afede or, onzat? 2 4 and |w,|= BR= atk Putting the values of |w,| and w, in Eq. (1), we get, 24 3 at"R/4_ at 4 wots, at wy, ro [(S) ana] 2 2 ae So, mo oR» (5) R=“ R “3 In accordance with the problem, B, < 0 ‘Thus -2. k V@ , where k is proportionality constant do_ ff kt or, “Live he or, Vo = Vag - > qa 2VvOq k When = 0, total time of rotation t= t=28 1.49 1.50 2Ven/k ke? f (one Ao-kevag Jae a wdt % . Average angular velocity < w > = oo fae 2V0 /k o 2Vey /t Hence < @ >= | otek vay 2 [2% - oy 2a k lo We have = «y-a@ = 2 Integratin this Eq. within its limit for (@) ¢ @, : 7 J he- fare, m Pkt 1 %-kP 4 Do Hence 9 a 1-e#) Q (b) From the Eq., @ = wy k@ and Eq, (1) or by differentiating Eq. (1) w= we" Lgt us choose the positive direction of z-axis (stationary rotation axis) along the vector B,, In accordance with the equation do, 2 dt do, oa or, 0,d0,= B,dp= Boos pdg, Integrating this Eq. within its limit for w, (p) te e or, f ao. of cos od 0 0 oo or, Zz 7 Bosin p Hence w= t V2B,sing The plot w, (g) is shown in the Fig. It can be seen that as the angle @ grows, the vector @hirst increases, coinciding with the direction of the vector By (w, > 0), reaches the maximum at p= @/2, then starts decreasing and finally turns into zero at p= 7. After that the body starts rotating in the opposite direction in a similar fashion (w, < 0). As a result, the body will oscillate about the position p= @/2 with an amplitude equal to x/2.29 1,51 Rotating disc moves along the x-axis, in plane motion in x -y plane. Plane motion of a solid can be imagined to be in pure rotation about a point (say /) at a certain instant known as instantaneous centre of rotation. The instantaneous axis whose positive sense is directed along @ of the solid and which passes through the point J, is known as instantaneous axis of rotation. Therefore the velocity vector of an arbitrary point (P) of the solid can be represented as : Vp= Ox py (1) On the basis of Eq. (1) for the C. M. (C) of the disc y = Ox7y @ => irae According to the problem v7tti and Stt Fie. GLx-y plane, so to satisy the Eqn. (2) 7¢yis directed along (— j j). Hence point co xe Tis at a distance re, = y, above the centre of 0 the disc along y-axis. Using all these facts in Eq. (2), we get Ve Wee OV C6 Vz a @) (a) From the angular kinematical equation @,= Og, +B,t 4) = Bt On the other hand x= vt, (where x is the x coordinate of the C.M.) x or, tot 6) From Eqs. (4) and (5), @ = Be 2 Using this value of w in Eq. (3) we get j= ~ <- fae Be (hyperbola ) (b) As centre C moves with constant cai w, with zero initial velocity So, x= Swi? and v= wet Therefore, v= wy =vV2xw Ye V2wx Hence y= fo = (parabola)30 1.52 1.53 The plane motion of a solid can be imagined as the combination of translation of the C.M. and rotation about C.M. te So, we may write y= Vo+Vac a = C40 Tae (1) and Se Wa= WotWac aWot07(~Tnc)+(BXinc) 2 Tac is the position of vector of A with respect to Cs In the problem v,= v= constant, and the rolling is without slipping ie., vo= v= oR, So, Wc = 0 and B= 0. Using these conditions in Eq. (2) 2 = = ee Wye ©? (=e) = © R(~ ie) = B(-te) Here, tiy¢ is the unit vector directed along 7, ¢- Hence w,= %— and w, is directed along (~ i, ¢) or directed toward the centre of the R wheel. (b) Let the centre of the wheel move toward right (positive x-axis) then for pure tolling on the rigid horizontal surface, wheel will have to rotate in clockwise sense. If w be the y, angular velocity of the wheel then @ = e- re Let the point A touches the horizontal surface at t= 0, further let us locate the point A att= 4, When it makes 6 = wf at the centre of the wheel. From Eqn. (1) Vas VEFOX Ie red Ti = > = vitw(-k)x[Reos 0 (-j) +R sin @(-i)] or, v= vitwR[coswt(-i)+sinotj ] - ~ = (v- cos wf) i+ vsin wt] (as v= oR) So, v4 = V (v-vcos wt)? + (v sin wt)” = vV 2(1-cos wt) = 2 vsin (wt /2) Hence distance covered by the point A during T= 2x/o 2x/w a= frat f 20 sinoe/2) dew a. 8R. o Let us fix the co-ordinate axis xyz as shown in the fig. As the ball rolls without slipping along the rigid surface so, on the basis of the solution of problem 1.52 : eee Mon Ve+axre= 0 Thus oe 7 v,= oR and Ott (-k) as HITT @31 . @,+ Bx 7 = 0 and w.= BR and Btt (-k) as wetti A VetWR=Va At the position corresponding to that of Fig., in accordance with the problem, B W.= W, SO V,= wt \ %¢ Me and o- ad and B= & (using 1) Us (a) Let us fix the co-ordinate system with the oe attached with the rigid surface as shown in the Fig. As point O is the instantaneous centre of rotation of the ball at the moment shown in Fig. so, = 0, Now, Tn G+ Tx Fe = Et O(CR)XRG)= (ve+ OR)E- > Eee ; So, i= 2vcim 2wei (using 1) ee > = Similalry Vp= To +Bx Tom voit o(-k)xR() = voit OR (-j)= Veit ve(-j) So, vg =V2 v,=VZ wt and Vp is at an angle 45° from both and j Fig.) 2 ©) Wm Wet (7) + BK Ie ven A W #hR = 0 7c) =z (Hoc) (using 1) where tigg is the unit vector along 7c iV a B 50, te (using 2) and w is . directed towards the centre of the ball BR Now W, = We +0” (~ 740) + BX Tae be 0 % 7 2 7 ame has = wit aR (-j)+B(-k)xRj = avo ae - wpa eis (using 1) = awis (75 44 2\2 So, myn V awa X= 20 1+(5e 2R Similarly Wy = We + 0 (— Foc) + BX Fac = wis oR (-1)+ BR) x RO) ey i+ BR (-j) (using 1)32 . (- T i+w(-j) (using 2) So, wa V ( T) +0 R 1.54 Let us draw the kinematical diagram of the rolling cylinder on the basis of the solutio: of problem 1.53. A VWaz2Vp Wet Br \ CO We Br 0 : 0 As, an arbitrary point of the cylinder follows a curve, its normal acceleration and radius of curvature are related by the well known equation so, for point A, or, = 4r (because v,= wr, for pure rolling) Similarly for point B, Wain) = RR (2 v, Ry @°r cos 45° = or, ¥ R= 2V2 = 2Vir or 1.55. The angular velocity is a vector as infinitesimal rotation commute. Then the relative angular velocity of the body 1 with respect to the body 2 is clearly. > => le ed a as for relative linear velocity. The relative acceleration of 1 w.r.t. 2 is (#),1.56 1.57 33 where S' is a frame corotating with the second body and S is a space fixed frame with origin coinciding with the point of intersection of the two axes, a) a but S| ela) ton * oe at ), dt 7 . ; Since S$ rotates with angular velocity W;, . However ( | = Os the first body rotates s with constant angular velocity in space, thus B= a xh Note that for any vector 5} the relation in space forced frame (k) and a frame (k’) rotating with angular velocity @ is ab d — z|, “7 +oxP Wehave G= atitbr?j @ So, w= V (ai + (67) , thus, «|, 19 = 7.81 rad/s Differentiating Eq. (1) with respect to time B= 48 areanj © So, p= Vas Quy aa Bln os = 13 rad/s? ©) cosa e BB, (wis bj) (ais 27) V (at)? + (62?) Va? + (251) Putting the values of (a) and (6) atid’ taking t= 10s, we get aw 17° (a) Let the axis of the cone (OC) rotates in anticlockwise sense with constant angular velocity & * and the cone itself about it’s own axis (OC) in clockwise sense with angular velocity @ (Fig.). Then the resultant angular velocity of the cone. = wm O= @ +0 qd) As the rolling is pure the magnitudes of the vectors @" and @) can be easily found from Fig, = v Reota’ @y= V/R (2) As & 1G, from Eq. (1) and (2)34 1.58 o= Vo7+o3 - 2 v\2 Ld (ara) +] Ss ee (b) Vector of angular acceleration do d@ +H) B= ee (as ® = constant.) The vector @ which rotates about the OO’ axis with the angular velocity @”, retains i magnitude. This increment in the time interval dt is equal to [d@y| = we o' dt or in vector form dy = (@ x Gy) dt. Thus B= oxo, G The magnitude of the vector Bris equal to B= w' a (as D 135) voy eS Reota R So, - Fun a= 23 1ad/s The axis AB acquired the angular velocity w= Bee @) Using the facts of the solution of 1.57, the angular velocity of the body oz Vor+o” = Vu? + B21? = 06 rad/s 0 + Bo And the angular acceleration. pre 25 _ AS +H) at ath dt dt dt dt do; dor But “gi 7 8 *G, and “= Boe So, B= (Bot x @) + Be As, BoL@p so, B= V (ip Bot)” + Bo = By V1 + (wot) = 0-2 rad/s?2 4.59 1.60 161 35 THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS Let R be the constant upward thurst on the aerostat of mass m, coming down with a constant acceleration w. Applying Newton’s second law of motion for the aerostat in projection form F,= mw, mg-R= mw qd) Now, if Am be the mass, to be dumped, then using the Eq. F, = mw, R-(m-Am) g= (m-Am)w, (2) 2mw From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get, Am= Fras Let us write the fundamental equation of dynamics for all the three blocks in terms of projections, having taken the positive direction of x and y axes as shown in Fig; and using the fact that kinematical relation between the accelerations is such that the blocks move with same value of acceleration (say w) my&-T,= myw Q) T, ~ T, ~ lan, g =m, w @ and T, - kn, g = m,w @) The simultaneous solution of Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) yields, [mg ~ k (on, +m.) ] | ee ¢ (1+k) my 7 Te ing tm, +m, 28 moe As the block my moves down with acceleration w, so in vector form pe (to km tm NE my +m, +m, Let us indicate the positive direction of x-axis along the incline (Fig.). Figures show the force diagram for the blocks. Let, R be the force of interaction between the bars and they are obviously sliding down with the same constant acceleration w.36 1.62 Newton’s second law of motion in projection form along x-axis for the blocks gives : m, g sino - ky m,gcosa+R= m,w (1) m,gsina-R-k,m,gcosa= mw (2) Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) simultaneously, we get Kym + kom my +m, yy (ky ~ ) 8008 0 m, +m, (b) when the blocks just slide down the plane, w= 0, so from Eqn. (3) km + kgm, - w= gsina-gcosa nd Re @ gsina-gcos a my + My 0 oF, (m,+ m))sina = (k, m, +k, m,) cosa (ky m+ Hence tna mt hm) m+, Case 1. When the body is launched up : Let k be the coefficeint of friction, u the velocity of projection and | the distance traversed along the incline. Retarding force on the block = mg sin a +kmg cosa. and hence the retardation = gsina+kgcos a. Using the equation of particle kinematics along the incline, O= w-2(gsina+kgcosa)! 2 7 '" ganas kgom a) @ and O= u~(gsina+kgcosa)t or, us gsina +kgcos.a)t @ Using (2) in (1) P= 3 (gsin a+ kg cos a)? @) Case (2). When the block comes downward, the net force on the body = mg sin a - km g cos @ and hence its acceleration = g sina - kg cos a Let, t be the time required then, I= 3 @sin ok g0os a) Oy From Eqs. (3) and (4) a ~ sina - kos a ¢2 sina+kecosa ButS= ; (according to the question), Hence on solving we get 2 ke rapa 0-16 y+1.63 1.64 1.65 37 At the initial moment, obviously the tension in the thread connecting m, and m, equals the weight of m,. (a) For the block m, to come down or the block m, to go up, the conditions is m,g-Tz0 and T-m,gsina-fr20 where T is tension and f, is friction which in the limiting case equals km,g cosa. Then or m,.g-m, sina>km, gcosa or 72, (bcos a+ sina) my (b) Similarly in the case m, g sin & - my 8> frinn or, m, gsin a - mg > km, g cosa or, ™ ¢Gina-koos.a) m (©) For this case, neither kind of motion is possible, and fr need not be limiting. Hence, (kos a+ sin a) > 2 > (sin ok cos a) i From the conditions, obtained in the previous problem, first we will check whether the mass m, goes up or down. Here, m,/m, = 1> sin a + kcos a, (substituting the values). Hence the mass m, will come down with an acceleration (say w). From the free body diagram of previous problem, m,-g-T= m,w @) and T-m,gsina.- km, gcosa= m,w (2 ‘Adding (1) and (2), we get, m,g-m,gsina-—km,gcosa= (m,+m,)w wa Liz — sin a~ kos a) 8 _ (ny ~ sin a —k eos a) g (1 +m/m) 1+y Substituting all the values, w= 0-048 g ~0-05 g ‘As m, moves down with acceleration of magnitude w= 0.05 g>0, thus in vector form acceleration of ma : op. (=sina-kc0s a) 2" 9 90> W, Ten 0.05 g° Let us write the Newton’s second law in projection form along positive x-axis for the plank and the bar fr= m,w,, fr= m,w, Q@38 1.66 1.67 At the initial moment, fr represents the static friction, and as the force F grows so does the friction force fr, but up to it’s limiting value i.e. f= Sigman) EN = keyg. is F Unless this value is reached, both bodies moves Fp as a single body with equal acceleration. But as soon as the force fr reaches the limit, the bar starts sliding over the plank ic. w,2 w;. Substituting here the values of w, and w, taken from Eq, (1) and taking into account that f, = km, g,we obtain, (at - km, g)/m, 2 ws g, were the sign "=" corresponds to the moment 1 f= th (say) k + Hence, tye Emer +) am, It ty then w, = 22 (constant), and a Wz = (at - kim, g)/m, On this basis w, (¢) and w, (1), plots are as shown in the figure of answersheet. Let us designate the x-axis (Fig.) and apply F, = mw, for body A: mgsina-kmgcosa= mw or, w= gsina-kgcosa Now, from kinematical equation : Isec a = 0+ (1/2) we? or, t= Vilsec a/(sin a - ko0s a) g N = V21/(6in2 a/2 - keos"a) g LV (using Eq. (1). a(S kena) for bin » oo 0 A — ie. 20824, 2keosasina = 0 1 Ye or, tan2a= -~>a= 49 k and putting the values of a, k and / in Eq. (2) we get tai, = 1s. Let us fix the x -y co-ordinate system to the wedge, taking the x-axis up, along the incline and the y-axis perpendicular to it (Fig.).39 Now, we draw the free body diagram for the bar. Let us apply Newton’s second law in projection form along x and y axis for the bar : Tcos B-mgsina-fr= 0 (a) TsinB+N-mgcosa= 0 or, N= mgcosa-TsinB (2) But f, = kN and using (2) in (1), we get T= mgsin.a +k mg cos o/(cos f + ksin B) @) For T,,,, the value of (cos B + ksin 8) should be maximum d (cos B + ksin B) So, ap = 0 or tnfp=k Putting this value of B in Eq. (3) we get, po —mgGsina+keosa) __ mg (sina +kcos a) M1 Vie? +k?/Vi eke Vi+k? First of all let us draw the free body diagram for the small body of mass m and indicate x-axis along the horizontal plane and y - axis, perpendicular to it, as shown in the figure. Let the block breaks off the plane at t= f ie. N= 0 So, N= mg-atsina=0 m oa GS @ From F, = mw,, for the body under investigation : md y/dt = at cos. ; Integrating within the limits for v(t) v mf a, cos. frat (using Eq. 1) o o ds_ acosa So, ve oe Sse Q) Integrating, Eqn. (2) for s (t) acosa t? na ® Using the value of t= fo from Eq, (1), into Eqs. (2) and (3) merce oy oe m? g* cos a. 2asin? a 6a’sin? a s= ve40 1,69 Newton’s second law of motion in projection form, along horizontal or x-axis i.e. 1.70 L711 F,= mw, gives. F cos (as) = my (as a= as) or, Fcos (as) ds = mv dv Integrating, over the limits for v (s) E ¥ sf om ooh de 2 or ve Vv ma = V2gsina/3a (using F = ™) which is the sought relationship. From the Newton’s second law in projection from : For the bar, T-2kmg = (2m) w For the motor, T- kmg= mw’ Now, from the equation of kinematics in the frame of bar or motor : I= Fovewys? From (1), (2) and (3) we get on eliminating T and w t= V2i/(kg +3) @ 2 @) Let us write Newton’s second law in vector from F'= mw, for both the blocks (jin the frame of ground). T+ mg= mW @ Ts m3 maw, Q) These two equations contain three unknown quantities w,, W, and T. The third equation is provided by the kinematic relationship between the accelerations : ~ We yt, he ww 3) where Wis th acceleration of the mass m, with respect to the pulley or elevator car. Summing up termwise the left hand and the right-hand sides of these kinematical equations, we get172 41 Wi += 2% @ The simultaneous solution of Eqs+(1), (2) and (4) yields >, => ap (Miz my Be 2m = my, M2 Using this result in Eq. (3), we get, —» m,-m™ _» _» 2. am ~inam, 27%) and To mm, Oo 8) Using the results in Eq. (3) ee Gm) Ising the results in Eq. (3) we get cms Cat (b) obviously the force exerted by the pulley on the celing of the car a 4mm: F- -27T= rene ee %) mi Note : one could also solve this problem in the frame of elevator car. Let us write Newton’s second law for both, bar 1 and body 2 in terms of projection having taken the positive direction of x, and x, as shown in the figure and assuming that body 2 starts sliding, say, upward along the incline T, -m, gsina.= m, (a) ae N m,8-T,= m,w 2) Ti For the pulley, moving in vertical direction qT from the Saar F,= mw, 27,-T,= (m,)w,= 0 cL ‘mg. 2 | (as mass of the a m,= 0) oo or T,= 2T, @) As the length of the threads are constant, the mg. kinematical relationship of accelerations becomes w= 2, (4) Simultancous solutions of all these equations yields : 25(272-sina] m 2g(2y in al) w= ——___—= ™. 4y+1 (<2+1] ae) m As 14> 1, w is directed vertically downward, and hence in vector form we 2g(2y-sina) 4ne142 1.73 1.74 Let us write Newton’s second law for masses m, and m, and moving pully in vertical direction along positive x - axis Fig.) : m, 8-T= my wy se m,g-T= mW, 2 T,-2T= O(asm= 0) or T,=2T Q) Again using Newton’s second law in projection form for mass my along positive x, direction Fig.), we get T= my @ The kinematical relationship between the accelerations of masses gives in terms of projection on the x - axis Wit Woy = 2 Wy () Simultaneous solution of the obtained five equations yields : wy, = Lami + mo (rm ~ ma) 18 oy 4m, m, + mg (m, +m) In vector form ag. Emit my (m, - m) 18" 1° 4m m, + my (m, + m,) As the thread is not tied with m, so if there were no friction between the thread and the ball m, the tension in the thread would be zero and as a result both bodies will have free fall motion. Obviously in the given problem it is the friction force exerted by the ball on the thread, which becomes the tension in the thread. From the condition or language of the problem w,,>w,, and as both are directed downward so, relative acceleration of M = Wy-W, and is directed downward. Kinematical equation for the ball in the frame of rod in projection form along upward direction gives : PS y= Wg) @ Newton’s second law in projection form along. Tz fi vertically down direction for both, rod and ball ele gives, Mg -fr= Mwy Q) fr nef me, o a Multiplying Eq. (2) by m and Eq. (3) by M m and then subtracting Eq. (3) from (2) and after ¢ using Eq. (1) we get y 21Mm © Orem et "4LIS 1.76 43 Suppose, the ball goes up with accleration w, and the rod comes down with the acceleration w. As the length of the thread is constant, 2, = w, Q) From Newton’s second law in projection form along vertically upward for the ball and vertically downward for the rod respectively gives, T-mg= mw, (2 and Mg-T'= Mw, (3) but T=2T (because pulley is massless) (4) From Eqs. (1), (2), (3) and (4) 2M-m)g_ (2-n)g w= Tad (in upward direction) and w,= are (downwards) From kinematical equation in projection form, we get | zo +w,) t? as, w, and w, are in the opposite direction. Putting the values of w, and w,, the sought time becomes t= V21(+4)/3(2-me = 14s Using Newton’s second law in projection form along x - axis for the body 1 and along negative x - axis for the body 2 respectively, we get m,g-T,= mw, qa) ~~ mW, @ For the pulley lowering in downward direction from Newton’s law along x axis, -2T, = 0 (as pulley is mass less) or, T,= 27, (3) As the length of the thread is constant so, w= 2m 4 The simultaneous solution of above equations yields, 2(m,-2m,)8 _ 2-2) my, aaron ees ee) ©) w= Obviously during the time interval in which the body 1 comes to the horizontal floor covering the distance f, the body 2 moves upward the distance 2h. At the moment when the body 2 is at the height 2h from the floor its velocity is given by the expression : 8h(y-2g vi = 2, (2h) 2 2ae 14 a aa After the body m, touches the floor the thread becomes slack or the tension in the thread zero, thus as a result body 2 is only under gravity for it’s subsequent motion.44 LH 1.78 Owing to the velocity v, at that moment or at the height 2h from the floor, the body 2 further goes up under gravity by the distance, 2g nt+4 Thus the sought maximum height attained by the body 2 : H= 2heh'= hs HMO=2)_ Sanh +4) n+4 Let us draw free body diagram of each body, i.e. of rod A and of wedge B and also draw the kinemetical diagram for accelerations, after analysing the directions of motion of A and B. Kinematical relationship of accelarations is : Wa tana= — aan @ Let us write Newton’s second law for both bodies in terms of projections having taken positive directions of y and x axes as shown in the figure. m, g-N cos a= m,w, Q) and Nsina= mW, @) Simultaneous solution of (1), (2) and (3) yields : m, gsin a Wy mE and m, Sin & + mg cotacosa (1+ cot” a) Wa ee “e" tana (ana +n cota) > We Note : We may also solve this problem using conservation of mechanical energy instead of Newton’s second law. Let us draw free body diagram of each body and fix the coordinate system, as shown in the figure. After analysing the motion of M and m on the basis of force diagrams, let us draw the kinematical diagram for accelerations (Fig.). As the length of threads are constant so, sy = dsy and as Vay and Vy, do not change their directions that why [Fae |= [Pe|- w (say) and Wror tt Ve and Why tt Hip179 —> wn T Pe r fr > N ON Ny Wm T > Wn im sx 7 Wh AS Wh = Wray + Wy so, from the triangle law of vector addition Wry = V2 w (Q) From the Eq. F,= mw, , for the wedge and block : T-N= Mw, Q) and N= mw (3) Now, from the Eq. F,= mw, , for the block mg-T-kN = mw (4) Simultaneous solution of Eqs. (2), (3) and (4) yields : a: ™m ee ee (lan+2m+M) (k+2+M/m) Hence using Eq. (1) wis vz ™ (2+k+M/m) Bodies 1 and 2 will remain at rest with repect to bar A for Wig SW SWaaxy WHEE Wyant the sought minimum acceleration of the bar. Beyond these limits there will be a relative motion between bar and the bodies. For 0 < w= Wp, the tendency of body 1 in relation to the bar A is to move towards right and is in the opposite sense for W= Waa, On the basis of above argument the static friction on 2 by A is directed upward and on 1 by A is directed towards left for the purpose of calculating Wain. Let us write Newton’s second law for bodies 1 and 2 in terms of projection along positive x-axis (Fig.). T-fry= mw ot, fry= T-mw (1) N,= mw 2) As body 2 has no acceleration in vertical direction, so fr,=mg-T (3) From (1) and (3) (fr, + fry) = m(g-w) (4) But fr, + fr, sk (N, +N) or fry + fry sk (mg + mw) 6)46 1.80 1.81 From (4) and (5) m(g-w) k Let us write Newton’s second law for both bodies in projection form along positive Yq and x, axes as shown in the Fig. mma ge08a-N= ms Wa4y,)* Ma[ Warn t Minn] * ma[O+ Mr sine] or, m, g.cos a-N= mw, sina Q) and Nsina = mw, Q) Solving (1) and (2), we get w= Mgsinacosa __gsina cosa m, + m, sin? a (m,/m,) + sin* a47 1.82 To analyse the kinematic relations between the bodies, sketch the force diagram of each body as shown in the figure. On the basis of force diagram, it is obvious that the wedge M will move towards right and the block will move down along the wedge. As the length of the thread is constant, the distance travelled by the block on the wedge must be equal to the distance travelled by the wedge on the floor. Hence ds, y = 25 AS Vey and Vj, do not change their directions and acceleration that’s WhY Wy y tt Vey and Wy tt Vy and Wray = Wy = Ww (say) and accordingly the diagram of kinematical dependence is shown in figure. . Wa So AS Wy" Way + Wy, SO from triangle law of vector addition. Wy = Wwe + Wy 2 Way Wy COS = wV2(1 — cos a) q@) From F,= mw,, (for the wedge), T= Tcosa+Nsina= Mw Q) For the bar m let us fix (x -y) coordinate system in the frame of ground Newton’s law in projection form along x and y axes (Fig.) gives mg sina. - T= m w,, «=m [nic ct uc] = [Wasa Way £08 (- 0)] = mw (1 ~ cosa) 6) Mm ECOa—N= mHyi5)= ML Wuaecs* Mis) |= MLO + win] (4) Solving the above Eqs. simultaneously, we get mgsina * M+ 2m(1—cosa) Note : We can study the motion of the block m in the frame of wedge also, alternately we may solve this problem using conservation of mechanical energy. 1.83 Let us sketch the diagram for the motion of the particle of mass m along the circle of radius R and indicate x and y axis, as shown in the figure. (a) For the particle, change in momentum A p= mv(-i)-mv(@) so, [Ap|=V2mv and time taken in describing quarter of the circle,48 1.84 185 mR Ate I = : Hence, ~ LAP L, YEmv WE mv 4 At nR/2v aR Vp => (b) In this case Ve ~ > a pi= 0 and py= mw,t(-i), . so |Ap|=mw,t = Hence, |< F>| = 142. mv " While moving in a loop, normal reaction exerted by the flyer on the loop at different points and uncompensated weight if any contribute to the weight of flyer at those points. (a) When the aircraft is at the lowermost point, Newton’s second law of motion in projection form F, = mw, gives 2 ao Le my? or, N= mg +7 =2-09 kN (b) When it is at the upper most point, again from F, = mw, we get We mg = ” my? N= MY -mg= 0-7kN (c) When the aircraft is at the middle point of the loop, again from F, = mw, 2 my Pe MY 1g Na Moe L4kN The uncompensated weight is mg. Thus effective weight = VN” +m” g” = 1-56 KN acts obliquely. Let us depict the forces acting on the small sphere m, (at an arbitrary position when the thread makes an angle @ from the vertical) and write equation F. ‘= mw via projection on the unit vectors iz, and i, From F,= mw,, we have dv dt = mee me ds 1(-d®) mg sin 0 =m (as vertical is refrence line of angular position)49 or vdv= ~glsindd0 Integrating both the sides : v 8 dv= -gl{ snOd0 foam -eif sin 2 y or, 5 781008 8 Hence = 2g cos 0= w, a) T (Eq. (1) can be easily obtained by the conservation of mechanical energy). From F,=mw, 4s T-mgcos0=™ > Using (1) we have T= 3 mg cos 0 2) Again from the Eq. F,= mw,: mgsin@=mw, or w,= gsin® (6) Hence w= Vw? + w2 = V(gsin®)? + (2g cos 0)” (using 1 and 3) = gV1+3co0s76 (b) Vertical component of velocity, v, = v sin 0 So, v= v2sin20 = 2g fos 0 sin?0 (using 1) 2 For maximum vy ory, deo Bein ® which yield ot ich yields # Therefore from (2) T= 3mg Fe = VE mg (0c) We have Wa W,ti,+ Wy ity UhUS Wy = Way) + Wy) But in accordance with the problem w, = 0 So, Way) + Way) = 0 or, g sin @ sin 0 + 2g cos 70 (- cos ®) = 0 1 or, cosO= 7 or, O= 547°50 1.86 1.87 The ball has only normal acceleration at the lowest position and only tangential acceleration at any of the extreme position. Let v be the speed of the ball at its lowest position and / be the length of the thread, then according to the problem T= gsina (1) where o. is the maximum deflection angle From Newton’s law in projection form : F,= mw, dv ~mgsin@= mv 75 or, -glsinOd0= vdv On integrating both the sides within their limits. 0 -atf saa fro 0 : or, v? = 2gl (1 - cos a) Q) Note : Eq. (2) can easily be obtained by the conservation of mechanical energy of the ball in the uniform field of gravity. From Eqs. (1) and (2) with @ = a 2gl (1 - cos a) = Igcos a or, COs & = ; so, a= 53° Let us depict the forces acting on the body A,(which are the force of gravity mg”and the normal reaction N ) and write equation F = mw via projection on the unit vectors u, and uy Gig.) From F, = mw, i a mg sin 8 = "eo ee mas "RdO or, gRsin0d0= vdy Integrating both side for obtaining v (0) ° y J gRsinodo= fvav oO 0 or, \yv? = 2.gR (1 - cos 0) From F,= mw, mg cos - N= my in At the moment the body loses contact with the surface, N= 0 and therefore the Eq. (2) becomes v= gRcos@ Q)1.88 1.89 1.90 51 where v and @ correspond to the moment when the body loses contact with the surface. Solving Eqs. (1) and (3) we obtain cos 0 = 2 or, @= cos ' (2/3) and v= V2gR73. At first draw the free body diagram of the device as, shown. The forces, acting on the sleeve are it’s weight, acting vertically downward, spring force, along the length of the spring and normal reaction by the rod, perpendicular to its length. Let F be the spring force, and A/ be the elongation. From, F,= mw, : Nsin@+F cos 0= mw?r (ly where rcos 8 = (Ip+ AD. Similarly from F,= mw, Noos@-Fsin@= 0 or, N=Fsin0/cos 0 (2) From (1) and (2) F (sin 0/cos 0) - sin 0 + F cos 0 = mw" r = mo (ly + Al)/cos 6 On putting F= x Al, x Alsin? 6 +x Alcos?0 = mw? (Iy+AD) on solving, we get, ly hy k-mo? (x/mo*—1) and it is independent of the direction of rotation. According to the question, the cyclist moves along the circular path and the centripetal force is provided by the frictional force. Thus from the equation F, = mw, 2 2 mv my fre ™™ or kong = ™? Al= mo? or b(t-zle 2 ot = ky(r-P/R)g q d(r For Via, We should have or, 1-%-0, so r= R/2 Hence Yage = $V Fea As initial velocity is zero thus v= 2ws @ As w,>0 the speed of the car increases with time or distance. Till the moment, sliding starts, the static friction provides the required centripetal acceleration to the car. Thus fr= mw, but frs kmg52 191 1.92 So, ws Pe on, weteke or, vs @e-w)R Hence Var VR g-WR s0, from Eqn. (1), the sought distance s = fe} = = 60m. Since the car follows a curve, so the maximum velocity at which it can ride without sliding at the point of minimum radius of curvature is the sought velocity and obviously in this case the static friction between the car and the road is limiting. Hence from the equation F, = mw 2 kang = 2 or vs VERE so Vaux = VERnin & + ql) We know that, radius of curvature for a curve at any point (x, y) is given as, [1+ de? 7 Re énla? For the given curve, by 4 og (*) and Yo ~% gin = 7 a a and fe aa Substituting this value in (2) we get, : [1 + @7/02) cos? (x/a) J? (a/e2) sin (x/a) x For the minimum R, == = og and therefore, corresponding radius of curvature 2 a Rein ® Hence from (1) and (2) Vnax = Vga The sought tensile stress acts on each element of the chain. Hence divide the chain into small, similar elements so that each element may be assumed as a particle. We consider one such element of mass dm, which subtends angle da. at the centre. The chain moves along a circle of known radius R with a known angular speed @ and certain forces act on it. We have to find one of these forces. From Newton’s second law in projection form, F, = mw, We get 2T sin (da./2) - dN cos 8 = dm wR and from F, = mw, we get dN sin® = gdm Then putting dm = mdo/2 x and sin (da/2) = do/2 and solving, we get, 2 Te m (w"R + g cot 6) 2n53 Ty " dmg : 1,93 Let, us consider a small element of the thread and draw free body diagram for this element. (@) Applying Newton’s second law of motion in projection form, F, = mw, for this element, (T+ dT) sin (d 0/2) + Tsin (d0/2)-dN= dmw’R= 0 or, 27 sin (d 0/2) = dN, [negelecting the term(dT sin d 8/2) ] _d0_ do or, Td dN, as sin >= S 0) Also, dfr= kdN= (T+dT)-T= dT T Q) From Eqs. (1) and (2), kTd0= dT or Sq Ka0 In this case Q=x so, neg 3 oon, Inge kx (6)) 1 So, ke Fin = Tint m, (b) When >= n, which is greater than mp the blocks will move with same value of 1 acceleration. (say w) and clearly m, moves downward. From Newton’s second law in projection form (downward for m, and upward for m,) we get : m,§-T,= m,w @ and T,-m,g= mw (5)54 1.94 1.95 1.96 197 I, Also 77% © Simultaneous solution of Eqs. (4), (5) and (6) yields : (m,~ Nom )8 _ =o) Ae (m+ngm) — emp)? | m7 The force with which the cylinder wall acts on the particle will provide centripetal force necessary for the motion of the particle, and since there is no acceleration acting in the horizontal direction, horizontal component of the velocity will remain constant througout p the motion. yey So Vg V9 COS Using, F,,= mw,,, for the particle of mass m, which is the required normal force. Obviously the radius vector describing the position of the particle relative to the origin of coordinate is r= xityj= asinwtit+bcoswtj Differentiating twice with respect the time : aoe we a = - 07 (asinwtit bcos wtj)= - 077" () Thus F= m= -motr (a) We have ape f Far [nga met () 0 od 5 : : - 2(98) (®) Using the solution of problem 1.28 b, the total time of motion, v= - >= Hence using t=tin() [ap"] = mgt = -2m(vyg)/g (¥5-B"is -ve) From the equation of the given time dependence force F'= @ t(t-1) at ¢=1, the force vanishes, : (a) Thus Ap= p= | Fat55 me) or, Be fete-na 0 3 but or, TUrc-t?)dt= mv” Integrating within the limits for v%t ), ttt?) de= mf av 0 or, Thus oe m 198 We have F = Fy sin wt ave oo ae or m TP = Fysin ot or md v= Fo sin wt dt On integrating, —» -Fo AA inh = — cos wt +C, (where C is integration constant) > Fy When t= 0, v=0, so C= —2 mo ae, ~Fo Hence, v= —— cos wt + —— mo mo Fo As | cos wt < 1 so, v= —*(1-cos wf) ma56 1.99 ' Thus se fr dt 0 Fyt Fosinot o mo mo mo (of - sin wt) (igure in the answer sheet). - According to the problem, the force acting on the particle of mass m is, F = Fy cos wt vo K So, Fyooswet or dv — cos we dt a m Integrating, within the limits. 7 7 er if — F, far 72 f cos orat or v= —“sin wt ™ mo 0 ° It is clear from equation (1), that after starting at f= 0, the particle comes to rest fro the first time at r= 2, o 7 fa fo x ‘rom Eq. (1), v= |vf= mn SH OF for ts & (2) Thus during the time interval t = 7/, the sought distance F wo so 2 f sinordra a mw 0 mor From Eq. (1) Fo A Yaar” Fe | sinwr | < 1 > avo 1.100 (a) From the problem F= -77 so mOP= -7v dy >_> Thus mae -m[asdvthv] or, ela vom On integrating Inve-2 04 But at t= 0, v=v, so, C= Invy pi or, nyo gt Ob Ve Mem Thus for to, v=0 dv =r (b) We have m= -rv so dv= —"ds1101 587 Integrating within the dan limits to obtain v(s): or, fo -tfe or vay- (Q) mo Thus for Y= 0, $ Sq (0) Let we have ne Soe wn ' v or, se fa, or, In —. 5; vom 1% ~=om o 0 So AS =m In(1/)) _ minn r r Now, average velocity over this time interval, m ee 2 : foueka fra 0 %(n-1) a ““ainn 7iny According to the problem qs ky? oe m7 kv? on Ga kat Integrating, withing the limits, . fs To fin. the value of k, rewrite ke (o-¥) fae or, t= moe (1) m, k yy ® ey? on, Bat ms -kv* or, ’ nt On integrating v kh wee vm m Yo So, k= Tiny 2 Putting the value of k from (2) in (1), we get A(yy-¥) vvin~® ony58 1.102 1,103 From Newton’s second law for the bar in projection from, F,= mw, along x direction we get mg sin ot ~ king cos a. = mw a or, vag 7 8 Sin a — ax g cos a, (as k= ax), or, vdv= (gsin a ~ ax g cos a) dr or, J vav= ef (sina -x cos a) dr o Oo 2 2 v x So, T= g(sinax--acos.a) q@) N fr From (1) v= 0 at either x= 0, orx= Zune a As the motion of the bar is unidirectional it stops after going through a distance of 3 em . tan a. From (1), for Vpays a r,rrt~r.CsCsCssc a& 2 : y a Hence, the maximum velocity will be at the distance, x = tan a/a Putting this value of x in (1) the maximum velocity, gsing tana oe ‘max a Since, the applied force is proportional to the time and the frictional force also exists, the motion does not start just after applying the force. The body starts its motion when F equals the limiting friction. Let the motion start after time fy , then kan, F = aty=kmg or, ty= = So, for t= s fy, the body remains at rést and for t > fy obviously ids nt a(f-%) of, mdv= a(t-t) de Integrating, and noting v = Oat £ = fy, we have for t> ty ¥ ‘ a 2 f nave afe-wa or v= Im 40) 0 . ' i 2 a 3 Thus (t-t)) dt= Sm (foto) fo59 1.104 While going upward, from Newton’s second law in vertical direction : vdy (2+27) At the maximum height h, the speed v = 0, so 0 h S ath Sf % m 2B. _(mg+kv?) oF --ds ds Integrating and solving, we get, 2 b= in ( 1+ =) @ When the body falls downward, the net force acting on the body in downward direction equals ( mg - kv? ) Hence net acceleration, in downward direction, according to second law of motion vdv kb? on vdv ds m 2 kv? Thus Integrating and putting the value of h from (1), we get, ree 1105 Let us fix x - y co-ordinate system to the given plane, taking x-axis in the direction along which the force vector was oriented at the moment f=0, then the fundamental equation of dynamics expressed via the projection on x and y-axes gives, F dv, : cos t= mae (1) d and a | 2) a (a) Using the condition 0) =0, we obtain v, = —— sinws Q) and v= (1 - cost) 4 Hence, (zs) |*=(3)| mo 260 1.106 1.107 (b) It is seen from this that the velocity v tums into Zero after the time interval At, which can be found from the relation, of. x. Consequentely, the sought distance, is vdt Average velocity, < v> = 29/0 2F .. (we 4F So, -S% sn( 2 Jal (2x0)- awa 0 The acceleration of the disc along the plane is determined by the projection of the force of gravity on this plane F, = mg sino and the friction force fr = kmg cos a. In our case k= tana and therefore fr= F,=mgsina Let us find the projection of the acceleration on the derection of the tangent to the trajectory and on the x-axis : mw, = F,cos 9 ~ fr= mg sino. (cos @ - 1) mw,= F,~ frcos p= mgsin a (1- cos p) Itis seen fromthis that w, = - w,, which means that the velocity v and its projection v, differ only by a constant value C which does not change with time, i.e. vay, +, where v,= v.cos @. The constant C is found from the initial condition v= vp, whence C= vp since p = 5 initially. Finally we obtain v= vy/(1+cos@). In the cource of time p+ 0 and v—» vp/2. (Motion then is unaccelerated.) Let us consider an element of length ds at an angle @ from the vertical diameter. As the speed of this element is zero at initial instant of time, it’s centripetal acceleration is zero, and hence, dN ~ dds cos p= 0, where 2 is the linear mass density of the chain Let T and T+dT be the tension at the upper and the lower ends of ds. we have from, Ff, ees (T+ dT)+hdsgsing-T= ddsw, or, dT +Rdggsing= ddsw,1.108 61 If we sum the above equation for all elements, the term f dT = 0 because there is no tension at the free ends, so VR rer f singdgs dw, f ds=Alw, Oo Hence w,= (10s 1 R As w, =a at initial moment Sek! So, w=|w,|=2F (1 ~ cos 5 In the problem, we require the velocity of the body, realtive to the sphere, which itself moves with an acceleration wo in horizontal direction (say towards left). Hence it is advisible to solve the problem in the frame of sphere (non-inertial frame). At an arbitary moment, when the body is at an angle 0 with the vertical, we sketch the force diagram for the body and write the second law of motion in projection form F,= mw, 2 or, mg cos © ~N~ mvp sin @ = "> Q) At the break off point, N= 0, @= @, and let v= vgso the Eq, (1) becomes, 2 Yo i. 7 08 Oy ~ Wo sin Op 2) From, F,= mw, mg sin @~ mw, 008 0 = mw m 2H ds ~ "RdO or, vdv= R(gsin 0 + wycos 0) d0 % % Integrating, f vdv= f R (gsinO + wy cos0) dO 0 oO (1 ~ C0804) + Wo sin Oy @) Note that the Eq. (3) can also be obtained by the work-energy theorem A= AT (in the frame of sphere) therefore, mgR (1 ~ cos Op )+ mW sin 0) = 4 mv [here mw) R sin Q, is the work done by the pseudoforce (- mw,)] 2 v or, moe g(1-cos Q)) + Wy sin 2R62 1.109 1.110 Solving Eqs. (2) and (3) we get, 1] 2+kV 5 + 9k? = V2gR/3 and 0,= Vo = V2gR/3 and Oy = cos 3(1+k) Hence Gl ein This is not central force problem unless the path is a circle about the said point. Rather here F, (tangential force) vanishes. Thus equation of motion becomes, V,= Vo = constant 2 myo A d, —s = and, Fon a for rer We can consider the latter equation as the equilibrium under two forces. When the motion is perturbed, we write r= ry +x and the net force acting on the particle is, - a ve oA 1% me 1-2 me (mt+x)" Torx ry 1 ro " rg (1-n)x 2 my, This is opposite to the displacement x, if n< 1 (te is an outward directed centrifugul force while —4 is thé inward directed external force). F There are two forces on the sleeve, the weight F, and the centrifugal force F,, We resolve both forces into tangential and normal component then the net downward tangential force on the sleeve is, 2 mg sinO (: [ eos 4 This vanishes for 0= 0 and for 0 = 0) = cos~?(—£—|, which is real if wR 2 MW?RSinOCosO w’R>g. If w*R g, 1-2 coso is negative forsmall © near @ = 0 and 6 = 0 is then unstable. However @ = Qy is stable because the force tends to bring the sleeve near the equilibrium position @ = @y, If wR = g, the two positions coincide and becomes a stable equilibrium point.11 1112 1.113 63 Define the axes as shown with z along the local vertical, x due east and y due north. (We assume we are in the northern hemisphere). Then the Coriolis force has the components. F_,= -2m(@xv)} = 2m [ v, e080 ~ v_ sind) i v, cos8j + v, cos k} = 2me (v, cos8 ~ v, sind) 7” Since v, is small when the direction in which the gun is fired is due north. Thus the equation of motion (neglecting centrifugal forces) are X' = mo (v, sing - v, csp), ¥' = 0 and z= -g -North Integrating we get y= v (constant), z= - gt z-vertical and X= 2w vsing t + wg t” cosp East Finally, > 7 x= ov? sing +3 gt? cose Now v >> gt in the present case. so, 2 x= ovsing (=| = sin 2 oat ~ 7m (to the east). The disc exerts three forces which are mutually perpendicular, They are the reaction of the weight, mg, vertically upward, the Coriolis force 2mv’ w perpendicular to the plane of the vertical and along the diameter, and ma’r outward along the diameter. The resultant force is, Femv g tar + (Qa) The sleeve is free to slide along the rod AB. Thus only the centrifugal force acts on it. The equation is, I 2 dr mv= may r where v= ~~ ad Butv= ve $(2") dr dr\2 50, pee 507? + constant . Pa hea? Vo being the initial velocity when r= 0. The Coriolis force is then, amo Vigra F = oma Viva = 2-83 N on putting the values.64 14 1115 The disc OBAC is rotating with angular o! velocity w about the axis OO’ passing through the edge point O. The equation of motion in w rotating frame is, mil’ = F's mo? R's Ini? xe FF, 8 where F,, is the resultant inertial forc. (pseudo force) which is the vector sum of centrifugal 0 A and Coriolis forces. (a) AtA,F,, vanishes. Thus 0 = -2mw?Rin+2mv' on c where 1 is the inward drawn unit vector to the centre from the point in question, here A. Thus, v= oR eo tae ee so, w R oR. (b) AtB F,,= mo OC + mo" BC its magnitude is mo” V4R™- 1", where r= OB. The equation of motion in the rotating coordinate system is, > a mW = F+ mo? R+2m(¥°x 3) Now, v= RO2+Rsind@ a and = W = w’cosO@-—w’ sinO a > > > & 6 ee Foe * 0 RO Rsindo - oe @ cos @ -wsin® 0 = 2 (oR sin’® @) + wR sin 0 cos 0 & — wR O cos 0 2, Now on the sphere, v= (-RO*-Rsin? 6g?) a + (RO -RsinB cos 0G") a + (Rsin + 2R cos 60g) & Thus the equation of motion are, m(-R@-Rsin? 0g”) = N- mgcos 0 + mw" R sin? 0 + 2mw R sin? 8p m(R 0° -Rsin 8 cos 0 @") = mg sin 6 + mw” R sin 8 cos 8 + 2mo R sin 8 cos 0 @ m(R sin 0 +2R cos 00 @) = -2 mw RO cos 0 From the third equation, we get, p= -@ A result that is easy to understant by considering the motion in non-rotating frame. The eliminating @ we get, i mR @& = mg cos 0-N mRO = mgsin® Integrating the last equation, i mre = |1.116 LUT 65 Hence N= (3-2 cos 8) mg So the body must fly off for 0 = 6, = cos~*2, exactly as if the sphere were nonrotating. Now, at this point Fy = centrifugal force = ma R sin 0, = VV 3 mox R Fog = V oF RO cos? 0 + (wR) sin’ @ x 2m = V 2 wtR 402 Rx 4x Zk 2 age V EW RP Ha Rx 5 x Fk x m= 5 moi RV s+ (a) When the train is moving along a meridian only the Coriolis force has a lateral component and its magnitude (see the previous problem) is, 2m wv cos 0 = 2m w sind (Here we have put R0— v) 2n_ 54000 , V3. 86400" 3600 ~ 2 = 3-77KN, (we write 4 for the latitude) (b) The resultant of the inertial forces acting on the train is, So, Figuerat * 2% 2000 x 10° x a SSN Feor \ \) (We write X for the latitude here) Thus the train must move from the east to west along the 60" parallel with a speed, 1 oe 6 ; : OR cos k= x3 e5 x 10~* x 637 x 10° = 115-8 m/s.~ 417 km/hr We go to the equation given in 1.111. Here v, = 0 so we can take y= 0, thus we get for the motion in the xz plane. F,,= - 2mw R 6 cos 8 & + (mw? R sin 8 cos 6 + 2m wR sin 0 cos 0p) + (mo? R sin? @ + 2m wR sin? 0p) a This vanishes if 0= 0, p= -ke i Thus ve Y, i. 8 Vy ~ZOR sinO= ->@R cos d x 2@ v, cos 8 and =-g ia Integrating, z= ~7e X= wgcos gt? 1 1 7 3 So x= zogcos prt zogcesp : 2 20h oc (He 3 ° & There is thus a displacement to the east of 22m Vx. 5% G04 x500x 1x VW og ~ 26cm.66 13 1118 1119 1.120 1.121 Laws of Conservation of Energy, Momentum and Angular Momentum. As Fis constant so the sought work done A= Far F-(@-7) > oo yam So > me or, A= (3i4+4j )-[(2i-3j )- G42] )]= Git4j )-(i-5j )= 173 Differentating v (s) with respect to time dv a_ds a dt” 2Vs de ~ 2V5°™* (As locomotive is in unidrectional motion) 2 Hence force acting on the locomotive F = mw = 7 =fe-w 2 Let, at v= Oat ¢ = O then the distance covered during the first ¢ seconds Lyeele a. ep 2 22 4 2 (4242) 4.2 Hence the sought work, A = Fs = me (et = a se ‘We have 2as? i 2 2,28 T= zm = as or v= (1) Differentating Eq. (1) with respect to time 2m, = 4s, on, w= 288 Q) Hence net acceleration of the particle we View = (a +(222) = 28Vi5 Gay Hence the sought force, F = mw = 2asV1+ (s/R" Let Fi makes an angle @ with the horizontal at any instant of time (Fig.). Newton’s second law in projection form along the direction of the force, gives : F = kang cos 0 + mg sin @ (because there is no acceleration of the body.) As F tt d7"the differential work done by the force F’, N dA= F-d7= Fds, (where ds = | d7"|) = kang ds (cos 0) + mg ds sin® = te Hence, A= inf ome xX = kmgl+mgh= mg (ki +h).67 1122 Let s be the distance covered by the disc along the incline, from the Eq, of increment of ME. of the disc in the field of gravity : AT+ AU = Ay, 0+ (— mgs sin a) = — king cos a s - kang I kl - 5” Sina -koos a a Hence the sought work Ay, = kg [s cos 0 +1] _ __klmg : Ag= ~7apatg Using the Eqn. (1)] On puting the values A, = -0.05 J 1123. Let x be the compression in the spring when the bar m, is about to shift. Therefore at this moment spring force on m, is equal to the limiting friction between the bar m, and horizontal floor. Hence x= km,g [where x is the spring constant (say)] (1) For the block m, from work-energy theorem : A= AT = 0 for minimum force. (A here indudes the work done in stretching the spring.) so, Fr- Za? —kngx= 0 or >= F-kmg 2, From (1) and (2), F=k ™ = ke [m, + 2) 1.124 From the initial condition of the problem the limiting fricition between the chain lying on the horizontal table equals the weight of the over hanging part of the chain, ic. Anlg= kX (1-7) Ig (where A is the linear N mass density of the chain) So, ke 1 - 1-7 Q@) fr Let (at an arbitrary moment of time) the length ‘of the chain on the table is x. So the net friction force between the chain and the table, at this Ax moment : 3 Adx) fn kN= khang Q) 4 The differential work done by the friction forces : dh= frdi ~f,ds-m —kaxg(-de)= dg( 7h) ede @) (Note that here we have written ds = - dx., because ds is essentially a positive term and as the length of the chain decreases with time, dr is negative) Hence, the sought work done ° n = (1-4) nee t-ai* a-9) nF 13]68 L125 1.126 1.127 The velocity of the body, t seconds after the begining of the motion becomes v= ¥o+8t. Tht power developed by the gravity (m g’) at that moment, is P= mg" v= m(@ v5 + 8°t) = mg (gt— vosina) @ As mg” is a constant force, so the average power es Poa te mee tT where Ar’ is the net displacement of the body during time of flight As, mg"L Ar” so

= 0 2 We have wat at?, of, v= VaRt, t is defined to start from the begining of motion from rest. So, w,2 Ba VaR Instantaneous power, P= F'-V'= m(w,lt,+w,u, )-(VaR ti, ), (where i, and i, are unit vectors along the direction of tangent (velocity) and normal respectively) So, P= mw,VaR t= ma Rt Hence the sought average power ' ' fra ff morea

= 2 = 2 __ : fe o _ maRt? | maRt 2t 2 Let the body m acquire the horizontal velocity vp along positive x - axis at the point O. Hence (a) Velocity of the body t seconds after the begining of the motion, oe. > Vu vytwe= (vo—ket)i (1) Instantaneous power P= F: v= (- longi )+(vy-kgt) i= - lang (vy - kgt ) From Eq. (1), the time of motion t= v9/kg Hence sought average power during the time of motion + kang vp f Hrs (v5 — bee ya Oe : J -™ ~ 2 W (On substitution) From F, = mw, dy, — kmg = mw, = mv, or, v, dv, = ~kgdx = - agxde1128 1.129 1.130 69 To find v (x), let us integrate the above equation y x fut - ag f eae or, = y-age qa % 0 Now, Po Ft -maxgVv2-agx" (2) i 4 VP oak noe Yo For maximum power, 4 (Vv/)x -Xgx") = 0 which yields x= ae Putting this value of x, in Eq. (2) we get, ae -}mivag Centrifugal force of inertia is directed outward along radial line, thus the sought work " A= f mo r dr = 5 mo? (3 7 7) = 0-20T (On substitution) 7 Since the springs are connected in series, the combination may be treated as a single spring of spring constant. Kym Kt From the equation of increment of ME, AT+AU=A,, 2| x, +K, First, let us find the total height of ascent. At the beginning and the end of the path of velocity of the body is equal to zero, and therefore the increment of the kinetic energy of the body is also equal to zero. On the other hand, in according with work-energy theorem AT is equal to the algebraic sum of the works A performed by all the forces, i.e. by the force F and gravity, over this path. However, since AT= 0 then A= 0. Taking into account that the upward direction is assumed to coincide with the positive direction of the y-axis, we can write K O+dKAl?= A, oF 4-3 * Jar Ah h anf Fenga 7 fe,-mea . ° = me fa - 2 ay) dy = mgh (1 -ah) = 0. ° whence h = 1/a. The work performed by the force F over the first half of the ascent is nr Mr Ap= f Fay ame faa) a= 3 mg/4a. 0 ° The corresponding increment of the potential energy is AU = mgh/2 = mg/2a.70 1131 1.132 From the equation F, = 2 we get F,= [-#+3] 7 2a . To check, whether the position is steady (the position of stable equilibrium), we have to satisfy (@) we have at r= ro, the particle is in equilibrium position. ic. F,= 0 so, ry = 2 tooo a@u_[6a_ 2 We hve #4. (4 Putting the value of r= ry= 2, we get 2 4 _ _ . (as a and b are positive constant) au So, aoe ae which indicates that the potential energy of the system is minimum, hence this position is steady. (b) We have F- Sra perc For F, to be maximum, —"= 0 dr 3a = So, r= Sand then Friaas)” 53> As F, is negative, the force is attractive. (a) We have au -au Bo ~Gie -2ax and Fe =F = -2py So, Fe 2axi-2pyiand, Fa 2Varepy (1) For a central force, 7 F= 0 Here, rxFe= (ityj )x(-20xi-2Byj) = -2Bxyk-2axy(k)=0 Hence the force is not a central force. () As U= ox’ + By? So, Fw De 20x and B= ae -2By. So, FaVP+R -Vaareapy According to the problem F=2V a7x’+"y* = C (constant)h133 114 1135 71 or, w+ Bye £ x +4-— = =. mm, or, Pi= w(Yy-V¥2), where, p= m+n," reduced mass Similarly, Pin (3-7) So, [Pil= [Pal= B= vq where, vq = |¥f- 7%] (3) Now the total kinetic energy of the system in the C frame is Hence78 1.148 1,149 1.150 To find the relationship between the values of the mechanical energy of a system in the K and C reference frames, let us begin with the kinetic energy T of the system. The velocity of the i-th particle in the K frame may be represented as ¥;= ¥; + Ve. Now we can write - al = fe ae T= zmivi= Dm (r+0)- 40) 1 = =» pli 2 = Dmitry mite yd ym Since in the C frame }\ m,¥;= 0, the previous expression takes the form T= T+hmvb= T+ im? (since according to the problem ve= V) Q) Since the internal potential energy U of a system depends only on its configuration, the magnitude U is the same in all refrence frames. Adding U to the left and right hand sides of Eq. (1), we obtain the sought relationship 1G E Etamv As initially U= 0 = 0, so, E=T From the solution of 1.147 (b) zd T= zely-vl, As yin pe Lm Thus To oem te) Velocity of masses m, and m,, after t seconds are respectively. Hy = H+ Bit and Vy = +a Hence the final momentum of the system, a ee oe 7 P= my, vy +m, Vz = mV, +m, V2 + (m,+m,) gt Se = => = = Potmegt, (where, po= m,V, +m, ¥, and m= m,+m,) And radius vector, r= weet he (my, vy + mz V2)t 12 — tt (m, +m) 2 1 m, 2+ m, v3 =, oo ™mHM 2 = ot+>gt?, where Ye te 2 m,+m,79 1.151 After releasing the bar 2 acquires the velocity v, obtained by the energy, conservation : 1.152 1.153 m= due of, yx ry = a 2 Thus the sought velocity of C.M. a3 O+mx Vim, xVM vem" m+m, — (m, +m) Let us consider both blocks and spring as the physical system. The centre of mass of the system moves with acceleration a = o> towards right. Let us work in the frame of 1 2 centre of mass. As this frame is a non-inertial frame (accelerated with respect to the ground) we have to apply a pseudo force m,a towards left on the block m, and m, a towards left on the block m, As the center of mass is at rest in this frame, the blocks move in opposite directions and come to instantaneous rest at some instant. The elongation of the spring will be maximum or minimum at this instant. Assume that the block m, is displaced by the distance x, and the block m, through a distance x, from the initial positions. From the energy equation in the frame of C.M. AT+U=A,,, (where A,,, also includes the work done by the pseudo forces) Here, AT=0, U=LkG, +2¥ and F-m,F mF m, F(x, +x) Woy eee eects AL m, +m, m, +m, m, +m, or, Ree ex? = meee 2m,F So, Xx, +X. = 0 or, "+72" Timm) 5 6 2m, F Hence the maximum separation between the blocks equals : Jy + Em, +m) Obviously the minimum sepation corresponds to zero elongation and is equal to Jy (a) The initial compression in the spring Al must be such that after burning of the thread, the upper cube rises to a height that produces a tension in the spring that is atleast equal to the weight of the lower cube. Actually, the spring will first go from its compressed80 1.154 state to its natural length and then get elongated beyond this natural length. Let / be the maximum elongation produced under these circumstances. Then xl = mg @) Now, from energy conservation, Zeal? mg(Al+D+5xl? Q) (Because at maximum elongation of the spring, the speed of upper cube becomes zero) From (1) and (2), 2 ai 2mgal_ 3m gt = 0 or, Alm 288, ME « Therefore, acceptable solution of A/ equals 278 (b) Let v the velocity of upper cube at the position (say, at C ) when the lower block breaks off the floor, then from energy conservation. 1 Lite Lg (al?) amv 5x (Al? ~ 1?) - mg (I+ Al) (where = mg/x and Al = 778) or, v= 32 me 2 At the position C, the velocity of C.M; vo = m0 - Fk, theC.M. of the system (spring+ two cubes) further rises up to A yoy tol t Now, from ene ti Vy , gy conservation, 1 t x Om) ve= 2m) g dre, \ B I ae Ame ' Ce ae Ce AL But, uptil position C, the C.M. of the system L has already elevated by, ae (Al+m+0_ 4mg 00S eco anes ae Hence, the net displacement of the C.M. of the system, in upward direction &mg AYc= AYer+ M¥ca= ; Due to ejection of mass from a moving system (which moves due to inertia) in a direction perpendicular to it, the velocity of moving system does not change. The momentum change being adjusted by the forces on the rails. Hence in our problem velocities of buggies change only due to the entrance of the man coming from the other buggy. From the1.155 1.156 1.157 81 Solving (1) and (2), we get ye and y= 1 ie m 2" Mom As wth Vand tty” —- _-mv _Mv So, = om and ¥: 1 (M-m) 2° (Mm) From momentum conservation, for the system “rear buggy with man” (M+m)ip= mut vg) +Mig (a) From momentum conservation, for the system (front buggy + man coming from rear buggy) Mip+m (Us vp) = (M+m) vp ze Me e" Mem ie +m Putting the value of Vg from (1), we get So, at VR vR) mM_ => Si (M + my (i) Let of be the velocity of the buggy after both man jump off simultaneously. For the closed system (two men + buggy), from the conservation of linear momentum, Mvz+2m(i+vq)= 0 os Vp™ Vo+ <>» —2mii” or, *L" Som (@ (ii) Let ¥” be the velocity of buggy with man, when one man jump off the buggy. For the closed system (buggy with one man + other man) from the conservation of linear momentum : O= (M+ m0" +m") (2) Let v3 be the sought velocity of the buggy when the second man jump off the buggy; then from conservation of linear momentum of the system (buggy + one man) : (M+m)0" = Mvy+m(i+¥3) @) Solving equations (2) and (3) we get =. t- m(2M+3m)ia 4 (M + m) (M + 2m) From (1) and (4) a m me +S Grea? Hence v,>v; The descending part of the chain is in free fall, it has speed v= V2 gh at the instant, all its points have descended a distance y. The length of the chain which lands on the floor during the differential time interval dt following this instant is vdt.1.158 1.159 For the incoming chain element on the floor : From dp, = F,dt (where y-axis is directed down) ! ys 0- (vit) v= F, dt or F,= -Av= -2rgy Hence, the force exerted on the falling chain equals 4 v* and is directed upward. Therefore from third law the force exerted by the falling | chain on the table at the same instant of dy = => time becomes Av? and is directed downward. feet Since a length of chain of weight (Ayg) already lies on the table the total force on the floor is (2Ayg) + (Ayg) = (3Ayg) or the weight of a length 3y of chain. Velocity of the ball, with which it hits the slab, v= V2 gh After first impact, v = ev (upward) but according to the problem v= =p so e= ; qa and momentum, imparted to the slab, = my -(- mv) = mv (1 +e) Similarly, velocity of the ball after second impact, viee=ey And momentum imparted = m(v'+v")= m(1+e) ev Again, momentum imparted during third impact, = m(1+e)e7v, and so on, Hence, net momentum, imparted = mv (1 +e) + mve (1 +e) + mve?(1+e)+... = mv(L+e)(l+et+e’+...) = my ard, (from summation of G.P.) 1+ (+ = V2 gh aay mV2 gh / (y +1)/(- 1) (Using Eq. 1) i (4) = 0-2kg m/s. (On substitution) (a) Since the resistance of water is negligibly small, the resultant of all external forces acting on the system “a man and a raft” is equal to zero. This means that the position of the C.M. of the given system does not change in the process of motion. ie. 72= constant or, ATE= 0 ie. Sm, A7= 0 or, a + Aig) +M Aig = 0 de Thus, m(I"'+1)+MI= 0, or, Te -n (b) As net external force on “man-raft” system is equal to zero, therefore the momentum of this system does not change, So, O= m[W” +O ]+MIZ(01.159 1.160 1.161 1.162 83 (a) Since the resistance of water is negligibly small, the resultant of all external forces acting on the system “a man and a raft” is equal to aero. This means that the position of the C.M, of the given system does not change in the process of motion. ie. 7@= constant or, Arc= 0 ic. Sy m,Ar;= 0 or, m (Broa + OF) +M Ari =0 mI” m+M (b) As net external force on “man-raft” system is equal to zero, therefore the momentum of this system does not change, oe - Thus, m(I"'+1)+MI= 0, or, I= So, O= m[W" (N+ ]+Mi) or, y= - milo i) As 0” (t) or (0) is along horizontal direction, thus the sought force on the raft _MaeO Mm av" (0) dt m+M_ dt Note : we may get the result of part (a), if we integrate Eq. (1) over the time of motion of man or raft. In the refrence frame fixed to the pulley axis the location of C.M. of the given system is described by the radius vector we Mr + (Mam) Arog_ gy tm brn, Arte aT > > But Afy= -A Form and AT AT ag_m + ATor—m Thus Arc= oe Note : one may also solve this problem using momentum conservation. Velocity of cannon as well as that of shell equals V2 gi sina down the inclined plane taken as the positive x ~ axis. From the linear impulse momentum theorem in projection form along x — axis for the system (connon + shell) ie. Ap, = F, At: pcos a-MV2gisina = Mgsina At (as mass of the shell is neligible) poosa-MV2glsina or, At= ; Mg sina From conservation of momentum, for the system (bullet + body) along the initial direction of bullet mvp miy= (m+M)v, oF, v= vom (m+M)v, 07, v= ee84 1.163 When the disc breaks off the body M, its velocity towards right (along x-axis) equals the 1.164 velocity of the body M, and let the disc’s velocity’in upward direction (along y-axis) at that moment be v', From conservation of momentum, along x-axis for the system (disc + body) , , my my= (m+M)v, or Ve= oe (1) And from energy conservation, for the same system in the field of gravity : L L Ale ; amy 2 (m+M) vit mv’, + mgh’, where h’ is the height of break off point from initial level. So, 1 mvt 2 5 : Sm? = 3 (+) Gt m* yramyy time, using (1) oo ev or, vee ¥ eM) 2 gh’ Also, if A” is the height of the disc, from the break-off point, then, ve = 2gh" So, 2g (h" +h')= P- my" ; : (+m) Hence, the total height, raised from the initial level Le Mv ohh Mem (a) When the disc slides and comes to a plank, it has a velocity equal to v= V2 gh. Due to friction between the disc and the plank the disc slows down and after some time the disc moves in one piece with the plank with velocity v' (say). From the momentum conservation for the system (disc + plank) along horizontal towards Tight : my m+M Now from the equation of the increment of total mechanical energy of a system : FM +m) v?— Lm? = Ay, mv=(m+M)v' or v’ my? or, 504+ m) Fm Ay (m+my 2 : 1 2{ _n? ow 2 M+m 7 |e Ag mM Hence, Ay, = - (rear) e= -pgh mM where p= = reduced mas)1165 1.166 85 (0) We look at the problem from a frame in which the hill is moving (together with the disc on it) to the right with speed u. Then in this frame the speed of the disc when it just gets onto the plank is, by the law of addition of velocities, V = u + V2gh. Similarly the common speed of the plank and the disc when they move together is ¥ = u+— vigh. m +M Then as above A, = L(m+M) v2 - Lnv? - La? oe 2 2 2 m = dine {ese uv2gh +——> H} = Som 5m 20 VIR — mh (m+MYy = We see that Aj, is independent of u and is in fact just - g/ as in (a). Thus the result obtained does not depend on the choice of reference frame. Do note however that it will be in correct to apply “conservation of enegy” formula in the frame in which the hill is moving. The energy carried by the hill is not negligible in this frame. See also the next problem. In a frame moving relative to the earth, one has to include the kinetic energy of the earth as well as carth’s acceleration to be able to apply conservation of energy to the problem. In a reference frame falling to the earth with velocity v,, the stone is initially going up with velocity vy, and so is the carth. The final velocity of the stone is 0 = v,~ gt and that of the earth is v, + et (M is the mass of the earth), from Newton’s third law, where ¢ = time of fall. From conservation of energy 2 Jomg + 5 Mv} + mgh = 2M (v + a) 1 m Hence 2% (» + ii) = mgh Negecting 7 in comparison with 1, we get vB = 2gh or v, = V2gh The point is this in earth’s rest frame the effect of earth’s accleration is of order a and can be neglected but in a frame moving with respect to the earth the effect of earth’s acceleration must be kept because it is of order one (i.e. large). From conservation of momentum, for the closed system “both colliding particles” mv, + mv, = (m, +m) 0" ge Mts 1Gi22j5+ 247-68) a ye 3 or, v= m, +m, Hence |v] = V144+16 m/s= 46 m/s86 1.167 1.168 For perfectly inelastic collision, in the C.M. frame, final kinetic energy of the colliding system (both spheres) becomes zero. Hence initial kinetic energy of the system in C.M. frame completely tums into the internal energy (Q) of the formed body. Hence mel ye 2 Q= Tem 5H |r| Now from energy conservation AT= -Q = -hu a ay In lab frame the same result is obtained as - 12 =- Hl - vl (a) Let the initial and final velocities of m, and m, are iy, uz and V7, V3 respectively. Then from conservation of momentum along horizontal and vertical directions, we get : my uy = m,v, cos 0 (1) and my, = mv, sin ® Q tv; Squaring (1) and (2) and then adding them, w id= mi +12) Dennen Op pene Now, from kinetic energy conservation, 9 nN 1 1 1 = TmM= yma MM @) a iy om v= mai mad + v4) [Using @] m, m, or, wWi1-— = 2f1+— m, mM wy -m; cr (2) | mem @ 21) Pi So, fraction of kinetic energy lost by the particle 1, Litem 2 ym 7M : ve = 21-4 mut “ m-m, 2m ‘ 1. - [Using (4)] 6) my, +m, m,+m, (b) When the collision occurs head on, my, = my, + V2 @ and from conservation of kinetic energy,1.169 87 1 1 1 mut = > mv +> my} zmutym or, (eZ) (-1) vy, (/m-2 ne 1 +m,/m;) Fraction of kinetic energy, lost % ‘my - ma)" 4m mz ~1-3. ea = eas Using 6) -dmvel mo] aco wT (Using (5)] (6) or, (a) When the particles fly apart in opposite direction with equal velocities (say v), then from conservatin of momentum, m,u+0= (m,-m,)v (1) and from conservation of kinetic energy, mute dm Ped mg or, mw = (m,+m,) 7 Q) From Bq, (1) and (2), : mi? mu = aay ---Of> oo or, m,-3m,m,= 0 Hence ae as =O oe (>) When they fly apart symmetrically relative to the initial motion direction with the angle of divergence 0 = 60°, From conservation of momentum, along horizontal and vertical direction, my uy = m, v, cos (8/2) + m, v, cos (0/2) Q) and m, v, sin (8/2) = m, v, sin (8/2) or, mvs mH V2 Q) Now, from conservation of kinetic energy, 1 1 1 FMM +m Sm yt my @) From (1) and (2), mv mm, = 005 (8/2) |m, vy ++ |= 2m, vy eos (0/2)1.170 So, uy = 2v, cos (8/2) (Oy From (2), (3), and (4) my mi me 2 my or, 400s? (8/2) = 1+! te] Ae 4 m, cos” (8/2) vj = m, vi + my or, —= 400s” 2 271 m and putting the value of 8, we get, 7 2 2 If (¥4,,Vy) are the instantaneous velocity components of the incident ball and (%%_, May) are the velocity components of the struck ball at the same moment, then since there are no external impulsive forces (i.e. other than the mutual interaction of the balls) We have usina=Vvy , v%=0 MU COSC. = M Vy, + M Voz The impulsive force of mutual interaction satisfies da F d Fry)e F- S00) (F is along the x axis as the balls are smooth. Thus Y component of momentum is not transferred.) Since loss of KE. is stored as deformation energy D, we have 2 D= zm - dmv) jaw? loo 2 1g Le = mu’ cos’a — smvi ~ sma, -+ [ mPuteasta- mv? (mucosa mv.) ] . = [ 2m?ucosav,, - 2m?v,.2 | = m(vyyicosa - v,,2) 2 =m weos’a ] 4 cosa =o 4 = ad We see that D is maximum when u cosa Oy, a an 7 ae 4 . = Then qe Ma Leone b u ape 4 Sm On substiuting a= 45° x1171 1.172 From the conservation of linear momentum of the shell just before and after its fragmentation Warpty+yy @ where V7, ¥; and ¥3 are the velocities of its fragments. From the energy conservation 3yv*=v3+v3 403 Q) Now Vor Vig = V7-Ve=0E- 0" )) where ¥2 = "= velocity of the C.M. of the fragments the velocity of the shell. Obviously in the C.M. frame the linear momentum of a system is equal to zero, so = vitvy+v3=0 (4) Using (3) and (4) in (2), we get By = EP TEP + WEY = 37 4 2924 292 4 28D or, 20? + 2, F, cosO + 273 +3(1-y)=0 6) If we have had used 95=-¥{- 05, then Eq. 5 were contain 7; instead of ¥, and so on, The problem being symmetrical we can look for the maximum of any one. Obviously it will be the same for each. For ¥;t0 be real in Eq. (5) 453 cos?0 = 8(203 +3 (1-1) V) or 6(y - 1) = (4 - cos"0)F 3 So, sv Y SGD or Fpen=V2M-1) ¥ 4-cos’8 Hence ¥24aan = 1% Pla, =¥+V2 (0-1) vev(ieV2@-1) =1km/s Thus owing to the symmetry V yfnan)~ ¥2 ux) * Vaan) ¥ (1+ V2(n = 1) = 1 km/s Since, the collision is head on, the particle 1 will continue moving along the same line as before the collision, but there will be a change in the magnitude of it’s velocity vector. Let it starts moving with velocity v, and particle 2 with v, after collision, then from the conservation of momentum mu= mv, + mv, Of, u= Vv, +V2 (1) And from the condition, given, _ 1 toa _(bmt+ 2m) zm G 2 vty 1" es i u or, Yitve= -n) ie 2 From (1) and (2), vie (uv)? = (=n)? , Bed -2m, += We90 1.173 1.174 or, w-Wwutnu= 0 Vv. 2 2 So, ye Que eS = }[usViP-mn? |- Lua evI=m) Positive sign gives the velocity of the 2nd particle which lies ahead. The negative sign is correct for ¥, . So, ¥,= he (1-VI=2q) = 5 m/s will continue moving in the same direction. Note that v,= 0 if 1 = 0 as it must. Since, no external impulsive force is effective on the system “M +m’, its total momentum along any direction will remain conserved. So from p, = const. u mum Mv, cos@ or, v= ry Q) and from p,= const mv, Mv,sin0 ot, v,= “v,sinO= wtanO, [using (1)] Final kinetic energy of the system T,= fm} + dunt And initial kinetic energy of the system= Smt T,-T; So, % change = oe x 100 24 1 2, 2 l,m w eS smu tan 0+->M— <-> mu 2 2 792 | ee ee a Ami : 1 im 2! tan? 0 +5 Fp usec? @— > u mn be f él . {use # see 0-3) x 100 and putting the values of © and 57, we get % of change in kinetic energy= - 40 % (a) Let the particles m, and m, move with velocities ¥; and v2 respectively. On the basis of solution of problem 1.147 (b) zi oe BR BM =H |%-%|1175 1.176 91 As yLi, : mm, So, = av : B= pVvi+v) where pw mae (b) Again from 1.147 (b) 1 oo = peat ze |i %| So, T- Fuoted From conservation of momentum Pim Pi +P ae so (F-Bi') = Pi-22, py c0s8, + py'? = py’? From conservation of energy 2 2 Pr 2 2m, Eliminating p,' we get ry m2 ' qf my O=-~ ( z] ~ 2p; p,cos8, + py (- Z| This quadratic equation for p,' has a real solution in terms of p, and cos 0, only if 2 mi 4.cos’0, = 41-2) m, mi or sin, <— mi 2 a & 7 a ; mz ‘ m or sin®,s+—2 or sin@,2-— my o ip! This clearly implies (since only + sign makes sense) that 7 ‘ ma sin 8) pax = a . From the symmetry of the problem, the velocity of the disc A will be directed either in the initial direction or opposite to it just after the impact. Let the velocity of the disc A after the collision be v’ and be directed towards right after the collision. It is also clear from the symmetry of problem that the discs B and C have equal speed (say v”) in the directions, shown. From the condition of the problem, F 80, sino = Vazne /2 qa) For the three discs, system, from the conservation of linear momentum in the symmetry direction (towards right) my= Imv"sin@+mv' or, v= 2v"sinO+v' Q)92 1177 1.178 From the definition of the coefficeint of restitution, we have for the discs A and B (or C) But e= 1, for perfectly elastic collision, So, vsin 0 = v"—v' sin ® @) From (2) and (3), A i v (1-2 sin? @) ” (1 +2 sin? 6) 2 : vo {using (1)} Hence we have, y= vere =2) 6-H Therefore, the disc A will recoil if 1 < V2 and stop if y= V2. Note : One can write the equations of momentum conservation along the direction per- pendicular to the initial direction of disc A and the consevation of kinetic energy instead of the equation of restitution. (a) Let a molecule comes with velocity vj to strike another stationary molecule and just after collision their velocities become V”, and ¥”, respectively. As the mass of the each molecule is same, conservation of linear momentum and conservation of kinetic energy for the system (both molecules) respectively gives : ya Pee, and vie vite From the property of vector addition it is obvious from the obtained Eqs. that Vy LV) or 07,075 = 0 (b) Due to the loss of kinetic energy in inelastic collision v; > v'? + v' so, ¥°,+¥")>0 and therefore angle of divergence < 90°. Suppose that at time 4 the rocket has the mass m and the velocity v”, relative to the reference frame, employed. Now consider the inertial frame moving with the velocity that the rocket has at the given moment. In this reference frame, the momentum increament that the rocket & ejected gas system acquires during time dt is, dp= mdv+udtu= F dt or, or, mite F- wi1179 1.180 1.181 93 According to the question, F= 0 and = ~ dm/dt so the equation for this system becomes, mae, ini» dt” dt As dvtju so, mdv= —udm. Integrating within the limits : fmf Wo ¥en u mo Thus, v= win— m As dv] i so in vector form = - in 72 According to the question, Fi (external force) = 0 so av" dm , "a a As at iy so, in scalar form, mdv= -udm wdt dm or, “Ss u m Integrating within the limits for m (1) dm v m ee Oh ee oi m u ™y ™ Hence, m= mye") As F= 0, from the equation of dynamics of a body with variable mass; dv” —+dm =» <»dm @) ma a aye we Now dv"} jii"and since ic" V7 we must have | dv"| = vp da. (because vo is constant) where da. is the angle by which the spaceship turns in time df. So, -u Meyda o da= -4+™ m Vo m ™ m, or, a=-4 ae a( | uJ mv \m94 1.182 1.183 1.184 We have = —y on, dm= ~ ydt at 1 fe or, m= mo- pt 0 ™ Integrating i dm= - ms As i= 0 so, from the equation of variable mass system : ee a ee a (mg ~ UE) On ge 7 nF) 1 or, f dveF{ —4_— (mp ~ 2) 0 0 Hence v= a In ( aa Let the car be moving in a reference frame to which the hopper is fixed and at any instant of time, let its mass be m and velocity ¥" Then from the general equation, for variable mass system. dv” => —sdm m arte dt We write the equation, for our system as, dv” > —sdm — = morn F-0 Sas, te -9 (1) So S Git) = F F and v= 7 on integration. But m=m+ut $0, oo my (: “m) mM — => dv F Thus the sought acceleration, w= a 3 mo{1+ zx mM Let the length of the chain inside the smooth horizontal tube at an arbitrary instant is x. From the equation, —» => —»dm mw= F+u dt1.185 95 > ia? > as i= 0, F tt W, for the chain inside the tube Axwe T where K= 7 (1) Similarly for the overhanging part, AW T w= 0 cee Thus mw= F UW T or Nhw= hhg-T 2) h From (1) and (2), hg. AQ +h) W= RAE oF, w+nvE= he or, Gmye ips [As the length of the chain inside the tube decreases with time, ds = - dx] de or, vdve ae Integrating, foes en f ech (eh) 2 or, Fe ghin (i) or v= V 2h In (i) Force moment relative to point O ; > aM . N= ee 2bt Let the angle between M and N, a= 45° att = toe a oe @+b%)- bi) on ee ACN, , Se VE" [MIN] Vib +071 2b 2B? to big Vas bie 2p Verb ty > bt2 So, 26% bm a?+bPey oF, = VF (as tg cannot be negative) It is also obvious from the figure that the angle a is equal to 45° at the moment fo, when a= big, ie. fy = Va75 and N= 2Vie96 1.186 1.187 1.188 ae ~ * 1-2) M()=7rkp (erga xm (+84) 2 x ce = mvy gt sin( Fa) k)t zest * sin +a)@) 1 2 righ = mvost? cosa (-Kk): 2 mv, gt? cosa Thus M (y= “0S SE Thus angular momentum at maximum height a t_ Yosina ie > 3 ic} (7%) 2 2 ; o(5)- (G)satacoeas s7ie-niis 9g Alternate : TIIVVIVIITI7?X. ; : M()=0 0, M()= f Nae= f (Femz) ‘ fj ' e: = [++ 58?) «maa (xm) 5 (a) The disc experiences gravity, the force of reaction of the horizontal surface, and the force R of reaction of the wall at the moment of the impact against it. The first two forces counter-balance each other, leaving only the 4 force R. It’s moment relative to any point of A the line along which the vector R acts or along normal to the wall is equal to zero and therefore x > the angular momentum of the disc relative to 9 any of these points does not change in the given process. (b) During the course of collision with wall the position of disc is same and is equal to Y,¢ Obviously the increment in linear momentum of the ball Ap™’2mv cos a Here, AM = 72, x Ap'= 2mv cos a7 and directed normally emerging from the plane of figure Thus |AM|= 2mvl cosa (a) The ball is under the influence of forces T and m g’at all the moments of time, while QS moving along a horizontal circle. Obviously the vertical component of T balance m g’and1.189 1.190 97 so the net moment of these two about any point becoems zero. The horizontal component of T, which provides the centripetal acceleration to ball is already directed toward the centre (C) of the horizontal circle, thus its moment about the point C equals zero at all the moments of time. Hence the net moment of the force acting on the ball about point C equals zero and that’s why the angular mommetum of the ball is conserved about the horizontal circle. (b) Let o be the angle which the thread forms with the vertical. Now from equation of particle dynamics : Tcosa= mg and Tsina = mw’ Isina Hence on solving cos a. = a (i) o As |M | is constant in magnitude so from figure. |AM|= 2M cos a where M= |M,|= |%| = Lx mi"|= mv as Fav") Thus| A M|= 2mv1cos a= 2 mo I? sin a cos & _ 2mgl gee 7 Vv 4) (using 1). During the free fall time t= t = » the reference point O moves in hoizontal direction (say towards right) by the distance V7. In the translating frame as M (0) = 0, so a > AM= M,=7 : iW) = (-Vuithj )xm[gtj-Vi] a = -mVgCh+mVh(+k) J¢ ) : -mve(F)Femvaced) = -mVhk Hence |AM|= mVA The Coriolis force is.(2m ¥” x @). Here @ is along the z-axis (vertical). The moving disc is moving with velocity vy which is constant. The motion is along the x-axis say. Then the Coriolis force is along y-axis and has the magnitude 2m vy «. At time ¢, the distance of the centre of moving disc from O is vot (along x-axis). Thus the torque N due to the coriolis force is N= 2mvy ave along the 2-axis.1.191 1.192 Hence equating this to ae a. 2m vet or M= mvpct? + constant. The constant is irrelevant and may be put equal to zero if the disc is originally set in motion from the point O. This discussion is approximate. The Coriolis force will cause the disc to swerve from straight line motion and thus cause deviation from the above formula which will be substantial for large t If 7= radial velocity of the particle then the total energy of the particle at any instant is 2 where the second term is the kinetic energy of angular motion about the centre O, Then bmi? + Me bP ok a the extreme values of r are determined by 7 = 0 and solving the resulting quadratic equation HPP Mg we get From this we see that E=kKn+h) Q) where r; is the minimum distance from O and r, is the maximum distance. Then Lyo}s Be} ek +73) Hence, m= 2a? ‘Note : Eq. (1) can be derived from the standard expression for kinetic energy and angular momentum in plane poler coordinates : 13 1 3 T=5mr +5mro M = angular momentum = mr? The swinging sphere experiences two forces : The gravitational force and the tension of the thread. Now, it is clear from the condition, given in the problem, that the moment of these forces about the vertical axis, passing through the point of suspension N, = 0. Con- sequently, the angular momentum M, of the sphere relative to the given axis (z) is constant. Thus my, (Isin 0) = mv 1 Q) where m is the mass of the sphere and v is it s velocity in the position, when the thread forms an angle 5 with the vertical. Mechanical energy is also conserved, as the sphere is1.193 1.194 1.195 99 under the influence if only one other force, i.e. tension, which does not perform any work, as it is always perpendicular to the velocity. des i So, zmot mg cos 8 = z my? (2) From (1) and (2), we get, vp= VIgeasO Forces, acting on the mass m are shown in the figure. As N= mg” the net torque of these two forces about any fixed point must be equal to zero. Tension T, acting on the mass m is a central force, which is always directed towards the centre O. Hence the moment of force T is also zero about the point O and therefore the angular momentum of the particle m is conserved about O. Let, the angular velocity of the particle be w, when the separation between hole and particle m is r, then from the conservation of momentum about the point O, : m (979) To = m (wr), 75 or — r Now, from the second law of motion for m, T= F= mor Hence the sought tension; moprir mogrd fee nm re c On the given system the weight of the body m is the only force whose moment is effective about the axis of pulley. Let us take the sense of @ of the pulley at an arbitrary instant as the positive sense of axis of rotation (z-axis) As M,(0)= 0, so, AM,~= M,()= f Nd ' So, M,@= f mgRdt= mg Rt Oo Let the point of contact of sphere at initial moment (t= 0) be at O. At an arbitrary moment, the forces acting on the sphere are shown in the figure. We have normal reaction N, = mg sin o. and both pass through same line and the force of static friction passes through the point O, thus the moment about point O becomes zero. Hence mg sin ais the only force which has effective,torque about point O, and is given by |N |= mgRsina normally emerging from the plane of figure. As M(t= 0)= 0, so, Aif= (y= f Nat Hence, M(t)= Nt= mgRsinot100 1.196 1.197 1.198 Let position vectors of the particles of the system be O and O' respectively. Then we have, i= +79 @ ind 7," with respect to the points where 76 is the radius vector of O’ with respect to O. Now, the angular momentum of the system relative to the point O can be written as follows; Mm ¥ (xP) = D (7 «z)+ > (ena) {using (1)] or, ue i's x PY, where, P= 7 @ From (2), if the total linear momentum of the system, p’= 0, then its angular momen- tum does not depend on the choice of the point O. Note that in the C.M. frame, the system of particles, as a whole is at rest. On the basis of solution of problem 1.196, we have concluded that; “in the C.M. frame, the angular momentum of system of particles is independent of the choice of the point, telative to which it is determined” and in accordance with the problem, this is denoted by M. We denote the angular momentum of the system of particles, relative to the point O, by M,. Since the internal and proper angular momentum Mf, in the C.M. frame, does not depend on the choice of the point O’, this point may be taken coincident with the point O of the K-frame, at a given moment of time. Then at that moment, the radius vectors of all the particles, in both reference frames, are equal (7; = 7;) and the velocities are related by the equation, Wee Viti, a where ¥7 is the velocity of C.M. frame, relative to the K-frame, Consequently, we may write, ~ os — M= j + m(77i) or, Me mr, where m= > m,. or, M= Ws (72x mir) = M+ (7xp) From conservation of linear momentum along the direction of incident ball for the system consists with colliding ball and phhere + uy @) where v’ and v, are the velocities of ball and sphere 1 respectively after collision. (Remember that the collision is head on). As the collision is perfectly elastic, from the definition of co-efficeint of restitution, mvy = mv’ + vay 1] 0% or, V- y= -% Q)1.199 101 Solving (1) and (2), we get, 4% |. : Vo Yeo directed towards right. @->--- ™m "fp A : In the C.M. frame of spheres 1 and 2 (Fig.) P= ~ Pz and [Pil= 173] = wl - HI Also, Frc * ~Fac, thus M = 2[7{-x pi] Cc 1 m/2 4% As Fie L Diy vo al 7 % a > (where 7 is the unit vector in the sense of 77¢ xP; ) mp vol In the CM. frame of the system (both the discs + spring), the linear momentum of the discs are related by the relation, p;= - p>, at all the moments of time. where, B,= B= B= bye And the total kinetic cnetey of the system, T= $e v2, [See solution of 1.147 (b)] Bearing in mind that at the moment of maximum deformation of the spring, the projection of vz, along the length of the spring becomes zero, i.e. V,.1(.)= 0. The conservation of mechanical energy of the considered system in the C.M. frame gives. 2(3)"8- 2° +3(3) Mo @ Now from the conservation of angular momentum of the system about the C.M., 1 (40 a I+) m : 3} (3 %|~ 2[73-] 3 Yeon -1 or, Veet yy ™ a, - volt*i} ~ voli} as x< Uy= Uys Us - rox E = dx (b) Choose the location of the point mass as the origin. Then the potential erfergy dU of an element of mass dM = Mae of the rod in the field of the point mass is M1 dU=-ym yee where x is the distance between the element and the point. (Note that the rod and the point mass are on a straight line.) If then a is the distance of the nearer end of the rod from the point mass. ---------- 2 | k§—___———__ x ———__>™ ae atl mM [dx M I Ue S--mitu(t+2) The force of interaction is aU Lior mM ak a 7a |" a(a+) 1 7) ymM a se ae a Minus sign means attraction. As the planet is under central force (gravitational interaction), its angular monientum is conserved about the Sun (which is situated at one of the focii of the ellipse) 4A So, MV r,= MV_r, Of Y= > qa) 1 From the conservation of mechanical energy of the system (Sun + planet), ymsm 1 Po ele 2 zm ym, 14% (ym) 1 Ula (tm) it ing (1 or, fn +242 ry {tz sing () Thus, vy= V2ym,n1 0,47) Q) Hence M= myyry= mV2y m, ry 791 (ry +7)1.208 1.209 105 From the previous problem, if r, , r. are the maximum and minimum distances from the sun to the planet and v, , v2 are the corresponding velocities, then, say, yum, E= dmv} - ym, rym, ym, ymm, Hen a ore eee Od where 2a = major axis =r, +r, The same result can also be obtained directly by writing an equation analogous to Eq (1) of problem 1.191. 7 _yam, 2! 2m or (Here M is angular momentum of the planet and m is its mass). For extreme position += 0 and we get the quadratic EP +ymmy ~ we =0 The sum of the two roots of this equation are ym, Atenas s 2a From the conservtion of angular momentum about the Sun. mvp rosina= mv,r,= MV2 ry Of, ¥4r,= V2ry= Yr Sina (1) Thus E--" = constant From conservation of mechanical energy, 1 Y 1, yeelm™ zm va ym, vargsin?a “rm, or, >-- : 20% oF or, ri+2ym,r,-vorpsina= 0 / oe ==) 2 a) | -2ym,* ay 4(%% 7% So, = <> 1s “Tym, (ry 7m, . 2% : @-» mM, where 1 = V7y/ym,, (1m, is the mass of the Sun). 2 2 2 % ae 2 2 n[12V1-@-nnsin“a | s106 1.210 At the minimum separation with the Sun, the cosmic body’s velocity is perpendicular to 120 its position vector relative to the Sun. If 7,,,, be the sought minimum distance, from con- servation of angular momentum about the Sun (C). vol mg l= mVraig Of Ve —— (1) Trin From conservation of mechanical energy of the system (sun + cosmic body), 1 gman tm : . My Ym, M9 : So, sath (using 1) ae 2 2 Tain Worn or, V6 Taig + 2Y Mm, Fig Vol? = 0 = 2y m2 Vay? m? + ave v2 ym, eV? m2 + vee — ‘ "7 —==_—=——_——s—sem 2ve vg Hence, taking positive root Tain (ym, /¥3)[ VI + (1vg/ym, F - 1] Suppose that the sphere has a radius equal to a. We may imagine that the sphere is made up of concentric thin spherical shells (layers) with radii ranging from 0 to a, and each spherical layer is made up of elementry bands (rings). Let us first calculate potential due to an clementry band of a spherical layer at the point of location of the point mass m (say point P) (Fig.). As all the points of the band are located at the distance J from the point P, so, a= -12M (where mass of the band) @ aM=( seat) (2esind) (a8) - : ("sino ao Q And [?= a?+r?~2arcos®@ (3) Differentiating Eq. (3), we get Idl = ar sin d® 4) Hence using above equations (ew1.212 1.213 107 Now integrating this Eq. over the whole spherical layer Fea — = de Sav 2ar rma So do« -i © Equation (6) demonstrates that the potential produced by a thin uniform spherical layer outside the layer is such as if the whole mass of the layer were concentrated at it’s centre; Hence the potential due to the sphere at point P; yM_ p= fag -‘fam-- a This expression is similar to that of Eq. (6) Hence thte sought potential energy of gravitational interaction of the particle m and the sphere, Ua mp= -im (©) Using the Eq., G,= -22 M - G,=-Yy (using Eq. 7) So G= -M and Fe mG = ® 7 r (The problem has already a clear hint in the answer sheet of the problem book). Here we adopt a different method. Let m be the mass of the spherical layer, wich is imagined to be made up of rings. Ata point inside the spherical layer at distance r from the centre, the gravitational potential due to a ring element of radius a equals, dy = - 27 dl (see Eq, (S) of solution of 1.211) So, p= fdp= -¥™ Jate-™ () Hence G= -#. oO. Hence gravitational field strength as well as field force becomes zero, inside a thin sphereical layer. One can imagine that the uniform hemisphere is made up of thin hemispherical layers of radii ranging from 0 to R. Let us consider such a layer (Fig.). Potential at point O, due to this layer is,108 1.214 2 qo ne 3M yap, where dm = —M ae \ar an oR (2/3)nR?\ 2 (This is because all points of each hemispherical shell are equidistant from O.) R Hence, = fdp= ap foe 2M Be Hence, the work done by the gravitational field force on the particle of mass m, to remove it to infinity is given by the formula A= mg, since = 0 at infinity. Hence the sought work, 3ymM Ap-wa™ one (The work done by the external agent is - A.) In the solution of problem 1.211, we have obtained p and G due to a uniform shpere, at a distance r from it’s centre outside it. We have from Eqs. (7) and (8) of 1.211, Mo yM> on -T* and Ge -hF (A) Accordance with the Eq. (1) of the solution of 1.212, potential due to a spherical shell of radius a, at any point, inside it becomes -m, --22, o~ 4. const. and G,- -22~ 0 ®) For a point (say P) which lies inside the uniform solid sphere, the potential q at that point may be represented as a sum. Paige 4% where @ is the potential of a solid sphere having radius r and @, is the potential of the layer of radii r and R. In accordance with equation (A) m M__4~ 3 YM 2 es | ar Gan 3 ) R? The potential @, produced by the layer (thick shell) is the same at all points inside it. The potential @, is easiest to calculate, for the point positioned at the layer’s centre. Using Eq. (B) where dM = —! ar? a= (2!) Par (4/3) aR R is the mass of a thin layer between the radii 7 and r+dr. Thus Pisie = P1* P2™ (3% m)>-z] ©1.215 109 From the Eq. Ge =e yMr G, R ae ts or G R r v3 "er M . _ (where p = 4—— , is the density of the sphere) @) zaR 3 The plots @ (r) and G (r) fora uniform sphere of radius R are shown in figure of answersheet. Alternate : Like Gauss’s theorem of electrostatics, one can derive Gauss’s theorem for ooo o gravitation in the form § G-dS= -4 ny Minciosea » For calculation of G at a point inside the sphere at a distance r from its centre, let us consider a Gaussian surface of radius 7, Then, G,4nr= -4ny zy oy G,= -U, Ge ee a Hence, 7 -y3x0F [as p= os R? / R So, on f gare f th rar f ha r - R : Integrating and summing up, we get, 2 | oil] And from Gauss’s theorem for outside it : yM 2 G,Anr?= —anyM ot G,= Tp Thus of G,ar= 7 Treating the cavity as negative mass of density - p in a uniform sphere density + p and using the superposition principle, the sought field strength is : B-G+Z, or G= -fnrp7 + -Fya-p) = (where 77 and 7 are the position vectors of an orbitrary point P inside the cavity with respect to centre of sphere and cavity respectively.) n-r Thus Ga -Snye (7 )o gavel110 1.216 1.217 ‘We partition the solid sphere into thin spherical layers and consider a layer of thickness dr lying at a distance r from the centre of the ball. Each spherical layer presses on the layers within it. The considered layer is attracted to the part of the sphere lying within it (the outer part does not act on the layer). Hence for the considered layer dp4nr?=dF 43 v3" )axrtare) r (where p is the mean density of sphere) or, dP4nr'= or, dp= fay ptrdr R Thus pf ap- 2 (R27) (The pressuresmust vanish at r = R.) or, p=3 : 8 1- (?7/R?)) y M71 RS, Putting p= M/(4/3) xR? Putting r= 0, we have the pressure at sphere’s centre, and treating it as the Earth where mean density is equal to p = 5-5 x 10° kg/m? and R= 64x 107 km we have, p= 1-73x10"Pa or 1-72 10° atms. (a) Since the potential at each point of a spherical surface (shell) is constant and is equal to p= ~ 17%, [as we have in Eq. (1) of solution of problem 1.212] We obtain in accordance with the equation 1 1 U~Sfdmo~ Sof am LY) ne 2\ R 2R (The factor Fis needed otherwise contribution of different mass elements is counted twice.) (b) In this case the potential inside the sphere depends only on r (see Eq. (C) of the solution of problem 1.214) 3ym(,_ 7? 2R | 3R? Here dm is the mass of an elementry spherical layer confined between the radii rand r+dr: dm= (4nr7drp)= (BF)r#Mi R 1 U=>5 dm w1f (3m),24, [_3ym(, 2? WS G)ra{ ara er 0 After integrating, we get ya U=- R we 1218 Leto= Y = « circular frequency of the satellite in the outer orbit, r YMe ~ Vira ne ~ Stenlar frequency of the satelite in the inner orbit. r= Ar) @o So, relative angular velocity = a) where ~ sign is to be taken when the satellites are moving in the same sense and + sign if they are moving in opposite sense. Hence, time between closest approaches 2x 2x 1 { 45 days (6 = 0) = os 0-80 hour (6 = 2) Mt oO 32 3Ar Vm, |r QP +6 where 6 is O in the first case and 2 in the second case. yM _ 667x107" x 5-96 x 10% 2 o,= = = 98 m/s a Re (637 x 10 ri 2 2 2n 2x22 i ce 2 oe R= (7) k (saxaena7 | 627*10 0-034 m/s YMs _ 667x107" x 1.97 x 10 = ee 59x 107 m/s? Reon (149-50 x 10° x 10°) and @3= Then ©, : @,: ©; = 1: 0-0034 : 0:0006 1.220 Let h be the sought height in the first case. so cae ie 100° R+hy yM ee Ri+4) (142) R R112 1221 1.222 1.223 a 2A) 100 R From the statement of the problem, it is obvious that in this case h< m,) m,g-T,= m,w= m, BR 9 and T,-m,g= m,w (1) @ Now from the equation of rotational dynamics 1 of a solid about stationary axis of rotation. ie. q 2 N,= 1B, for the cylinder. or, (T,-Ty)R= 1B = mR’ B/2 (2) : i 2 Similtaneous solution of the above equations yields : 4 * wh (am, - m8 T, _m(m+4m,) and == a(m+me| Teme ea) ™g. ™ag.124 1.247 1.248 As the system (m +m, +m, ) is under constant forces, the acceleration of body m, an ‘m, is constant. In addition to it the velocities and accelerations of bodies m, and m, ai equal in magnitude (say v and w) because the length of the thread is constant. From the equation of increament of mechanical energy ie. AT + AU = Ay,, at time t whe block m, is distance h below from initial position corresponding to t = 0, 1 1 (mR?) vy? pment ~ km, gh a (as angular velocity @ = v/R for no slipping of thread.) But v? = 2wh So using it in (1), we get 2 (m, - kn, ) 8 ee ey @ m+2(m, +m) Thus the work done by the friction force on m, a: Ay, = — kamygh = bmg (30?) fam, ( m, ~ kam, ) g? 1? : © +2 (im, +m) (using 2). In the problem, the rigid body is in translation equlibrium but there is an angular retardation. We first sketch the free body diagram of the cylinder. Obviously the friction forces, acting on the cylinder, are kinetic. From the condition of translational equlibrium for the cylinder, mg= N,+kN,; Ny = kN, mg. mg ae Mo Tyee MoT For pure rotation ‘of the cylinder about its rotation axis, N, = JB, 2 or, - RN; R-EN, R= "Ep, kN; kngR(1 +k) mR? sere ee rae or, B= - aan aha 7 + KN, Now, from the kinematical equation, w= og + 2B, 4 9 we have, wg (1+k7)R Me TGseyg 7 because w= 0125 Hence, the sought number of turns, Ap _ (14k )R non” Bxk(1+k)g 1.249 It is the moment of friction force which brings the disc to rest. The force of friction is applied to each section of the disc, and since these sections lie at different distances from the axis, the moments of the forces of friction differ from section to section. To find N,, where z is the axis of rotation of the disc let us partition the disc into thin rings (Fig.). The force of friction acting on the considered element dfr= k(2xrdro)g, (where o is the density of the disc) The moment of this force of friction is dN, = -rdfr= -2nkogr’dr Integrating with respect to r from zero to R, we get N,= ~2nkog [Pare -2nkogR’. z oO For the rotation of the disc about the stationary dr axis z, from the equation N, = IB, Ey Thus from the angular kinematical equation ©, = Og, + Bt 3R 0, wage (BE) or re 2M oe oye )r ora 2 1.250 According to the question, 12. fo ot, I= 22 = ~ kat dt on To | it Integrating, Vo = - 5 + Voy 242 or, o- EE Oe oy, (Noting that at = 0, «= oy) oo Let the flywheel stops at t= f then from Eq. (1), fp = 2 : 2 Hence sought average angular velocity uv® k K1? Veo ke aT + Wp | dt = 2 a VO 3126 1.251 1.252 4M, Let us use the equation = = N, relative to the axis through O (1) For this purpose, let us find the angular momentum of the system M, about the given rotation axis and the corresponding torque N, The angular momentum is M, = Io + mvR = +m) m [where = zr and v= wR (no cord slipping)] So, aM, 2 a(S omn’)p, Q) The downward pull of gravity on the overhanging part is the only external force, which exerts a torque about the z-axis, passing through O and is given by, N= (T}pse aM, ZN Hence from the equation aN 2 (‘s oma’) p= T xeR B= <2 _39 = IR(M+2m) Note : We may solve this problem using conservation of mechanical energy of the system’ (cylinder + thread) in the uniform field of gravity. (a) Let us indicate the forces acting on the sphere and their points of application. Choose positive direction of x and @ (rotation angle) along the incline in downward direction and in the sense of @ (for undirectional rotation) respectively. Now from equations of dynamics of rigid body ic. F,= mw, and N,,= IB, we get : Thus, mg sina -f,= mw q@) and frR= 2mR?6 ® But fr's kang cosa In addition, the absence of slipping provides the kinematical realtionship between the accelerations : w= BR @ The simultaneous solution of all the four equations yields : kcos az 2 sina, or kz 2 tana (b) Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) [of part (a)}, we get :1.253 1.254 127 eine .= Fgsina, As the sphere starts at r= 0 along positive x axis, for pure rolling v= wetm Zgsinar 6) Hence the sought kinetic energy of 12 Rate 2 : Tm x mvt 5 mR? oo 797% (as @ v/R) 2 Lape eg 2 - im (esas) qa me sin at (a) Let us indicate the forces and their points of application for the cylinder. Choosing the positive direction for x and @ as shown in the figure, we write the equation of motion of the cylinder axis and the equation of moments in the C.M. frame relative to that axis i.e. from equation F, =, mw, and N, = I. By 2 mg-2T = mw,; 2TR = m8 As there is no slipping of thread on the cylinder w,= BR From these three equations ooo Sass ? 2 T $7 13N,B a 5 x 10° rad/s’ 28 () we have B= 3 So, w, = Zg>0 or, in vector form W, = Ps te P= F-v= F-(W,0) oo (2>\_ 2 = mB" (Fei = 5 mgt Let us depict the forces and their points of application corresponding to the cylinder attached with the elevator. Newton’s second law for solid in vector form in the frame of elevator, gives : 2+ mg’s m (- wh) = mis” (1) The equation of moment in the C.M. frame relative to the cylinder axis i.e. from N,= IB, - mR? mR? w re coe ao eeR [as thread does not slip on the cylinder, w’ = BR ]128 1.255 1.256 mw or, rT. mm As (I) TH? so in vector form 7 mw --% @ Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), w= 2 @™ ih) and sought force ee im @ i). Let us depict the forces and their points of application for the spool. Choosing the positive direction for x and @ as shown in the fig., we apply F,= mw,, and N,:= I, B, and get 0 mg sina. -T= mw; Tr= Ip “Notice that if a point ofa solid in plane motion is connected with a thread, the projection of velocity vector of the solid’s point of contact along the length of the thread equals the velocity of the other end of the thread (if it is not slacked)” Thus in our problem, v,= vo but vo = 0, hence point P is the instantaneous centre of rotation of zero velocity for the spool. Therefore v, = wr and subsequently w,= Br. sy Solving the equations simultaneously, we get = SSG 2 1-6 m/s mn 1+—5 1g mr Let us sketch the force diagram for solid cylinder and apply Newton’s second law in projection form along x and y axes (Fig.) : Jr, + frz= mw, @ and Ni +N,-mg-F=0 or N,+N,= mg+F (2) Now choosing positive direction of ¢ as shown in the figure and using N.,= I, Bp we get sR? mR? FR - (fr, + fr) R= B= a 7 Q) [as for pure rolling w, = BR J. In addition to, fry + fry sk(N, +N) (4)1.257 1.258 129 Solving the Eqs., we get 3kmg 3kmg Fs @ 3? % Fax" 33% kW, +N) a We(max)™ iq &k &k 3kmg)_ _2kg 1m 18 + Fras |= ig [ne 3238] 2-3k (a) Let us choose the positive direction of the rotation angle @, such that w,. and B, have identical signs (Fig.). Equation of motion, F, = mw,, and N,, = I. B, gives : Fcosa.- fr= mw: frR -Fr= I,B,= ymR? 6B, In the absence of the slipping of the spool w,.= B,R From the three equations w,,= w,= F1&S¢=C/R)I | where cos a> = (a) m(1+y) n ® (b) As static friction (fr) does not work on the spool, from the equation of the increment of mechanical energy A,, = AT. Ags dvi +} +> mR? % - tmasne : dm +y) 2m, xe Fm(L+y2m, (me } 2 pee fr 2 m(1+y) mg Note|that at cosa= r/R, there is no rolling and for cos a< r/R, w., <0, ie. the spool will move towards negative x-axis and rotate in anticlockwise sense. For the cylinder from the equation N, = IB, about its stationary axis of rotation. 2tr= Mp 7 p-2 ( For the rotation of the lower cylinder from the equation N,,= I. B, 7 ar atr= po pix a -B Now for the translational motion of lower cylinder from the Eq. F,= mw,. mg-2T= mw, 2 As there is no slipping of threads on the cylinders : w= Blr+ Br= 2Br @130 1.259 1.260 Simultaneous solution of (1), (2) and (3) yields a OE T= 0° Let us depict the forces acting on the pulley and weight A, and indicate positive direction for x and @ as shown in the figure. For the cylinder from the equation F,= m w and N= T.By We get Mg+T,-2T= Mw, re) Iw, and 27R +T,2R)= B= = Q) | For the weight A from the equation F,= mw, mg -T4= mw, ® As there is no slipping of the threads on the pulleys. = w,+2BR= w.+2w.= 30, (4) Simultaneous solutions of above four equations gives : 3(M+3m) We ry - [M+9m+—5 R (a) For the translational motion of the system (m,+ m,), from the equation : F,= mw,, F= (m,+myw, os, w.= F/(m, +m) 0) Now for the rotational motion of cylinder from the equation : N,, = J.B, r Fre ae or Bre = 2) But We= w.+Br, So Ean 2ee F(3m,+2m,) 8) m, +m, m, im, (m, + m2) (b) From the equation of increment of mechanical energy : AT= Aj, Here AT= T(t), so, Ti)= Ay As force F is constant and is directed along x-axis the sought work done. Ag,” Fx (where x is the displacement of the point of application of the force F during time interval t ) Wee1,261 1.262 131 a). eee 2m) =F (dm * 2m, (m, + m2) (using Eq. 3) Alternate : T(0) = Tiransianon (+ Trotangn (0) =T() 1 Fe amPean Pe @m+2m) = dm, +m,)(—FH—) 27 (Bey Sm 2 Gm, +m) | *2~2 | mr |” 2m, (m,, m,) Choosing the positive direction for x and @ as shown in Fig, let us we write the equation of motion for the sphere F,=mw,, and N,.=1,B, fr=m,wy; form 2m? 6 (wz is the acceleration of the C.M. of sphere.) For the plank from the Eq. F, = mw, F-f=m, wy In addition, the condition for the absence of slipping of the sphere yields the kinematical relation between the accelerations : wi =w +r d Simultaneous solution of the four equations yields : and wj=2 0 (a) Let us depict the forces acting on the cylinder and their point of applications for the cylinder and indicate positive direction of x and @ as shown in the figure. From the equations for the plane motion of a solid F,= mw,, and N..= 1,8, : keg = mW, of We kg () 2 ~kng k= "Eg or p= -248 Q) Let the cylinder starts pure rolling att = ty after releasing on the horizontal floor at = 0. From the angular kinematical equation @,= ,, + Bt, (+ a or o= ay 2 He (3) % From the equation of the linear kinematics, \ WMT VT — Vex Voce + Wet or v= O+kg ty (4)132 1.263 1.264 But at the moment f= fo, when pure rolling starts v,= wR so, kg tps (0-2 $4} oR Thus be 3 (b) As the cylinder pick, up speed till it starts rolling, the point of contact has a purely translatory movement equal to 5M. in the forward directions but there is also a backward movement of the point of contact of magnitude (w»t) - 5B 2) R. Because of slipping the net displacement is backwards. The total work done is then, Ag = kang (5. & - (ogo 2 a] = kong [zs - {-) BR - ooo] ning | 2F ag] « E The same result can also be obtained by the work-energy theorem, A, = AT. Let us write the equation of motion for the centre of the sphere at the moment of breaking-off: mv?/(R +1) = mg cos ®, where vis the velocity of the centre of the sphere at that moment, and 0 is the corresponding angle (Fig.). The velocity v can be found from the energy conservation law : mgh = 5 m+ 5 To, where J is the moment of inertia of the sphere relative to the axis passing through the sphere’s centre. i.e. [= 2 mw. In addition, v= or; h= (R +r) (1-cos 6). From these four equations we obtain w= Vi0g(R+n 177. Since the cylinder moves without sliding, the centre of the cylinder rotates about the point O, while passing through the common edge of the planes. In other words, the point O becomes the foot of the instantaneous axis of rotation of the cylinder. It at any instant during this motion the velocity of the C.M. is v, when the angle (shown in the figure) is B, we have my R 7 mg cosB-N,1.265 133 where N is the normal reaction of the edge 2 NR N or, vi= gR cos p - a From the energy conservation law, Li @ ead > oR? 2 lh zm mg R (1 - cos B) 2 0 But y= me mk : 3 mee, 7g. (from the parallel axis theorem) x Thus, Y= +S eR (1 - cos) Q) From (1) and (2) R WR vin (7005 B - 4) a The angle B in this equation is clearly smaller than or equal to a so putting = a we get R NoR ve E™ (70s 0 - 4) aoe where No is the corresponding reaction. Note that N = Ng. No jumping occurs during this turning if Ny > 0. Hence, vy must be less than Yaar VEE (008 4 4) Clearly the tendency of bouncing of the hoop will be maximum when the small body A, will be at the highest point of the hoop during its rolling motion. Let the velocity of C.M. of the hoop equal v at this position. The static friction does no work on the hoop, so from conservation of mechanical energy; E, = E> 2 2 Ld sd mR? ("2) — me R= bm Ov?+ tm sdmee(™ or, O+zmptzmR (#) mgR zm Qvy tymvsomR (i) +mgR or, 3v= B-2gR Q) From the equation F,,= mw, for body A at final position 2 : 7 mgr mo m(R] R Q) a134 1.266 1.267 1.268 As the hoop has no acceleration in vertical direction, so for the hoop, N+N'= mg @) From Eqs. (2) and (3), N= 2mg-"R @ As the hoop does not bounce, Nz 0 6) So from Eqs. (1), (4) and (5), 8gR-v ‘ aR oF Beka Hence vps VogR Since the lower part of the belt is in contact with the rigid floor, velocity of this part becomes zero. The crawler moves with velocity v, hence the velocity of upper part of the belt becomes 2v by the rolling condition and kinetic energy of upper part = ; 7 (2v)° = my’, which is also the sought kinetic energy, assuming that the length of the belt is much larger than the radius of the wheels. The sphere has two types of motion, one is the rotation about its own axis and the other is motion in a circle of radius R. Hence the sought kinetic energy do eo i Zh otzhm (1) where [, is the moment of inertia about its own axis, and J, is the moment of inertia about the vertical axis, passing through O, But, [= Zoe? and 1, = m7? + mR? (using parallel axis theorem.) Q) In addition to v v = 5 and @,= F @) Using (2) and (3) in (1), we get T’ = zs m? (: + a For a point mass of mass dm, looked at from C rotating frame, the equation is dmW" = F'+dmwtr” +2dm (0 xB) where 7” = radius vector in the rotating frame with respect to rotation axis and v” = velocity in the same frame. The total centrifugal force is clearly Fy= J amo?” = mo? R, is the radius vector of the C.M. of the body with respect to rotation axis, also 3? = = F.,,= mv. xd where we have used the definitions > m= > amr” and mv =D dmv1.269 1.270 135 Consider a small element of length dx at a distance x from the point C, which is rotating in a circle of radius r= x sin @ Now, mass of the element = (7) o! So, centrifugal force acting on this element - 7 dco? x sin @ and moment of this force about C, Jan |= (7]arorzsino-xeos0 2 a sin 2.0.x? de and hence, total moment 12 N= of mo in 20 eden Fmt sin 20, 0 Let us consider the system in a frame rotating with the rod. In this frame, the rod is at rest and experiences not only the gravitational force m Zand the reaction force R, but also the centrifugal force F.,. In the considered frame, from the condition of equilibrium i.e. Ny, = 0 or, Neg = mg isin 6 where Nz; is the moment of centrifugal force about O. To calculate N,, , let us consider an element of length dr, situated at a distance x from the point O. This element is subjected to a horizontal pseudo force 7 dew xsin 0. The moment of this pseudo force about the axis of rotation through the point O is aNy= (7) dx ox sin 0 xcos 0 m @? 7 ~8in 8 cos @ x? de 1 2 2 72 So Ng= fe sin 0 cos 0x2 de = nol sin @ cos 0 @ o It follows from Eqs. (1) and (2) that, cos 8 = (ach) or O= oi) () 2071 207136 1271 1.272 1.273 When the cube is given an initial velocity on the table in some direction (as shown) it acquires an angular momentum about an axis on the table perpendicular to the initial velocity and (say) just below the C.G.. This angular momentum will disappear when the cube stops and this can only by due to a torque. Frictional forces cannot do this by themselves because they act in the plain containing the axis. But if the force of normal reaction act eccentrically (as shown), their torque can bring about the vanishing of the angular momentum. We can calculate the distance Ax between the point of application of the normal reaction and the C.G. of the cube as follows. Take the moment about Jnitial velocity — Axis. to the C.G. of all the forces. This must vanish because Initial iar vane the cube does not turn or tumble on the table. angular ake (ation, Then if the force of friction is fr momentum a fr ae N bx But N= mg and fr= kg, so Ax= ka/2 In the process of motion of the given system the kinetic energy and the angular momentum relative to rotation axis do not vary. Hence, it follows that 1M? 44 a3 Mie > Foe GM oP a7) 4 (@ is the final angular velocity of the rod) Mv? Mr? 2 and Jot Got ml? o From these equations we obtain o = o0/(1 +i) v= wgt/ Vi+3m/M Due to hitting of the ball, the angular impulse received by the rod about the C.M. is equal top i If @ is the angular velocity acquired by the rod, we have mi? el ga B tone oon B w In the frame of C.M,, the rod is rotating about an axis passing through its mid point with the angular velocity «. Hence the force exerted by one half on the other = mass of one half x acceleration of C.M. of that part, in the frame of C.M. 2, 2 m( 2t Orks pa z(° a) Se1274 1.275 137 (a) In the process of motion of the given system the kinetic energy and the angular momentum relative to rotation axis do not vary. Hence it follows that 12a Lr, (Ml?) 2 zm = pm +4 3 | 2 and mbm m/s eg From these equations we obtain vm (29-4), and @ = ——# 3m+4m |" 1(1+4m/3M) As 0” tt ¥2's0 in vector form 9 = ( 2 =4M) o> 3m+4M (b) Obviously the sought force provides the centripetal acceleration to the C.M. of the rod and is F,= mW a 2° 1(1+4M/3m) (a) About the axis of rotation of the rod, the angular momentum of the system is conserved. Thus if the velocity of the flying bullet is v. 2 mul = (2-4) 3 mm 3mv et as m< equals the velocity of CM. of the rod after the impact, Putting the value of v and w we get 2 peccoae ~Smv= 8! sinS Apm smv= MVE! sin 5 This is caused by the reaction at the hinge on the upper end.138 1.276 1.277 (c) Let the rod starts swinging with angular velocity w’, in this case. Then, like part (a) fo) 1 Srv mvx = | —+mx?]o' or of = 3 MI? Final momentum is a M,_ M 3.x Pym mxo! + fyo! > dym 50! Im S mye et 2 21 So, Ap= p,-pm mv (35-1) aa 2 This vanishes for xeGl (a) As force F om the body is radial so its angular momentum about the axis becomes zero and the angular momentum of the system about the given axis is conserved. Thus MR? 2 MR? 0) +mayR?= 7 (b) From the equation of the increment of the mechanical energy of the system : AT= Ag, (*77) © of = @) (1+ 2 Putting the value of « from part (a) and solving we get eet) M 2 2 pe ota ome} a oad 2 (a) Let z be the rotation axis of disc and @ be its rotation angle in accordance with right-hand screw rule (Fig.). (p and q’ are to be measured in the same sense algebraically.) ‘As M, of the system (disc + man) is conserved and M,,¢isiiat)™ 0, We have at any instant, R? O= me em | (Se) (ER) "2 de dt d mtg ° Po | m+ (m2) |? e e On integrati fa Sl i Je in integrating p= - ong mere /2 J ,, m, +(m/2) m or, e--|— |" @) m+ 2 This gives the total angle of rotation of the disc.1.278 1.279 139 (b) From Eq. (1) SF ———r— se dt m,| dt m,| R m+ mt> Differentiating with respect to time Z ae m,_\1dv'(t) roe Wee R dt m+ 2 162 at 2 m,|R dt m+ m,m,R f Thus the sought force moment from the Eq. N, = 1B, mR? g2@__ mR? (_m_\ 1 av (t oe 5 notes. men yea Coe ED (a) Frome the law of conservation of angular momentum of the system relative to vertical axis z, it follows that: Noy,+ho,= (h+h)o, Hence o,- (hoy +h o,)/(h+h) a Not that for «, > 0, the corresponding vector @ coincides with the poitive direction to the z axis, and vice versa. As both discs rotates about the same vertical axis z, thus in vector form. B= 18, +1,0,/(h+h) However, the problem makes sense only if @, tt@, or @, 1) @ (0) From the equation of increment of mechanical energy of a system: Aj, = AT. = Fhth)o2-Fhod+thok Using Eq. (1) hh 2 by” ECP ey Ou Ow) For the closed system (disc + rod), the angular momentum is conserved about any axis. Thus from the conservation of angular momentum of the system about the rotation axis of rod passing through its C.M. gives : L 1 nmi? my5~ mv 5+ eo @)140 1.280 (v is the final velocity of the disc and « angular velocity of the rod) For the closed system linear momentum is also conserved, Hence mv = my! +y my, (2) (where v, is the velocity of C.M. of the rod) From Egs (1) and (2) we get y= 2 and v- v= ny, Applying conservation of kinetic energy, as the collision is elastic 1 HA ae gm = gm Pom + “Te ) or Pare 4nv2 and hence v+v' = 4v, A Then 4 12v | Gn Vectorially, noting that we have taken v” parallel to 1” z= (3 . r 4+y v= 429 vand w= 4+ c So, a” = 0 for n= 4 and @ | tv’ for n>4 O- Yon See the: diagram in the book (Fig. 1.72) (a) When the shaft BB’ is turned through 90° the platform must start turning with angular velocity Q so that the angular momentum remains constant. Here 10 I (141) Q= yay 0, Q= TP The work performed by the motor is therefore 2 2 14 % 21+h If the shaft is tumed through 180°, angular velocity of the sphere changes sign. Thus from conservation of angular momentum, IQ-Iya= Ip SU +h) P= (Here - J) Wo is the complete angular momentum of the sphere i. e. we assume that the angular velocity of the sphere is just - w,). Then ®o Q= > and the work done must be, L 2 trate hog-Fia2=1.281 1.282 141 (b) In the case (a), first part, the angular momentum vector of the sphere is precessing with angular velocity Q. Thus a torque, hoe 8%, oy = Top is needed. The total centrifugal force can be calculated by, uy st o?xde= 1 mio? i 2 0 : / Then for equilibrium, 0 7 1 Ly (h-T) y= By 1 2 and, T,+T,= ymho A B Thus T, vanishes, when o7= 8, on V8 = 6 nds \ See the diagram in the book (Fig. 1.71). (a) The angular velocity @ about OO' can be resolved into a component parallel to the rod and a component w sin® perpendicular to the rod through C. The component parallel to the rod does not contribute so the angular momentum. M= Iosind = Jom? o sind Also, M,= Msin0 = ml osin?o This can be obtained directly also, (b) The modulus of M does not change but the modulus of the change of M is |AM|. | AM | = 2Msin( 90-0) = Fm? w sin2 (©) Here M, = Mcos0 = Iw sinO cos0 = Fo sind cosd 24 = J ml? 0? sin%0 Now | 7 as M precesses with angular velocity w.142 1.283 1.284 Here M= I is along the symmetry axis. It has two components, the part J cos@ is constant and the part M, = Iw sin@ presesses, then aM _ : | is |- ToosinO w' = mgl sind or, wo! = precession frequency = mal = 0-71ad/s (b) This force is the centripetal force due to precession. It acts inward and has the magnitude lFi- mei] = mo? Isin@ = 12mN. B; is the distance of the ith element from the axis. This is the force that the table will exert on the top. See the diagram in the answer sheet Ms ML Mz \ ™] See the diagram in the book (Fig. 1.73). The moment of inertia of the disc about its symmentry axis is d mR? If the angular velocity of the disc is w then the angular momentum is 5mR (. The precession frequency being 2x1, we have |# 2 x 2nn This must equal m(g+w)/, the effective gravitational torques (g being replaced by g+w in the elevator). Thus, ~ eee). = 300 rad/s1.285 1.286 1.287 1.288 1.289 143 The effective gis Vg” + w” inclined at angle tan! e with the vertical. Then with reference to the new " vertical” we proceed as in problem 1-283. Thus = z 2 1, MEN g' + we Netw = 08 rad/s. The vector © forms an angle 8 = tan = 6° with the normal vertical. The moment of inertia of the sphere is 2m ? and hence the value of angular momentum is 2mR 2, Since it precesses at speed «’ the torque required is 2 mR Pool FI So, Fe. 2 mk? @0'/I = 300N (The force F' must be vertical.) The moment of inertia is mr? and angular momentum is jmr? ©. The axle oscillates about a horizontal axis making an instantaneous angle. noe = @, sin = This means that there is a variable precession with a rate of precession # The maximum value of this is — ‘When the angle between the axle and the axis is at its maximum value, a torque Jw Q mr? WP ts on it. T acts on i = tate mr? OP, x The corresponding gyroscopic force will be =90N The revolutions per minute of the flywheel being n, the angular momentum of the flywheel v R Thus N = 2xINV/R = 5-97 KN. m. is Ix 2am. The rate of precession is As in the previous problem a couple 2x/nv/R must come in play. This can be done if a 2ninv RI forces. The force on the outer rail is increased and that on the inner rail decreased. The additional force in this case has the magnitude 1-4 kN. m. force, acts on the rails in opposite directions in addition to the centrifugal and other144 1.6 ELASTIC DEFORMATIONS OF A SOLID BODY 1.290 Variation of length with temperature is given by 1.291 1,292 I= h(1+aAt) or a. aAtee Oy 0 o But —< ju e-F, Thus o = aAt£, which is the sought stress of pressure. Putting the value of @ and E from Appendix and taking Ar= 100°C, we get o = 22x 10° atm. (a) Consider a transverse section of the tube and concentrate on an element which subtends an angle Ag at the centre. The forces acting on a portion of length A/ on the element are (1) tensile forces side ways of magnitude oArAl. The resultant of these is 2oArAlsin 2. oArAlAg radially towards the cente. (2) The force due to fluid pressure = prApAl Since these balance, we get Prac 0, where o,, is the maximum tensile force. Putting the values we get p,,,, = 19-7 atmos. (b) Consider an element of area dS = x (7 A@/2)* about z-axis chosen arbitrarily. There are tangential tensile forces all around the ring of the cap. Their resultant is X) a) o[ (+82) a] sn Hence in the limit 2 ra(‘S] - onx( Sr] ar a0 Ag 2 or Py = 39-5 atmos. Let us consider an element of rod at a distance x from its rotation axis (Fig.). From Newton’s second law in projection form directed towards the rotation axis -dT = (dm)w?x= Torxde On integrating 2,2 -T- mP_% +C (constant )1.293 1.294 145 But at x= shor free end, T= 0 232 2, mo* 1 mo ‘l Thus O= 2 ge eee 3 2 Hence - al L mo? 1 Thus Trax gat mid point) Condition required for the problem is x2, <— Trax = S Om diac 2 mol 2 So, ME = Soq or om TW Hence the sought number of rps o 1f% i = 08x 107 n= 307 ol f [using the table n 0-8 x 10°rps ] Let us consider an element of the ring ig.). From Newton’s law F, = mw, for this element, we get, Td0 = (= ) w?r [see solution of 1.930r 1.92} So, T= For Condition for the problem «— \T Tso or, MTs, Pe ge A . In? Gy — Om o, O48 =a mr? (2nrp) pr Thus sought number of 1ps Ir ne Soe, 1 2 = (lr p Using the table of appendices n = 23rps Let the point O desend by the distance x (Fig.). From the condition of equilibrium of point °. in@ = o mges 2 2rsind= mg or T= sahg7 ay V2) + q@) Tr a Now, aes cE or T= En Q) (o here is stress and € is strain.)146 oq FP @ 4 1.295 1.296 In addition to it, Viper? -t From Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) eg rece ES ae 7 So, 2 al 21? Ed” ws or, x= "(san) = 25cm Let us consider an element of the rod at a distance x from the free end (Fig,). For the considered element ‘T-T” are internal restoring forces which produce elongation and dT provides the acceleration to the element. For the element from Newton’s law : im \i. fe aT = (dm)w . (7) = Te As free end has zero tension, on integrating the above expression, F, F, far fas or T=—x iE I ° ° Elongation in the considered element of lenght dx : s T Fade aba Ee) dem sp de “Ser L F,1 F, Thus total elengation § = __ f xde= 2s 7 ae Lr Here b= width of the beam perpendicular to paper. an ° h Also, I ff Po oe CST -h2 2 Hence, (1) = 208° ~ (0.121 km)? Rj EW150 1.301 1.302 1.303 ‘We use the equation given above and use the result that when y is small Lady, d*y_ NG) _ Thus, ae EI (a) Here N(x) = Ny is a constant. Then integration gives, But (2) = 0 for x= 0, so C, = 0. Integrating again, Nyx ae Jen where we have used y= 0 for x= 0 to set the constant of integration at zero. This is the equation of a parabola. The sag of the free end is Nui? A=ya=De= TET (b)_In this case N(x) = F (1-2) because the load F at the extremity is balanced by a similar force at F directed upward and they constitute a couple. Then @y_ Pde» ac” At Integrating, 2 = Fe 2/2) +c, As before C, = 0. Integrating again, using y= 0 for x= 0 ie 7) ee 4 ET 3EI Here for a square cross section a2 t= f Paden 4/12. One can think of it as analogous to the previous case but with a beam of length 1/2 loaded upward by a force F/2. FP Thus A= SRP On using the last result of the previous problem. (a) In this case N(x) = deg bh(I-x) where b= width of the girder. Also T= bh°/12. Then,1.304 151 We d*y Perk G2 aixex), a ae ce dy 6g (2, 4X grating, “aoep I*x- a using Bo 0 for x= 0. Again integrating = Seg (ix? be? | xt) 2 ) For a solid cylinder we must integrate over 7. Thus 7 fzstees. aGo 7 21 ° ap 7 1.306 cuaiy we f 22°dree. Bq S ods - 43) afr using G- 81GPa= 81x10°N m d,=5x107?m, d,= 3x10°?m oo ie p= 20 30 radians, /= 3m uUx8lxa Nm 32.23% 90 (625 - 81) x 107N-m = 05033 x 10°N-m = 0SkKNm 1.307 The maximum power that can be transmitted by means of a shaft rotating about its axis is clearly N @ where N is the moment of the couple producing the maximum permissible torsion, p. Thus ‘ px Sty = 16-9 kw 1.308 Consider an elementary ring of width dr at a distant r from the axis. The part outside exerts a couple vena on this ring while the part inside exerts a couple N in the opposite direction. We have for equilibrium an Sars - ap154 1.309 1.310 where df is the moment of inertia of the elementary ring, B is the angular acceleration and minus sign is needed because the couple N (r) decreases, with distance vanshing at the outer radius, N(r,) = 0. Now m 5 d= ere area Pr 2m Thus aN= ant or, N= Tae on integration | Nid dp — + We assume that the deformation is wholly due to external load, neglecting the effect of the weight of the rod (see next problem). Then a well known formula says, elastic energy per unit volume 1 : 7 een 2708 This gives pme e? = 0-04 KI for the total deformation energy. When a rod is deformed by its own weight the stress increases as one moves up, the stretching force being the weight of the portion below the clement considered. The stress on the element dx is pur (l-x) g/nr = pg(l-x) The extension of the element is Adc= dAx= pg(l-x)de/E <—z Integrating Al = 1 p.g17/E is the extension of ’ dx the whole rod. The elastic energy of the element is 1 peux) PRED a Pe 2 E be Integrating : 2 AU= gar? pg P/E = 5ere(7)1311 1.312 1.313 1.314 155 The work done to make a loop out of a steel band appears as the elastic energy of the loop and may be calculated from the same. If the length of the band is J, the radius of the loop R = x Now consider an clement ABCD of the loop. The elastic energy of this element can be calculated by the same sort of arguments as used to derive the formula for internal bending moment. Consider a fibre ata distance z from the neutral surface PQ. This fibre experiences a force p and undergoes an extension ds where ds = Zdq, while PQ = s = Rdg. Thus strain a = Zz Ifo is the cross sectional area of the fibre, the elastic energy associated with it is 2) R Summing over all the fibres we get Elo 2_ Eldp IR t= “3p 2 $e Rdp a For the whole loop this gives, using f dg=2n, Elm 2EIn R 7 a2 2 noe Now re fiz naze 48 -o/2 1WENS 67 So the energy is 0-08 kJ When the rod is twisted through an angle @, a couple 4 nee © appears to resist this. Work done in twisting the rod by an angle @ is N(8)= then g = 73 on putting the values, ° xc fxoao- a 0 ar dr. 2 The energy between radii r and r+ dr is, By differentiation, "7 G @ an aPdr Ge _1Ger Its density is Derg to Ea The energy density is as usual 1/2 stress x strain, Stress is the pressure p gh. Strain is B x p gh by defination of 8, Thus un 46 (p gh)” = 23:5 kJ/m? on putting the values.156 1.7 1315 1.316 HYDRODYNAMICS Between 1 and 2 fluid particles are in nearly circular motion and therefore have centripetal acceleration. The force for this acceleration, like for any other situation in an ideal fluid, can only come from the pressure variation along the line joining 1 and 2. This requires that pressure at 1 should be greater than the pressure at 2 i.e. Pi>P2 so that the fluid particles can have required acceleration. If there is no turbulence. the motion can be taken as irrotational. Then by considering § vdl= 0 along the circuit shown we infer that Vy > Vy (The portion of the circuit near 1 and 2 are streamlines while the other two arms are at right angle to streamlines) In an incompressible liquid we also have div V"= 0 By electrostatic analogy we then find that the density of streamlines is proportional to the velocity at that point. From the conservation of mass ¥,S, = Sy qa But S, < S, as shown in the figure of the problem, therefore vy > Vp As every streamline is horizontal between 1 & 2, Bernoull’s theorem becomes Pt 5 pv = constant, which gives Py < Pz AV, > V2 As the difference in height of the water column is Ah, therefore Pz ~P; = pgdh Q) From Bemoull’s theorem between points 1 and 2 of a streamline 1 ia Pit PM = Pat 5 OM) 1 or, Pr - Pr = 3 0M ~ S pgAh= 5 pW -v) (3) (using Eq. 2) using (1) in (3), we get 4 [2ghh v= Sp #8 ae — Hence the sought volume of water flowing per sce i 2 2gAh Q = v5, = 5,5, aieirea: Sz - StA317 1318 1319 157 Applying Bernoulli’s theorem for the point A and B, 13 —_ A Pa= Pat sev as, v= 0 : en cee 2 or, 7PY = Pa Pam Ahpos ZAR poke Ah So, veV ; Thus, rate of flow of gas, Q= Sv=S 7 The gas flows over the tube past it at B. But at A the gas becomes stationary as the gas will move into the tube which already contains gas. In applying Bernoulli’s theorem we should remember that 7 + iv + gz is constant along a streamline. In the present case, we are really applying Bernoulli’s theorem somewhat indirectly. The streamline at A is not the streamline at B. Nevertheless the result is correct. To be convinced of this, we need only apply Bernoull’s theorem to the streamline that gocs through A by comparing the situation at A with that above B on the same level. In steady conditions, this agrees with the result derived because there cannot be a transverse pressure differential. Since, the density of water is greater than that of kerosene oil, it will collect at the bottom. Now, pressure due to water level equals /, pg and pressure due to kerosene oil level equals hy pg. So, net pressure becomes h, p; g + hy P & From Bernoulli’s theorem, this pressure energy will be converted into kinetic energy while flowing through the whole A. : a. ie, hy oygthps= 57 Hencev = V 2[nemes =3m/s 1 Let, H be the total height of water column and the hole is made at a height A from the bottom. Then from Bernoulli’s theorem. 1 pews Hh) og or, v= V(H- A) 2g, which is directed horizontally. For the horizontal range, /= v t = Vee ve = 2V@h-B)158 1.320 1321 2, Now, for maximum |, acini) =0 which yields he Zn 25cm. Let the velocity of the water jet, near the orifice be v’, then applying Bernoullis theorem, i t zev= bypgtsev or, ve=VvV 2g hy QQ) Here the pressure term on both sides is the same and equal to atmospheric pressure. (In the problem book Fig. should be more clear.) Now, if it rises upto a height A, then at this height, whole of its kinetic-energy will be converted into potential energy. So, 2 dove oo ze pgh or h or 7 . = Feo = Wem, [using Ea. (1)] Water flows through the small clearance into the orifice. Let d be the clearance. Then from the equation of continuity (2m Rd) v= (2urd)v= (2nd) vy or vp Ry= ure vyR, () where v, , v; and v are respectively the inward radial velocities of the fluid at 1, 2 and 3, Now by Bemoulli’s theorem just before 2 and just after it in the clearance a. Pot hpg= P+ 5PM 2 Applying the same theorem at 3 and 1 we find that this also equals 1 1 P+ 5p= pot zen @) (Since the pressure in the orifice is py ) From Eqs. (2) and (3) we also hence v= V 2gh 4 2 eeeee v 2 IR. = Po + hog (: - @) [Using (1) and (4)]159 ARR Let the force acting on the piston be F and the length of the cylinder be 1. Then, work done = Fl Q@) Applying Bermoulli’s theorem for points A and B,p= fev where p is the density and v is the velocity at point B. Now, force on the piston, Fe= p= 5 pvA (2) where A is the cross section area of piston. Also, discharge through the orifice during time interval t = Sv¢ and this is equal to the volume of the cylinder, i.e., v Ve Su or ves @) From Eq. (1), (2) and (3) work done Gi Zp vi/s?1? (as Al= V) 1.323 Let at any moment of time, water level in the vessel be H then speed of' flow of water through the orifice, at that moment will be an ® In the time interval df, the volume of water ejected through orifice, dV= svde 2) On the other hand, the volume of water in the vessel at time equals V=SH Differentiating (3) with respect to time, qs ® mee Sa dV= SdH so Pared geval 3 PA Eqs. (2) and (4) a S_dH _ SaH= svdt or dim 77 from (2) t oO : Ss dh cra Sa gS Vi 0 h Thus, Sy [2h sVg 1.324 Ina rotating frame (with constant angular velocity) the Eulerian equation is = = — a av" ~Vp + pi"+ 200" xB) + par?= p F— In the frame of rotating tube the liquid in the "column* is practically static because the orifice is sufficiently small. Thus the Eulerian Eq. in projection form along 7” (which is160 1.325 1.326 the position vector of an arbitrary liquid element of lenth dr relative to the rotation axis) reduces to 2 2 dr +po@r=0 or, dp= po rdr P r so, f & = pw? f rar ? a) 2 Thus pr) = Pot a ee a-Ay] Q) Hence the pressure at the end B just before the orifice i.e. 2 PW) = p+ 2 Qik - HY ® ‘Then applying Bernoull’s theorem at the orifice for the points just inside and outside of the end B Pot Spa (21h-h?) = po + $0? ( where v is the sought velocity) So, >> > ‘The Euler’s equation is p= f-Vp= -V(p+ p gz), where z is vertically upwards. dt p > Now e, Zee @ But CVT 3) =v Cul * 2) we consider the steady (i.e. 297 @¢ = 0) flow of an incompressible fluid then p = constant. cand as the motion is irrotational Curl v= 0 =/1 2 = So from (1) and (2) PV 5 = -V(p+pe) - V[p+ gorse) -0 Loy Hence pte +p gz = constant. Let the velocity of water, owing through Abe v, and that through Bbe vz, then discharging rate through A= Q,= Sv, and similarly through B= S vp. Now, force of reaction at A, Fy= Ox%= PSM1.327 1.328 161 Hence, the net force, F=pS(i-vy a FythF, 2) Applying Bernoulli’s theorem to the liquid flowing out of A we get 1 Po + PBI = Py + 5 PVR and similarly at B 1 Po + pg (t+ Ah) = py + > PVR Hence 3 - v2) A = Ahpg Thus F = 2pgSAh = 0-50N Consider an clement of height dy at a distance y from the top. The velocity of the fluid coming out of the element is v= V2 gy The force of reaction dF due to this is dF= pdAv’, as in the previous problem, = p(bdy)2 gy i Integrating F= pgb f 2y dy h-l =pagb[i? -(h-I?]= pgbl(2h-) (The slit runs from a depth h-/ to a depth h from the top.) Let the velocity of water flowing through the tube at a certain instant of time be 4, then u= &,, where Q is the rate of flow of water and 1.7? is the cross section area of the tube. ur From impulse momentum theorem, for the stream of water striking the tube comer, in x-direction in the time interval dt, F,dt=-pQudt or F,=-pQu and similarly, F,= p Qu Therefore, the force exerted on the water stream. 1—> x by the tube, >. > > F=-pQuit+pQuj According to third law, the reaction forcg on the tube’s wall by the stream equals (- F) = pQui-pQuj. Hence, the sought moment of force about 0 becomes = Weed i pould= poult= 2Lir N= Ii) x (p Qui- pQui)= pQuik= PSe 1k \ AN 2 and |N]= 22. o70 Nm xP162 1.329 Suppose the radius at A is R and it decreases uniformaly to r at B where S = nR? and s = 77°. Assume also that the semi vectical angle at 0 is a. Then Rory eles R-r So Ye eer where y is the radius at the point P distant x from the vertex O. Suppose the velocity with which the liquid flows out is V at A, v at B and u at P. Then by the equation of continuity RRV = my = yu The velocity v of efflux is given by v = V2gh and Bernoulli’s theorem gives 1 1 Pp + zw = Pot 5 where p, is the pressure at P and py is the atmospheric pressure which is the pressure just outside of B. The force on the nozzle tending to pull it out is then F -f (P,P) sind 2nyds ‘We have subtracted py which is the force due to atmosphenic pressure the factor sin 0 gives horizontal component of the force and ds is the length of the element of nozzle surface, ds = dx sec @ and x oh R-r tanO Gor Thus L, 1 R-r r-f 5 (? -w) p 2xy Can dx L, 1 R ‘ - wf ordre y f 4 2 2y2 OA foe a ae x(R° - r’) nro? Lt? + SoA) = oa (ABS = pgh (S-s)°/S = 602N on putting the values. Note : If we try to calculate F from the momentum change of the liquid flowing out wi will be wrong even as regards the sign of the force. There is of course the effect of pressure at S and s but quantitative derivation of F fron Newton’s law is difficult.163 1.330 The Buler’s equation is 0, = f--Vp in the space fixed frame where f= -pgk- downward. We assume incompressible fluid so p is constant. Then f= - V(pgz) where z is the height vertically upwards from some fixed origin. We go to rotating frame where the equation becomes a a ~V(p+ pgz)+parrt 2p" xa) the additional terms on the right are the well known coriolis and centrifugal forces. In the frame rotating with the liquid 0” = 0 so F([p+egz-h por? 0 or p+pgz-ipar?s constant On the free surface p = constant, thus zs wp + constant If we choose the origin at point r = fo (ce. the axis) of the free surface then “cosntant” = 0 and ze ee (The paraboloid of revolution) At the bottom z= 7 So p= Se ow” ? + constant If p= pg on the axis at the bottom, then P™ Pot ; pa? When the disc rotates the fuild in contact with, corotates but the fluid in contact with the walls of the cavity does not rotate. A velocity gradient is then set up leading to viscous forces. At a distance r from the axis the linear velocity is wr so there is a velocity gradient 7 both in the upper and lower clearance. The corresponding force on the element whose radial width is dr is n 2urdr 22 ~ (from the formular F = me ) The torque due to this force is 1 2nrdr = r and the net torque considering both the upper and lower clearance is R o 2 J 12m dr 7 = nRtan/h So power developed is P= aR‘w*n/h= 9-05 W (on putting the values). (As instructed end effects i.e. rotation of fluid in the clearance r > R has been neglected.)164 1.332 Let us consider a coaxial cylinder of radius r and thickness dr, then force of friction or 1.333 viscous force on this elemental layer, F = 2711 & This force must be constant from layer to layer so that steady motion may be possible. or, Far. nina. Integrating, or, Fin(y)- 2nInv Putting Ry, we get R, Fing= 2xIn% From (2) by (3) we get, Inr/Ry “0 in R/Ry Note : The force F is supplied by the agency which tries to carry the inner cylinder with velocity vp . ve (a) Let us consider an elemental cylinder of radius r and thickness dr then from Newton’s formula do dw Fe Qnrlyr = 2alyr m7 and moment of this force acting on the element, N= axrin re 2aPin® or, anindo= NS (2) As in the previous problem N is constant when conditions are steady ° dr Integrating, 2xIn fao- fe 0 Rx Nit or, 2alno= >|5-5 O) 2 Pr Putting r= Ry, = ©, , We get 2nIno,= 3 [ae a 6 3165 From (3) and (4), (©) From Eq. (4), 1.334 (a) Let dV be the volume flowing per second through the cylindrical shell of thickness dr then, a= -anran{t-B)- ann (Bu and the total volume, R r Rox Ve mmf (-z dr= 2m" F= ZR (b) Let, dE be the kinetic energy, within the above cylindrical shell. Then aT= 4 (dm) P= FOnrldrp)? i a Orie = pOxipranift—F)~ a pvolp aga Hence, total energy of the fluid, R oe 2 2 xR’ ply resto f (od) Hea 0 (c) Here frictional force is the shearing force on the tube, exerted by the fluid, which equals - 15 # 7 Given, ve w(t-B dv r So, Fm -2 v0 dv _2% And at re, Fa -=166 1.335 1.336 1.337 Then, viscous force is given by, F = - 9 (2n Rl) (<) r= R 2v, = -2aRml|-Fo]= danvyl (a) Taking a cylindrical shell of thickness dr and radius r viscous force, av Fe -y (xr) 7, Let Ap be the pressure difference, then net force on the element = Ap x P42 my re But, since the flow is steady, F,,= 0 r -2ayr& -2at neq] 2 or, Ap = a 4nvyV/R The loss of pressure head in travelling a distance / is seen from the middle section to be hy- hy= 10 cm, Since hy hy = hy in our problem and h,-h,=15cm=5+h,- hy, we see that a pressure head of 5 cm remains incompensated and must be converted into kinetic energy, the liquid flowing out. Thus oe. pg Ah where Ah= h;- h, Thus va V 2gdh w 1 m/s We know that, Reynold’s number (R,) is defined as, R,= pvl/n, where v is the velocity lis the characteristic length and 1 the coefficient of viscosity. In the case of circular cross section the chracteristic length is the diameter of cross-section d, and v is taken as average velocity of flow of liquid. Pd, v, ; Now, R, (Reynold’s number at x, from the pipe end) = oe where v, is the velocity at distance x, Rd, pdyy, dy and similarly, peat a ow R, 4% From equation of continuity, Ay v, = 4) ¥) or, ays mv, or div, r= dyv2rp dy, ment dyn” 11” reh = e7* (as x, -x,= Ax) Thus We know that Reynold’s number for turbulent flow is greater than that on laminar flow: pyd | Z2eiMiry 2 Po Varo n ™ Now, (R= and (R,),=1.338 1.339 167 But, (R.), = (Re); PY Me : so = ——— = Sums on putting the values. “me pram 7M - V Pod SS rs—r— 4 6anrv= SP (e- pos (p= density of lead, py = density of glycerine.) 2 va gqP-eder= Taye Poet 11 3 Thus 37 Jane P~ PDE Pod and = d= [97/p,(p- p,) gg] = 5-2 mm on putting the values. dv m= = mg-6nnWv a dy 6xyr or ee or Be iye gk SEU adv ie ie don cf or e ate ve ge or Ge'v= ge or vetn Fee or v= Z4ce™ (where C is const.) Since v= 0 for t= 0, 0= Bec oe So c= -¢ Thus v= fa-e*) The steady state velocity is 7 v differs from 7 by 1 where e~*= or t= inn a, =r°P Thus 20 Gia 4p) ep k 6nyr 18H 18y We have neglected buoyancy in olive oil.168 1.8 RELATIVISTIC MECHANICS 1.340 From the formula for length contraction (.- hVi- zh. nb 2 So, 1-4= (1-0) or ve evq(@=m) ¢ 1.341 (a) In the frame in which the triangle is at rest the space coordinates of the vertices are (000), (B. +5 jlo, frame the corresponding coordinates at time 1’ are BVI-F + 5.0) and cf VI-F + ae The perimeter P is then P= a+te(ja-me4) = a(1+V4—36" ) (b) The coordinates in the first frame are shown at time £. The coordinates in the moving frame are, a . . $9} all measured at the same time ¢. In the moving A:(vt’,0,0),B A (0,0,0) C (@,0,0) A: (vf, 0,0), B:(£V1-p? +’, “}.0}, c:(avi- : +m, 0,0) The perimeter P is then P= aVi-§ +S[t—pt+3] x 2=a(Vi-f + V4-fF) here B= ¥ c 1.342 In the rest frame, the coordinates of the ends of the rod in terms of proper length /, A: (0,0,0) B : (Ig cosQq , fy sin , 0) at time ¢. In the laboratory frame the coordinates at time t’ are A: (vt, 0,0), B: (« cosy V1 - B? +1", fy sin®), 0}1.343 1344 1.345 .169 Therefore we can write, Icos 0) = Iy.cos8y V1-f? and Isin @= Jy sin®, eee Bo (este aes) 8 1-6 T-psn76 o + VES Ac In the frame K in which the cone is at rest the coordinates of A are (0,0,0) and of B are (4, A tan @, 0). In the frame K’, which is moving with velocity v along the axis of the cone, the coordinates of A and B at time ¢’ are A (Cw, 0,0), B: (AVI - ig -w, htan @, 0) Thus the taper angle in the frame K’ is tan @ Ya-Y's anorn ee (. 22) and the lateral surface area is, S= wh’ sec0’ tan’ = xia - pV 4 BES | SV pcos? B 1-8 Here Sy = xh’ secO tan6 is the lateral surface area in the rest frame and h'= hV1-", B= v/c. Because of time dilation, a moving clock reads less time. We write, t-At=¢V1-6', B=2 2 Thus, ao 4 . . or, ve eV EEF) In the frame K the length / of the rod is related to the time of flight Ar by I= vat In the reference frame fixed to the rod (frame K’)the proper length /y of the rod is given by y= var But h=170 1.346 1,347 1.348 1.349 Thus, var = At 1-6? So 1-pe= ary? | he ar ar and = c Vary (ai? = c Ar 1-(a) The distance travelled in the laboratory frame of reference is vA t where v is the velocity of the particle. But by time dilation At= at So v= cV1-(At/At) 1-V/e? Thus the distance traversed is cAt V1 ~ (Aty/At)* (@) If % is the proper life time of the muon the life time in the moving frame is % v/e VX v/e and hence | = Thus woo tv (The words "from the muon’s stand point" are not part of any standard terminology) In the frame K in which the particles are at rest, their positions are A and B whose coordinates may be taken as, A: (0,0,0), B= (I, ,0,0) In the frame K’ with respect to which K is moving with a velocity v the coordinates of A and B at time fin the moving frame are A= (vt, 0,0) B= (iov1 = B + u1',0,0 yv re © Suppose B hits a stationary target in K’ after time 1’, while A hits it after time fy + At. Then, 1pV1-B +v'g= v(t's + At) So, In the reference frame fixed to the ruler the rod is moving with a velocity v and suffers Lorentz contraction. If Jy is the proper length of the rod, its measured length will be Ax, = V1-8", B=21350 1351 1352 171 In the reference frame fixed to the rod the ruler suffers Lorentz contraction and we must have Ax, VI-B = by thus y= Var, Ar, and feo ey eH Ax, Ax, The coordinates of the ends of the rods in the frame fixed to the left rod are shown. The points B and D coincides when f-hy Iy= Cy-Vfy OF fg= The points A and E coincide when ce, +h Om c+ V1-B? vty, = Thus At= t,-f = *(1+vi-F) 2 or (>) 7 s ¢ (0,0,0) (by 100) (C1-Vt,09) (Citlo ViA-vt,00) uy oe 2c? At/Iy Up/ bt ‘rom this ve - 1+CAP/E 1+(h/c diy In Kg the rest frame of the particles, the events corresponding to the decay of the particles are, A:(0,0,0,0) and (0,1, 0,0)= B In the reference frame K, the corresponding coordintes are by Lorentz transformation a oe 2V1-p : Vi-g : Now Vi-p =! by Lorentz Fitzgerald contraction formula. Thus the time lag of the decay time of B is vly vl vl vig C-B) e-¥ B decays later (B is the forward particle in the direction of motion) A: (0,0,0,0), B: At= (a) In the reference frame K with respect to which the rod is moving with velocity v, the coordinates of A and B are A:t,x,+¥(t-t,),0,0 B:t,x,+v(t-t,),0,0172 1.353 1.384 By Lorentz transformation f’ = > : 3) z v Thus I= x,- ¥(y-t)= V1 -B 1-V/e' 0) # h-vy-t)= =) VI-V/e (Since x4-xg can be either +l) or ly) Thus v(4,-t)= (= 1-Vi-v7/e, Ji, B A ; fo y be ene iv) a a +V1-v7e) or At the instant the picture is taken the coordintes of A, B,A',B’ in the rest frame of AB are A: (0, 0,0, 0) Al B’ B:(0, ly 0,0) ——>> > B' (0, 0,0, 0) oo A 8 Al: 0, -V1-v/c? , 0,0) In this frame the coordinates of B’ at other times are B’ : (t, vt, 0,0). So B’ is opposite to | B at time ¢(B) = > In the frame in which B’, A’ is at rest the time corresponding this is by Lorentz tranformation. Op 1 ty vbo\ fo. ape °@') ( 2] 1-V/e i = 2 Similarly in the rest frame of A, B, te coordinates of A at other times are ale Vi +m.0,0} ¢ | : : by y A’ is opposite ty A at time t (A) = a 1-3 c The corresponding time in the frame in which A’, B’ are at rest is Iy 1')= y1)= 2 FI Le 21.355 1.356 173 7 yx 1 So at time ee eee eve Ifx>01' <0, if x<0, 1 >0 and weget the diagram given below “in terms of the K-clock". kK FOOOOSO k DODOOOD The situation in terms of the K’ clock is reversed. Suppose x (t) is the locus of points in the frame K at which the readings of the clocks of both reference system are permanently identical, then by Lorentz transformation t= Foe) t V1 -V7/e? 2 7 So differentiating x(t) = £(1-YWi-% |= £(1-vi-p7), p= % Vv 2 ¢ Let B= tanhO, 0s 0<, Then = 55 (1-Vi-ano )= ¢ 508 ian AO ane (aes) eee sss sinh® cosh @+1 2 -(tan h 0 is a monotonically increasing function of 8) ‘We can take the coordinates of the two events to be A:(0,0,0,0) B: (At, a, 0, 0) For B to be the effect and A to be cause we must have At> lol In the moving frame the coordinates of A and B become A: (0,0, 0,0),B: [*(«- 3} vle-vaH,0,0] where y= ¢ Since 2 (arse | (a4) -L e-vany? |= (an?-S 0 3 Po e ea we must have Af’ > kl174 1.357 (a) The four-dimensional interval between A and B (assuming Ay = Az= 0) is : 5-3? = 16 units Therefore the time interval between these two events in the reference frame in which the events occurred at the same place is (lg-t,)= VI6 = 4m . oo fe 6 . 5 (b) The four dimensional interval between 4 A and C is (assuming Ay= Az= 0) 3 P-S= -16 2 So the distance between the two events in the frame 1 in which they are simultaneous is 4 units = 4m. 0 1.358 By the velocity addition formula ve ou Ye : Vi, "9 ev oe 2 MOT2 Yat Cece) ¥,V oe Veuve ed eV7e) iL y= Vita = (= V+ (= V7/C7) 1- 1.359 (a) By definition the velocity of apporach is ae, de, Vapproach ™ Gy ~ Gr = Vy —(- v2) = ¥y + ¥ in the reference frame K . (b) The relative velocity is obtained by the transformation law Wiel | Me Tee a ¢ ¢ 1.360 The velocity of one of the rods in the reference frame fixed to the other rod is a 1.361 The approach velocity is defined by > dry dry Vaggench™ Ge ge Vin Va in the laboratory frame. So Vigproaan ® WVi + ¥21.362 1363 175 On the other hand, the relative velocity can be obtained by using the velocity addition formula and has the components of vv so V,= Via -43 Vy, 1-|4 1? V2 a 2 The components of the velocity of the unstable particle in the frame K are foVieE t so the velocity relative to K is 4 % T2y2 fa Vaca Vav'?- 2 The life time in this frame dilates to v2 yp? yeype A Be and the distance traversed is vi Wav Ve Vi -W/ 2 Vi-w/ In the frame K’ the components of the velocity of the particle are A vcos @-V vee x7 Tv Veo8 0 ® @ c vsin @V1 - V/c? v= » 1-Ycosa ¢ vv v . Hence, an @’= = —’Sin®8_Vq yy 6 v, vcos0-V In K’ the coordinates of A and B are A:(f,0,-v't’, 0); B:(t,1,-v't’, 0) After performing Lorentz transformation to the frame K we get A:t=yf Bite y(t —vb Fg x= Ue Ne y(l+Ve) yave yee z=0 z=0 By translating ¢ — ¢ - “a we can write ¢ the coordinates of B as B:t= yt’176 a+ Vy B 1.365 In K the velocities at time ¢ and 1+ dt are respectively v and v + wdt along x - axis which is parallel to the vector V. In the frame K’ moving with velocity V with respect to K, the velocities are respectively, v-V and v+wdt-V wW Vv 1-5 1-(v+wdt) 2 2 The latter velocity is written as vy wa(t-3 v-V wdt eh . + > + + ‘ Vv Vv l-v-z 1-v 1- 2 i+ [ ye eg ¢ Also by Lorentz transformation dt-Var/e 4, 1- w/e V1-V/e" Vi-V se? Thus the acceleration in the K’ frame is dt = (b) In the K frame the velocities of the particle at the time ¢ and f+ di are repectively (0, v, 0) and (0, v + wat, 0) where V is along x-axis. In the K’ frame the velocities are (- Vivi -V7e ,0) and (- V, (v+ wade) VI - We? ,0) respectively1.366 1.367 1.368 177 Thus the acceleration wat Va - /c?) er we w(t - | along the y-axis. ¢ dt V1-V/e In the instantaneous rest frame v= V and w= —“__, (from 1.365a) We have used dt’ = cv (-3 So, -—“.-wa ve tae ¢ w’ is constant by assumption. Thus integration gives wt V 1+ (=) c 2 Integrating once again x= g ( 1+ a) . ] The boost time ty in the reference frame fixed to the rocket is related to the time t elapsed on the earth by ve 2 wt ) 172 tl —45-S1 mo m= V1-8' For B= 1, a. A a ” my“ V20-B) Eq ‘We define the density p in the frame K in such a way that p de dy dz is the rest mass dm, of the element. That is p dx dy dz= py dtp dy dz, , where Po is the proper density dey, dyy, dz are the dimensions of the element in the rest frame Ky Now dy dyy, dem diy, de = dey 1-5178 1.370 1371 1.372 if the frame K is moving with velocity, v relative to the frame Ky, Thus Defining by p= po(1 +n) it (2+ (+n? (+n)? We get 1+n~= of ~ Vien) _ eVn (2+) Q+n? l+y We have mMyv m 2 S—-=p o, —L—- Ving +85 1-5 6 ee V 4 r 1 “ moet 1 Pp o aa [ C me+p p+me or (oe VF eme yf _(mep [ae P -12 2 ce : ‘m ‘m So S-¥. 1-(1-(%4 xs00 6 = 3("8°} x 100% c P 2\p By definition of n, aon ymv or 1 “ot = 11M ae 2 vie or vecVi-4 avn =1 7 The work done is equal to change in kinetic energy which is different in the two cases Classically ile. in nonrelativistic mechanics, the change in kinetic energy is A gc? (0-8)? — (0°6)*) = $m c? 0.28 = 0-14 myc” — it is, - eae a mace 1-666 - 1.250) woos 08 V1-(«r ~The 7 me : = 0°416 myc? = 0-42 myc?1.374 1.375 1.376 178 or or Relativistically But Classically, B= -, so Pat Bat he myc’ Bar 4me r myc’ the velocity is given by the classical Yormula with an error Jess than €. Hence if From the formula mg? my E= p= f ve 7 vive "2 we find = E?= cp + mic’ o (me? T= cp + mac or TQme+D= op? ie. p= LVTQmc?+1) Let the total force exerted by the beam on the target surface be F and the power liberated there be P. Then, using the result of the previous problem we see F= Np- VTE rime - LVTE+Im 7) since = Ne,N being the number of particles striking the target per second. Also, These will be, respectively, equal to the pressure and power developed per unit area of the target if J is current density.180 1.377 In the frame fixed to the Sphere :- he fa The momentum transferred to the eastically scattered particle is 2mv The density of the moving element is, from 1.369, n and the momentum ae per : time per unit area is In the frame fixed to the — ++ When the! phere hits a stationary particle, the latter recoils with a velocity p= the pressure = vtv 2v The momentum transferred is .. 2mv 2 mnv? and the pressure is ——y-n-v= v 1- 1- e e 1.378 The equation of motion is (ee 7 F ree e F, Integrating « —2—- —B__.. mz? using v= 0 for t= 0 ’ or, p= ray of, v= Ft : (Fy? + (mpc Vgc)? + (Fe Fet dt === L£vFr +m o + constant IF? 2? + me c* -3S gts- F : : 2.2. (me)? my c* or using x= 0 at f= 0, we get x= Yc?r?+|—E-| -181 2 teas . et 1379 x= Va'+cef ,so x= v= >>> act? or, eS eS re a @ 2 - = d{_ mv - a 1380 Fa = = = my — tm BV ae we 1-4 1-45 ¢ ¢ Thus F,= m we a 1-6" > > ¥

a =0, which gives T=2T) Q From (1) and (2), we get, Prin V@R 2Ty (27, - Ty)" ¥? = 2RVAT, Consider a thin layer at a height A and thickness dh. Let p and dp + p be the pressure on the two sides of the layer, The mass of the layer is Sdhp. Equating vertical downward force to the upward force acting on the layer. Sdhpg+(p+dp)S= pS = So, 4,778 qa) But, p= 2 RT, we haved = Rar, or, -PRar=' gdh ae So, G0 B= -34K/um That means, temperature of air drops by 34°C at a height of 1 km above bottom.2.14 245 2.16 191 We have, # = ~ pg (See 2.13) Q But, from p= Cp" (where C is, a const) g- Cnet Q) . R , e have from gas low p= p27, so using (2) Cot px. oe te Moor ee HC lmtp" @ aT _ aT dp dp But, dh” dp dp dh = 1 -Mg(n-1 ari (-p8)= oR at = So, oe C(n-1 So, 7 (nD er R We have, dp = - p gdh and from gas law p= x P Q@) a, _Mg Thus oT REe Integrating, we get - h aw, Me if B _Me or, f o RT dh or, nD Rr 2 9 (where py is the pressure at the surface of the Earth.) pa pye MAT, [Under standard condition, py = 1 atm, T= 273 K , = 2B x 981 x S000/8314 x 273 0.5 atm, ~ 28 x 981 x(- SOOOYERI46 x73 9 stm] Pressure at a height of 5 atm = 1xe Pressure in a mine at a depth of 5 km = 1xe We have dp = ~ pg dh but from gas law p= fat, Thus dp= Bar at const. temperature eM ay, = e RT 1 ° ‘ Integrating within smi f -f aM yy, RT? 0 %o192 217 2.18 2. aM or, int Beh 7 RT So, p= pyeMEMFT and h= ~~ in 2 ° Me" po (@) Given T= 273°K, oe e RT, 1 Th ha 22 = 8km. us Sigihe' 7 8kn (b) T = 273°K and Por P - 0.01 or 2 = 0.99 Po Thus f= - FZ iq & = 0.09 km on substitution Mg 6% From the Barometric formula, we have p= poe Mewar o and from gas law p RT So, at constant temperature from these two Eqs. Mo ,-uewer : -wguer °" Er ” Poe Eq. (1) shows that density varies with height in the same manner as pressure. Let us consider the mass element of the gas contained in the coftmn. ME dm= p (Sdh) = ste MM Sch Hence the sought mass, h Mp5 -Ms WRT gp PoS & RT m= 1 e Meer | a) As the gravitational field is constant the centre of gravity and the centre of mass are same. The location of C.M. fran f roa Se im fran 0 o— But from Barometric formula and gas law p= pye~“5"/*"2.19 2.20 193 So, (a) We know that the variation of pressure with height of a fluid is given by : dp= -pgdh eM, But from gas law p= far or, p= or From these two Eqs. | - OME an a dp _-Mgdh p RT, (-ah) or, : dp _ -Mg f dh Integrating, f D7 RTS G-aiy get o Po In? = in(1- ah) M0/R% Po ah) Me/eRT, Hence, p=pil- Obvionsly h < i (b) Proceed up to Eg. (1) of part (a), and then put T = 7)(1+ah) and proceed further in the same fashion to get Po PO re ahha, Let us consider the mass element of the gas (thin layer) in the cylinder at a distance r from its open end as shown in the figure. Using Newton’s second law for the element F,= mw,; (p+ dp) S - pS = (pSdr)w?r or, dp= porrdr= eM otra194 P 2 So, 2, Mo dr or, fz a p RT P % Thus, ee : Po 2RT oe 2.21 For an ideal gas law p= ER T 500 So, P= 0-082 x 300 x= atms = 279'5 atmosphere For Vander Waal gas Eq. (os Fa}7—-vo= vRT, where V = Wy o vRT _av?_ mRT/M__an’ r, P* Woah yt" a7 “ara rg 2 - wea Se- 79-2 atm 2.22 (a) p= [r-6 =p “Blom (The pressure is less for a Vander Waal gas than for an ideal gas) a+) pp f[-t, ten] avy +b or, VE RT + yb | TY Wb) a (1+) (Vy- 4) ~ Rit Ve roy” (here Vy is the motar volume.) 135 x 1-1 x (1 - 0-039) = 9082x0139) 7 125K (b) The corresponding pressure is p-RT__ a _aen)__a Vy VE” Vu Vyt5) ve a Wy tA Vy-1Vn~2) a Vu) ig + B) vd Wy +b) . Ve @ 135 0-961 “TD *oa9 773m195 1 a - a 2.23 Pro RT yap yae a= Rae R(E-T) ] AP Ve R(7,-T, R(T, or, v-5- G0) or, b= V- R(t -T) 2 Pi Paget es Po-Pi_ a a 2 Pm V5 yt (% 2.25 fe 17-7," y? a 1@.-P) _, . TP Pit V0 | 26h vgn Pil, or, -T, Using 7, = 300K, p,= 90 atms, T)= a P,= 110 atm, V= 0-250 litre a= 1.87 atm. litre’/mole”, 6 = 0-045 litre/mole RT I, W-oy Vv? -1 (a ” = 7 (5, - [Seven y v2(V-b) é| RIV 2a v2(v- bP [R7V?-2a(V-5)] For an ideal coo 88S Ky= Rp (-oP {_ 2a(v—5)?] ey Ve Now x= ae Sta | =s(t-4) {2-a7(-4) | 2b = Kp 1-7 + Zh to leading order in a, b > a Now wk, if > 7 Tee If a, b do not vary much with temperature, then the effect at high temperature is clearly determined by b and its effect is repulsive so compressibility is less.196 2.2. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. HEAT CAPACITY 2.26 Intemal energy of air, treating as an ideal gas : Cc Using cy since C, ~ Cy = R and cn =y v “ya @ Thus at constant pressure U= constant, because the volume of the room is a constant. Puting the value of p= Py, and V in Eq, (1), we get U= 10 MJ. 2.27 From energy conservation U, + 50M) = Y, or, AU = guy But from Ue v2 ay = y-1 y-1 Hence from Eqs. (1) and (2). AT (trom the previous problem) My (y-1) AT OR 0) 2) 2.28 On opening the valve, the air will flow from the vessel at heigher pressure to the vessel at lower pressure till both vessels have the same air pressure. If this air pressure is p, the total volume of the number of moles of air initially in the two vessels, we have PV, = v, RT, and p,V,= v,RT, in the two vessels will be (V, +V,). Also if v, and v, be the @ After the air is mixed up, the total number of moles are (v, + v,) and the mixture is at temperature T. Hence PV, + V2) = (vy +¥2) RT Q) Let us look at the two portions of air as one single system. Since this system is contained in a thermally insulated vessel, no heat exchange is involved in the process. That is, total heat transfer for the combined system Q = 0 Moreover, this combined system does not perform mechanical work either. The walls of the containers are rigid and there are no pistons etc to be pushed, looking at the total system, we know A = 0. Hence, internal energy of the combined system docs not change in the process. Initially energy of the combined system is equal to the sum of internal energies of the two portions of air : v, RT, v,RT) oy U,= U,+U,= ~— yod @)2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 197 Final internal energy of (71, + n;) moles of air at temperature T is given by (v, + v2) RT Ca 4) Therefore, U;= U; implies : 7. eines PV, +P2V2 PiV,+P2Vy « = 1,7, vty. VT) + @,V,/T) PVT +P V2T From (2), therefore, final pressure is given by : _ Mtv PiVi+P2V2 POW Wey a V,+V, This process in an example of free adiabatic expansion of ideal gas. (MT +¥%2T%)= By the first law of thermodynamics, Q= AU+A Here A = 0, as the volume remains constant, So, Q= AU= ea AT From gas law, PoV=VRTp PoVAT So, oo. 0.25 T(y-1) Hence amount of heat lost = - AU = 0.25 kT By the first law of thermodynamics Q = AU+A pave : But Mm OTT Poi as? is constant) Ae aa : Qe tay it whe 73 Under isobaric process A= pAV= RAT (as v= 1) = 06K From the first law of thermodynamics AU= Q-A= Q-RAT= 1k3 Again increment in internal energy AU = s, for v= = Oo Thus Q-RAT= or y= oR are 16 Let v= 2 moles of the gas. In the first phase, under isochoric process, A, = 0, therefore from gas law if pressure is reduced n times so that temperature ie, new temperature becomes Ty/n. Now from first law of thermodynamics vRAT Q,= AU,= y-1198 _ oR (E-1)- VRTy (1-1) y-tln“)" nty-1) During the second phase (under isobaric process), A,= pAV= vRAT Thus from first law of thermodynamics : vR OQ, AU, +4, = “RAT, year T, n RIT, VRTy(n-1)¥ n(y-1) - Get Hence the total amount of heat absorbed vRT,(1-n) vRT(n-1)¥ my-i) * nGy=1) vRTy(n-1)y 1 en vaTy(1- a 2.33 Total no. of moles of the mixture v= v, +v, Q=2,+2)= Ata certain temperature, U= U,+U, or vCy= vy Cy +¥2Cy, R v: eee vy Cy +¥9Cy, (ia esl Thus yee . v4C, +V2C, Similarly ¢,- ——* ( 1k “) 1 win Cy, +™2%2Cy, H-lo *y-1 v v Thus 2 n=) +%2%% =) vite-D+v(n-1) 234. From the previous problem eee ae ae ty-1 ty Cys = 15-2 J/mole.K NytND2.35 2.36 199 7 ak | us ty-1 “2y,-1 and hoa 93.85 1/mole. K P Vit V2 . Total_mass 20+7 Now molar mass of the mixture (M) = > — Tm Tm 36 1 1 24 cy ¢, —_— ° | ped ee 5 Hence cys 57 042I/g K and c,= FP = 066I/gK Let S be the area of the piston and F be the force exerted by the external agent. Then, F + pS = poS (Fig.) at an arbitrary instant of time. Here p is the pressure at the instant the volume is V. (Initially the pressure inside is p,) nM A (Work done by the agen» f Fae Ye ny ny F =f @-ns-a~ f e-nav Res, % % WwW, ay - Ps Vv = Po(n-1)V Jf vav = potn-0)¥)-f ver % Yo = (= 1) py Vp - nRT In y= (1-1) vRT - vRT Inn = vRT(n-1-Iny) = RT(n.-1-Iny) (For v= 1 mole) Let the agent move the piston to the right by x. In equilibirium position, PS + Fagen = P25, % Fagen ™ (P2- Py) S Work done by the agent in an infinitesmal change dx is Fagen: 2 (Pz ~ p;) Sdx = (p,- p,) dV By applying pV = constant, for the two parts, Pi (Vo +Sx)= Po Vo and p2(Vo-Sx)= py Vo So, panpy= POO = eter Vi-s2 view When the volume of the left end is y times the volume of the right end (where Sx= V) -1 (Wo+V)= n(Vo-V), 0 V= 55%200 v v 2p) Vo V A=fe.-roa- f 7 dV = ~PoVo[ in v3)" 7 i; -Vv jo vo - ~PoVo[ In (Ve -V?)-In V5] : ~Povo[n{ v3- (2a) va | mv nel 4y +1? 7 Paolini)” Pov a 2.37 In the isothermal process, heat transfer to the gas is given by Vi; Vi Pa In the isochoric process, A = 0 Thus heat transfer to the gas is given by V; V, Q) = VRTpIn— = vRT)Iny [For oe 3 ie Q)= AU= vCyAT= Pare (= Cy= 7] y-1 But ee Toe = Tp {for n= 2 AT Pa Pr vR or, AT= )T)-Ty= (N-1)Ty 80, Q)= youl abae Thus, net heat transfer to the gas Q= vRT) Inn + .(y-1) Ty y-1 2. yel - or, RT, Iantyoa? or, vRT Inn yl or, yete—tel_. 1, _$1 1-4 -Ing ee eUxiOes ) iG VRTg 3x 8314 x 273 2.38 (a) From ideal gas law p = (F T= kT (where k= # For isochoric process, obviously k = constant, thus p = kT, represents a straight line passing through the origin and its slope becomes k. For isobaric process p = constant, thus on p ~ T curve, it is a horizontal straight line parallel to T- axis, if T is along horizontal (or x - axis) For isothermal process, T= constant, thus on p - 7 curve, it represents a vertical straight line if T is taken along horizontal (or x — axis) Leek For adiabatic process T’ p'~"= constant After diffrentiating, we get (1 -y) p"'dp-T'+yp!-'-T'"! dT = 02.39 2.40 201 at” \1-y}\p Jl 7 y-1 The approximate plots of isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic processess are drawn in the answersheet. (b) As p is not considered as variable, we have from ideal gas law #-(a)G)) Gal v= rev r(wheree = P P On V-T co-ordinate system let us, take T along x - axis. For isochoric process V = constant, thus k’ = constant and V= X’T obviously represents a straight line pasing through the origin of the co-ordinate system and k’ is its slope. For isothermal process T= constant. Thus on the stated co- ordinate system it represents a straight line parallel to the V- axis. For adiabatic process TV’ = constant After differentiating, we get (y-1)V""?dV-T+V"' dT= 0 ve al 4 aT y-1) -T The approximate plots of isochoric, isobaric, isothermal and adiabatic processess are drawn in the answer sheet. According to T'-p relation in adiabatic process, 7’ = kp’~ (where k= constant) “1 7) _ (P2)" r P2 and =| =|=— So, == 477 |for n= fe) aloe) Hence T=Ty-y ae = 290 x 1014-4 2 056 KK (b) Using the solution of part (a), sought work done VRAT | VRTy = Yee yee (a-™-1) = 5-61kJ (on substitution) Let (Pp; Vo, To) be the initial state of the gas. -vRAT y-1 But from the equation TV'~’ = constant, we get AT= Ty Oe = 1) at, (1"*~3) y-1 We know Agaig = (work done by the gas) Thus Avia™ On the other hand, we know A,,,= vRTy In Ga -vR yin y (work done by the gas) Agia Neleg 544 Ao (-1)Iny 0-4xInS ~ . Thus202 2.41 Since here the piston is conducting and it is moved slowly the temperature on the two sides increases and maintained at the same value. Elementary work done by the agent = Work done in compression - Work done in expansion ie. dA = p,dV-p,dV= (p,-p,)dV where p, and p, are pressures at any instant of the gas on expansion and compression side respectively. From the gas law p, (Vp + Sx) = vRT and p, (Vp - Sx) = vRT, for each section (x is the displacement of the piston towards section 2) 28x av. So, =p, = vRT= OE = vrT- as Sx = ee pe, eye So a= vaT— Yoav vi-Vv Also, from the first law of thermodynamics dA= -dU= -w ar (as dQ = 0) So, work done on the gas = - dA = av Ko ar Thus 2v—8_ are var 2, y-1 ve-Vv’ ay Va 5 Fria ; ay as When the left end is 1 times the volume of the right end, BS n-1 (Wo+V= My-V) or V= 15% fagent r v : 5 a vav On integrating f T oof Fo r 0 v T 1 or A o-n[-gmog-v)], = ~T [Inve -¥?) In Ve V7) In V6 | 2 2 mnvg-tova{ (221 ||. hin = 2 \ 2 Hence T= (3)2.42 2.43 2.44 203 From energy conservation as in the derivation of Bemoullis theorem it reads baay +gz+u+Q, = constant (1) In the Eq, (1) u is the internal energy per unit mass and in this case is the thermal energy per unit mass of the gas. As the gas vessel is thermally insulated Q, = 0, also in our case. Cyt Just inside the vessel u=—E— = MGeD atso E = AE Inside the vessel v= 0 also, Just outside p = 0, and w= 0. Ingeneral gz is not very significant for gases. Thus applying Eq. (1) just inside and outside the hole, we get in. 2 5 v ptt a . ah ke M *M(y-1) ~ MG-D 2. 2yRT a/R 8 Hence v= UT on v Moa 7 322 kms Note : The velocity here is the velocity of hydrodynamic flow of the gas into vaccum. This requires that the diameter of the hole is not too small (D > mean free path J). In the opposite case (D < eae By the first law of thermodynamics Q = AU+A Vo, Po(V2- Vi) = ‘Vz - V1) + a ln + Po(¥2- Vi) v.* @-» = wolVs-V) Ve y-1 VY 2.54 (a) Heat capacity is given by RT dV . C= Cy+ 57S (Gee solution of 2.52) We have T=T+aV on V= zr After differentiating, we get, ve 42.55 209 Hence (b) Given T= Ty +aV As T= i for one mole of gas p= Ea+av= a. oR v%, Now A= j pdV= “J (Fes ccn) av ow one mole) V2 = Ryn +0(V2- V4) 1 AU = Cy(T-1) = Cy[To + a V2 - Ta Vj] = aCy(V2-Vi) By the first law of thermodynamics Q = Aue -¥))+RTgin 2 + ak V,-¥) = aR(V,- vo[t+s pal emmy V2 = 8C,(V_- Vy RT Ing? Vv, = &C, (Vq~ Vy) +RToIn 7 Heat capacity is given by C = c+ a # (a) Given C= Cy+oT RIV a WV So, CyraT= Cyr Xo, Sare F Integrating both sides, we get BT = InV + In Cy = In VCp,Co is a constant. Or, VeCy= eS or Veet m 2m constant 0 (b) C= Cy +BV210 2.56 RT dV RT dV and C= Cyt Var oF V ar Cvt BV ae. wv par -2_ aT or, V dF BV or, a RT & v? TT Integrating both sides, we get Rye InT+InCy= In TC, Cow TC oY -ppv, 1 So, InT-Cy= ~ a5 T-Cyme or, Te G7 constant RT dv (© C= Cytap and C= Cy 5 Fe RT dv RT dv So, Cyt+ap= Cyt Var 8° P" yar or, aBT, RED Gag y= BF for one mole of gas) : Ven aan een ay, oe wv av or, or7 oh d= ad? or, dT= So,T= a constant or V- GT = constant (2) By the first law of thermodynamics A = Q - AU or, = CaT-CydT = (C-Cy)dT (for one mole) ' a Given Cer nt So, Cy (MT) - TM) Ty Fever ain = alnn-CyTy(n-1) = alnn + Aha-0 o) c+ +2 MY oc, Given Ce oe 80 oA. & or, jae Ga or, ¢. er yt q-y 2%. oDar-F Integrating both sides, we get2.57 2.58 2.59 211 or, q-pinv= -29=) rein RT - it =ay-1) OE Inv’ oe ae -1 Re aay, on BVI grav eq-09v or, pvté = RK = constant The work done is y, % RT a a-fra- J (25S) av Y Wane = RT In +a/—-— tb, (2) But from second law (37) : av), On the other hand _ “Eth So, (b) From the first law Q=A+AU= RT In (a) From the first law for an adiabatic dQ = dU+pdV=0 From the previous problem dU= (ar, _—- Cyat + av aay So, Om CyaT 4212 2.60 2.61 This equation can be integrated if we assume that Cy and b are constant then RW ar R TV-b tT % InT+ZIn(V-b)= constant or, T(V-6)*v= constant (b) We use a aU = Cyat + Gav RT Now, dQ= ee So along constant p, C= oe ee = (ar), RT (av RT a Thus C,-Cy= a(ar),: But p= v5 A ane RT 2a\ (av R On differentiating, 0 (ar () *V . (Fr - RTIV-b __V=-b : oT RT 2a > pee ae ara wv-by Vv RTV R id Cc, -Cy= ————— ane pov 1a RTV® From the first law Q= U,-U;,+A= 0, as the vessels are themally insulated, As this is free expansion, A= 0, so, U,= U; av But U= veyT- a> | -aVyv So, Cv; -De (ea) Vi, +V5) -aly-1) pv oF AT= Rv, +2) Substitution gives AT = -3K Q= U,-U,+A= U;-U;, (as A= 0 in free expansion). So at constant temperature. -av 2) v%-V, Oo ee | ee) eee V, Vi VV, = 0:33 kJ from the given data.213 2.3 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES. BOLTZMANN’S LAW AND MAXWELL’S DISTRIBUTION 2.62 From the formula p = nkT 2. 4x 10715 x 1-01 x 10° ae iE” “y38x1072x300 = 1x10" perm? = 10° per cc Mean distance between molecules (10~F e.c.)¥9 = 10% x 10-7 em = 0-2 mm. 2.63 After dissociation each N, molecule becomes two N-atoms and so contributes, 2 x 3 degrees of freedom. Thus the number of moles becomes m mRT olen) and p= (+n) Here M is the molecular weight in grams of Nz. 2.64 Let n,= number density of He atoms, n.= number density of N, molecules Then p= nm+nm, where m, = mass of He atom, m= mass of N, molecule also p = (n, +n) kT From these two equations we get (8/3) nv x 2 mv cos @ x dA cos 8 2.65 p= So wn = 2mnv cos’0 2.66 From the formula If i = number of degrees of freedom of the gas then C,= Cy+RT and Cy= gat Cc, ye fats? o in 2. c i oa P 2.67 Vcund = Viz. viz » ANd Ven = v=. vit Ves 1214 2.68 2.69 2.70 (a) For monoatomic gases i= 3 y, - VE - 0-75 vee V9 () For rigid diatomic molecules i= 5 Yround 7 fee Vig For a general noncollinear, nonplanar molecule mean energy = 247 (tanslational) +347 (rotational) + (3.N - 6) &F (vibrational) = GN - 3)&F per molecule For linear molecules, mean energy = der (translational) +AT (rotational) + (3N ~ 5) kT (vibrational) 7 ¢ N- 3} AT per molecule Translational energy is a fraction in the two cases. zwop™ (a) A diatomic molecule has 2 translational, 2 rotational and one vibrational degrees of freedom. The corresponding energy per mole is 37, (for translational) + 2 x $7, (for rotational) +1RT, (for vibrational) = fer 7 So v= ak and y= a7 (b) For linear N- atumic molecules energy per mole = (- 3) RT as before Thus, c 6N-3 6N-5 So, Cy= aw-3)R and y= (c) For noncollinear N- atomic molecules 3N-2 N-2/3 3N-3 N-1 Cy= 3(N-1)R as betore (2.68) y= In the isobaric process, work done is A= pdv= RdT per mole. On the other hand heat transferred Q = C, dT Now C, = (3N - 2) R for non-collinear molecules and c, (ew - 3] R for linear molecules2.72 2.73 2.74 215 Thus : 5 For monoatomic gascs, o> Given specific heats c, , c, (per unit mass) M(c,-¢,)=R or, M= Also J © C= Warnaen gk 20-7 29 7 C= Ba ® Y= aggt 4e5 ie 5 (b) In the process pT = const. r? aT dv y= const, So 27-770 Thus CdT = CydT+pdV= coarely aocreipa or C= Cy+2R= a3) So Cy= Hence i= 3 (monoatomic) Obviously 1 3 5 RV ht Zh (Since a monoatomic gas has Cy= 2R and a diatomic gas has Cy= Sr [The diatomic 2 molecule is rigid so no vibration}) 1623 2 ++ Room ZAZA He Cc, S¥+7¥ Gy 3n+5y Hence y= The internal energy of the molecules are U- fmN <-> = Sm So there is an increase in internal energy of AU = mw This will give rise to a rise in temperature of fmuv AT= i 2 nv iR there being no flow of heat. This change of temperature will lead to an excess pressure R o TL mNV p= “Vv oe, we . and finally DiRT 22% where M = molecular weight of N,, i= number of degrees of freedom of N2 (2) From the equipartition theorem ged 21 3, 4/3 kT ~V/2kT Lo. € gkT= 6x 10 Js and Vins * ae vas 0-47 km/s (b) In equilibrium the mean kinetic energy of the droplet will be equal to that of a molecule. SE 8 pge ZkT ot ue 3V 2kT 045 m/s 2 ee X Here i= 5,Cy= SR, y= Z given : a LDmDUmrCUMU a wae VIE sien aw 0 To aT Now in an adiabatic process TV!-1= TV constant or VT? = constant in ae = VT? of Vantin V or Veni n The gas must be expanded 1 times, i.e 7-6 times. cn Here Cy= SR (i= 5 here) m= mass of the gas, M= molecular weight. If v,,, increases 7 times, the temperature will have increased times. This will require (neglecting expansion of the vessels) a heat flow of amount S™re_i7Te- ROP -1)T = 10 WL.2.78 2.79 2.80 217 The root mean square angular velocity is given by $10? 2x Ser (2 degrees of rotations) or o= ue = 63 x 10” rad/s Under compression, the temperature will rise TV’~ += constant, TV = constant or, Ty = EHV or, T= nt” Ty So mean kinetic energy of rotation per molecule in the compressed state = kT = k Ty = 0-72 x 10 5 No. of collisions = tn von <> Vr (When the gas is expanded 7 times, n decreases by a factor 1). Also es T (vat or Ta nT so, Mo arent Now, i4d i.e. collisions decrease by a factory i ,i = 5 here. In a polytropic process pV" = constant., where 7 is called the polytropic index. For this process pV" = constant or TV"~* = constant aT dv T +(n-1) vo 0 Then dQ= CdT= dU+pdV= CydT+pdV i RT i 1 i 1 = gRaT+ yav= phat ~tpRar= ( ~aaa} Rat 2 Now 1(v\2_ Now = alr] : ae times = 755 times218 2.82 If @ is the polytropic index then pV%= constant, TV°~1 = constant. Now 1 1 Hence aie Ge RR Then Cay ey ak 2.83 v,= v=. vet -V2 - 0-45 km/s, Vay WER ow SL km/s and Vig xp = 055 km/s 2.84 (a) The formula is : df (u)= yee" Ga hee Pp 1+an Now Prob (“yeteon)-S df (u) , 1-8n “1 8 7 x2dn= 5 = 00166 (b) Pea 3,-32 v2, 12V3 32 Y exe x2 VF b= Tee bn = 00185 4 =>=x219 295 () Yme- Y= (VE -VE) WE « ay, m ak E (assay, ar) (b) Clearly v is the most probable speed at this temperature. So Ik = 384K 2.86 (a) We have, Coe ee A ee ee ¥ Pm any) P = ¥2, m(vi- So “= ne | 330K 2kint % ont comes from F (v)dv= df (u), du= a) > 7 S a S 1 _ ae sels UT UTy a fee ome es ele ql 2! VHT J8T , fF fe ™y My? “Pe M 2.88 In mie Mig = My /my , Putting the values we get v = 1-60 km/s220 Nava 3,3 2.89 dN (v)= ze" Te For a given range v to v + dv (ie. given v and dy ) this is maximum when 6 aN) ~4, 2) vi BNF a = (-%; “eye” . ee ee ode 290 @v= 2x, dv, dv, 372 = Thus dnon= Nar) e “aE (V+ vi) dv 2mv dys 2.91 = 0 by symmetry o o o i jeje f ple sta, /f care oO 2.92 fre 2 ByeQ)-# 2.93 Here vdA = No. of molecules hitting an area dA of the wall per second f aN (v,) v, dA o221 : wf ; dA 2.94 Let, dn(v,) = *(omz) be the number of molecules per unit volume with x component of velocity in the range v, to v, + dv, Then p= f 2my,+v,dn(v,)222 3/2 2 296 dN(v)= ™ (az) eo OT any? dye dN (e) = BO ge 3/2 @ : or, a - ¥(¢5a) erm ner 4, pe 1 dy Now, en ym so Sr- =, 3/2 WW) y(t) .-ur Yi = de - »(57) eS - ve (kee? nu ie. aN@)= Neue 2? de x The most probable kinetic energy is given from v2 £ MO. 0 ox, peter SoMa 0 of em fits ty . a iT The corresponding velocity is v = * vy 2.97 The mean kinetic energy is Oe de /f oe dew wh G2), Sur o T@G/2) Sa +omar ON 2 -3/2 ,- kT 1/2 eral! = (ki e e‘de W J ve 3era—sn) 2 3)? 6 s -3/2 (3) = 3/2 yee 6) 26n=3V® c?73n If 8 n= 1% this gives 09 % 2.98 a Fon f Vee" de ( 0 -7n” ve f eT de (eg>> kD)223 (1) *7Veq kT eV = 2 (In evaluating the integral, we have taken out Ve as Veg since the integral is dominated by the lower limit.) 2 2.99 (a) F(v)= Ave AT For the most probable value of the velocity dF (vy) | 2 -mi2it 4 3 2mV mer ae 0 or 3AVe -Av UT ° =0 So, This should be compared with the value v= YW ~E for the Maxwellian distribution. (b) In terms of energy, ¢ = im? 3 ,- mer av F (e)= Ave ie 32 w Al) e-t —1w get a V2me mm : From this the probable energy comes out as follows : F’ (e) = 0 implies 2A (,-wer__€ ,-ear sle ~ppe = 0, or, €,= kT Ble") - 2.100 The number of molecules reaching a unit arca of wall at angle between @ and 6 + 6 to its normal per unit time is af dn (v) £2 y 0050 =f o(ta) e721 3 dy sin 0 cos 0d 0x2" 0 12 * ogr \Y? ors S e-*24e sinocosodo n (2) sin 0 cos 0d 0 mn mn 0 2.101 Similarly the number of molecules reaching the wall (per unit area of the wall with velocities in the interval v to v +dv per unit time is B= x2 ave f dn(v) 2 vcos 0 0-0224 2.102 2.103 2.104 2.105 2.106 O- x2 : = “(sra) 7 ™ AT 3 dy sind cosO dO x 2x oe Fs ed : =P KT 3 oy nn (oer 7| e wide If the force exerted is F then the law of variation of concentration with height reads n(B = mye"2"T so, n= eF MT op Fe TON 9 10 N x RTinyn 6RTIny Here Fx ef? Mpg wht N,* xd gAph In the problem, = = 139 here 10 T= 290K, n=2, h=4x1075m, d=4x1077m, g=98 m/s”, Ap = 0-2 x 10° kg/m? and R= 831 J/k Hea N= 6 x 8-31 x 290 x In2 eer 23, “1 aa na * 10% = 6:36 x 10” mole -My, s/RT concetration of H -M, ae = Me My) gh/RT concentration of N,~ " % ne "2 So more Nz at the bottom, G = 139 ven] 0 ny (h)= ne", ny (h)= we They are equal at a height h where b= ef(™-mYiT m h kr Inn, -Inny "8 mam, At a temperature T the concentration 7 (z ) varies with height according to ne )= nye eT This means that the cylinder contains f n@) dz ny kT =f mene ds -- mg o particles per unit area of the base. Clearly this cannot change. Thus ny kT = py = pressure at the bottom of the cylinder must not change with change of temperature.2.107 2.108 2.109 2.110 225 Sf mece™*6™ az freta op FQ we aT Gy eT Goren, dz fev o When there are many kinds of molecules, this formula holds for each kind and the average energy AT = Lt AT ay where f; o fractional concentration of each kind at the ground level. The constant acceleration is equivalent to a pseudo force wherein a concentration gradient is set up. Then eo MRT 1 _y or eo coin aye URE Toe Mt Mt Ina centrifuge rotating with angular velocity w about an axis, there is a centrifugal acceleration wr where ris the radial distance from the axis. In a fluid if there are suspended colloidal particles they experience an additional force. If m is the mass of each particle then its _m a volume is 7 and the excess force on this particle is Fle ~ p>) wr outward corresponding to a potential energy - me =p) a? This gives rise to a concentration variation n= mor (+ rar o- eda) nr) M 2 Thus aey7 7 e(+ Tp RFP ~ Po (3-4) where 2M , M= Ny m is the molecular weight Thus M=- —2PRTing _ (- py) 07 (3-1) The potential energy associated with each molecule is : ~ 4m a??? and there is a concentration variation n(r)= ngex) mar? = Ny ex] Mai? 10 XP | ET rn ‘0 XP | ORT T 2 Thus ne oo (Sr e o- V2 nn zd226 2.111 2.112 Using M= 12+32= 44gm, I= 100cm, R= 831 x10 SE T= 300, we get w = 280 radians per second. ar’ Here n(r) = ng exp|- T= (a) The number of molecules located at the distance between r and r+ dr is 4nP drn(re= danger ($F) Par co 4p 2ar ©) ty is given by Lr?n(r)= 0 or, 27-2 0 or tym (c) The fraction of molecules lying between r and r+ dr is dN 4x7 drngexp (- ar/kT) v= J 4x? drngexp (-ar°/kT) [osroeo(-2 a: (3) of ex (-3) “(3 276-2)" Thus x. ( P3Vi= PyVi also V,= nV, Thus y= 1- Thus py = P27", py= Pn" and n= 1-n'"', with y= Zor Ny this is y= 0-602 c Cc 2118 Q, = Fp, (V2- Vi), Q'n= FF Pa (Vs~ Va) P2 (V3 - Vs) So =1- 1" PG-%) 1 Now p,= "py p, VJ or V3= nyV5 1 P2Vi= pV] or Vim ntV, 1-1 | 1- an so n Sao n2.119 2.120 229 Since the absolute temperature of the gas rises times both in the isochoric heating and in the isobaric expansion P,= "pz and V,= nV,. Heat taken is Q1= Qn + Qio where Q1,= C, ("= 1)T, and Qy= CyT, (-) Heat rejected is O'p= O'n + O'm where : ; 1 Q'n= CyT,("-1), O'p= i (@) Here p)= "p,, Pi V,= Po Vo» np, Vim Po V3 vi Qn= Ring, Q1= CyTy(-1) But nV{~*= Vg"! of, Vi= Vont i 1 RT, Q',= RTyInni-! = yan | isothermal ‘ ea 1 1 Qo Cempn) Thus n= 1- on using Cy= et =1 (b) Here V,= oe PiY.= PV and PMV)" = po Vg ie nT VI"'= VA! ot Vi= no 7T Vo v, Also Q, = C,T(n-1), Q'o= RTpin a PaNp,01To ane or Q',= RTyInny-1 tsothermat P83 Vo Thus nei- °% n-1230 2.121 2.122 Here the isothermal process proceeds at the maximum temperature instead of at the minimum temperature of the cycle as in 2.120. LNoT isothermal (Polo) QR Y,To ql z Rsochor | isothermal Q! adiabatic adiabatic she ok (2,7) (a) Vv Gye, 72 Qo fb) P (@) Here py Vi = poo Pa= i P2VI= poV§ ot py VI= po VS a ie. Virt= nvg-! or Vy= Vony-i VY, RT, Q= cvta{t- 5), Q= RTginy = yarns CyTpInn- 2’ n-1 Thus ne 1-9 inn V, (b) Here Vp= =, py Vo= PVs PoVe= py Vi= pyr TV} = Veta ty? or Via nit Dy, a 1 vy, _ OR Q',= 6,To(t-5} Qy= RTyny = zap toinn= C,T>nn n-1 ninn Thus — The section from (p,, Vy, To) to (Pz, Vz, To/n) is a polytropic process of index a, We shall assume that the corresponding specific heat C is + ve. Here, dQ = CdT = Cy dT +pdV Now pV“= constant or TV°~= constant. RT R so pd = 5-dV= - dT Poly tropic of Then C= Cy = 7 ete) Qh ad y-1 a-1 RT, PLY , We have p, V;= RTy= py V= = pi ae PaNajTo/n PoVo= Pi Vi= P2 Vx Po Va = Po Vi,2.123, 2.124 231 1 PiVo= pVE or vote Avy or Vy= Vony-1 e-1, Lya-1 = at Verte -Ve"! or Vien a-1¥,= ny-1-a-1 Vo o L _ | Now Q',= cnt} Q,> RIyingt = ar ~aei}™ CTyinn nel — n= t-vian R,YoJo 1 qh 1 q (@) Here Q'p= o(n-3)- oni(t-F} Q,- c(10-4) Along the adiabatic line Ty VE-1= T,(#V)™) of, Ty= Tint qT, (m-1) so Q,- Cy A (nt=1), Thus n= 1-05 (b) Here Q')= Cy(nT,-T), Q,= C,°T, (n~1) Along the adiabatic line TV’~!= constant 1 Ty Vg71= (7) or T= 2'"!Ty Thus nel 1Pe,Vo,Ton —> 1 2 Pe,Vo,To (ar (b)232 ©) Or 6, 70/1 “sp "r= RToInn, O,= CyTo(1 ~p 2-040", 1 i= 2. So ne ea 1-—“ + . C (1-7}+Rinm n ee ey eee , Rainn n-1+(y-1)ninn Cyn-1 ©) Q,= C,7)(#-1),0",= CyTo(n-1) Q'",= RTyInn, Q'.= O",+O", So nel gee n-1+(y-1)Inn y(@-1) 2.125 We have Q')= tRTyInv, QO") = CyTy(t-1)Q,= Q',+Q", and Q",= RTyInv, Q",= Cy Ty (t= 1) as well as Q, = Q,' +Q," and Q,' = Q,""+ 9," " Cy(e-1)+Rin St 2, eee Q Cy-1)+tRinv t-1 +iny io ut _ (-1)ny tah eeiny tine tat y-1 y-1 2.126 Here Q," = C,Ty(v- 1), Q'1" = tRTyun and Q," = CPT (t- 1), Q,'" = RTglnn in addition to we have Q,=Q;' +Q," and Oy = 0," +03" ie Ci (c-1)+Rinn Q', 01-520 1-Se oF | ca neRms 1 coe (t-y} t-1+(1-4)cinn Y 1-)inn ae -( 1) _ _(-1)Inn wote(t- Tein rian ED e1- =1-2.127 2.128 2.129 233 Because of the linearity of the section BC whose equation is c Dew E Po y,zt Ee Zep- on Pn yv We have == y or y= Vt > Q2 Here Q")= CTy (Vt -1), } cee -) RT, Thus Q',= Q"+0",= We -1) (: oa Q"",= CT, (! = Along BC, the specific heat C is given by CaT = CydT + paV = cyared(; av *)- (r+ +5R nar pp ytirel Thus Q, gRT I : Qo Vuty 1 _ (y-1)(¥t~1) Oe eet Gr Ger tT) We write Claussius inequality in the form (care where dQ is the heat transeferred to the system but dQ is heat rejected by the system, both are +ve and this explains the minus sign before 4, Q, In this inequality 7,4. > > Tyyq and we can write f $2-f 22 <0 Trax Tun 2 2a oy Tae 02 Thus p< (OO Tox Ton “2 (of or Se n Dy 87 Tagg Mewes We consider an infinitesimal carnot cycle with isothermal process at temperatures T+4T and T. Let AA be the work done in the cycle and 8Q, be the heat received at the higher temperature. Then by Carmot’s theorem234 2.130 2.131 2.132 2.133 6A aT x. P On the other hand 84 = dpdV= (# *| ardv while 8Q, = dU, +pdV = (>>| ele T WU) 7 (@) tence (29) ene 7(2) (a) In an isochoric process the entropy change will be { t ’ 1 1 1 i Vv V+dy For carbon dioxide y = 1-30 so, AS = 19:2 Joule/°K - mole (b) For an isobaric process, Ty Rl - - = — AS= C,In T, C,inn y=1 = 25 Joule/*K mole In an isothermal expansion V, - aL AS= vRin v. so, = 20 times V, ye AIR The entropy change depends on the final & initial states only, so we can calculate it directly along the isotherm, it is AS= 2RInn = 203/°K (assuming that the final volume is 7 times the inital volume) If the initial temperature is Ty and volume is Vp then in adiabatic expansion. -1 1 TV’ = Ty Vt so, T= Tyn'-'= T, where n= + vs V, being the volume at the end of the adiabatic process. There is no entropy change in this process. Next the gas is compressed isobarically and the net entropy change is 7 -(% ate As ( a “| ng!2.134 2.135 2.136 235 vy Vo Vo - But nr Ty Tyee Ton a a ee --m Ry / So AS (ie); Colne Fy nn = 97K The entropy change depends on the initial and 2,,Vojo final state only so can be calculated for any process whatsoever. ‘We choose to evaluate the entropy change along the pair of lines shown above. Then ty aT, veya? | vin oS ole 2 IS = = (-CyInB+C,Ina)v= 7A (rin a ~ In)» -11 To calculate the required entropy difference we only have to calculate the entropy difference for a process in which the state of the gas in vessel 1 is changed to that in vessel 2. q, 1 op e aT aT wl fotef oe 1 1 6 = v(C,Ina-Cyln a8) v (rina FE) - va{ma-78) With y= 3, a= 2 and B= 15,v= 12, Pst MAD this gives AS = 0-85 Joule/°K For the polytropic process with index n pV" = constant Along this process (See 2.122) eal 1 n- y-1 rip (-D@- py n- aT TT" G-pa-n - wf Tt236 2.137 2.138 The process in question may be written as P feat Po Vo where a is a constant and pg, Vp are some reference values. For this process (see 2.127) the specific heat is C= C+hR= R43) RIS Along the line volume increases times then so does the pressure. The temperature must then increase o”times. Thus oT, as- fc YRY+1 Pe yRIt Lin Te yet y-1 t if v= 2, y= 5, a= 2,A5= 461 Joule/*K Let (p,, V;) be a reference point on the line P= Pyo~ av and let (p, V) be any other point. The entropy difference AS= S(p,V)-S(,,V)) Pp Vv Po-aV =Cyn24C,in—= Cyn VER POV OY py For an exetremum of AS ace C. ease ore eG av p-aV'V or C, (Pp- aV)-aVCy= 0 v ony YPo a(y+1) or y(py-aV)-aV=0 or V= Vy= . . as This gives a maximum of AS because “>< 0 (Note :- a maximum of AS is a maximum of S(p, V)) Along the process line : S= a7 +CyInT as aT On the other hand : dQ = CdT = C,dT + pdV for an ideal gas. or the specific heat is : C= T= aT+Cy Thus, pdV = fave arar2.140 2.141 2.142 I, 2143 as. f 2. f mer) ar mb (Ty ~ T,) + ma In 2 . . 237 Rav av = dT of, Bin V+ constant = T , . R, Vv Using T= Ty when V= Vo, we get, T= Ty+7In7- 0 For a Vander Waal gas a +4) (-5)= RT fr vi) The entropy change along an isotherm can be calculated from Yy It follows from (2.129) that av), lar}, V-5 assuming a,b to be known constants. as= Rin Thus = avi’ Vy Ty : vy, as’ We use, AS= | dS(V,T)= a+} (=) wv ar}, OV) A 2 Mot 1, 4 tr, vy CyaT R T, V,-b -f 7 SA aV= Cyne Rng 7, Y, assuming Cy, a, b to be known constants. We can take S-+0 as T-+0 Then T = ay 2 ape dar? s-fc2 fe a= 5 aT o 0 r qr, T; r qt,238 2.144 Here T= aS" or S= (7) 2.145 2.146 2.147 = ” tea 1T" Then Col evans Clearly C<0 if n<0. We know, r s-5- f F-cnt assuming C to be a known constant. S- Sy c Tuen T= Tyexp ( da @ C=THa-5 1, h q, (b) Q= | CdT= ain T, 1 (©) W= ag-AU Since for an ideal gas Cy is constant and AU = Cy(T,-T,) (U does not depend on V) (a) We have from the definition Q- i TdS = area under the curve Q = Ty (5, - So) Q'o= F(o+T)(S-5) A Ty Thos, using 7, = —2, To tas n-1 nel . 27, 2 2n 1 (©) Here Q, = 5 (S,- 59) (7, +7) Q'2= T,6,-S) wr, ty-t Ty ea T, — n+1 T,+T, 7) cC p'y (From the ideal gas equation pV = RT )240 2.151 2.152 2.153 2.184 Let V,= Vy Vz= 2 Vy Since the temperature is the same, the required entropy change can be calculated by con- sidering isothermal expansion of the gas in cither parts into the whole vessel. Vi+V, Va Vi+V, Thus AS= AS, +AS,= Rin 1 len n +v,RIn =v, Rin(1+n)+v,Rin = S1I/K Let c, = oa heat of copper specific heat of water = cy 974273 ar ar Then AS= fore fn = mesngh = my ey In 3 0 7428 Tp is found from a 370-7, r, 280 m, cy + 370 m, cy C2 my (Tp - 280) = myc, (370-7) or 0” ome me, using c= 039 J/g °K, c)= 418J/g°K, T)~ 300°K and AS = 28-4 - 24:5 = 3-93 /°K For an ideal gas the intemal energy depends on temperature only. We can consider the process in question to be one of simultaneous free expansion, Then the total energy U= U,+U,, Since T, +7, U,= CyT,, U,= CyT, U= 2c, and (T, + 7,)/2 is the final temperature. The entropy change is obtained by considering isochoric processes because in effect, the gas remains confined to its vessel. (y+T,Y2 CyaT (+ hy s J fettecm 4T,T, (1+ Since yet (1, -7,)° +47, 7, AS>0 a) Each atom has a probability + to be in either campartment. Thus 2 p22” (>) Typical atomic velocity at room temperature is~ 10° cm/s so it takes an atom 107 sec to cross the vessel. This is the relevant time scale for our problem, Let T= 107*sec, then in time f there will be t/T crossing or arrangements of the atoms. This will be large enough to produce the given arrangement if In t/t noe 75 fa% 1 or NO 72.155 2.156 2.157 2.158 2.159 241 The statistical weight is Nt 10x9x8x7x6 wre 8x4x3x2 = 252 Cua The probability distribution is No 27% = 252x27 = 246% Wa The probabilites that the half A contains » molecules is al an N! BO ry) The probability of one molecule being confined to the marked volume is pae Vo We can choose this molecule in many (N¢,) ways. The probability that n molecules get confined to the marked volume is cearly ” -s N! -n Nop" (1-py"= alwemiP' a -py" Ina sphere of diameter d there are 3 N= ag M molecules where n= Loschmidt’s number = No. of molecules per unit volume (1 cc) under NTP. The relative fluctuation in this number is wWoYN 1 N 7 N "Ww" V3 x 6 6 or = 2dn or d= or d= = 0-41 pm 2g 0 TM te (s=| The average number of molecules in this sphere is 2, = 10° n For a monoatomic gas Cy= 2R per mole The entropy change in the process is Ty+AT AS= s-5-f ce zRm(1 “T) 1% Now from the Boltzmann equation S=kinQ BN, QL b-S vee ATV? _ anal Thus the statistical weight increases by this factor.242 2.5 LIQUIDS. CAPILLARY EFFECTS 2.160 2.161 2.162 2.163 2.164 a a 4a ® a= a(a5+aa)- 4x490x10-7N oN TS xi0r® mi 1307108 25 = 13 atmosphere (b) The soap bubble has two surfaces 11) 8 - w= 20(ia+72)~ d 8x 45 Sesion) 10-3 = 1-2 107? atomsphere. x The pressure just inside the hole will be less than the outside pressure by 4 a/d. This can support a height h of Hg where [ 4x 490 x 1073 1200 13-6 x 10°x 98x 70x107* 13:6 x 70 bse) F-8)84 Po (: -w).% “¢ @?-1) Thus a= §red(t-E]o?-0 ~ 21m of Hg By Boyle’s law The pressure has terms due to hydrostatic pressure and capillarity and they add 4a. P= Pot pgh +> (- 5x98x10? 4 x-73 x 107% ltrs ee 10 pigs 10°) atoms = 2-22 atom. x By Boyle’s law lrorreor tle t¢= (ros mje or [ise ~ Po (n - »] - ee -1) or n= [rote nS] / 9 = 458 mer of wnt2.165 2.166 2.167 2.168 2.169 Clearly hogs salem 0l(7 a) 4.2 |oos 0 | (4, - d hm Seles O14) a am 4, d, pg Ina capillary with diameter d= 0-5 mm water will rise to a height 2a 4a. per pgd 4x73 x1073 > =s= 596 mm 0° x 9-8 x 05 x 10 Since this is greater than the height (= 25 mm) of the tube, a meniscus of radius R will be formed at the top of the tube, where 2a 2x73 x 107* Re - pgk 103x 98 x25 x 107? ~ 06mm Initially the pressure of air in the cppillary is py and it’s length is J. When submerged under water, the pressure of air in the portion above water must be py + a since the level of water inside the capillary is the same as the level outside. Thus by Boyle’s law (ro+“§ a) x)= Pol or Og px co. 2 14204 4a. We have by Boyle’s law 4 ) Caaa)e ben! : Aacos8 | ony Oe or, d Ps 1 of Pol) d Hence, a= (oss Pt) soa Suppose the liquid rises to a height /. Then the total energy of the liquid in the capillary is h E(h)= FG- dy hx Pg x5 - (dd, oh Minimising E we get 4a. os p8 (4, - 4)244 2.170 2.171 2.172 Let h be the height of the water level at a distance x from the edge. Then the total energy of water in the wedge above the level outside is. Bef xdq-axn-pgt-2f ae-h-acoso ~S apres (t-2 2 =f ache 3o| (n-200982) _ 4.0? cos” 0 z* 08 zpgoq EP pgog 2acos 0 xpgsp From the equation of continuity This is minimum when h = x x(d\ = ‘ps —[-] - =n qey Tin] Yo Very. We then apply Bernoulli’s theorem 214 b= constant D2 The pressure p differs from the atmospheric pressure by capillary effects. At the upper section 2a P= Pot neglecting the curvature in the vertical plane. Thus, 2na Po+—j- oe nia Finally, the liquid coming out per second is, / 4a. vain 2gl- a) 4 n-1 The radius of curvature of the drop is R, at the upper end of the drop and R, at the lower 2a end. Then the pressure inside the drop is py + os at the top end and p, + 3 at the bottom 1 2 end. Hence pe Oe ee, : R : R, RR, To a first approximation R,~ Ry = 4 so R,-R,= dosh 7g, » 0-20 mm if h= 23mm, «= 73 mN/m245 2.173 We must first calculate the pressure difference inside the film from that outside. This is 2.174 2.175 2.176 fA A oO prafted) Here 2, |cos |= A and 7, ~ —R the radius of the tablet and can be neglected. Thus the total force exerted by mercury drop on the upper glass plate is 2nR*a |cos 0 h We should put //n for h because the tablet is compresed n times. Then since Hg is nearly, incompressible, 7? = constants so R > RVn . Thus, 2nR?alcos 0] 2 h . Part of the force is needed to keep the Hg in the shape of a table rather than in the shape of infinitely thin sheet. This part can be calculated being putting n= 1 above. Thus 2xR?a|cos0| _ 2aR*%a|cos 6] > — “Th " typically total force = mer = 22Rafcos 24). or m fg HOP) = 07 kg The pressure inside the film is less than that outside by an amount a (441) where oe 2, r, and ry are the principal radii of curvature of the meniscus. One of these is small being given by h= 2r,cos@ while the other is large and will be ignored. Then Fe 2Acs Og where A= area of the water film between the plates. Now A= 50 F=2™ when 0 (the angle of contact) = 0 ph phi This is analogous to the previous problem except that : A = 1R? 2 So F= eaka = 06 kN The energy of the liquid between the plates is Le ldhpgt-2athe Segidw-2alh 2 “dha This energy is minimum when, h= 2 and the minimum potential energy is then E,.,= — a The force of attraction between the plates can be obtained from this as Fe aaa = aa (minus sign means the force is attractive.) Thus re -H4, Nn d246 2477 2.178 2.179 2.180 2.181 Suppose the radius of the bubble is x at some instant, Then the pressure inside is Pot %, The flow through the capillary is by Poiscuille’s equation, Zr 4a 2x Je rye 2 7) Integrating “ aro, x (R* ~ x") where we have used the fact thaj f= 0 where x= R. 2 2ntR* ae | This gives t= z— as the life time of the bubble corresponding to x= 0 a If the liquid rises to a height h, the energy of the liquid column becomes 2xa? Ps This is minimum when rh = a and that is relevant height to which water must rise. 2 E= psxPh-t-oarha- geen(rh- 2s) 2x02 At this point, oe : Pg 2 Since E = 0 in the absence of surface tension a heat Q= 222 must have been liberated. (a) The free energy per unit area being a, Fe nad? = 3p (b) F= 2nad? because the soap bubble has two surfaces. Substitution gives F=10pJ When two mercury drops cach of diameter d merge, the resulting drop has diameter d, where Bape Ea?x2 of dy= 2d The increase in free energy is AF = 12% d?a-2nd? a= 2nd?a (27-1) = -1-43 pT Work must be done to stretch the soap film and compress the air inside. The former is simply 2ax42R7= 82R7a, there being two sides of the film. To get the latter we note that the compression is isothermal and work done is v= fa 4u 3 - Sf va where Vapo= [oo ) ¥ -> av Vv 4a or Voz & p= mt Oe pe Pe POR and minus sign is needed becaue we are calculating work done on the system. Thus since pV remains constants, the work done is Vin = pvinZ In— = pVin pemy"P Po So A'= 8nR?a+pVin& Po2.182 2.183 2.184 247 When heat is given to a soap bubble the temperature of the air inside rises and the bubble expands but unless the bubble bursts, the amount of air inside does not change. Further we shall neglect the variation of the surface tension with temperature. Then from the gas equations bos EP VRT, v= Constant Differentiating [r+ Sy )anrar= vRAT 3r or d= 4nr?dr= 82 Pot 5, Now trom the first law vRaT 4a @ Q= vCdT= vC,dT +S (+4) Pot 3, 4a. Pot ae or aaa: P03, sR using C,= Cy+R, C= +a : 1+ a Consider an infinitesimal Carnot cycle with isotherms at T- dT and 7. Let A be the work done during the cycle, Then A= [a(T-dl)-a(D]bo= -Bareo Where do is the change in the area of film (we are considering only one surface). A_a Then 1) = 5-= SF by Camot therom. da ~grttho aT or oe ge qo. = 7 q aT As before we can calculate the heat required, It, is taking, into account two sides of the soap film dq= - Th 5x2 | 570) Thus ase Ge -24 750 Now AF=2a80 so, AU= AF+TAS= 2(a- v4)248 2.6 2.185 2,186 2.187 2.188 2.189 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS The condensation takes place at constant pressure and temperature and the work done is pav where AV is the volume of the condensed vapour in the vapour phase. It is Am pAV= SERT = 12063 where M= 18.gm is the molecular weight of water. The specific volume of water (the liquid) will be written as V'. Since V', >> V' most of the weight is due to water, Thus if m, is mass of the liquid and m, that of the vapour then m= m +m, Va mV, +m,V, or V-mV,= m,(V,-V) V-mv, 7 vi So m,= = 20.gm in the present case. Its volume is m,V', = 1-01 The volume of the condensed vapour was originally V)-V at temperature T= 373 K. Its mass will be given by Mp(Y)-V) RE 7 2BM where p= atmospheric pressure m P(Wo-V)= 42RT or m= We let V';= specific volume of liquid. V,= N V',= specific volume of vapour. Let V= Original volume of the vapour. Then Vv 4 Me Mane mt m= ape ot = (om +N) V1 mV n=1 V/n N-1 In the case when the final volume of the substance corresponds to the midpoint of a horizontal portion of the isothermal line in the p,v diagram, the final volume must be So (N-1)m,V,= vf-a)= Fen one n v (1+4) I per unit mass of the substance. Of this the volume of the liquid is V',/2 per unit total mass of the substance. 1 1+N Thus n= From the first law of thermodynamics AU+A= Q= mq where q is the specific latent heat of vaporization Now A= pV,-V)m= mat Thus au m(a-47) For water this gives = 2-08 x 10° Joules.2.190 2.191 2.192 2.193 249 Some of the heat used in heating water to the boiling temperature T= 100°C = 373K. The remaining heat = Q-mcAT (c= specific heat of water, AT= 100 K) is used to create vapour. If the piston rises to a height # then the volume of vapour will be ~ sh(neglecting water). Its mass will be Posh Posh Mq RT *M and heat of vapourization will be “°>=— To this must be added the work done in creating the saturated vapour ~ po sh. Thus Q-mear = pysh{t+ $n) or he 2aMEAT 9g om F Eick Pos ( ‘RT mc (T - T,) A quantity ——— of saturated vapour must condense to heat the water to boiling point T= 373°K (Here c = specific heat of water, Ty = 295 K = initial water temperature). The work done in lowering the piston will then be me(I-T) RT ee since work done per unit mass of the condensed vapour is p V= a m Given AP= 2x22, Pv 40 yn yee ner i pod ve VM cr | aoMe py RTH For water a= 73 dynes/cm, M= 18gm, p,= gm/cc, T= 300K, and with n~ 0:01, we get d=02pm In equilibrium the number of "liquid" molecules evaporoting must equals the number of "vapour" molecules condensing. By kinetic theory, this number is xdneve= nxdnxyit a 4 um a/ / ™ B= mxnxnxV m7 NMkT Ink a/ M : 2. = Po 2nRT 0:35 g/cm*:s. where po is atmospheric pressure and T= 373K and M= molecular weight of water. Its mass is250 2.194 Here we must assume that 1 is also the rate at which the tungsten filament loses mass when in an atmosphere of its own vapour at this temperature and that y (of the previous problem) = 1. Then p=nV = 09 nPa M from the previous problem where p= pressure of the saturated vapour. 2.195 From the Vander Waals equation where V= Volume of one gm mole of the substances. For water V= 18c.c. per mole = 1:8 x 10~litre per mole litre? mole? a= 5-47 atmos + If molecular attraction vanished the equation will be Rr P“V-5 for the same specific volume. Thus a. 547 >=. + =1 y* GET Tex 1a * 10" atmos = 1-7 x10" atmos Ap= 2.196 The internal pressure being the work done in condensation is y, 'e a aaa oy oe Si Vive Vi ‘1 This by assumption is Mq, M being the molecular weight and V,, V, being the molar volumes of the liquid and gas. a cA Thu: =>. - 8 Pr ye Y, Pq where p is the density of the liquid. For water p; = 3-3 x10 atm 2.197 The Vandar Waal’s equation can be written as (for one mole) RT a w= 5-5 At the critical point (22) and #2) vanish. Thus OV), av’), RT 2a RT 2a O- + 7 Vy Vv” Wy VF . 2RT 6a - RT . 3a vy ve va Ve2.198 2.200 2.201 251 Solving these simultaneously we get on division V-b= ZV, Va3b «Vue, This is the critical molar volume. Putting this back Rly 2a op 8a 4b? 2763 Cr 27R Finally poo ee ae or Vycr- 8 Veo, 276? 9b? 27b7 Por Vier _a/9b_ RTy, — 8a/27b From these we sce that 7 Po, | a/27b? A RTc, 84/276 86 To, _ 0-082 x 304 : Thus b= Repo = agg 7 0-043 litem! (Ro? | 64a Por 27 atm-litre” (mol)? 27 2 or a= FART oY (Po, = 359 Specific volume is molar volume divided by molecular weight. Thus Vice 3 RToy | 3 x -082 x 562 litre 44, oc Uo Mes SMpe Gese Ges 1S a +S) (v,,-6)= RT ( ia) ) 4 PYVE Va-b 8 T or x -87 Por Vue 3 Ter or n+—45)x(v- =24, Po V2 Vcr) 3° y, where po eee ee Po Vuce To, Ei ne 2B, 1) 85, or (ne 3) (v2) = 8 ve 3)" 3" vA 3)" 3 _ _ When m= 12 and v= 5, t= 3x 24x om > (a) The ciritical Volume Vyjc, is the maximum volume in the liquid phase and the minimum volume in the gaseous. Thus V, 1000 — x3 x 030 litre = 5 litre252 2.202 2.203 2.204 2.205 (b) The critical pressure is the maximum possible pressure in the vapour phase in equilibrium with liquid phase. Thus a 5-47 Prac” SEs” Saas ™ PASatmosphere 362 To, 043 x 082 ~ 504K M__44 b= Hm A pm/cc. = 034gm/ee. The vessel is such that either vapour or liquid of mass m occupies it at critical point. Then its volume will be m 3RTo, m Yor = 7 Vacr = 8 Po M The corresponding volume in liquid phase at room temperature is va@ ? where p= density of liquid ether at room tmeperature. Thus _ YS MP ? Vo, 3RTo,p using the given data (and p = 720gm per litre) = 0-254 ‘We apply the relation (T= constant) Tg as-§ au+h pav to the cycle 1234531. Here f ds-§ au-0 So § pdV=0 This implies that the areas I and II are equal. This reasoning is inapplicable to the cycle 1231, for example. This cycle is irreversible because it involves the irreversible transition from a single phase to a two-phase state at the point 3. v When a portion of supercool water turns into ice some heat is liberated, which should heat it upto ice point. Neglecting the variation of specific heat of water, ‘the fraction of water tuming inot ice is clearly fe where c= specific heat of water and q ~ latent heat of fusion of ice, Clearly f=late=-80°C = 0-25 q253 2.206 From the Claussius-Clapeyron (C-C)equations dp qr Quis the specific latent heat absorbed in 1 -» 2 (1 = solid, 2 = liquid) r(V™- Vs 273 x-091 , atm x cm?x K Ae P38 Goute : 10% x107§m? atm x cm’ weno are - 8 Toule Toule ete eaten 2.207 Here 1 = liquid, 2 = Steam ar. T(Ve-Vi) ap M2 42 AT _ 2250 | 0 a) 8 3 or Vie Ft ope 3 m3/g = 1-7 m3/kg 2.208 From C-C equations do ae ar” TV,-V) TV, Assuming the saturated vapour to be ideal — im Vy" RT’ Thus Ap= EG par and P*Py ( + _ A 7) = 1-04 atmosphere 2.209 From C-C equation, neglecting the voolume of the liquid 2. M 2. Te gph 4 = Me) cn dp, MqaT p RTT m Mpv Now pV = F,RT or m= “2 for a perfect gas dm dp Ty = speci So mn pT TW is Const = specific volume) Mq_,) aT _ (18x250_,) 15 | -(aF- )F- (san 1) 373 ~ 485 %254 2.210 From C-C equation 4. Ma, ar TV, RT? Integrating Inp= constant - a Mq(l_1 So P™ PooXP ToT ° Rt T This is reasonable for [J - 7,| << Ty, and far below critical temperature. 2.211 As before (2.206) the lowering of melting point is given by are TAY, The superheated ice will then melt in part. The fraction that will melt is ~ 03 2.212 (a) The equations of the transition lines are 1800 ic log p = 9-05 -——: Solid gas 1310 = 6-78 - TT At the triple point they intersect. Thus 490 490 227 = For T, = 5577 26K corresponding p,, is 5.14 atmosphere. : Liquid gas In the formula log p = a -2, we compare b with the corresponding term in the equation in 2.210. Then In p= ax2303 - 22932 50, 2.303 = M2 T R on sesinane= 2382 # 18002831 6 35 19m co 2eR ANS = 5703/gm Finally qyoiid—tiguid ™ 213 J/gm on subtraction q, 2.213 aT mq hia as f me Foe mlemped q, 373, 2250) = 10° (41810 oat | T2KI/K255 Im Tt Ww 2.214 AS= 7, oh yt T 333 373 ‘ "273 +418 In 595 = 8:56I/°K 2.215 c= specific heat of copper = 039-1 grSuppose all ice does not melt, then heat rejected = 90 x 0:39 (90-0) = 31593 heat gained by ice = 50x 209 x3 +x x 333 Thus x= 85 gm The hypothesis is correct and final temperature will be T= 273K. Hence change in entropy of copper piece : mein 223 -104/K, 2.216 (a) Here t,= 60°C. Suppose the final temperature is ¢°C. Then heat lost by water = m,c (t, - t) heat gained by ice = m,q,,+m,c(t-t,), if all ice melts In this case my q,, = m, x 418 (60-1), for m,= m, So the final temperature will be 0°C and only some ice will melt. Then 100 x 4:18 (60) = m', x 333 m', = 75:3 gm = amount of ice that will melt ' 333, 2 Finally AS = 753 x 273 +100 x 4-18 In 333 mgm my etn a Te eo T,-T, 1, aT) yt qt qT, AS= myc T, T, =mc|P-1-mZ]- ssi (b) If m,ct,> mq, then all ice will melt as one can check and the final temperature can be obtained like this mc (T,-T)= m,q, +m, c(T-T,) (m, T, + m, T,) ¢- my dg = (my + m,) cT ™1 Im mT, +m, T, - € or T= ——————_ «= 280 K my +m, mq T Tf, and AS= emia ma 7|- 19/K256 2.217 2.218 2.219 my Tr M dice AS= - T oe Tae T, where M Gice™ m(arte(h-T)) i a 2 son(f- dome B = 0:2245 + 0:2564 = 0-48J/K When heat dQ is given to the vapour its temperature will change by d7, pressure by dp and volume by dV, it being assumed that the vapour remains saturated. Then by C-C equation gq ¢- FAC par >™ Vig or dp= wa on the other hand, pV’ = x So pa +V dp~ RT, Ra Hence pav’ (ie f\ar finally dQ = CdT= dU +pdv' 7 T_4)\ ar. og ovat #\ar c,at-4ar (C,, Cy refer to unit mass here). Thus 4 C= O-F For water C,= 2.1 with y= 132 and M= 18 et M So Cp= 1903/emK and C= -413J/gm°K = - 74J/mole K The required entropy change can be calculated along a process in which the water 1s heated from T, to 7, and then allowed to evaporate. The entropy change for this is where q = specific latent heat of vaporization.257 2.7: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA 2.220 2.221 2.222 2.223 2.224 2.225 (a) The fraction of gas molecules which traverses distances exceeding the mean free path without collision is just the probability to traverse the distance 5 = 2 without collision. Thus P= ete 4-037 (b) This probability is P= e7!-e7? = 023 From the formula Ae e-8™ op nw AL n Inn (a) Let P(t) = probability of no collision in the interval (0, ‘). Then P(t+dt)= P()(1-adt) or Pa -aP) o POee™ where we have used~P (0) = 1 (b) The mean interval between collision is also the mean interval of no collision. Then feta oe Are i ie ara) a fewta 0 1 AT a) A= == = © adn Vindp 1:38 x 107% x 273 -8 == 62 « 10 ¥2.n(037x10-°)?x10O™ a 62x1078 w= es 545" 136ns d= 6.2% 10m (b) n= 1:36 x 10*s = 3-8 hours The mean distance between molecules is of the order : -3\4 u (ean) - F x10" meters » 3:34 x 107° meters x This is about 18.5 times smaller than the mean free path calculated in 2.223 (a) above. We know that the Vander Waal’s constant b is four times the molecular volume. Thus 3 be AN Ze ot a-( = ) InN, ws kTy \(2"N, Hace n= (of258 2.226 2.227 2.228 2.229 2.230 The volocity of sound in N; is Ve : Yur P M cy 1 rR -— kh __ y M V2xd*pN, or, v= aE DNV aa (a) A>lif p< AT V2nd1 Now for O, of Ois 0-7 Pa, AT Vind I (b) The corresponding 1 is obtained by dividing by kT and is 1:84 x 10” per m? = 1-84"per c.c, and the corresponding mean distance is —-5. 7 Se 18107 m = 0:18 pm. (0-184) x 10° : a 1 Owe = V2 nd’n= -74x 107! (see 2.223) (>) Total number of collisions is div = 10x10 sem"? Note, the factor 3. ‘When two molecules collide we must not count it twice. se V2 nd?n dis a constant and 7 is a constant for an isochoric process so ) is constant for an isochoric process. (a) Ae n= a7 for an isobaric process. V2 nd” P wv> VF x T (a) In an isochoric process 4 is constant and vaVT aVpV aVp avn he — must decrease n times in an isothermal process and v must increase V2 xd* Pp . ve a for an isobaric process. F 7 n times because is constant in an isothermal process.1 Vv 2231 (a) Aad NWN pu Thus Rav and va But in an adiabatic process ( - su] TV'~1 = constant so TV75 = constant or TY av-% Thus va v7“ r has ) o a But () = constant or Zap” or Tap!“ Thus hap = p-7 . wt V2" 27 a 6/7 ve Paha - . x VF P P P (©) hav But TV” = constant or VaT~*? Thus har? v2 val ar? 2.232 In the polytropic process of index n pV" = constant, TV"~+ = constant and p'~"T" = constant (@) hav pis cnet vase v7 Viev 2 T oan n-1 1-4 (b) Ae: T"ap or Tap nA so a mal ve Vg Pap ite p's 0 VE : © ral, parti260 2.233 2.234 2.235 (®) The number of collisions between the molecules in a unit volume is 1 1422 vT Fave ad vray ay v2 This remains constant in the poly process pV~* = constant Using (2.122) the molar specific heat for the polytropic process pV“ = constant, . 1 is ena ey 1 Thus cor (ze a}s a Gra) 38 y-1"4 It can also be written as 2 (1 +21) where i= 5 (b) In this case vr. constant and so pV~' = constant 1 sl 50 oma ( pra} 85+) - 38 It can also be written as Ras » ‘We can assume that all molecules, incident on the hole, leak out. Then, = aN = —d(nv)= Lnev>Sat dno —n—— tn nt W/S 7 Integrating n= Rene: Hence = V a If the temperature of the compartment 2 is 1) times more than that of compartment 1, it must contain 5 times less number of molecules since pressure must be the same when the big hole is open. If M= mass of the gas in 1 than the mass of the gas in 2 must be ee So immediately after the big hole is closed. o M oe oe, oo 1" nv’ 2" navn where m= mass of each molecule and ny, ny are concentrations in 1 and 2, After the big hole is closed the pressures will differ and concentration will become n, and 7, where M. mem ay atm On the other hand ny = my, <¥y> ie. m= Vm2.236 2.237 2.238 2.239 261 Thus mO+Vn)= aa ttn 3 (1 +n) 1+ So tan ‘We know n= 5o>dp= sooner Thus 7 changing o times implies 7 changing ctimes. On the other hand ES eee kn D= Levent ma yaeaee Thus D changing B times means r changing B times 3 So p must change & times 8 pat aw, nevT (a) D will increase n times 7 will remain constant if T is constant bo = wv? v= ny3n navpV Thus D will increase n>”? times, 1 will increase n” times, if p is constant DaVVT na VT In an adiabatic process TV'~* = constant, or T« V' = Now V is decreased 2 times. Thus Boy - DaVa= (7) a= (] n a naofV So D decreases n**times and 1 increase n “times. (a) DaVVT aVpv? Thus D remains constant in the process pv? = constant So polytropic index n= 3 (>) navT avpV262 2.240 2.241 2.242 So ny remains constant in the isothermal process pV= constant, n= 1, here (c) Heat conductivity k= 1 Cy and Cy, is a constant for the ideal gas Thus n= 1 here also, w1y/8kr _m Nee ae cS a e 2 6) 4x 8-31 x 273 x 107 d= (= 10°) [es . (a) (2 = a 9% ) "( a? x 36 x 10 " Ww . ‘4 x 83-1 x 273’ = 10 ” (483) oe pis)" = 0-178. nm | 3 14 /8kE 1 mn 3Vimx V2xd?n M cy) Cy is the specific heat capacity which is al Now C, is the same for all monoatomic gases such as He and A. Thus or ee 87 - Xs VM, 42 a In this case 2RAR 2xywR?® RS ~4nxnHw or y,- To decrease N,,n times 7 must be decreased n times. Now 7 does not depend on pressure or ‘until the pressure is so low that the mean free path equals, say, Sar Then the mean free path is fixed and 7 decreases with pressure. The mean free path equals + AR when AR (19 = concentration) 7 V2 xd? ny2.243 2.244 2.245 2.246 263 V2kT nd° AR The sought pressure is » times less V2 kT 10ac = 10-7x —3— » 0-71 P: 10-® x 107? . Corresponding pressure is po = The answer is qualitative and depends on the choice 3 AR for the mean free path We neglect the moment of inertia of the gas in a shell. Then the moment of friction forces on a unit length of the cylinder must be a constant as a function of r. dw M (11 So, 2nP n= mot #0 gan(a “7 M(t Ne (i and os aaa(a-a] or 1 Gra(a-3] We consider two adjoining layers. The angular velocity gradient is 2. So the moment of the frictional force is a ‘ = : oe aneew: N fronrar args ae 0 In the ultrararefied gas we must determine y by taking X= $h Then 1 mp1. / 2 3 er” 3 Vxrr P SO, 7 a a , PV opr Take an infinitesimal section of length dx and apply Poiseuilles equation to this. Then av -xa‘ ap at 8H ax From the formula pV= RT paVv = =—dm ‘ or dm. ~2a M pap dt SmRT de This equation implies that if the flow is isothermal then p 2 must be a constant and s0 Pi Pi : equals aM magnitude. Thus,264 2.247 Let T= temperature of the interface. Then heat flowing from left = heat flowing into right in equilibrium. mh ot 4 4 ZL -f 1f Thus, y= 2 So Po 2.248 We have 2.249 By definition the heat flux (per unit area) is : dT d _,_ T/T, Q= “KE = -aginT= constant = + a 1 : x T Integrating In T= Fin +InT, TT; where T, = temperature at the end x= 0 Te 6a SVT, So TaTip] md Q=—S 2.250 Suppose the chunks have temperatures 7,,7, at time t and T,-dT,, T,+dT, at time dt+t. KS Then Cy a? = C,dT,= “P(T,- Tat Thus daT= “Tle : Jara where AT T,-T) 1 2 Hence AT= (AD, e7* where i. at2.251 2.252 265 Q- 2. avr = 37 -2A r , (A= constant ) . 2 apn) 3 7 Thus 7% = constant ~ 7 (7)? - 17) or using T=T, atx=0 x hr ” ) 3/2 3/2. 3/2 Lt - xi{ - Te HE (TIA (x) 144 () 1 ws 7 3/2, xz 2 Ri 1 2 Reale K-53 pe) Renin M 3x3? a?VM Ny Then from the previous problem pe Che Geste) 4. 9°? g?VM NL , (%)+T) At this pressure and average temparature = 27°C = 300K = T= ==? “5 “Fae T = 2330 x 1075m = 233mm > >5-Omm= 1 The gas is ultrathin and we write A= 3 here -7, Then a= x Ee 7 ye pev> where x= Sevoxd so he tet! [ an a PO a-W) Jf 1, +T, where = V 282 We have used T-T, << —2+— here. Mx266 2.254 2.255 2.256 2.257 In equilibrium oar Ze -A-= constant. So T= B -ALin r di 2nx But T= T, when r= R, and F= 7, when r=Ry T, From this we find T= T, + In equilibrium 4n r? x @ = -A« constant Tepe Al Using T= T, when r= Ry and T= T, when r= Ry Tree t 4 H |e Ry R, R, The heat flux vector is - x grad T and its divergence equals w. Thus v?T--% « oo ‘ or ae cylindrical coordinates. a =B+Alnr-—? or T=B+Alnr 3 Since T is finite at r= 0,A= 0, Also T= Ty atr= R = wp? so B=T+7R Ww 2 2 Thus Te Ty+ G(R? -1?) r here is the distance from the axis of wire (axial radius). Here again vere -*% K So in spherical polar coordinates, bo (et) tale tesa Year|” or ar” ~ 3 or Te peo 2 7 OK Again A= 0 and Be T+ R? so finally T= Ty + a(R? =r?)PART THREE ELECTRODYNAMICS 3.1. CONSTANT ELECTRIC FIELD IN VACUUM 2 2 3.1 F., (for electorns) = —4—, and F,, = 13 a Yee Ae Fy ¢ Thus =— (for electrons) = F, ! 4negym =9 oy (1-602 x 107” cy uae G 3] x 6-67 x 107"! m? / (kg +8?) x (9-11 x 107" kg)” x Si Fa ¢ similarly FE (Cor prows)= fy ° 0 = -D a : (1-602 x 107” cy os )* 6°67 x 10~" m?/(kg - s?) x (1672 x 1077” kg)” G x10° For Fy= Fy 2 ge ee 4. Vaney 4neqr ?P m Jeeoee neumay oma 87 x19 ms = 086 x 107? C/kg, 9x10 1 23, Bagg * 6023 x 10 3.2 Total number of atoms in the sphere of mass 1 gm = 6.023 x 107 63°54 Now the charge on the sphere = Total nuclear charge — Total electronic charge So the total nuclear charge 0 = x 16 x 10°? x 29268 33 34 6-023 x 10 -19 29x1 oo. 100 Hence force of interaction between these two spheres, . 2 F-p ea N= 9x10? x 10x 19348 = 1-74x104N 0 Let the balls be deviated by an angle 9, from the vertical when separtion between them equals x. Applying Newton’s second law of motion for any one of the sphere, we get, Tcos 0 = mg () and TsinO= F, Q) From the Eqs. (1) and (2) = 4-298 x 107 unos Fe 3 mon oe ©) But from the figure x tanO= wZasx< 35 = 337 I-73 lr- rst35 3.6 3.7 269 D Nn IRR? 7-71? a-OR- because a3 in-Fl” T-7l or, Van (7-73) = Vay (73-72) a VaitVar Va, + Van Also for the equilibrium of q,, @(%3-H) @(B-m) =0 > >t os Ss I-A I-A ~h 2 or, % > Sel - 751 In-7 Substituting the value of 73, we get, “Ub 8” Wa +Van ye When the charge q, is placed at the centre of the ring, the wire get stretched and the extra tension, produced in the wire, will balance the electric force due to the charge q. Let the tension produced in the wire, after placing the charge qo, be T. From Newton’s second law in projection form F, = mw,. le aoa - 140 Taye a"9| (dm) 0, 4% , T» ° 8x er Sought field strength a ane [ere = 45kV/m on putting the values. Let us fix the coordinate system by taking the point of intersection of the diagonals as the origin and let kbe directed normally, emerging from the plane of figure. Hence the sought field strength :270 38 3.9 Pg q litxk -| Tack * 4xeg (P4272 * Ane ea? -q Gaxk q =f peck *Tng avy” 4mey (242°)? a TT LF ane(?exy2e i) Thus E= q V2 wey (24)? From the symmetry of the problem the sought field. g- fae, where the projection of field strength along x-axis due to an elemental charge is dgcos® _ qRcos0d0 db = oe 4nejR? 4x eR? x2 Hence infest E= cos 0d0 40 eR? 2m eR? w/2 From the symmetry of the condition, it is clear that, the field along the normal will be zero ie. E,= 0 and E= E, Now dE, = cos ® 1 4meg (R741?) But dq= 1a de and cos = —— 5 I= THR * @ ary? Hence 2aR de E= {| dE,= Sa i) = Ber 4 meq (R241°)? ceo 2 4m 4 (P4R ye and for 1>> R, the ring behaves like a point charge, reducing the field to the value, ig. E «w — ame, 123.10 271 For Ena we should have aE. 0 Sol?+R?)?- 317+ R?)? 21» 0 or 174R?-31?=0 R q Thus 1= © and E,..= v2 max” 6V3 wey R? The electric potential at a distance x from the given ring is given by, q e@= ra q Amex Amey (R +x) Hence, the field strength along x-axis (which is the net field strength in ‘our case), po Oe Se ede Amey? Amey (R240)? 2) ( +3)" | q 3 Neglecting the higher power of R/x, as x>>R. 2 E= oaks Bme x Note : Instead of @ (x), we may write E (x) directly using 3.9 From the solution of 3.9, the electric field strength due to ring at a point on its axis (say x-axis) at distance x from the centre of the ring is given by : E@)- —4 on 4 me) (R74+x) And from symmetry E at every point on the axis is directed along the x-axis (Fig.). Let us consider an element (dx) on thread which carries the charge (A dx). The electric force experienced by the element in the field of ring. haxde dF = (Ndx) E(x) = ae oe!) 46) (R+xy Thus the sought interaction — my : hgxde xe ] _ ax integrati = On integrating we get, F Teoh272 3.12 (a) The given charge distribution is shown in Fig. The symmetry of this distribution gah implies that vector E at the point O is directed to the right, and its magnitude is equal to => —> the sum of the projection onto the direction of E of vectors dE from elementary charges —> => dq. The projection of vector dE onto vector E is 1_ dg 4 me R? where dg= KRdg= dy Reos pg. dE cos p= cos @, Integrating (1) over @ between 0 and 2x we find the magnitude of the vector E: Qn do f 2 do Fe ann) eae gain: 0 It should be noted that this integral is evaluated in the most simple way if we take into account that = 1/2. Then Qn ff cP ody 2m= 7. 0 (b) Take an clement S at an azimuthal angle @ from the x-axis, the element subtending an angle dg at the centre. The elementary field at P due to the element is dg cos pd @R Ameg (x? +R?) do cospdgR 4m, (0° +R?) along SP with components x {cos 0 along OP, sin 0 along OS } where cos 0= 5 (+R) 2x The component along OP vanishes on integration as f cospdp=0 0 The component alon OS can be broken into the parts along OX and OY with oR 2 cos pdg 4 meq (x? +R?) On integration, the part along OY vanishes. Finally x {cos p along OX, sing along OY } R? E-E,= a For x>>R deg +R’) ok 2 £,= —*—, where p= ))"R * Amex 7.273 3.13 (a) It is clear from symmetry considerations that vector E must be directed as shown in the figure. This shows the way of solving this problem : we must find the component dE, of the field created by the element di of the rod, having the charge dq and then integrate the result over all the elements of the rod. In this case 1_ ddl ane, dE, = dE cosa = where) = oa is the linear charge density. Let us reduce this equation of the form convenient for integration. Figure shows that dicosa= roda and ry= re Consequently, 1 Anda Oe” Tne, Bp” Anegr cos ad a This expression can be easily integrated : 4 aR f A Em grap 2) eos ada = FT 2sin a 0 where Gy is the maximum value of the angle a, sin ay = a/ Va? 42 Pa : Thus, E- 144 ean A AR tor Va? AmegrVaea? Note that in this case also E~ —4— for r >> a as of the field of a point charge. 4neyr (b) Let, us consider the element of length di at a distance / from the centre of the rod, as shown in the figure. dl Then field at B due to this element. ee ral Z 7 dE = —“ 4ne,(r-) — - —I if the element lies on the side, shown in the diagram, and dE = oP if it lies on 4neg(r+)) other side. : Hence Ex f dE~ Sit Adi ‘J a anej(r- J Aner +d) ‘ : og. og 1 On integrating and putting A= 3, we get, E ery ar q For r>>a, Ew 4neyr274 3.14 3.15 The problem is reduced to finding E, and E, viz. the projections of E in Fig, where it is assumed that A > 0. Let us start with Ey. The contribution to E, from the charge element of the segment dx is @ Let us reduce this expression to the form convenient for integration. In our case, dx = rda/cos a, r= y/cosa. Then co dE, Fee sina da. Integrating this expression over a between @ and 1/2, we find E,= W4negy. In order to find the projection E, it is sufficient to recall that dE, differs from dE, in that sina in (1) is simply replaced by cos a. This gives dE,= (hcosada)/4nepy and E,= /4meoy. We have obtained an interesting result : E,= E, independently of y, i.e. E is oriented at the angle of 45° to the rod. The modulus of E is E= VE? +E? = AV2 /4neqy. (a) Using the solution of 3.14, the net electric field strength at the point O due to straight parts of the thread equals zero. For the curved part (arc) let us derive a general expression i.e. let us calculate the field strength at the centre of arc of radius R and linear charge density 4 and which subtends angle Q, at the centre. From the symmetry the sought field strength al will be directed along the bisector of the angle 0, and is given by LY? +0y2 ° 2(R dO) aA, % / E Jf 2225.09 Tak ** 7 \| 02 In our problem 0, = 2/2, thus the field strength = due to the turned part at the point YE OF v2 which is also the sought result. aE 4neR (b) Using the solution of 3.14 (a), net field strength at O due to stright parts equals v7 (25). A and is directed vertically down. Now using the solution of 3.15 4ne)R| 2xe9R3.16 3.17 275 (a), field strength due to the given curved part (semi-circle) at the point O becomes Tak = q and is directed vertically upward. Hence the sought net field strengh becomes 0 Zero. Given charge distribution on the surface_g = a” F” is shown in the figure. Symmetry of this distribution implies that the sought E at the centre O of the sphere is opposite to a” dq= o(2ursin0)rdO= @-F*)2xr’sinOdO= 2nar°sinOcos.0d0 Again frgm symmetry, field strength due to any ring element dE is also opposite to aie. dE} a: Hence dq rcos 0 dE = ars 8 = Rusin the result of 3.9) 4 my (r” sin” 0 + 7° cos” 0)” : » Qnar Sin 6 cos 0d 6) r cos @ &s 4negr ry | sin 0 cos? 0 n & us * E- f &- GR J inocntose 0 ‘, ar2 ar Integrating, we get E-- 26 3 3ep We start from two charged spherical balls each of radius R with canal and opposite charge densities +p and -p. The centre of the balls are at + 5 a na 4 5 respectively so the equation of their surfaces are |r — 7 = Ror r- 5o0s0uR and r+ 5eosOm R, considering @ to be small. The distance between the two surfaces in the radial direction at angle 0 is | acos® | and does not depend on the azimuthal angle. It is seen from the diagram that the surface of the sphere has in effect a surface density 6 = oy cos® when Op = pa. Inside any uniformly charged spherical ball, the field is radial and has the magnitude given by Gauss’s theorm 4nPE = Foveg or E= ae In vector notation, using the fact the V must be measured from the centre of the ball, we get, for the present case276 3.18 3.19 3.20 So =-pa73e, = —k” pa/3€q 3e, When F’is the unit vector along the polar axis from which 0 is measured. Let us consider an elemental spherical shell of thickness dr. Thus surface charge density of the shell o= pdr-= (a"r°) dr. Thus using the solution of 3.16, field strength due to this sperical shell ar = dE = - 2" ar 3 ey Hence the sought field strength R ocak a - 3e rdr= - ay 0 From the solution of 3.14 field anength ata perpen distance r < R from its left end E(-= ETS Deze Here é, is a unit vector along radial direction. Let us consider an elemental surface, dS = dy dz = dz(rd0) a figure. Thus flux of E(r) over the element d5 is siven by ao-E-&- | (+A rar]: dr (r.d0)i- 4netgr a dr d0( as @, i ) ane, a x a AR The sought flux, ® = ~ JS «Sao “3 co If we have taken dS (-7), then © were aR Hence jo|- Let us consider an clemental surface arca as shown in the figure. Then flux of the vector E through the elemental area, > | d®= E-dS= EdS= 2E,cos ds (as Ett dS ) . 2q 1 (rd0)dr= 2ql r dr dO 4nej (+7) (Pry anette277 where E,= is magnitude of ge 4ne(P +P) field strength due to any point charge at the point of location of considered elemental area. Bef rte S Ths O- FS Gas ® . 2qlx2x Sth rdr 7 Ane + Pp?™ ‘| Ta | It can also be a by considering a ring element or by using solid angle. 3.21. Let us consider a ring clement of radius x and thickness dx, as shown in the figure. Now, flux over the considered clement, a d@= E-dS = E,dS cos ® But E,= 2 from Gauss’s theorem, 3e9 To and dS= 2nxde , cos = © 5 Thus do = $o2a x de Pm Se taeds - Hence sought Rr 2p r 2xprm(R-1) _ Pr 220 aro) _ Ph 38 38 2 3 & O= (R°-13) 0 a 72 3.22, The field at P due to the threads at A and B are both of magnitude 2m eq (rv +1°/4) and directed along AP and BP. The resultant is along OP with . 2d cos 0 . Ax Qne( m+n)? ey? + 17/4) x P nner a w'6[(@-s77) «| A % a This is maximum when x = 1/2 and then E= E,,.= 2| ver278 3.23. Take a section of the cylinder perpendicular to its axis through the point where the electric 3.24 3.25 field is to be calculated. (All points on the axis are equivalent.) Consider an element S with azimuthal angle @. The length of the element is Rdp , R being the radius of cross section of the cylinder. The clement itself is a section of an infinite strip. The electric field at O due to this strip is Rd oy cos (R de) . a Taek Hrs S This can be resolved into 9% 608 PAH (cos @p along OX towards O U/ 2mey sin p along YO On integration the component along YO vanishes. What remains is LY ax Qn 2 Oy Cos’ OK Sosa eo vO te sae he egg ee 0 Since the field is axisymmetric (as the field 4 Uniiommly tharped Hhament), we condude. that the flux through the sphere of radius R is equal to the flux through the lateral surface of a cylinder having the same radius and the height 2R, as arranged in the figure. R Now, ©® § E-dS= E,S But E-% Thus = 7 eek 2R= 4naR (a) Let us consider a sphere of radius r < R then charge, inclosed by the considered sphere, , 7 taanat= f xP aro= f ane eo(t- jar Q) o 0 Now, applying Gauss’ theorem, E,4np = Tasos (where E, is the projection of electric field along the radial line.) 7) =f f aay ae ) srl i) Ir Po f 2 37 ae faae| oan3.27 279 And for a point. outside the sphere r > R. R 2 r : ' coset” f 4nPdrpy (1 - ae there is no charge outside the ball) 0 Again from Gauss’ theorem, R r 4x? droo(!B) E,4xP= J ————+ fo ° So eee) bk " Pey[3 AR] 127°, (b) As-magnitude of electric field decreases with increasing r for r>R, field will be maximum for r R, we can write. E4np = ‘aioe 444 [Sante & r On integrating we get, 2) Edna Gr2OR) 4nar ® Ze The intensity E does not depend on r when the experession in the parentheses is equal to zero. Hence 2 a a= 2xaR and E= 5 Let us consider a spherical layer of radius r and thickness dr, having its centre coinciding with the centre of the system. Then using Gauss’ theorem, for this surface, Bann Mesto fee ® & 0 : = 1 ff poe *axrar &4,280 3.28 3.29 After integration E,4nPe £42 year) Bea or, Ee ape "] " 3ear : Now when ar?<<1, Ew 20” 38% Po 3ear* And when ar >>1, E,~ Using Gauss theorem we can casily show that the electric field strength within a uniformly charged sphere is E = (= r 3e, The cavity, in our problem, may be considered as the superposition of two balls, one with the charge density p and the other with - p. Let P be a point inside the cavity such that its position vector with respect to the centre of cavity be 7” and with respect to the centre of the ball 7 Then from the principle of superposition, field inside the cavity, at an arbitrary point P, F-E+E She nye eg = 36" 3 = Note : Obtained expression for E shows that it is valid regardless of the ratio between the radii of the sphere and the distance between their centres. Let us consider a cylinderical Gaussian surface of radius r and height /1 inside an infinitely long charged cylinder with charge density p. Now from Gauss theorem : E,2arh= ‘loa 0 (where E, is the field inside the cylinder at a distance r from its axis.) r or E,= te Now, using the method of 3.28 field at a point P, inside the cavity, is 2 or, E,2arh= enrh > oe BoE +B P(0-M)= fa <_—_— >3.30 3.31 281 The arrangement of the rings are as shown in the figure. Now, potential at the point 1, 1 = potential at 1 due to the ring 1 + potential at 1 due to the ring 2. ee 4megR ” 4me,(R +a’) Similarly, the potential at point 2, ih & q © agatha *2" FmegR 4me,(R° +a") \ o (i Hence, the sought potential difference, -q,= Ap= 2/—t—, —__=2 __. te ee (miata op amok) Via @/Re We know from Gauss theorem that the electric field due to an infinietly long straight wire, at a perpendicular distance r from it equals, E, = 2 ne fea-f A ay 2neor 1 : (where x is perpendicular distance from the thread by which point 1 is removed from it.) =A — so, the work done is rs Hence Aep- ina n Let us consider a ring clement as shown in the figure. Then the charge, carried by the element, dq = (27R sin 0) Rd 00, Hence, the potential due to the considered element at the centre of the hemisphere, 1_dq_ 2moRsinOdO_ OR gag 4ne,R 4ne, 2e ¥ So potential due to the whole hemisphere w2 Ro . oR < | o- 52 f smoao~ $4 x PD 0 Now from the symmetry ‘of the problem, net electric field of the hemisphere is directed (2/9) towards the negative y-axis. We have ) __1 dqcs@_o R x ae ets Re Ze, sin Ocos 0.40 0 12 w2 7 fe of on Thus E = Ey = 2e, ff sin dos ae Jf sn20a0 qe" along YO ° 0282 3.33 3.34 Let us consider an elementary ring of thickness dy and radius y as shown in the figure. Then potential at a point P, at distance / from the centre of the disc, is o2nydy 608 eee o” Gna OF +l) Hence potential due to the whole disc, R of ee, 2 Viecen? -1) 0 4ner+ly? eo From symmetry d er ee eer ee “OloV Ra? 2 Visca? when 1+ 0, on oh 3 and when 15>, 0 0 oR i oR? Fel” Gayl” By definition, the potential in the case of a surface charge distribution is defined by integral = a 4. f oe In order to simplify integration, we shall choose the area element dS ‘0 in the form of a part of the ring of radius r and width dr in (Fig.). Then dS = 20 rdr, r= 2Rcos@ and dr= -2Rsin0d0. After substituting these expressions into integral o- — f FAS ve obtain the expression for —p at the point O: 4xejJ + 0 lr dh gn ey 3 re jp We integrate by parts, denoting 0 = u and sinOd0= dv: Osind0= -0cos@ (Slo +fcos0d0= -Ocos 0 +sin8 UY which gives -1 after substituting the limits of integration. As a result, we obtain p= OR/K Ey,3.35 3.36 3.37 283 In accordance with the problem p= a" 7" alerted caution + -Ve nee Lent? ies. #9] = -te.i+4 aj+,k]=-@ (a) Given, p= a(x -Yy So, E= -Vp=-2a(xi-yj ) The sought shape of field lines is as shown in the figure (a) of answersheet assuming a>0: (b) Since p= axy a _ So, E= -Vo= -ayi-aj Plot as shown in the figure (b) of answersheet. Given, p= a(x? +y*) +b = | So, E= -Vo= -[2axi+2ayj+2bzk]} Hence |E|= 2 VP Wry) +P 2 Shape of the equipotential surface : Put Pe xityj or p= xrsy Then the equipotential surface has the equation ap’+bz = constant = p Ifa>0, b>O then @>0 and the equation of the equipotential surface is oz Z =1 w/a’ o/b” which is an ellipse in p , z coordinates. In three dimensions the surface is an ellipsoid of revolution with semi- axis Vp/a , V@/a , Vp/b. Ifa>0, b<0 then @ can be 20. If p>0 then the equation is oa e/a o/b This is a single cavity hyperboloid of revolution about z axis. If p = 0 then ap? - |b|z7 = 0 or Vie is the equation of a right circular cone. If p <0 then the equation can be written as [bl 2? - ap? = ol 2 pe, lol Abl” lel 7a This is a two cavity hyperboloid of revolution about z-axis. or284 3.38 3.39 3.40 From Gauss’ theorem intensity at a point, inside the sphere at a distance r from the centre is git ee ide it, is gi a ae is given by, E, 3e and outside it, is given by E, ame (a) Potential at the centre of the sphere, R . : woe f Eat fae f—t a PEt 0 Aneyr 362 4ne)R 0 z fe ee ~ BxeR* 4ne,R~ 8xe,R 4nR> () Now, potential at any point, inside the sphere, at a distance r from its centre, R =| 2 —4_& oof ke SaeF 2 On integration : p(r) = aac |! 3 a Po] - a] 3R* Let two charges +q and —g be separated by a distance /. Then electric potential at a point at distance r> >I from this dipole, yp oe a(S J @ 4meor, 4megr. 4x€\| 7,7 5 But r_-r,= 1cos® and r,rw r* er From Eqs. (1) and (2), qicos®_ pcos® pr ee amar ner ane +4 where p is magnitude of electric moment vector. { Now, £,= - 22. 2pcs0 ar Aner L ond f,. oes eam | 790 4ne, Pp -4 So E= VE2+E3 = —P V4 cos*6+sin?0 4neyr From the results, obtained in the previous problem, E- 2 pcos ® and E,= pent Heo 4ner From the given figure, it is clear that, E,= E, cos 0 - Eysin 0 = ime cos” 0 - 1)285 and E, = E,sin 0 +Eycos 0 = 228in 0 cos @ 4negr When Ep’, |= £, and E,= 0 1 So 3.cos*0= 1 and cos = v3 Thus E,, p’at the points located on the lateral surface of the cone, having its axis, coinciding with the direction of z-axis and semi vertex angle 9= cos~'1/V3. 3.41 Let us assume that the dipole is at the centre of the one equipotential surface which is spherical (Fig.). On an equipotential surface the net electric field strength along the tangent of it becomes zero. Thus -EysinO@+E,= 0 or ~Eysin + Pane, 0 4nxeor v3 Her - ee agen ka Alternate : Potential at the point, near the dipole is given by, p= 2’? __E. 7% constant, —P_,- £,) cos 0 + Const NO] Fo 4neyr DA For @ to be constant, Eo t Er a 7 —+—, - Fy= 0 or, =E 4neyr °° 4xqr pe — — (ee) 3.42 Let P be a point, at distace r>>/ and at an angle to © the vector / (Fig.). me coe Thus E at P= — =. _ 2neq 2m, 7 a | z “5 : 012 Ee rlcos 8 Fae artes 8 2 fie Tae le rel a He E= = eee ogee286 3.43 3.44 1 "Fae a Also, Ine In|F%1/2|-s*—m 7-1/2] =x nD trlcos 0+ P/4 | Al cos 0 Ame) P-ricosO+1?/4 2 egr r>>l The potential can be calculated by superposition. Choose the plane of the upper ring as x= 1/2 and that of the lower ring as x= - 1/2. q q Then —,,rté<“—~sésSsSSsisOC*C“CN 4mey(R°+(x- 1/2)? 4 eg [R° + (w+ 1/2)" J “ 4 oe ee ee 4ne)(R+x- Le] 4mey [R42 + by « 4 1+—*)- 4 i = 4g (R+xy7 | 2K +x) ) Seg (Re 4x)? | 2 (R424) ~ gtx ane, (Re +x) For [look = % The electric field is E = - && gi 3 ql ae x? - R) ae a Lega ek AD ane (Rex) 2 (+x) ane, 4me,(R' +x) For |xj>>R, B= 2, The plot is as given in the book. Imex The field of a pair of oppositely charged sheets with holes can by superposition be reduced to that of a pair of unifosm opposite charged sheets and discs with opposite charges. Now the charged sheets do not contribute any field outside them. Thus using the result of the previous problem. R ° o)l2nrdrx 4neg(P +x)? ° Ret ox | dy ox i --¢ y,. = foe 2a VR +e +6 ee, off 2 oR 7 ax” "2egl Vala (e+e Pee The plot is as shown in the answersheet.3.45 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.49 287 For x > 0 we can use the result as given above and write oo ( - ae 2eol R42)? for the solution that vanishes at a. There is a discontinuity in potential for |x| = 0. The solution for negative x is obtained by o > - 0. Thus Fie _ constant : 29 (R +x?) Hence ignoring the jump a9 ol? Ox ey (R24 x9? for large k| p= —2— and E~ —?—, (where p= x Ro) Aner 2 me, |x? 3. OE Here E,= Ey= E,= 0 and F= poy 2meyr’ (@) Pralong the thread. E does not change as the point of observation is moved along the thread. F=0 (b) p along 77 ee ap” es Fu Fat= 42 ae - Oo ~e-0 oo Onan Tata (On ws ar } (©) Pralong é dk Fm Pr a0 IReF ee as pe ek Qnepr 90 Aner’ Anegr e Force on a dipole of moment p is given by, aE F= |e In our problem, field, due to a dipole at a distance J, where a dipole is placed, a +, 2negl Hence, the force of interaction, 2 Fe 22 - 21x10-"N 2mel -dg= E-dr= a(yde+xdy)= ad (zy) On integrating, p= -axyt+C = = oo -do= E-dr™ [2axyi+2(e-y')j ]-[dei+dyj | or, dp= 2axydr+a(x’-y’) dy= ad (xy) - ay’ dy288 3.50 3.51 3.52 3.53 On integrating, we get, 2 p= o(F-z]+ Given, again = ~ dee E-dr= (ayit (ax +bz)j + by): (de is dyjsdek) = a(y dx + ax dy) +b (zdy +ydz) = ad (xy) + bd (yz) On integrating, @= -(axy+byz)+C Field intensity along x-axis. 2 E,= - x =3ax (1) Then using Gauss’s theorem in differential from OE, _ p(x) ao Fa So, p(x) = 6a ex. In the space between the plates we have the Poisson equation Fe__ Po ax i) or, pn Pet AxeB : 285 where fp is the constant space charge density between the plates. We can choose p(0)= 0 so B=0 Pod Ag, Pod Then 00 8e] a r, Sd. te, 39, Po Now E=- = —x-A=0 forx=0 ax & f ao Ao he. | : de ee 2eQ AQ then P= - Z Pod Also E@=—. £ Field intensity is along radial line and is pees e E,- - SPs -2ar a) From the Gauss’ theorem, 4nPE,= , where dq is the charge contained between the sphere of radii r and r + dr. r Hence 4n7E,= 4nP x (-2ar) = = fr? 00 dr Q) 00 Differentiating (2) p= -6 9a289 3.2 CONDUCTORS AND DIELECTRICS IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD 3.54 3.56 3.57 When the ball is charged, for the equilibrium of ball, electric force on it must counter balance the excess spring force, exerted, on the ball due to the extension in the spring. Thus Fy = Fyy, i +4 2 or, —41—,, = xx, (The force on the charge 4 4 xe (20) l q might be considered as arised from attraction ft by the electrical image) i org= 4IVnegKx, y Image sought charge on the sphere. 7 By definition, the work of this force done upon an elementry displacement dx (Fig.) is given by dA= F,de= - 5 dx, 4 m &p (2x) where the expression for the force is obtained with the help of the image method. Integrating this equation over x between / and ®, we find a oS e- eo 16x J ~ 16 xe! a (a) Using the concept of electrical image, it is clear that the magnitude of the force acting on each charge, > > Ip Fi ee > 2 wh 19 |Fi- v2 ee +4 aq A4negl? 4me, (V2) 2 . = —t3ev2-1) 8neyl (b) Also, from the figure, magnitude of electrical field strength at P a E=2(1-—= ( 5Vv5 ) megl? Using the concept of electrical image, itis easily seen that the force on the charge q is, ae gees Axe (2 4m eq (2V2 I _ 22-7 it is attractive) 32m e! a »280 3.58 3.60 Using the concept of electrical image, force on the dipole > Sop F= pp, where Eis field at the location of Prdue to (-P) a). |e 3p Zi s on IF l= [ap] P= ora) Pp P XE 1 7 as, [E|- —2_, 4ne, (21) To find the surface charge density, we must know the electric field at the point P (Fig.) which is at a distance r from the point O . Using the image mirror method, the field at P, q : ql Meg x E= 2Ecoa= 2 Now from Gauss’ theorem the surface charge density on conductor is connected with the electric field near its surface (in vaccum) through the relation o = £)£,, where E, is the projection of E onto the outward normal 7 (with respect to the conductor). As our field strength Et | 7 so -q qi o= -g,E= - On FR P (a) The force F, on unit length of the thread is given by F,=2£E, where E, is the field at the thread due to image charge : -- =. Fre, (D -n _ Fi Gxegl > minus singn means that the force is one of AT, z attraction. (>) There is an image thread with charge density- 2 behind the conducting plane. We calculate the electric field on the conductor. It is NL E(@)= £,@)= —— @)=£,@) zee? on considering the thread and its image. Thus aL oO)= Fam 2)291 3.61 (a) ALO, Ade E,(0) = Sas Taeol a So 0(0)= HE,= 505 Ade x d xde ® 40-2 [ean 2x San a = ho J Som puting y= 24, +> y ree on eve Hence 9 (r)= ey£,= ———— ’ 2nVP +P i 3.62 It can be easily seen that in accordance with the image method, a charge -q must be located on a similar ring but on the other side of the conducting plane. (Fig.) at the same perpendicular distance. From the solution of 3.9 net electric field at O, I Ea 24 ___,(- ft) where iis anes ly? * 4 outward normal with respect to the conducting plane. c L Now Ew = H o= — 2a Rly where minus sign indicates that the induced carge is opposite in sign to that of charge q>0. 3.63, Potential @ is the same for all the points of the sphere. Thus we calculate its value at the centre O of the sphere. Thus we can calculate its value at the centre O of the sphere, because only for this point, it can be calculated in the most simple way. og es a292 3.64 3.65 3.66 where the first term is the potential of the charge q, While the second is the potential due to the charges induced on the surface of the sphere. But since all induced charges are at the same distance equal to the radius of the circle from the point C and the total induced charge is equal to zero, gp’ = 0, as well. Thus equation (1) is reduced to the form, i_i¢@ 4negl o= As the sphere has conducting layers, charge ~-q is induced on the inner surface of the sphere q and consequently charge + q is induced on the outer layer as the sphere as a whole is uncharged. Hence, the potential at O is given by, -_4 (-4) q V0" Amer * Amey R, * 4meyR; It should be noticed that the potential can be found in such a simple way only at O, since all the induced charges are at the same distance from this point, and their distribution, (which is unknown to us), does not play any role. Potential at the inside sphere, ua hh, & Po" Gnega 4neyd A b Obviously Y= 0 for q,= aa (1) When r2b, UN 2 DN 8 : % Gmegr* 4meyr ia . )/ 7, using Eq, (1). And when rs b aL d 4negr 4b Pr eal 4neq|r a (a) As the metallic plates 1 and 4 are isolated and conncted by means of a conductor, = Gq Plates 2 and 3 have the same amount of positive and negative charges and due to induction, plates 1 and 4 are respectively negatively and positively charged and in addition to it all the four plates are located a small but at equal distance d relative to each3.67 293 other, the magnitude of electric field strength between 1 - 2 and 3 - 4 are both equal in magnitude and direction (say E’). Let E" be the field strength between the plates 2 and 3, which is directed form 2 to 3. Hence Et) E (Fig.). According to the problem E'd= Ap= 9-9 () In addition to P1- Pe O= (1 - P) + (Pp - 5) + (3 - Fs) or, -O= ~Ed + Ag - Ed or, Ags 2Ed or E= SE E£ _ 4@ Hence Exo" 4 Q) (b) Since Ea 0, we can state that according to equation (2) for part (a) the charge on the plate 2 is divided into two parts; such that 1/3 rd of it lies on the upper side and 2/3 1d on its lower face. Thus charge density of upper face of plate 2 or of plate 1 or plate 4 and lower face of 8 Ap 2d 30= &)E= and charge density of lower face of 2 or upper face of 3 3 eA Hence the net charge density of plate 2 or 3 becomes o +0" = = which is obvious from the argument. The problem of point charge between two conducting planes is more easily tackled (if we want only the total charge induced on the planes) if we replace the point charge by a uniformly charged plane sheet. Let o be the charge density on this sheet and E, , E, outward electric field on the two sides of this sheet. ° Then E,+E,- 2 & The conducting planes will be assumed to be grounded. Then E,x= E,(!-x). Hence E,= Te -2), Ey= Tet This means that the intduced charge density on the plane conductors are o,- -F(l-m), a= - $2 Hence q, = -4q-», Qa 4x294 3.68 3.69 3.70 Near the conductor E = E, = 2 0 This field can be written as the sum of two parts E, and E>. E, is the electric field due to an infinitesimal area dS. : ° Very near it Ey= = The remaining part contributes E,= 2 on 1 ds E, both sides. In calculating the force «on the t n element dS we drop E, (because it is a self-force.) Thus ee as 2eq” 2e The total force on the hemisphere is ‘We know that the force acting on the area element dS of a conductor is, i dF = 50E ds a) It follows from symmetry considerations that the resultant force F is directed along the z~axis, and hence it can be represented as the sum Zhe z ((nntegral) of the projection of elementary forces

6, similarly & |r Now, E~ - 2, or So by integration from infinity where p (~) = 0, GO, a p= r>b for297 So eer ab By integration, vo OHO) toe rob Caeay Po (Pa or, ° a-sted ,acrcb By continuity or, 2 : Po_(a 2 Po Finally p=B (t+ B- years On the basis of obtained expressions E(r) and (p)(r) can be plotted as shown in the answer-sheet.298 3.78 3.79 3.80 Let the field in the dielectric be E making an angle a with 7° Then we have the boundary conditions, E, cos dy = €£ cosa and Eysincy= Esina So E= Ey V si Gy +—Z cos" ay and tana= etandy e In the dielectric the normal component of the induction vector is Lz D, = &y€E, = ty &E cos a= € Ey COs Oy Lo ay i Eo o'= P,= D,- %E,= (1-Zeotoee a E or, £) Ep C08 tty F From the previous problem,o’ = eit k, cos 8 & (a) Then f F.B=1+Q = xR Ey cos0 % e () f D> di= (Dy,-D,,) I= (e9 £y sin 0 - ¢ £) sin 0) = -(e - 1) £9 Ey /sin 0 = oD: @) d= —*= p and D= pl E,= 2, fog ad Be 08 a eg 0 & ie ld apd o)= ge, led and ows aL, I>dthen g(x) = Be o by continuity. On the basis of obtained expressions E, (x) and @ (x) can be plotted as shown in the figure of answersheet.3.81 3.82 299 () p'= div P= ~div (@-1) B= ~ pS o’= P,,-P2,, where n is the normal from 1 to 2. =P ine @- 0 as 2 is vacuum.) + e-1 € = (pd-pd/e)= pd wo x 22D = divD= 35, 7D,= p Lt r 1 A Ft Dim 3 prt, rR Zar 3 7 | pke | pee @ Bert 77k and cep cu pRi, pR a. R Gen C=+ ae Gren a cee See answer sheet for graphs of E (r) and 9 (r) ope ele pe-1) (6) p’ aw B52 {Fo(1-2)} o's P,P, 0 Pye 5eR(1-3) Because there is a discontinuity in polarization at the boundary of the dielectric disc, a bound surface charge appears, which is the source of the electric field inside and outside the disc. ‘We have for the electric field at the origin. > (dS o> af 287 axe?” where 7= radius vector to the origin from the element dS.300 o' = P, = Pos @ on the curved surface (P,, = 0 on the flat surface.) Here 0 = angle between 7*and P By symmetry, E will be parallel to P. Thus an coe Pees ORdoc0s 0. 4 4negR 0 where, r= R if d< Pa So, Ea ~7ig and B= - 3.83. Since there are no free extraneous charges anywhere — aD, divD= —*= 0 or, D,= Constant ax But D,= 0 at ©, so, D, = 0, every where. FR. Po Py x Thus, E ~2(-3) or, B= - SO ft~ Fa : Pox Pix =. + constant - Vay rr Hence, cao 2Pyd 2Pyd 4Pyd eae f 3dée 3% 3.84 (a) We have D,= D, of, €£,= E, Also, £4484 Byd oF, E,+E,= 2Ey 2B, 2eEy Zeek, Hence, E,= > and Ey= ==" and Dy = D)= (b) D,= D,, of, €£,= E,= oe Ey E Thus, By= Ey, Ey= 2 and Dy= Dy eo3.85 3.86 3.87 3.88 301 (a) Constant voltage acros the plates; E,= Ey, Dy= Ey Dy= tt Ey (b) Constant charge across the plates; E, = Ey, Dy= 9 £,, D,= ey Ey= eD, 2Ey E,(L+e)= 26) or By= Ey= > At the interface of the dielectric and vacuum, Ey= Ex The electric field must be radial and E\= E,= ,acr 4negr 4negr E. joe * 4neg? Ey= —£ sin 0 + —15 sino 4ntor 4negr fe 0 4neyr The boundary conditions are D,,= Dz, and Ey,= Ey ag Y=a+q 2g = TL (a) The surface density of the bound charge on the surface of the dielectric O! = Po, = Dy - fo Faq = (€ = 1) 9 Bay esd Ce eer e-1 q e-1 ql eel In eo eel age a1 i e-1 (b) Total bound charge is,~ == S qigee -4 The force on the paint charge q is due to the bound charges. This can be calculated from the field at this charge after extracting out the self field. This image field is a impr e +1 Amey (21° eel ge e+] 16xeq1? Thus, Fe3.91 E,= 3.92 3.93 303 ci qn 4 a a Her, Amr, ey qr 4neyr,’ Pini E,= ip Pin2 where q”= 22, q’= q"~q In the limit T=» 0 = . E- Gear, 5, in either part. 4negr 2meg(l+e)r q Thus, E,= 3 te Qneg(l+eyr a 2neg(l+e)r D- ——2—_,, J 1 in vacuum 2neg(i+e)r | & in dielectric Using the boundary conditions, E,,= e£,,, Ey = Ey This implies q-eq=q" and q+eg'= eq" cong ee os cane Then, as earlier, eed tes is 2nr \e+l] & To calculate the electric field, first we note that an image charge will be needed to ensure that the electric field on the metal boundary is normal to the surface.304 3.94 3.95 3.96 The image charge must have magnitude -2 so that the tangential component of the electric field may vanish. Now, £,= +—(4)2c0s0= —%# 4xeoler 2neger Then P,= D,-t£,= E=-V4. Qner This is the density of bound charge on the surface. Since the condenser plates are connected, E,h+E,(d-h)=0 and P+ ek, = ey Ey or, E, +2 =k, £9 P h a2 (id Given P= a7" where 7% distance from the axis. The space density of charges is given by, p'=-div P= -2a : aoe On using. div re ry=2 In a uniformly charged sphere, The total electric field is a ao po? 3,.(7F= 87) Po 1 Pr . Ben Podr= a where p7™= -P (dipole moment is defined with its direction being from the -ve charge to +ve charge.) The potential outside is fl (2. Q Py: - a? |r-or ): aon where By = - 5 R° py aF"is the total dipole moment. Q3.97 3.98 3.99 3.100 305 The electric field Ei ina spherical cavity in a uniform dielectric of permittivity e is related to the far away field E, in the following manner, Jmagine the cavity to be filled up with the dielectric, Then there will be a uniform field E everywhere and a polarization P, given by, P= (e-1) mE Now take out the sphere making the cavity, the_glectric field inside the sphere will be PF 3ep By superposition. Ey - rE 0 or, Ey= Fehe-nE- Le+nE By superposition the field E inside the ball, is given by F-E-= * On the other hand, if the sphere is not too small, the macroscopic equation P= (e-1)e9£ must hold. Thus, aa > = 32 i E, o, Ew Te2 Also Pa3 tery TA This is to be handled by the same trick as in 3.96. We have effectively a two dimensional situation. For a uniform cylinder full of charge with charge density py (charge per unit volume), the electric field E at an inside point is along the (cylindrical) radius vector 7” and equal to, 1 Es 5,eF ivEn bo L pipe divE ro (rE,) t’ hence, E, 26" Therefore the polarized cylinder can be thought of as two equal and opposite charge dis- tributions displaced with respect to each other : pote lS 1.4 P Bx 5075 p(F= or) = 5 pore ~ 3 Since P= - p87" (direction of electric dipole moment vector being from the negative charge to positive charge .) As in 3.98, we write B= E,- 2 2€ using here the result of the foregoing problem, Also P= (e-1)eE sy snl ae rh 4 a ~ So, F{ )- Be. or, B= + and Pu 209° 7306 3.3. ELECTRIC CAPACITANCE ENERGY OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD 3.101 Let us mentally impart a charge q on the conductor, then R ° e- o- | —tsyare | toa vy 4neger Jo Aner 1 2 oa ge 4mege | R, Ry |” 4xe9 Rp [a fe) 1 4mege| R, *R, Hence the sought capacitance, a 14 ntoe : Antec M.-P ak R ‘| i,| @-nRtI 3.102 From the symmetry of the problem, the voltage across each capacitor, Ap = &/2 and charge on each capacitor q= CE /2 in the absence of dielectric. Now when the dielectric is filled up in one of the capacitors, the equivalent capacitance of the system, 7c: Co" The and the potential difference across the capacitor, which is filled with dielectric, pe don Comins Av = 26" Gee Ce” re) But gaE So, as ~p decreases $a +8) times, the field strength also decreases by the same factor and flow of charge,Aq= q'-4 Coc. 1 (ea) "Geo 28" 2°85 ea) 3.103 (a) As it is series combination of two capacitors, 1 4 4, ES =. or, C= Ge) 1b /e) Co eS” eS (0) Let, o'be the initial surface charge density, then density of bound charge on the boundary plane,307 cv _%S%% V But, | Cie ee : ee ee ROTA So, ei folaGiimed) £4, +04, 3.104 (a) We point the x-axis lowards right and place the origin on the left hand side plate. The left plate is assumed to be positively charged. Since € varies linearly, we can write, ex) = at bx where @ and b can be determined from the boundary condition. We have e=e, at x= 0 and €= €, at x= d, Thus, e(x) = e+ Now potential difference between the plates + os a a z. o a f E-a@ f dk . 4 &q e(x) qa 0} Po o od 2 — 2 tr = — Sy 2 0 & (« + 5) Ga-e)e & 0 d Eq — £1) Ey S Hence, the sought capacitance,C = oS _ (et 9-9. (ine,/e,)d () D= Zand P= 2-4 S” Se(x) and the space density of bound charges is pra —divp = L024) Sde* (x) 3.105 Let, us mentally impart a charge q to the conductor. Now potential difference between the plates, RX Poo og f Ba RX Rg Set Swe oO Tuepa MRYR ", tL Hence, the sought capacitance, q q4nega 4nxt9a Coe: qinR/R, In R,/R,308 3.106 Let A be the linear charge density then, a fin” Tee R A, . a a. fon” Tee Re ® The breakdown in either case will occur at the smaller value of r for a simultaneous breakdown of both dielectrics. From (1) and (2) EimR; = Eyy Ry €2, Which is the sought relationship. 3.107 Let, 0 be the linear change density then, the sought potential difference, RX xR a LS enon Sabot f 2mey ear < RX x A fh in RyR, ++ tn RY/R, +1 2 2neo = Now, as, E, R, € > a, the charge distribution on each spherical conductor is practically unaffected by the presence of the other conductor. Then, the potential @, ( @_) on the positive (respectively negative) charged conductor is +—2_(__4 Gnegea | ~ Snegea ee ThUS ©, - . = Freeoa b and C=—4— » 2n¢,¢a. 9. @ Note : if we require terms which depend on e we have to take account of distribution of charge on the conductors. As in 3.109 we apply the method of image. Then the potentical difference between the +4 -4 +vely charged sphere and the conducting plane is one half the nominal potential difference between the sphere and its image and is 1 ee Bye 8 eg e 3 Thus C= ae = 4nega. for 1>> a.310 3.112 Cr —Tyiyby 5 A ala g |? AK G By & (a) Since 9, = Gg and p= 9 The arrangement of capacitors shown in the problem is equivalent to the arrangement shown in the Fig. hs, 2% She o OS and hence the capacitance between A and B is, C=C, +C,+Cy (B) From the symmetry of the problem, there is no P.d. between D and E.. So, the combination reduces to a simple arrangement shown in the Fig and hence the net capacitance, O- S+E=c 3.113 (a) In the given arrangement, we have three £5 capacitors of equal capacitance C = Ee and the first and third plates are at the same Cc _ potential. A B Hence, we can resolve the network into a simple form using series and parallel grouping of c capacitors, as shown in the figure. Thus the equivalent capacitance (C+OE)C 2 Oo" (C+Q)+C 33.114 3.15 311 (b) Let us mentally impart the charges +q and -q to the plates 1 and 2 and then distribute them to other plates using charge conservation and electric induction. (Fig.). As the potential difference between the plates 1 and 2 is zero, Ga a fyoS aC +e aca (uoete c= a) or, = 24 The potential difference between A and B, P= W- P= H/C Hence the sought capacitane, a LD, 3q, oe 38S @ G/C” 24/C° 2 2d Amount of charge, that the capacitor of capacitance C, can withstand, q,= C,V, and similarly the charge, that the capacitor of capacitance C, can withstand, q) = C2 V2. But in series combination, charge on both the capacitors will be same, $0, g,,., that the combination can withstand = C, V,, C= as CV, &, then using - Ap = 0 in the closed circuit, (Fig.) g+a-Z- B= 0 -ENCCr = aa cic):3.119 3.120 3.121 3.122 313 Hence the P.D. accross the left and right plates of capacitors, and similarly 24, GHG, Oe Cee crac. Taking benefit of tffe foregoing problem, the amount of charge on each capacitor jap= zB C1+Cy Make the charge distribution, as shown in the figure. In the circuit, 12561. - Ap = 0 yields p= 0 yi “7G C2 7 nn % §C,C, 4 z +423 +42 A -4, Eten $e 0% ae eet 4 and in the circuit 13461, , a ECC, 2S bya =i 2 GB Ce = -§=0 of q= Cec] 2” C+ Cy 4 Now Oe" OT 6 Ce) gf se Cy+Cy Cz, | °| (C+ C2) (C3+C,) -&§ It becomes zero, when Cy 3 (CyC3-C,C,) = 0. oF ara Let, the charge q flows through the connecting wires, then at the state of equilibrium, charge distribution will be as shown in the Fig. In the closed circuit 12341, using -Ap=0 CMa @. ga, 4. A Ce Gac Vs Cr ee oe OVC IC F17C,) @ a Initially, charge on the capacitor C, or Cy, 5C,C, = Gacy 8 hey are in series combination (Fig.-)314 when the switch is closed, in the circuit CDEFC 'from - Ag = 0, (Fig. b ) ur S-o 270 or m= C8 Qa) 2 And in the closed loop BCFAB from - Ag = 0 =u, Cte E=0 (2) { F () From (1) and (2) q, = Now, charge flown through section 1 = (q, + q))-O= C,)& : BCC, and charge flown through section 2= - q,- = 1tCy 3.123 When the switch is open, (Fig-a) 2EC,C, 9" CHG, cc 1 L +4, é TCI Sw 4 Poe 3 +4, 2 & C2 ia 99 a . and when the switch is closed, = EC, and q= EC, Hence, the flow of charge, due to the shortening of switch, cc through section 1= 41-9" BC] GT | = -24uC Cec through the section 2= - 42 (@)= BC2| Gee. | 7 ~36HC and through the section 3= gy ~ (q)- 4) -0= &(C,-C,) = - 60 uC315 3.124 First of all, make the charge distribution, as shown in the figure. 3.125 3.126 In the loop 12341, using - Ap = 0 ce Q) 2 hed 1 Adit. 6 Gi Similarly, in the loop 61456, using - Ag = 0 = =-4}t 2, Bh 229 @) Vi a | fe From Eqs. (1) and (2) we have . ao BC 3 7 -n" 6, 1 é +1 =H On - BG Hence, M9 “SS are In the loop ABDEA, using - Ap = 0 ; ~(4+42) ; 1 uth E32", -§+—+— +8 =0 1) = Ca Ct q o Gy Gr Similarly in the loop ODEF, O “th % ai 4 8,-5+2-0 2) HKHR——HIE CQ +8 ate QF & 2 i 92 Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we get, 2 2 5y.Cp- 61 Cp - Bi Cz + 5 C3 ath= CeCe + ROP ae Cea: = MeO) _ EG #C)- 8-H Cy +C,+C3 : 2 (Cy + C3) - &C, - Cy And using the symmetry, @, = ee $3 (C,+C,)- "8, C,- BO and 8 Cy +, +Cy The answers have wrong sign in the book. Taking the advantage of symmetry of the problem charge distribution may be made, as shown in the figure. In the loop, 12561, = Ap = 0316 eee CG. cc 2 : : 6 yd 5 -42 4 N _ CiCs+Cy) ae ae L * ot aeee) =O cr : oe v Now, capacitance of the network, A C3 2 7 her “th uth Pa- Pe H/C, + 4/C; oF 1 2 ed _ M+ a/a) Q) *& c 'G : From Eqs. (1) and (2) 2C,C,+C3(C, +C,) Com C, +O, +2, U4: 3.127 (a) Interaction energy of any two point charges q, and qp is given by aar where r 1s the separation between the charges. 2 td ce ae +o + 4 a, 1 i | | | | ! | io | 1 | | 1 I \ | t | 4 1 RAY ! sa Pee +2 4mega ~ 4xeq (V2 a) Co Anega 2 Tne, V2 a) te ee ee cee 2 anea a. 4nxe(V2a) 4x84 and3.128 3.129 3.130 3.131 317 As the chain is of infinite length any two charge of same sign will occur symmetrically to any other charge of opposite sign. So, interaction energy of each charge with all the others, ¢ ee U= a anes Last gt UP tom qd) 1 But In(l+x)ex-5x+ and putting x= 1 we get In2= 1- (2) From Eqs. (1) and (2), Using electrical image method, interaction energy of the charge q with those induced on the plane. U= Greg Qh” ~8xel Consider the interaction energy of one of the balls (say 1) and thin spherical shell of the other. This interaction energy can be written as fdepq x P(r) 4,7" sin 0d 0 dr 5 2% (2 +P + 2lr cos 6) h : Sa 2 (7) 2xr’ sind 0 dr ler a : Zit J eee nr 2egl dr-2r py (r) +2 Dh 4negl Hence finally integrating 4xP dr p,(r) Ugg= GEE where, a= f 4x7 py ar it" Gael J Charge contained in the capacitor of capacitance Cy is q= C,@ and the energy, stored in it: Coit 76,7 79° Now, when the capacitors are connected in parallel, equivalent capacitance of the system, C= C,+Cy and hence, energy stored in the system :318 cfg : : Up= FE G+ 8 charwe remains conserved during the process. So, increment in the energy, Chet) eG Cis 2 |C,+¢,~C, |" 2(C,+Cp AU = - 0-03 mJ 3.132 The charge on the condensers in position 1 are as shown. Here q_ %_ 4*% Cc" G C+, C(C+C,)& and Jr or, 44%" C30 Hence, 9" G53e and qy= a+26 fave” [a,>* |. +4, |*%o ae 9o Tross® [a | . LY i 440 ri Go +4 @ After the switch is thrown to position 2, the charges change as shown in (Fig-b). A charge qy has flown in the right loop through the two condensers and a charge 4 through the cell, Because of the symmetry of the problem there is no change in the energy stored in the condensers. Thus H (Heat produced) = Energy delivered by the cell Coe = a8 HS" Bae 3.133. Initially, the charge on the right plate ofthe capacitor, g= C (E, - §)) and finally, when switched to the position, 2. charge on the same plate of capacitor ; q= CE So, Aq= = CE, Now, from energy conservation, AU + Heat liberated = A ,., where AU is the electrical energy.3.134 3.135 3.136 319 $C -FCG,-E) + Heat liberated = Age, as only the cell with e.m.f. &, is responsible for redistribution of the charge. So, oe 3 C&2 + Heat liberated = C&) &. Hence heat liberated = ze g Self energy of cach shell is given by oe where @ is the potential of the shell, created only by the charge q, on it. Hence, self energy of the shells 1 and 2 are : aN BxeR, 2 % Bxe,R, The interaction energy between the charged shells equals charge q of one shell, multiplied by the potential @, created by other shell, at the point of location of charge q. bh _ he Wa" hFqeyR,” TneyR, We and W,= So, Hence, total enegy of the system, U= W,+W2+ Wy 1 a G al fares Ree ORR: Electric fields inside and outside the sphere with the help of Gauss thcorem : —# rs R),E,= <4 r>R) E,« - 1 4meyR Aner Sought self energy of the ball U=W,+W, R - 2 2 £9 Ey’ fe 2 qa (i -f 2 4nP dr+ 2 4nrdr= BxeoR 371] 0 R 3¢ Mot Hence, U= Taek and We 5 (a) By the expression fi Seek ave f here? 4x9 dr, for a spherical layer. To find the electrostatic energy inside the dielectric layer, we have to integrate the upper expression in the limit [a, 5] b U= rw J focal ee aa] 27 mJ 2 4neger Sxegela b320 3.137 As the field is conservative total work done by the field force, 1 A= U,-Us= 5901-2) Slee i ee 24me9/R, R| 8meg|R, Ry 3.138 Initially, energy of the system, U,= W,+ Wy, where, W, is the self energy and W,, is the mutual energy. '" 2 4xe,R, 4neyR, and on expansion, energy of the system, U,= Wt Wi a 24ne,R, 4neyR, Now, work done by the field force, A equals the decrement in the electrical energy, 140+ V2)(1 1 ive. A= (U,-U)= —2 (5-2 Y 4ne, (R, Ry Alternate : The work of electric forces is equal to the decrease in electric energy of the system, A= U,-U, In order to find the difference U;— Up we note that upon expansion of the shell, the electric field and hence the energy localized in it, changed only in the hatched spherical layer consequently (Fig.). where E, and E, are the field intensities (in the hatched region at a distance r from the centre of the system) before and after the expansion of the shell. By using Gauss’ theorem, we find + 1 ¢@ 4 nd E,= 1 % E\= SS 1" ane 2" Amey As a result of integration, we obtain _ 140+ 9/2) Gk | ; 4ney |R, Ry3.139 3.140 3.141 321 Energy of the charged sphere of a r, from the equation L oe ah 2 4neyr 8neyr If the radius of the shell changes by dr then work done is 4nPF,dr = -dU = 7/8 ner Thus sought force per unit area, ¢ GxPo~ oe? "GaP @ner) 4nrx8xeyr 2& Initially, there will be induced charges of magnitude -q and +q on the inner and outer surface of the spherical layer respectively. Hence, the total electrical energy of the system is the sum of self energies of spherical shells, having radii a and 6, and their mutual energies including the point charge 4. ge Cee eggs agg age 1 24meb 24ne,a Ameya 4ne,b 4neyb _ ofl a Or Se, |b -4| Finally, charge q is at infinity hence, U;= 0 Now, work done by the agent = increment in the energy g_ fit ae are “5 (a) Sought work is equivalent to the work performed against the electric field created by one plate, bolding at rest and to bring the other plate away. Therefore the required work, A spar ® GE - 2), where E = ~2- is the intensity of the field created by one plate at the location of other. Ze So, Magen = THe 2-8) = a5 (2-4) Alternate : A ,,,= AU (as fi field i is potential) 2 2 ee 2e,5 2 2e,5 *~ 2e,5 M2) (b) When voltage is kept const,, the force acing on each plate of capacitor will depend on the distance between the plates. So, elementary work done by agent, in its displacement over a distance dr, relative to the other, dA= -F,dx But, F,= 3) 08 and of) = & x 2 i Siva eoSViT a 1 Hence, asfa-f Feo ee fe322 3.142 3.143, Alternate : From energy Conservation, Uj-U,= Ag tA agent 1S p2 18S). [eS eS or Im ta ae V +A seat (88 Aga = (Gy-a)V = (G-C) VP) : egSV77 4 eels (@) When metal plate e thickness nd is inserted inside the capacitor, capacitance of the system becomes Cy = 77a 7S 7 Now, initially, charge on the capacitor, gy = Cy V= 5 Finally, capacitance of the capacitor, C = a SV" d(1-n) As the source is disconnected, charge on the plates will remain same during the process. Now, from energy conservation, U;- U;= A say (@8 cell does no work) 7 Lao 1a > 2:Ce2 Cree 1f_%5V. _@ = Hence A jpat™ a|at=w [e \"te 20- cen. = 15m] (b) Initially, capacitance of ‘ system is given by, Ce e [ ‘ 5 Com deaee (this is the capacitance of two capacitors in series) So, charge on the plate, qg= CyV Capacitance of the capacitor, after the glass plate has been removed equals C From energy conservation, oem OU 1 1) 1CV7en(e-1)_ oa 08 mJ = 7% ‘le |" 2Ie-n(e-DF When the capactior which is immersed in water is connected to a constant voltage source, it gets charged. Suppose Gp is the free charge density on the condenser plates. Because water is a dielectric, bound charges also appear in it. Let o’ be the surface density of bound charges. (Because of homogeneity of the medium and uniformity of the field when we ignore edge effects no volume density of bound charges exists.) The electric ficld due eS ; to free charges only = that due to bound charges is < and the total electric field is 0 0 oO = Recalling that the sign of bound charges is opposite of the free charges, we have3.144 323 % % oa pa ee &p Because of the field that exists due to the free charges (not the total field; the field due to the bound charges must be excluded for this purpose as they only give rise to self energy effects), there is a force attracting the bound charges to the near by plates. This force is 0 (@- Noy fy 28& No per unit area. The factor 3 needs an explanation, Normally the force on a test charge is gE in an electric field E. But if the charge itself is produced by the electric filed then the force must be constructed bit by bit and is F =I) qE') dE’ 0 if q(E') «E' then we get 1 F=r~q(E ZI(EE This factor of 4 is well known. For example the energy of a dipole of moment p’in an electric field E, is -p" Ey while the energy per unit volume of a linear dielectric in an > ~ electric field is - 5P " Ey where P is the polarization vector (i.e. dipole moment per unit volume). Now the force per unit area manifests ifself as excess pressure of the liquid. o; Noting that ve = 0 oo : ege(e - 1)" fe gel p= Substitution, using ¢ = 81 for water, gives Ap =7-17k Pa = 0-07 atm. One way of doing this problem will be exactly as in the previous case so let us try an alternative method based on energy. Suppose the liquid rises by a distance /, Then let us calculate the extra energy of the liquid as a sum of polarization energy and the ordinary gravitiational energy. The latter is 1 1 zh pg: Sh = spesh If cis the free charge surface density on the plate, the bound charge density is, from the previous problem, This is also the volume density of induced dipole moment i.e. Polarization. Then the energy is, as before 2 == Doe & ee324 3.145 3.146 and the total polarization energy is -s(a+h) See Then, total energy is 1)o? Uh) -S (ah) EEO 4 Fogsi? The actual height to which the liquid rises is determined from the formula dua GU (h)=0 This gives pee 2eqe pg 2 ‘We know that energy of a capacitor,U = Z. au ga foo om we have, F = L&E Hence, from F, = oe F,-£% / c @) Now, since d << R, the capacitance of the given capacitor can be calculated by the formula of a parallel plate capacitor. Therefore, if the dielectric is introduced upto a depth x and the length of the capacitor is /, we have, 2mepeRx 2NR Ey (l-x) Cet Q) From (1) and (2), we get, 2 Fx eg(e- 1) 222 When the capacitor is kept at a constant potential difference V, the work performed by the moment of electrostatic forces between the plates when the inner moveable plate is rotated by an angle dp equals the increase in the potential energy of the system. This comes about because when charges are made, charges flow from the battery to keep the potential constant and the amount of the work done by these charges is twice in magnitude and opposite in sign to the change in the energy of the capacitor Thus Now the capacitor can be thought of as made up two parts (with and without the dielectric) in parallel. 2, 2 & ee (m-p)R cu toe, tot (2-9) Thus = = as the area of a sector of angle @ is in . Differentiation then gives (e-1) ek’? The negative sign of N, indicates that the moment of the force is acting clockwise (i.e. trying to suck in the-dielectric).3.4 3.147 3.148 3.149 325 ELECTRIC CURRENT The convection current is 1-4 @) here, dq= X.dt, where is the linear charge density. But, from the Gauss’ theorem, electric field at the surface of the cylinder, = x 2nega Hence, substituting the value of ) and subsequently of dq in Eqs. (1), we get 2E m &) ade : at de = 2me,Eav, as ae Since d<», we have 2 . 4na Ps |= In our system, resistance of the medium R = re where p is the resistivity of the medium The current i — . Re ee) 4nla b3.157 3.158 329 Also, i= =a. : ao). -c® , a8 capacitance is constant. (2) So, equating (1) and (2) we get, fll 4x [: . 3] d At ° J co 4nx|a_ in y= AEA ab ° Cp(b-a) Hence, resistivity of the medium, 4nAtab ©" C-a)Inn Let us mentally impart the charge +q and gq to the balls respectively. The electric field strength at the surface of a ball will be determined only by its own charge and the charge can be considered to be uniformly distributed over the surface, because the other ball is at infinite distance. Magnitude of the field strength is given by, a 4nega’ lg : S it de ity =_— \d electri it jo, curent dematy j= 44 md elects emren I= f 7d js= —4 -and= 1 panega PE But, potential difference between the balls, Sop %- 9." a Hence, the sought resistance, .- 9. _ 2/Anepa_ _p T q/pt, | 2na R= (a) The potential in the unshaded region beyond the conductor as the potential of the given charge and its image and has the form o 4 aes nM where 7), r2 are the distances of the point from the charge and its image. The potential has been taken to be zero on the conducting plane and on the ball 11 ens (; - zi) “Vv330 3.159 So A ~ Va. In this calculation the conditions a <> a) oA ti 4 2 wel A n on ni Then @, = z i: fm In $ (for the potential of 1)3.160 3.161 331 or, A=-viant a and o- In ry/r ee Zina ‘We then calculate the field at a point P which is equidistant from 1 & 2 and at a distance r from both : Vai ' Then E- sa (=) 2 sind a. Zina 2 iv 1 and Jr0E- aaa AAs vo (b) Near either wire “inva a ay. and Job ar, VeVi Then tee ee Which gives R,=2in Va Let us mentally impart the charges +q and —q to the plates of the capacitor. Then capacitance of the network, ee) ) E, dS cn Ln oS Ena w ° ° Now, electric current, i= fj-dS= fok,dsasjitE 2) Hence, using (1) in (2), we get, a CLC £y PeEy Let us mentally impart charges +q and -g to the conductors. As the medium is poorly conducting, the surfaces of the conductors are equipotential and the field configuration is same as in the absence of the medium. Let us surround, for example, the positively charged conductor, by a closed surface S, just containing the conductor, then, R-$-—2—. 4s sft E firas fok,as et) | E, dS 7 cog. el s RC= <2 0, = = pety332 3.162 3.163 3.164 The dielectric ends in a conductor. It is given that on one side (the dielectric side) the electric displacement D is as shown. Within the conductor, at any point A, there can be no normal component of electric field. For if there were such a field, a current will flow towards depositing charge there which in tum will set up countering electric field causing the normal component to vanish. Then by Gauss theorem, we easily derive o= D,= Dcos a where o is the surface charge density at A. The tangential component is determined from the circulation theorem f Ear 0 It must be continuous across the surface of the conductor. Thus, inside the conductor there is a tangential electric field of magnitude, Dsina &e atA. This implies a current, by Ohm’s law, of ;, Dsina J ee p The resistance of a layer of the medium, of thickness dx and at a distance x from the first plate of the capacitor is given by, 1 & R= oy F @ Now, since o varies linearly with the distance from the plate. It may be represented as, 07 - O; o= 0, “( 7 ‘)s , at a distance x from any one of the plate. From Eq, (1) or, Hence, By charge conservation, current j, leaving the medium (1) must enter the medium (2). Thus J, Cos y = jy COS O, Another relation follows from Eyn Ex»3.165 3.166 3.167 333 oS which is a consequence of E-dr=0 Thus 1 j, since, = Lj, sin G,/isingy= Gis sin a, tan tan a, i o7 or, tana; 0, or, tana, oy The electric field in conductor 1 is and that in 2 is E,= £24, mR’ Applying Gauss’ theorem to a small cylindrical pill-box at the boundary. re Pot ods - 7 S + — dS = — mR mR £0 Thus, SoG pe > ‘0 (P2- Pu RR and charge at the boundary= eq (p, - p,)/ We have,E, d,+E,d,= V and by current conservation 1 1 fae 7) 2? ae Pid, + P24’ dr do . eV P14; + Pz dy At the boundary between the two dielectrics, O= Dy-Dy= &€ Ey ~ 9%) E; eV 014; + Pz dy By current conservation de EQ) | E(x)+dE(x) | dE(x) pe) p@)+dp@) dpi) This has the solution, + Thus, Ey 2 (ep: - £; Py) E = SS & 3 Ni E@=Cp@= LO334 3.168 3.169 Hence charge induced in the slice per unit area dom eA { (eG) +de(e)} (pe) +4p) }-e@ pa ]= eLdle@ oa] Thus, dQ= egid[e(x)p(x)} Hence total charge induced, is by integration, Q= ko (€2 P2- &1 Py) As in the previous problem E (x)= Cp (x)= C (py +p, x) M=-1) Po where Pot Pi d=NPy OF, P= d a By integration V J ceware Codie 85) = $C podin+t) ° 2w co es Pod (n +1) Thus volume density of charge present in the medium Thus = ee 6 dE (W)/dr 2eV_— = Po_ 2eoVn-1) Pod (yn +1) d Mende (a) Consider a cylinder of unit length and divide it into shells of radius r and thickness dr Different sections are in parallel. For a typical section, (@)- Qnrdr_ 2nPdr Ri} (a/P) i wRe 152 Integrating, R,” 20" 2na : : or, R= aan where S= xR? (b) Suppose the electric filed inside is E, = E, ( Z axis is along the axiz of the conductor). This electric field cannot depend on r in steady conditions when other components of E are absent, otherwise one violates the circulation theorem =. f E-dr=0 The current through a section between radii (r+dr, r) is 2ardr Ly B= 2nd «/r = Hence E= ae when S = xR?3.170 3.7L 3.172 3.173, 335 The formula is, q= CV (1-e ae gp URO Ve orc or, Mace ed ce) oe le or, Vo Hence, t= RC In——°— = RC Inl0, if V= 09 Vy, Vo-V Thus ¢ = 0.6 pS. The charge decays according to the foumula =URC q= He Here, RC = mean life = Half-life/In 2 So, half life= T= RC In2 eeA pd It C= R= a | a Bo. Hence, P* cing 7 P4x10°Q-m Suppose q is the charge at time t. Initially g= C&, at r= 0. Then at time ¢, eR Be Md -iR-§- 0 Buti= - @ ( sign because charge decreases) a So C +R at & aS a *RO4"R d i aewre_ §& oewre or, a “Re or, q= Brae Te es(t-5} from q= CE at t= 0 1 1) ,-nvre Hence, =ce(ts(:-Le-m etree) : o. 44, (0-1) wae Finally, in -Ge ote Let r= internal resistance of the battery. We shall take the resistance of the ammeter to be = 0 and that of voltmeter to be G. itiallyV= &-Ir, T= InitiallyV = §-Ir, T= 35336 3.174 3.175 So, Vaz re ® After the voltmeter is shunted Vg —8*_ (Wottmeter) Q) and - a os (Ammeter) (3) From (2) and (3) we have Vig we a e746 R (4) From (1) and (4) =r+G-nrorG=nr Then (1) gives the required reading aa yn nti Assume the current flow, as Then potentials are as shown. Thus, P= Py IR, + 8 - AR, - g IR, p , IR +E; or, ye ze : Ri+R, And 92" M- Ry +B ' : So, 9,-9)= -§ +> R, = ~(G Ry + &)R,) AR, + R,) = -4V % ¢- IR,+G,-IRz, Let, us consider the current i, flowing through the circuit, as shown in the figure. Applying loop rule for the circuit, - Ap = 0 -28+iR, +iR,+iR= 0 1 6 R & 1 2 i or, i (Ry +Ry+ R) = 28 — : 2% oo '" RER +R; Now, if — g-@= 0 -§4+iR, = 0 2ER, ° RER +R, or, R= Ry - Ry Which is not possible as Ry > Ry Thus, @)-95= -§+iR,= 0 = & and 2R,= R,+R+R,3.176 3.177 3.178 3.179 28R, R+R,+R, 5 So, R= R,-R,, which is the required resistance. or, 1. NE_NaR (a) Curent, i= 73 = () (%-O—= NE-niR= naR-naR=0 = a, as &= aR (given) As the capacitor is fully charged, no current flows through it. So, current = Popes bow &, Ri And hence, ahi 51- G+ ER, dt &| fie . a : =&- ate +R, ‘ _ ir bdR & Gi-BR R, Ry, +R, .. a Let us make the current distribution, as shown in the figure. Current i= ——§ (using loop rule) Ry R, RRR So, current through the resistor R,, g R a R i: 2 Ri +R, R,+R, a RR,+RR,+R,R, and similary, current through the resistor Ry, fo ee a 2 RR, R,+R, RR,+R,R,+RR, Ri +R, i= 1 =12A R+ Total resistance= Vo -——__—_ —xr— mo338 3.180 3.181 3.182 xR x xR - Then V= Voge | (ies) vere {e+nx(t-7) For R>>Ry,Va Voy Let us connect a load of resistance K between the points A and B (Fig.) From the loop rule, Ap = 0, we obtain iR=8,-i4R () and iR = & - (i-i) Ry or i(R+#Ra) = & + i Ry 2) Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we get ER, + & Ro / RyRy & is R Ri +Ry his = Rok, oD EB, Ry + Ry RR, where y= RR amd Ry = Re Thus one can replace the given arrangement of the cells by a single cell having the emf &) and internal resistance Ro. Make the current distribution, as shown in the diagram. . Ro A Now, in the loop 12341, applying - Ap = 0 th a iR+i,R,+&,= 0 qa) a eal and in the loop 23562, ae <—+ iR-&)+(i-i)Ry= 0 2) : Solving (1) and (2), we obtain current through 3 the resistance R, aT OR _ (Ri - 518) "RR, +RR,+R, Ry and it is directed from left to the right = 002A At first indicate the currents in the branches using charge conservation (which also includes the point rule). In the loops 1 BA 61 and B34AB from the loop rule, - Ap = 0, we get, respectively E+ G@-i)Rp + 8-4 R = 0 Q) iRy + & - (i-i) R, +B = 0 2) On solving Eqs (1) and (2), we obtain ao (, - &) Rs + Ro & + &) 1 RR, + RyRy + Ry Ry = 006A Thus @ - = &- Ry = 09V3.183 3.184 3.185 3.186 339 Indicate the currents in all the branches using charge conservation as shown in the figure. Applying loop rule, - A@ = 0 in the loops 1A781, 1B681 and B456B, respectively, we get : Bal DR, @ 6 27 2 46 5 Rei Ree) 08 | O) and (-WR-8-4R=9 @ By Solving Eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we get the sought current BR 7 8 BR +R) + B&R, 1 - vol 4 G-6) = R (Ry +R) + RyRy do A 4 . 4=(h-tgy Indicate the currents in all the branches using charge conservation as shown in the figure. Applying the loop rule (- A@ = 0) in the loops 12341 and 15781, we get — i,R, - (i, - = 1 Bre GRO B76 and (i, -i)R,- & + i;R, = 0 Q) af Alp i, y Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we get i Rp T@ i: 1 + t+ BR 5 Rb 3" RyRy + RoR; + R3Ry 2g2-——4 3 Hence, the sought p.d. & %3 MH - Pe = &- BR BRA +Ry - FR H*R) iy R, Ry + RR; + R3R, ° Let us distribute the currents in the paths as shown in the figure. Now, 9-9, = iR, + i,Ry 0) and @, - 3 = ER, + (i-) Ry 2) Simplifying Eqs. (1) and (2) we get Rs (1-2) + Ro (Pi - 93) RR; + R3Ry =02A Current is as shown. From Kirchhoff’s Second law Ry = OR; , iR,+(i,-i)RQ=V, ARs + (gti )RAV & Ry D intis340 3.187 3.188 Eliminating i, i, (Ry +R,)-i,R,=V Ry . i ECR +R) aR AV 3 A RRy Hence ig] Ry(Ry+R,) +2 (Ry +R) s Ry =V (Ry +R,)- Re (Ra + Ry) 3 . Rs (Ry +Rp)-R (Rs +Ry) 197 RyRy (Ry + Ry) + RARy (Ry + Ry) On substitution we get i; = 1-0 A from C to D From the symmetry of the problem, current flow is indicated, as shown in the figure. Now, -@p" ir+(i-i)R (ty) In the loop 12561, from -Ap= 0 (i- i) R+(-2i)r-i,r= 0 _ ie B+9; ) Equivalent resistance between the terminals A and B using (1) and (2), esRe-m sa, aaa. ' 1GR+n . i i 3r+R Let, at any moment of time, charge on the plates be +q and -g respectively, then voltage across the capacitor, p= g/C (i) Now, from charge conservation, im i, + iy where a- 4 2) In the loop 65146, using -Ap~ 0. 44(;44)r-en b+ (ise B)e g-0 @) [using (1) and (2)] In the loop 25632, using - Ap = 0 ~2eiR-0 0, R-t 43.189 341 From (1) and (2), dq__ at BR-,-@ o, ee 6) Cc On integrating the expression (5) between suitable limits, q t § = 2q fr fa - Sin ce 5-2 a RJ Sk 4. ye Ley 2RE Thus ond 3 & ( e ) (a) As current i is linear function of time, and at ¢= 0 and At, it equals ig and zero respectively, it may be represented as, i io(t- Thus So, Hence, The heat generated. (b) Obviously the current through the coil is given by ay = (5 ig At = fiae fio ae © Then charge a- Si fw dt= Ind So, And hence, heat generated in the circuit in the time interval ¢[0, ], i a ae f Pra f [tata] Rar- -LB2p | 0 2At342 4.190 3.191 3.192 The equivalent circuit may be drawn as in the figure. Resistance of the network = Ry +(R/3) R Let, us assume that e.m.f. of the cell is &, then current foe Ry + (R/3) Now, thermal power, generated in the circuit 2 P=?R/3= —4___ 3 2 (Ry + (R/3) J For P to be maximum, ¢. 0, which yields BR a no ‘We assume current conservation but not Kirchhoff’s second law. Then thermal power dissipated is R SG P(i,)=iyRy + (i- i, YR, = i;?(R,+Ry) - 2ii,Ry + PR, 2 R, RyRy =[R i, - 2 ery [a-mem | +f ae The resistances being positive we see that the power dissipated is minimum when t=0-} This corresponds to usual distribution of currents over resistance joined is parallel. Let, internal resistance of the cell be r, then V=§-ir qa where i is the current in the circuit. We know that thermal power generated in the battery. Q-ir (2) Rk Putting r from (1) in (2), we obtain, Q= (§-Yi= 06W In a battery work is done by electric forces : (whose origin lies in the chemical processes going on inside the cell). The work so done -——— is stored and used in the electric circuit outside. &r Its magnitude just equals the power used in the electric circuit. We can say that net power developed by the electric forces is =-IV =-2-0W Minus sign means that this is generated not consumed.3.193 3.194 3.195 343 As far as motor is concerned the power delivered is dissipated and can,be represented by a load, Ry . Thus Vv R de ReRe = V?R, (Ry +R) This is maximum when Ro = R and the current a J is then and P= J?Ry= Vv I= R The maximum power delivered is 2 ag” Poax 2 2 The power input is -™ 7 tnd ils value when P is maximum is 35 The efficiency then is $- 50% If the wire diameter decreases by 5 then by the information given a 2 P= Power input = = heat lost through the surface, H. Now, H « (1-8) like the surface area and Re«(1-8)? v2 2 2 So, Ri - B= AC -8) of, V7(1—9)= constant 0 But Val+n so (1+n)*(1-5)= Const= 1 Thus b= 2n= 2% The equation of heat balance is v? aT RikG-M= CF Put T-T=& Ve ke Ve So, CEtkE= | oo EtCE=TR a Ve ee , ae” oR ie Vie or, Be Re “+A where A is a constant. Clearly 2 E=Oatt=0, so A= - Fe and hence, v? = be T= Tot ell-e =)344 3.196 3.197 3.198 Let, %- "=P Now, thermal power generated in the resistance R,, P=i?R,= %_| R oo) aR, +k, | IRR, fo R Ce For P to be independent of R,, i a oh vel R Re Ga, ~ 0 Which yeild RR, B Reo RvR 22 Indicate the currents in the circuit as shown in the figure. Appying loop rule in the closed loop 12561, - A = 0 we get iR-E,+iR,=0 @) and in the loop 23452, (- i) Ry +B- i, R= 0 @ G 4 Solving (1) and (2), we get, : 5:2. +BR & & 1” RR +R, R,+ RR, So, thermal power, generated in the resistance R, 2 poitee | ththeh |p a RR, +R,R,+RR, R; Rp For P to be maximum, ¢ = 0, which fields MM, ae Bim 17 2h, ” R+R, GR. + BR Poss 4 RR, (Ry +R) Let, there are x number of cells, connected in series in each of the » parallel groups then, nx= Nor,x= % a Now, for any one of the loop, consisting of x cells and the resistor R, from loop rule iR++xr-x€=0 n N using (1) a So,i NEE Re reat n n3.199 345 Heat generated in the resistor R, 2 o- ?r-(**5_) Q nWR+NR and for Q tobe maximum,42 = 0, which yields Nr nV When switch 1 is closed, maximum charge accumulated on the capacitor, max = CE Q@) and when switch 2 is closed, at any arbitrary c instant of time, +R) (-42)= avec, Re . Ri because capacitor is discharging. ely eae q f He i: f : or, | —dg= -~——- J de +R,)C _ q QR, +R) Co as Integrating, we get ot q ea @rRye ho i 2) ar R+R)C a] toes Q) Differentiating with respect to time, i= De doax & Tae CE gone or, 1O- BRE ® ae Negative sign is ignored, as we are not interested in the direction of the current. 1 thus, i@j= a eR tRC (3) © +R) @B) When the switch (Sw) is at the position 1, the charge (maximum) accumalated on the capacitor is, q-C& When the Sw is thrown to position 2, the capacitor starts discharging and as a result the electric energy stored in the capacitor totally turns into heat energy tho’ the resistors R, and R, (during a very long interval of time). Thus from the energy conservation, the total heat liberated tho’ the resistors. Hau, = Lalce f2¢ 2346 3.200 3.201 During the process of discharging of the capacitor, the current tho’ the resistors R, and R, is the same at all the moments of time, thus Hy, « R, and Hy & Ry Ss 4, atts H =H, +d, 0, 1" Re) (as H = H, + Hy) 1 CR, yn Hence N- 7K, When the plate is absent the capacity of the condenser is ‘When it is present, the capacity is £5 “a@-)" I-y (a) The energy increment is clearly. c cy y2 123 1 AU = 5CV?-5 CV = a (b) The charge on the plate is cu = initially and gy CV finally 2 A charge a has flown through the battery charging it and withdrawing a units of energy from the system into the battery. The energy of the capacitor has decreased by 2 just half of this. The remaining half ie, a must be the work done by the external agent in withdrawing the plate, This ensures conservation of energy. Initially, capacitance of the system = C e. So, intial energy of the system : U;= 3 (Ce) ¥? and finally, energy of the capacitor : U;= ze v? Hence capacitance energy increment, : au~ tcv?-1L(Cev2= -1 cv ¢ - 1)= -05 mI 2 2 2 From energy conservation AU Ava + Ager (as there is no heat liberation) But Ay = (C,-CyV = (C-Ce)V*3.202 3.203 347 Hence Aggen = 4 U-Acen - 5c-9) P= 05 mJ If Co is the initial capacitance of the condenser before water rises in it then £2 R d U; = Le, VY, where Cy = (R is the mean radius and / is the length of the capacitor plates.) Suppose the — rises to a height / in it. Then the capacitance of the condenser is c= + Denk eG and energy of the capacitor and the liquid (including both gravitational and electrosatic contributions) is 1 &2aR h aad (1+ (€- DAV? + pg (2xR hd) 3 If the capacitor were not connected to a battery this energy would have to be minimized. But the capacitor is connected to the battery and, in effect, the potential energy of the whole system has to be minimized. Suppose we increase h by 5h. Then the energy of the capacitor and the liquid increases by bh &9 MR 2d and that of the cell diminishes by the quantity A, which is the product of charge flown and V (e-1)V + pg (2nRdh ne) bh (e-1)V In equilibrium, the two must balance; so 2-1) dt, = 208 ) ey (e-)V? Hence = 2pgd* (a) Let us mentally islolate a thin spherical layer with inner and outer radii r and r+ dr respectively. Lines of current at all the points of this layer are perpendicular to it and therefore such a layer can be treated as a spherical conductor of thickness dr and cross sectional area 47°. Now, we know that resistance, dr dr = L Re OSH" ane 2 Integrating expression (1) between the limits,348 3.204 R ’ i £41 Sa- fot o a eid o e a 4nege Capacitance of the network,C = =—T @) Fi = where q is the charge = q cel. any arbitrary | 4) also, ge =a R, as capacitor is discharging. (5) From Eqs. (2), (3), (4) and (5) we get, Cay 4mege a\pla b - aq. dt . an gi pee, a5 : t ' 210, 4 need Jf q el a Des % Hence q- (b) From energy conservation heat generated, during the spreading of the charge, H= U,-U, [because A. = 0] 4 8mee ab (a) Let, at any moment of time, charge on the plates be (gy - q) then current through the resistor, i= — Mao- 9), because the capacitor is discharging. iG =o 4)_4 | (40-4) Now, applying loop rule in the circuit, r- wee Le c or, Gr 7 at R i= dh or, aa ee : at3.205 3.206 349 At t= 0,q= 0 and att=%, q=q G-4_ = Se a 0, In % R Thus q= % (1-e-**°) = 0-18 mC (b) Amount of heat generated = decrement in capacitance energy & 1 [ %-%(1-e-“*°) | C22 c Nie Let, at any moment of time, charge flown be q then current i= 4 Applying loop rule in the circuit, - Ap = 0, we get : dq p_ (C%-D a , IR co +é-0 dt of ae R erg 6 4 ~(o-4) figs (+ - on eee ees Cc C cv RC +4 Cle-9 CV c i=dd ee a) zi Hence, i- 4. yo to ~2U/RC Now, heat liberaled, ° a 3 o- f Pra- eaf oO o In a rotating frame, to first order in w, the main effect is a coriolis force 2m vx = This unbalanced force will cause electrons to react by setting up a magnetic field B’so that the magnetic force ev’ B balances the coriolis force. Thus -£ Fo o, Be -M ST 2m e The flux associated with this is = Na? B= Naru350 3.207 3.208 3.209 where N= ss is the number of tums of the ring. If @ changes (and there is time for the electron to rearrange) then B also changes and so does ®. An emf will be induced and a current will flow. This is T= NaP or ‘The total charge flowing through the ballastic galvanometer, as the ring is stopped, is q=NxP/ Zo cis 2Nxre_ lor So, im" QR aR Let, no be the total number of electoms then, total momentum of electorns, Pm Nom, Vg @ . Now, I= 08:00 BS. n0 My @ Here S, = Cross sectional area, p = electron charge density, V = volume of sample From (1) and (2) Me px —Ell= 0-40 4Ns By definition nev,= j (where v, is the drift velocity, n is number density of electrons.) Then Ld ad So distance actually travelled Sm cvore MSY? ( = mean velocity of thermal motion of an electron) Let, n be the volume density of electrons, then from J= pS, vg, Is neS,|<¥3 [= nes! So, t= Te 3 us. (b) Sum of electric forces = |(wv) eE|= |nSle pj}, where p is resistivity of the material. 7 nSlepim nelpI= 10uN3.210 From Gauss theorem field strength at a surface of a cylindrical shape equals, =A, where 2 is the linear charge density. 2neQr’ 1 zeV Now, v= zm or, veV 5 Qa) Also, or, Hence E= —— V = 32V/m 2Qney | 2eV (b) For the point, inside the solid charged cylinder, applying Gauss’ theorem, QurhE= xPh—L £0 xR? or, - eS : 2neyR 2neyR So,from E- -2 % R S-«-Jf; - 4, i Mey Hence, 91-9" 3.211 Between the plates p= ax or, x. axdr4 do 56 Seng = ple 4eqa or, p=- 7 tet) Let the charge on the electron be - ¢352 3.212 3.213 3.214 then jm? —eo= Const. = 0, 4s the electron is initially emitted with neligible energy. ae zee ye 222 m m : dea, [29 23 So, j> -py= yet (j is measued from the anode to cathode, so the - ve sign.) =v a So by the definition of the mobility and d= (mug + n_ug (The negative ions move towards the anode and the positive ion towards the cathode and the total current is the sum of the currents due to them.) On the other hand, in equilibrium n, = 1_ I -\v So, none s/ (U5 + up) Id “eVS (ue + ue) Velocity = mobility x field = 23 10% cm~> Vo 7 So, maximum displacement in one direction is or, v= u—sin w t, which is positive forO< wrs x Yo. 2uVy %max= JY sinwtdt = ie 0 2uVy At @= @, Xmax = 4, 80, ae ol? Thus us Ve When the current is saturated, all the ions, produced, reach the plate. z Then, = 6 x 10° cms? ev (Both positive ions and negative ions are counted here) The equation of balance is, ae n,3.215 3.216 3.217 3.218 353 The first term on the right is the production rate and the second term is the recombination rate which by the usual statistical arguments is proportional to n” (= no of positive ions x no. of -ve ion), In equilibrium, so, n, Initially n= ny = Vn,/r Since we can assume that the long exposure to the ionizer has caused equilibrium to be set up. Afer the ionizer is switched off, dn 2 | or rdt= = or, rt= 1 constant Ww n But n= ng at t= 0, so, rt= t ie) The concentration will decrease by a factor y when el r= —--—=- 1 oT n/N MM tet or, = eke : vrn, or, Note, that 7, here, is the number of ion pairs produced. If v= number of electrons moving to the anode at distance x, then a == av or v= ve" a Assuming saturation, I= e vy e°* Since the electrons are produced uniformly through the volume, the total current attaining saturation is clearly, ‘ ad Im f eGyAdee%*= en, (: =") 0 ad Thus, jets ei(® =|354 3.5 CONSTANT MAGNETIC FIELD. MAGNETICS 3.219 3.220 (a) From the Biot - Savart law, a» My dix? dB= ant 3» SO Ho .(RdO)R rd B= gi (as dl Lr} From the symmetry 2x Ho ij, Hoi a-fa-f ise Ee 63uT 0 (b) From Biot-Savart’s law : > My (dixr 4 o> a. tif 2 (here F= R435 So, B= nlf aR a] Since ¥"is a constant vector and || is also constant So, f dixz f a) xz 0 (oecaue f de °) and § aixR= Rd” = ARG dim 22R? Here 7” is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the current loop (Fig.) and in the direction of x” gr. to _2nR?i_— Thus we get Bean +R" As LAOB~ 2%, OC or perpendicular distance of any segment from centre equals Ros 7 . Now magnetic induction at O, due to the right current carrying element AB "ah +2 sin = * Roos = i n (From Biot~Savart’s law, the magnetic field at O due to any section such as AB is perpendicular to the plane of the figure and has the magnitude.)355, » i : af Fcos0 ~ to cog = HE 1 aein o R cosy sec’O Roos . As there are n number of sides and magnetic induction vectors, due to each side at O, are equal in magnitude and direction. So, Ho ni Rcos B, 2sin2-n 0” ax x n ~ Boni x apa and for n—> 0 tan A EW A atte uf nl Moi 0" OR lam |" 2R c 3.221 We know that magnetic induction due to a straight current carrying wire at any point, at a perpendicular distance from it is given by : Yo i. : Bu 7x7 (sin 0, + sin 0, ), where r is the perpendicular distance of the wire from the point, considered, and 6, is the angle between the line, joining the upper point of straight wire to the considered point and the perpendicular drawn to the wire and @, that from the lower point of the straight wire. it °,.. 2 Here, B, = By= Gree (ee + COS } 4*ayysing 2? and By= B= ope Ey} 4* (dryeos2\ 2? Hence, the magnitude of total magnetic induction at O, Bo= B,+B,+B,+B, 2 _ Ho 4i 27 4nd/2| 9 g sin cos 4igi . adsinp = 0:10mT358 3.222 Magnetic induction duc to the arc segment at O, Bye # R Lean-2 9) and magnetic induction due to the line segment ato, Brine = [2sin 9] Ho 4x Rcosp So, total magnetic induction at O, Ho i Bom Bact Biine™ Fa R [E-+ tang] = 28yT 3.223 (a) From the Biot-Savart law, So, magnetic field induction due to the segment 1 at O, Ho i By ag 2M 4 also B= B,= 0, as ditt? and B= pig Hence, By= B, +B, +B; +B, Uy ign > (&) Here, By= G7, By= 0, B. = Pb gin ase 3° 4nb , Ho i. ace Bem Gop sin 4s*, and Bs= 0 So, By= B, +B, +B;+B,+Bs Uo i3x Yo i o, tod ° rs +0472 5 sin 45 ae p sin 4s +0 [3x | = i x ab357 3.224 The thin walled tube with a longitudinal slit can be considered equivalent to a full tube and a strip carrying the same current density in the opposite direction. Inside the tube, the former does not contribute so the total magnetic field is simply that due to the strip. It is pu Ho U2aR)h Holi 2x or 4Rr where r is the distance of the field point from the strip. 3.225 First of all let us find out the direction of vector B at point O. For this purpose, we divide the entire conductor into elementary fragments with current di. It is obvious that the sum of any two symmetric fragments gives a resultant along B’ shown in the figure and con- sequently, vector B will also be directed as shown So, |B|- f @sin ® (1) Ge * Hoe 6 = isingdg, [as di= —d J iC ( x °) oO Hence Be pyi/wR 3.226 (a) From symmetry Bo= B, +B, +B; 2/ XR 3 Hot Loe = OH RTO TR 0 (b) From symmetry 1 By= B,+B,+B; Moi Mai 3 Mo if, 3x) R 5 ee an oe 2 2 “4nR*2nR 2°°° 4x [+34] 0 (c) From symmetry : By= B, +B, +B; Poi Moi Boi Moi "4nR*4nR **4nR” 4nR°*™ 3.227 By= B,+ x or, |Byl= 25 pie 20nT, (using 3.221)3.228 (a) By By +B, +B, Moi py ming, tic? aeRO) tag ROH taeRO*) HO = ~anRl2kttE So, |Bol= Pe Lvs = 030nT 4nR So. oS ) By= By +B, +B, Hicg, Mig eh eich aeRO geet Citar RO) Ho te e@eni 4a) So, lBl- Rivi + (+1) = 034uT (©) Here using the law of parallel resistances i, +i,= i and Ho (2/2) i R » a =) Yo v2i Thus, [Bol= Get OU aT 3.229 (a) We apply circulation theorem as shown. The current is vertically upwards in the plane and the magnetic field is horizontal and parallel to the plane. § Faiz 2B1- yt o, B= “ (b) Each plane contributes 1g . between the 8 planes and outside the plane that cancel. Thus Hoi between the plane P : { O outside.3.230 3.231 3.232 359 to the plane of the paper, by circulation theorem, 2B dl = ty (2xdl)j or, Bx wyxj, [als d {Th Outside, 2B dl = py (2d dl)j or, Bx podj |xjzd. | We assume that the current flows perpendicular x=0 1 | It is easy to convince oneself that both in the regions. 1 and 2, there can only be a circuital magnetic field (i.e. the component B,). Any radial field in region 1 or any By away from the current plane will imply a violation of Gauss’ law of magnetostatics, B, must obviously be symmetrical about the straight wire. Then in 1, By2mr= Ul Bo I I or, By= aes 1 In2, By: 2xr=0, or By=0 5 . 2 On the axis,B bike B,, along the axis. 2(R? +x) oe : > wit’ f dx Thus, S¥-a% J oyae0 xy? 2 IR? 2 = MIRE f RSE Od os puting = Rian sec’ wd - vols f cosOd0= pol -w2 The physical interpretation of this result is that f B, dx can be thought of as the circulation of B over a closed loop by imaging that the two ends of the axis are connected, by a line at infinity (e.g. a semicircle of infinite radius). By circulation theorem inside the conductor By2xr= Wpi,RP Of, By™ Yoi,r/2 : ae ie, Be Zhi x? Similarly outside the conductor,360 2.234 3.235 3.236 By2 j.xR? on, Bye dpi, 2 T™ Hyj-eR? 01, By 5 Unde i Re So, Bo uo (ixT We can think of the given current which will be assumed uniform, as arising due toa negative current, flowing in the cavity, superimposed on the true current, everywhere including the 3) cavity. Then from the previous problem, by $ superposition. m1 tt ah 1, et Bm 7 ¥oiX(AP-BP)= > pyix! If T'vanishes so that the cavity is concentric with the conductor, there is no magnetic field in the cavity. By Circulation theorem, By: 2mr= up f j(e)x2nr dr ° or using By= brinside the stream, b= uf ior ar 0 So by differentiation, (a +1) br = uj ()r Hence, i= b(a+)) ,a-1 On the surface of the solenoid there is a surface current density Seles i,= nle, a Coe Then, Be - font f Rapa eZ? 1 oO where 7 is the vector from the current element to the field point, which is the centre of the solenoid, A Now, ~ ex 7g Re, ron (2 +R?) “ I Thus, B= B,= “on waar? f artis -l2361 +tan” aR = ugar f cosada (on putting z= R tana) “1d OR ; 2R = ponlsina= pnt 2 y, nl 1+(7 *F) V2)? +R? / 3.237 We proceed exactly as in the previous problem. Then (a) the magnetic induction on the axis at a distance x from one end is clearly, Ba al a & 1 ‘f a B= 2aR o> IR ax” JR +e-ope2"" +R)? 7 w2 1 1 x = Fbonl s cos 0d0= Spynl {1 -————— 2 - 2 V2 +R? tan 1k x>O menas that the field point is outside the solenoid. B then falls with x.x <0 means that the field point gets more and more inside the solenoid. B then increases with (x) and eventually becomes constant, equal to Hy 7J. The B-x graph is as given in the answer script. on Bo- 8B _ af, Xp 1 le have, = 4)1-—2 —|=1-y By 2 VRP 4x2 X or, -— = 1-2 VR? +x," Since 7 is small (~ 1%), x must be negative. Thus x)= - |x] x and oa 1-2y Ree xP 0 [xp P= (1-4 +407) (R?+| x9?) O= (1-2n)°R?-4n(1-m) [27 - [x)= 2m. i * 2V¥q (=n) 3.238 If the strip is tightly wound, it must have a pitch of h. This means that the current will flow obliquely, partly along ¢, and partly along e,. Obviously, the surface current density Te L[ Via nRy e sh is, **TaR}362 3.239 3.240 By comparision with the case of a solenoid and a hollow straight conductor, we see that field inside the coil = Hy EV1— (2a RY (CE B= pon). Outside, only the other term contributes, so deere ByX2ar= gp X zag x IMR = te. Ve 4n 7 Note - Surface current density is defined as current flowing normally across a unit length over a surface. or, B Suppose a is the radius of cross section of the core. The winding has a pitch 2xR/N, so the surface current density is cog ee ee "DARIN ** Qa where 2} is a unit vector along the cross section of the core and 2) is a unit vector along its length. The magnetic field inside the cross section of the core is due to first term above, and is given by By2nR = UNI (NT is total current due to the above surface current (first term.)) Thus, By = bo NI/2aR. The magnetic field at the centre of the core can be obtained from the basic formula. + Uy J,x7 dS and is due to the second term. 7 ae es So, B= B,é= Hy or, B= ue The ratio of the two magnetic field, is = x ‘We need the flux through the shaded area. Now by Ampere’s theorem, i B, 2ar= Monge ar Yor B= eae The flux through the shaded region is, or,363 & on frara,in R Hor _ Ho = S eatga Hor, 3.241 Using 3.237, the magnetic field is given by, 1 x B= A yynr(1-—2— . ( Vx? +R? ) 1 2 is the field deep inside the solenoid. Thus, At the end,B = Sign t= By where By = prt, @= dy niS = &/2, where ®= yyals is the flux of the vector B through the cross section deep inside the solenid. 3.242 B, 2ar= woNI Bo NT or, By- or : Then, = f By hdras rs b= foowin Inn, where 1 = b/e 3.243 Magnetic moment of a current loop is given by p, = iS (where m is the number of tums and 5, the cross sectiondl area.) In our problem, n= 1, S= 1R* and B= St 3 _2BR 92, 2BR Hp 3.244 Take an element of length rd 0 containing x d0 tums. Its magnetic moment is So, Pm Nag. 2a? 40 GaT normal to the plane of cross section. We resolve it along OA and OB. The moment along OA integrates to Alo d?1d0cos0= 0 while that along OB gives B x a Pm 4 0 sin d0= £Nd? 0364 3.245 3.246 (a) From Biot-Savart’s law, the magnetic induction due to a circular current carrying wire loop at its centre is given by, Ho . B= si The plane spiral is made up of concentric circular loops, having different radii, varying from a to b. Therefore, the total magnetic induction at the centre, Ho Bom J 2 @ where $27 is the contribution of one tum of radius r and dV is the number of tums in the interval (r, r + dr) : N ie. an = ar Substituting in equation (1) and integrating the result over r between @ and b, we obtain, b oi =N WoiN b Bom J a Ga" 2-a) a (>) The magnetic moment of a turn of radius r is p,, = iz?” and of all turns, > i ~ fine gpa BIN =o) P= S Pp dN fix sat aGea) (a) Let us take a ring element of radius r and thickness dr, then charge on the ring element., dq=o2nrdr (o2xrd)o F =owrdr and current, due to this element, di = So, magnetic induction at the centre, due to this element : dB = tdi R owrdr and hence, from symmetry a= fae f moore Boor 0 (b) Magnetic moment of the element, considered, dp, = (di) ar = owdrnr’= onwr dr Hence, the sought magnetic moment, 4 R Pao f qe f ono? dr cont 0365 3.247 As only the outer surface of the sphere is charged, consider the element as a ring, as shown in the figure. The equivalent current due to the ring element, . @ . «7d dim 57 (2a sin 0 rd 0) 0 (1) rd and magnetic induction due to this loop element 4, at the centre of the sphere, O, do yf 7518 Mo, 2xrsinOrsinO _ Mo, sin?@ a ee 4x 4x a. [Using 3.219 ) ] Hence, the total magnetic induction due to the sphere at the centre, O, w2 Yo w 2xr’sinOdO sin’ Oo Bo fdBm J an r 0 wd Wyo or 2 Hence, a- foo sin 0d0= 3 Mo oor = 29 pT [using (1)] 0 3.248 The magnetic moment must clearly be along the axis of rotation. Consider a volume element d¥. It contains a charge = dV. The rotation of the sphere causes this charge n/3R to revolve around the axis and constitute a current. ge 4nR> 2x Its magnetic moment will be 1, av x 2 x a? sin? 0 4nR°* 2n So the total anagnetic moment is The mechanical moment is 2 AR? Pm 4 M~= [mR @, So, Mo” Om 3.249 Because of polarization a space charge is present within the cylinder. It’s density is pp= -div P= -20 Since the cylinder as a whole is neutral a surface charge density 0, must be present on the surface of the cylinder also. This has the magnitude (algebraically)366 3.250 0,x2aR= 2anR? of, o,= oR When the cylinder rotates, currents are set up which give rise to magnetic fields. The contribution of p, and o, can be calculated separately and then added. For the surface charge the current is (for a particular element) OR x 2nR dex 5-= aR? w de Its contribution to the magnetic field at the centre is My R? (aR? w dx) 207 +R?) and the total magnetic field is Wy R? (AR adr) py aR‘ de waRio 2 7 B= nw 2372 ~ Xo7e Mya Ro 202 + RY 2 0? +Ry 2 R As for the volume charge density consider a circle of radius r, radial thickness dr and length de. The current is— 20x 2 dr de x3 = ~2ordrade The total magnetic field due to the volume charee distribution is R «@ 2 B,= -] dr | d&e2urw— >a apowrdr | d(x? +P)? fa farses -famere f R ee so, B= B,+B,=0 0 Force of magnetic interaction,Fngy = ¢ (VB) = Where, pe brewer} as. So, Fiuag= SGP) xo- (THF Scrr -ES => > 1 er And Fan &= ¢ae Tap F. 2 Hence, Free = Vlg ty = () = 100 x 1076 Freee |3.251 3.252 3.253 367 (a) The magnetic field at O is only due to the curved path, as for the line element, d/}} 7” Hence, Be Pn Pye EF lence, © ae n(-k)= aR ) fy z Thus F, = iB(-j)= WET i x So, F,= “= 020 N/m | > | Z (b) In this part, magnetic induction B at O will be effective only due to the two semi infinite segments of wire. Hence yu B 5 sin (-k) = > 7 3 2 = Mote B) 0 i o Thus force per unit length, > Co F- 8-H Each element of length dl experiences a force BI dl. This causes a tension T in the wire. For equilibrium, Tda= Bldl, : . Bldl where dais the angle subtended by the element at the centre. > a XN dl Then, T= BIT, = BIR The wire experiences a stress ® BIR nd*/4 This must equals the breaking stress o,, for rupture. Thus, nd’o,, Buss” AIR The Ampere forces on the sides OP and O’ P’ are directed along the same line, in opposite directions and have equal values, hence the net force as well as the net torque of these forces about the axis OO’ is zero. The Ampere-force on the segment PP’ and the cor- responding moment of this force about the axis OO’ is effective and is deflecting in nature.368 3.254 3.255, In equilibrium (in the dotted position) the deflecting torque must be equal to the restoring torque, developed due to the weight of the shape. Let, the length of each side be / and p be the density of the material then, iB (cos 0) = S1p)gsin0+(S1p)g4sino +(S1p) gisin® or, il? BcosO = 2S pgl?sin® Hence, p= S280 ‘We know that the torque acting on a magnetic dipole. N= pxB But, p>,= iS, where 7 is the normal on the plane of the loop and is directed in the direction of advancement of a right handed screw, if we rotate the screw in the sense of current in the loop. On passing a current through the coil, this torque acting on the magnetic dipol, is counterbalanced by the moment of additional weight, about O. Hence, the direction of current in the loop must Pm, be in the direction, shown in the figure. Dix B= - 1x Amg” or, NiSB= Amgl So, Be oat = 0-4T on putting the values. (a) As is clear from the condition, Ampere’s forces on the sides (2) and (4) are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Hence the net effective force on the frame is the resultant of the forces, experienced by the sides (1) and (3). Now, the Ampere force on (1), 7a wt u— 1" nT 2 and that on (3), 3 Yo int Fy a 7 2 So, the resultant force on the frame =F, - Fs, (as they are opposite in nature.) wy369 2 Up tig "4 -D (©) Work done in turning the frame through some angle, A= [id = i(®,- &), where %, is the flux through the frame in final position, and ©, that in the the initial position. = 0-40 nN. Here, |G) =|J~ & and &,- - 0, so, A@= 26 and A= i20 Hence, An2i f Bas 44 Ho tot 4 Molina | / 2n +1 oe ee a (Sra) “-) There are excess surface charges on each wire (irrespective of whether the current is flowing through them or not). Hence in addition to the magnetic force F.,, we must take into account the electric force F Suppose that an excess charge 2. corresponds to a unit length of the wire, then electric force exerted per unit length of the wire by other wire can be found with the help of Gauss’s theorem. 2 1B. x, ® 4ne 1” 4negl Fy= Mak where / is the distance between the axes of the wires. The magnetic force acting per unit length of the wire can be found with the help aS tttttteetttee of the theorem on circulation of vector B Ho 2 Fn 4n 1’ where i is the current in the wire. (2) F Now, from the relation, = Cg, where C is the capacitance of the wires per unit lengths and is given in problem 3.108 and p= ik at, alae he mi R % NHR 8) Dividing (2) by (1) and then substuting the value of fe from (3), we get, Fn. Yo (nn? FL) & wR? The resultant force of interaction vanishes when this ratio equals unity. This is possible when R= Ro, where370 3.257 3.258 3.259 R= V1 9.36 Ka & on Use 3.225 The magnetic field due to the conductor with semicircular cross section is tt Be oH PR Pr Then oF pe al wR We know that Ampere’s force per unit length on a wire element in a magnetic field is given by, dF, = i(nxB) where 7 is the unit vector along the direction of current. Q) Now, let us take an element of the conductor iy as shown in the figure. This wire element is in the magnetic field, produced by the current i,, which is directed normally into the sheet of the paper and its magnitude is given by, i IBl- 5 2 From Eqs. (1) and (2) ee; 7 daF,= arn B), (because the current through the element equals pa] oo Mohihdr a So, = FLAPS, towards left (as 1B). Hence the magnetic force on the conductor : ated QI, (towards left) = FOE py Sth (towards lef). Then according to the Newton’s third law the magnitude of sought magnetic interaction force _ Mote hy td “2nd a By the circulation theorem B= pp, where i= current per unit length flowing along the plane perpendicular to the paper. Currents flow in the opposite sense in the two planes and produce the given field B by superposition. The field due to one of the plates is just ia. The force on the plate is, i B : £B xix Length x Breadth = — per unit area. 2 25 (Recall the formula F = Bil on a straight wire)371 +B, eae 3.260 (a) The external field must be which when superposed with the internal field Thus, Fe Bi B2 +Ba ad FA, upwal 3, B (b) Here, the external field must be upward with an internal field, on the left and downward on the right. Thus, By +B. By’ -B,? i= 1 and F= Oo. 2g (©) Our boundary condition following from Gauss’ law is, B, cos 0; = B, cos 02. Also,(B, sin 0, +B, sin®,)= fyi where i= current per unit length. Bi B, sin 0, - B, sin 0, The external field parallel to the plate must be ———>—2 + (The perpendicular component B, cos 0, does not matter since the corresponding force is tangential) B,’ sin’ 0, - B,” sin? 0, : Thus, F = ———+—_* = per unit area 29 o 02 2p? 2 Ho The direction of the current in the plane BS per unit area. = conductor is perpendicular to the paper and Br beyond the drawing. 4 where L is the length E of the section. The difference in pressure z produced must be, 3.261 The Current density is 1 B Ap = op x Bx (abL)/ab =372 3.262 3.263 3.264 Let f= thickness of the wall of the cylinder. Then, J=1/2xRt along z axis. The magnetic field due to this at a distance r t t to oe ( -3<" < Re 5) is given by, 2 Bj Conn wlan |? -(R-§) } Hol of By™ gee P-R-172"] Ret SS Now, F= { 7xBav Rey F, 1 Hy? t\? and PP" 3RRL” RRL J PRPs (r- : a2 Rey (x 2 2 Bol f 2 t? Bol »—a -(R-5) tare 5 8x R*t? { ( 4] 8x Re? mt bol? yy, Hol? = [Re+O(t°)]~ 8 Rt U on 8rR When self-forces are involved, a typical factor of ; comes into play. For example, the force on a current carrying straight wire in a magnetic induction B is BIl. If the magnetic induction B is due to the current itself then the force can be written as, 1 F= faqyari 0 If BI’) a/, then this becomes, F = 5B (DIL In the present case, B(f) = ty J and this acts on nJ ampere turns per unit length, so, F 1 Ixnlx1x 1 Area 2%" —“T37 2 The magnetic induction B in the solenoid is given by B= [lp nl. The force on an element di of the current carrying conductor is, OF =F yyn idl = % py nl?al pressure p = Hon? - This is radially outwards. The factor = is explained above.3.265 3.266 373 To relate dF to the tensile strength Fig, We proceed as follows. Consider the equilibrium of the element dl. The longitudinal forces F have a radial component equal to, dF = 2F sin D Fdd Thus using dl= Rd0, F= Fuga? R 2 HynR This equals F;,, when, I= I, Note that F,,, here, is actually a force and not a stress. Resistance of the liquid between the plates= ad Voltage between the plates = Ed= v Bd, Current through the plates « “24 Ree ‘ Ss Power, generated, in the external resistance R, 7 vB'd?R v'B'd? vB d? . a tae 2 2 pd 4) 2 (e+ RR Rvs _ (£4) +2V ed SVR 5 2 This is maximum when R= 2 and Py. = res The electrons in the conductor are drifting with a speed of, ca ne xR? ne’ where ¢ = magnitude of the charge on the electron, m= concentration of the conduction electorns. The magnetic field inside the conductor due to this current is given by, Mo dr 2x R? A radial electric field vB, must come into being in equilibrium. Its P.D. is, vg= I B, (2xr) = nro Hy of, By= R 2 I Yo lr I (Ho Hol A -f —-—dr= —]| = —_—_ PS ER? ne 2x R? wine) 4nR'ne 0374 3.267 3.268 3.269 Herey,= £ and j= nev, 200 x 10° 9 x1 T m gz 0, a= S= ——™__vwm : cE 16x10" Cx5 x 10% = 25 x 10% perm? = 2-5 x 10” per c.c. Atomic weight of Na being 23 and its density ~ 1, molar volume is 23 c.c. Thus number 6 x 107 23 Thus there is almost one conduction electron per atom. of atoms per unit volume is = 26 x 10” per c.c. _ 7 dirft velocity a By definition, mobility = Fy ciric field component causing this dik % “" Ey On other hand, Ey 1 3 2, E,= vB = —,as given so, w= — = 3-2 x 10° m*/(V-s) T we 7 (Vv -s) : Hol Due to the straight conductor, By= om We use the formula, F- @V)E (a) The vector p;, is parallel to the straight conductor. F- p, 3 Be 0, = because neither the direction nor the magnitude of B depends on z (b) The vector p7, is oriented along the radius vector 7” = a> Fe Pm B The direction of Bat r+ dr is parallel to the direction at x Thus only the @ component of F will survive. (c) The vector p>, coincides in direction with the magnetic field, produced by the conductor carrying current [ pO ton ee, Peace Pm rap 2x?” ony? Op => ip oer So, po to Pn o> As, t= -@ ee a.375 3.270 F,= Pn EBs tol f Ral by IR? Bu, B= Yo | —Ral __ _to"' _ 2 oe ee +R? 202+R) _ Yo _I2nR? 3 an G4 R22 ‘m r+ x Pp My 61R7Ip,,x * an Ga RD™ So, 3.271 9 nN 3.272 From 3.270, for x >> R, : ugR2 * 2 2B | aa worn Beh, eH Ta ooag 26 x 107° x Bo m) | - 3.273 B B',= Boosa, B 1 H',= —Bsina, > “& of ae H n BY=pBsina 50, vaccum B'= BV usin? a + cos*a. ee SS B S oS SS 3274 @P Had f (-7):4* -f Fa5? since § F-a5= 0 ‘0 Now J'is nonvanishing only in the bottom half of the sphere.376 3.275 3.276 : 1 Lag p ow Here, B', = B cos 0, H',= +Bsin0, B',= wBsin 0, H',= cos 0 Hy Hy Fy~ 2288/11) sua je PL sing. Ho 4 Ho Only J, contributes the surface integral and -§ Tas $ Fase § Tyas~ A BesO( 1) 0) f B-ar> @,-B,)l= (1-wBIsino Inside the cylindrical wire there is an external current of density ——z. This gives a magnetic field H, with Pr Ir Hy dre Iz ot Hy =e By Ir w-lir_ xr Ir From this B, = oR? and J, = = Magnetization. 7 °” Oe R?” 2nR? Hence total volume molecular current is, Tedee | oe § Tare f hae TER The surface current is obtained by using the equivalence of the surface current density to Tx 7 this gives rise to a surface current density in the z-direction of - 2% The total molecular surface current is, te np) = T= ~ Py Oak) =~. The two currents have opposite signs. We can obtain the form of the curves, required here, by qualitative arguments. From § Hedi= 7 we get H(x>>0)= H(x<<0)= al Then B(x>>0)= pyy al B(x .<0)= pont Also, B(x<0)= pH (x<0) J@<0)=0 B is continuous at x = 0, H is not. These give the required curves as shown in the answer- sheet.3.277 3.278 377 The lines of the B as well as H field are circles around the wire. Thus Hywr+H,xr=1 ot, H,+H)= Also Hy Hy Hy = Hp Hy y= B,= By= B Tho oe Hy + My a7 Ee Vie uy By + My ar peel oS wy, +H, ar The medium I is vacuum and contains a circular current carrying coil with current J. The medium II is a magnetic with permeability y. The boundary is the plane z= 0 and the coil is in the plane z= J. To find the magnetic induction, we note that the effect of the magnetic medium can be written as due to an image coil in II as far as the medium I is concerned. On the other hand, the induction in II can be written as due to the coil in I, carrying a different current. It is sufficient to consider the far away fields and ensure that the boundary conditions are satisfied there. Now for actual coil in medium J, uy Bx yx (KY\e U zc AP See : ea (et) r P 4x) P 4x so, B= fabs (2 cos” 6’ - sin? 6") and B, = oP 3 sin 0 cos 0’) where Pm = (xa), a= radius of the coil. Similarly due to the image coil, oP (cos? 0' - sin? 6'), B, oe B,= Pm 3 sin 0 cos 8), pgs (a0?) As far as the medium II is concerned, we write similarly B,= “P02 cos? 0 -sin* 0), B= Horm (- 3 sin 0 cos 0'), p",= 1" (na?)378 3.279 3.280 3.281 3.282 3.283 The boundary conditions are, Py +P’, =P", (from By, = By,) yo Le, Pmt P'm= — Pi’ (from Hy, = Hy) Thus, = 2p pa Body pel pet In the limit, when the coil is on the boundary the ¢ magnetic fi field enverywhere can be obtained by taking the current to be = ee Thus, B= JAR We use the fact that within an ae “ifomty feof ball, aT, = H ~ - 373, B~ “2, where Fis the magnetization vector. Then in a uniform magnetic field with induction By, we have by superposition, a 8 B,,= Byt+— —? Hin= -2_773 ] “oe Ho or, B,, +2 up H,, = 3 Bo also, 5, aw Ho H, a 3By —» 3yB, Thus, Ham ued and By Ty The coercive force H, is just the magnetic field within the cylinder. This is by circulation theorem, H, = aM = 6 kA/m (trom f Fd F™ 1, total current, considering a rectangular contour.) We use, f Hai 0 Je Neglecting the fringing of the lines of force, we write this as \3 H(nd-b)+2b=0 Ho - Bb ie 101 A/m o, He» 0 The sense of H is opposite to B Bb NI) - Bb Here, f Hdl= NI or, HOR) += NI, so, H= InR vo B 2xRB Hence, Oe a” wNT-B6 7 370 H starts out horizontally, and then rises steeply at about H = 0-04 k A/m before falling agian. It is easy to check that p,,,,,~ 10,000. One has to draw the graph of = a versus H from the given graph. The u—H graph3.284 3.285 3.286 3.287 Fy 379 From the theorem on circulation of vector Hf. Ho NT - ad b where B is in Tesla and H in kA/m. Besides, B and H are interrelated as in the Fig. 3.76 of the text. Thus we have to solve for B, H graphically by simultaneously drawing the two curves (the hysterisis curve and the straight line, given above) and find the point of intersection. It is at Aadet = NI or, B= H= (151-0987) H, H» 0-26kA/m, B= 1:25T B Then, we gm 4000. From the formula, => Loo oe > F= (p-V)B->F- P| 0° V)Bav, Thus Fe Xf GV) Fav H Ho or since B is predominantly along the x-axis, aB, SB 2 po f p, 22 ae fan = XS Ho ax =a Bo, 2H The force in question is, > + = — BV dB Fe -V\p-t 2 (Pa ¥) Fo ny, ae since B is essentiatlly in the x-direction. 2 BV 2% By” Fwd V dB’ _ x5o CD baxe™ Ky 2p) de 2p) dx 2p This is maximum when its derivative vanishes So, i ie. 16a°x?-4a= 0, of, X= == V4a The maximum force is, i ee XBoV ney zy a Vaa~ 2 Uo e 7 4 So, x= (uF VE i VB, = 36 x 10 2 = (7 -T)B = HBV, XV GB ee ee oe This force is attractive and an equal force must be applied for balance. The work done by applied forces is, Of ie cues -f Fydew E(w yr be WE x=0380 3.6 3.288 3.289 3.290 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION. MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS Obviously, from Lenz’s law, the induced current and hence the induced e.m.f. in the loop is anticlockwise. From Faraday’s law of electromagnetic indcution, dD Bam [ar Here, d®= B-dS= -2Bxdy, and from) y= a?,x= vi Hence, E,,= wye & x = ByV & | using X= Voy 0 @ ae Let us assume, B is directed into the plane of the loop. Then the motional e.m.f. = i g,- |f -@xB)-a7] = var and directed in the same of (7% B) (Fig.) iL RR Se Bal &x, Rrt Re ’ : RR, R+R, Ri [ Ry +R, As Ry and Rp are in parallel connections. (a) As the metal disc rotates, any free electron also rotates with it with same angular velocity «, and that’s why an electron must have an acceleration wr directed towards the disc’s centre, where r is separation of the electron from the centre of the disc. We know from Newton’s second law that if a particle has some acceleration then there must be a net effecetive force on it in the direction of acceleration. We also know that a charged particle can be influenced by two fields electric and magnetic. In our problem magnetic field is absent hence we reach at the conslusion that there is an electric field near any electron and is directed opposite to the acceleration of the electron. IfE be the electric field strength at a distance r from the centre of the disc, we have from Newton’s second law. F, n= mW, 2 cE = mror, o, E=™O", and the potential difference, Gen Prin f Evare ff oO oO ad ong > dr, as Et dr3.291 3.292 381 2 at mo. 30nV = v4 (b) When field B is present, by definition, of motional e.m.f. : Thus Peon ~ Prim = AD = 2 wien f ORB) a 1 Hence the sought potential difference, Gan Grin” J =v Bdrm f orBar, (3s v= an) 0 Thus oo SoBe 20 mV (In general w< 2 so we can neglect the effect discussed in (1) here). By definition, = -(V«B) c c da So, fEare far f vBdr 4 4 0 But, v= wr, where r is the perpendicular distance of the point from A. c da Hence, ff E-d? f -oBrdr= -LoBd?= -10mv A 0 This result can be generalized to a wire AC of arbitary planar shape. We have c c ¢ f Beef OB a ford x B)-dr Z 4 4 d being AC and r being measured from A. Flux at any moment of time, Sa 19,|= Ba5]= B(1R%— where @ is the sector angle, enclosed by the field. Now, magnitude of induced e.m.f. is given by,382 3.293 3.294 BR? o, a es where w is the angular des of the disc. But as it starts rotating from rest at t= 0 with an angular acceleration B its angular velocity w (t) = Bt. So, B he Sin = > Be According to Lenz law the first half oye current in the loop is in anticlockwise sense, and in subsequent half cycle it is in clockwise sense. BR Thus in general, &,,= (- 1 Bt, where 7 in number of half revolutions. The plot &,(¢), where t,= V2xn/6 is shown in the answer sheet. Field, due to the current carrying wire in the region, right to it, is directed into the plane of the paper and its magnitude is given by, ne Be ier where r is the perpendicular distance from the wire. As B is same along the length of the rod thus motional e.m.f. 2 and it is directed in the sense of (Vx B) So, current (induced) in the loop, Motional e.m-f is given by | -(OKB)-d "| There will be no induced e.m.f. in the segments (2) and (4) as, "tt dT and magnitude of e.m.f. induced in 1 and 3, will be _ (te Moi softens ne (Scio) respectively, and their sense will be in the direction of (7% B). So, e.m-f., induced in the network = &, -&) [as > &] avioif. 1 Va" Ui = 2n meas) 2ax(a+x)3.295 3.296 3.297 383 As the rod rotates, an emf. a1 26.p. 1h 27 OB zo Bo 5@-F0'Bo R A magnetic force will then act on the conductor of magnitude BI per unit length. Its direction will be normal to B and the rod and its torque will be a 80-F0Bo —i—|acax o Obviously both magnetic and mechanical torque acting on the C.M. of the rod must be equal but opposite in sense. Then for equilibrium at constant g@-4 is induced in it. The net current in the conductor is then mga sin wt 1a mR inte (42 BP . of, §Q= 5a Ba+™E” sinor= Ge B w+ 2mgR sino!) (The answer given in the book is incorrect dimensionally.) From Lenz’s law, the current through the connector is directed form A to B. Here &,,= vBI between A and B a where vis the velocity of the rod at any moment. For the rod, from F, = mw, or, = mgsina-i1B = mw For steady state, acceleration of the rod must be equal to zero. Hence, mgsina= ilB (1) ,- ba, vB But, in gett mgsinaR From (1) and (2) v= Be From Lenz’s law, the current through the copper bar is directed from 1 to 2 or in other words, the induced crrrent in the circuit is in clockwise sense. Potential difference across the capacitor plates, b= 8, on 9= CE,384 5.298 Hence, the induced current in the loop, ag, 4g oS ea But the variation of magnetic flux through the loop is caused by the movement of the bar. So, the induced e.m.f. &,, = B lv a, av and, Gon BIG = Blw Hence, i= cS. CBlw Now, the forces acting on the bars are the weight and the Ampere’s force, where : 2 2 Foamy = i1B (CBI) B= Cl? Bw. From Newton’s second law, for the rod, F,= mw, or, mg sina - C1? B’ w= mw Hence wo mena pena CUB +m PBC ne Flux of B, at an arbitrary moment of time ¢ : Pe. pe ®,= BS= Br cost, From Faraday’s law, induced e.m.f, &,= - ae 2 Bu cos wt alee : ee a: dt 2 . Bua 2R Now thermal power, generated in the circuit, at the moment f= ¢: and induced current, i, Ro @sinwt. 2 2 Pl) = Ey x ig = Pr) Fin? ot and mean thermal power generated, r i fese2} 4 fatere 0 ee ea road fa ar | 0 Note : The claculation of §, which can also be checked by using motional emf is correct even though the conductor is not a closed semicircle , for the flux linked to the rectangular part containing the resistance R is not changing. The answer given in the book is off by a factor 1/4. a3.299 3.300 385 The flux through the coil changes sign. Initially it is BS per turn. Finally it is - BS per turn. Now if flux is ® at an intermediate state then the current at that moment will be So charge that flows during a sudden turning of the coil is az fia -H[a-(-0)]- 2NBS/R ~1R _ 4, i Hence, B= 57g ~ OST on putting the values. According to Ohm’s law and Faraday’s law of induction, the current iy appearing in the frame, during its rotation, is determined by the formula, .__do_ Ldig Oe aa a Hence, the required amount of electricity (charge) is, az f inate -i f @a+idiy= -f (Ab+L dip) Since the frame has been stopped after rotation, —»b the current in it vanishes, and hence A iy = 0. ro It remains for us to find the increment of the flux A through the frame (A = @, - &,). Let us choose the normal 7to the plane of the i frame, for instance, so that in the final position, nis directed behind the plane of the figure > / (along B). io eo * Then it can be easily seen that in the final pos:tion, > 0, while in the initial position, 3.301 ©, <0 (the normal is opposite to B), and A@ turns out to be simply equal to the fulx through the surface bounded by the final and initial positions of the frame : bea AD= 4/0)» f Badr, fe where B is a function of r, whose form can be easily found with the help of the theorem of circulation. Finally omitting the minus sign, we obtain, A® Moti, bea R 2mR b-a q= As B, due to the straight current carrying wire, varies along the rod (connector) and enters linerarly so, to make the calculations simple, B is made constant by taking its average value in the range [a, b].386 3.302 (a) The flux of B’changes through the loop due to the movement of the connector. According to Lenz’s law, the current in the loop will be anticlockwise. The magnitude of motional em.f,, E,= v(b-a) & de Moi In2 (b= a) Fe ye ign 2 So, induced current ne Ris 2a Roa (b) The force required to maintain the constant velocity of the connector must be the magnitude equal to that of Ampere’s acting on the connector, but in opposite direction. igtea> (Bon?) - ale Oty m2) a 2x @-a) a -% ret 2 ign *) , and will be directed as shown in the (Fig,) (a) The flux through the loop changes due to the movement of the rod AB. According to Lenz’s law current should be anticlockwise in sense as we have assumed B is directed into the plane of the loop. The motion e.m.f &,,(0)= Blv and induced current i;, we A From Newton’s law in projection form F,= mw, Vp R3 Fam TBe B3.303 3.304 387 7 ° mR mRvo or, fa--35 favo, x= Br? Bi? oO % (b) From equation of energy conservation; E, - E, + Heat liberated = A.gy + Age [° -}m | + Heat liberated = 0 +0 So, heat liberated = im ve With the help of the calculation, done in the previous problem, Ampere’s force on the connector, > ver. Fang ® “ag — directed towards left Now from Newton’s second law, A FF =m & cid dt vB? dv So, Fe me or, fj dt=m [fp EE 7p B vB? or, eke ee , m Bi? ie = Bl? Thus ve (1-« Rm | B42 According to Lenz, the sense of induced e.m.f. is such that it opposes the cause of change of flux. In our problem, magnetic field is directed away from the reader and is diminishing. (a) (b) (c) (d) So, in figure (a), in the round conductor, it is clockwise and there is no current in the connector In figure (b) in the outside conductor, clockwise.388 3.305 3.306 3.307 In figure (c) in both the conductor, clockwise; and there is no current in the connector to obey the charge conservation. In figure (4) in the left side of the figure, clockwise. The loops are connected in such a way that if the current is clockwise in one, it is anticlockwise in the other. Hence the e.m.f. in loop b opposes the e.m.f. in loop a. : goad e-m.f. in loop a= 4-(a”B)= a” 5 (By sin wt) Similarly, e.m.f. in loop b= b’ By w cos wt. Hence, net e.m.f. in the circuit = (a” - 6?) By w cos wt, as both the e.m.f’s are in opposite sense, and resistance of the circuit = 4(a+b)p Therefore, the amplitude of the current (@ - b*) Byw qa+bp 7 °* The flat shape is made up of concentric loops, having different radii, varying from 0 to a, Let us consider an elementary loop of radius r, then e.m.f, induced due to this loop _ -a(B°S) - eS). and the total induced e.m.f., mr? By w cos wt. ae f (mr? By @ cos wt) dN, () 0 where =r” @ cos wt is the contribution of one tum of radius r and dN is the number of turns in the interval [r, r + dr]. So, aN= (;) a @ xB, cos wtNa* a ,rrtrt—a E,2ur=-ma'ygnt or, Ey= -pyntar/2r The meaning of minus sign can be deduced from Lenz’s law. 2 The e.m.f. induced in the tum is pon ine The resistance is Bay upn tsa So, the current is 4p = 2mA, where p is the resistivity of copper. The changing magnetic field will induce an e.m.f. in the ring, which is obviously equal, in the two parts by symmetry (the e.m.f, induced by electromagnetic induction does not depend on resistance). The current, that will flow due to this, will be different in the two parts. This will cause an acceleration of charge, leading to the setting up of an electric field E which has opposite sign in the two parts. Thus, 5 naka rand, Senak= nrl, where & is the total induced e.m.f. From this, B= (+), and E=--@-na- tts ona" “nant But by Faraday’s law,& = xa” 1,21 80, Ex 5a Go to the rotating frame with an instantaneous angular vélocity @(#). In this frame, a Coriolis force, 2 mv" x @(¢) _ acts which must be balanced by the magnetic force, ev B (1) Thus, BO--— Bw. (It is assumed that @ is small and varies slowly, so w” and c can be neglected.)390 3.312 3.313 3.314 The solenoid has an inductance, L=uyrnb*l, where n = number of turns of the solenoid per unit length. When the solenoid is connected to the source an e.m.f. is set up, which, because of the inductance and resistance, rises slowly, according to the equation, RI+LI=V This has the well known solution, . vane), Corresponding to this current, an e.m.f. is induced in the ring. Its magnetic field B= jn in the solenoid, produces a force per unit length, ¢ = Bi= panna’ l/r wom a?V? (9? SARE acting on each segment of the ring. This force is zero initially and zero for large ¢. Its maximum value is for some finite t. The maximum value of 2 ey (3 e nes dFaye vana’V? 42 pga? V? eR (yg 1B) eT ME (ye UL > a” + 4RL~ 4, R16? The amount of heat generated in the loop during a small time interval dt, dQ= &/Radt, but, &= -2. 2at-at, 2 So, dQ- Bae dt and hence, the amount of heat, generated in the loop during the time interval 0 to t. 2 23 7 fo av Lae R 3k 0 Take an elementary ring of radius r and width dr. dr The e.m.f. induced in this elementary ring is 7” B. Now the conductance of this ring is. ES 1 hdr hrdr <|= ae a(R] p2ar oe 2p B <) b Integrating we get the total current, ’ a bdr g ABP’) 2p 4p3.315 3.316 3.317 3.318 391 Given L = gn? V= ign lyn R7, where R is the radius of the solenoid. 2 Thus, n= Ta Ho ‘o So, length of the wire required is, 4/4xL hy l= nh2aR= = 0-10 km. Ho From the previous problem, we know that, I= length of the wire needed= WE!4% , where J= length of solenoid here. Ho : Now, R= Po (where S = area of crossection of the wire, Also m= pS’) Thus, es a or = PoP Po! PPo where po = resistivity of copper and p = its density. Equating, ane : PPp Ho/4 2 Ho mR or, i= TR opel The current at time ¢ is given by, T(O- xa ~e thy The steady state value is, Jy = z and or, where, py = resistivity, Jy = length of the winding wire, S = cross section of the wire. But m= lp, S L mL Pols PPh” nol So eliminating S,x =392 From problem 3.315 = V 42/4 Ho (note the interchange of ! and f, because of difference in notation here.) Thus, = ee a 0-7 ms, 4x P Pot Ppp WL Ho 3,319 Between the cables, where a ar a and the fux,d= N@, = N 2 wif a 2a r > : Uo 4,2 2 Finally, L= Z2N? ain (: +5] 3.321 Neglecting end effects the magnetic field B, between the plates, which is mainly parallel to the plates, is B= bot (For a derivation see 3.229 b) Thus, the associated flux per unit length of the plates is, Om wy txhxt= (m5) So,Ly = inductance per unit length = Hoe = 25 nH/m.3.322 3.323 3.324 3.325 393 I Fora single current carrying wire,B, = oa (r> a). For the double line cable, with current, flowing in opposite directions, in the two conductors, I Bow Pe , between the cables, by superposition. The associated flux is, a: I I o- ft aed Ho Se in xd, per unit length x oT na x Hence, ne Sinn is the inductance per unit length. In a superconductor there is no resistance, Hence, dI_ de® - dt * dt Z So integrating, ie 2. see because Ad = &,-b, , = na" B,®,= 0 Also, the work done is, a= ferare fra 22. 1, p_igae : : 7) 2r n’s In a solenoid, the inductance L = wyiyn” V= Wty where S = area of cross section of the solenoid, / = itslength,V= SJ, N= nl = total number of turns. When the length of the solenoid is increased, for example, by pulling it, its inductance will decrease. If the current remains unchanged, the flux, linked to the solenoid, will also decrease. An induced ¢.m.f. will then come: into play, which by Lenz’s law will try to oppose the decrease of flux, for example, by increasing the current. In the superconducting state the flux will not change and so, T i= constant 1 » of, [=I hy IN Hence, = 1, (1 +n) ale The flux linked to the ring can not change on transition to the superconduction state, for reasons, similar to that given above. Thus a current J must be induced in the ring, where, pe 2, —_2@B a B L Say 8a woe [inSt-2) van 2)394 3.326 3.327 3.328 3.329 We write the equation of the circuit as, fb di Rit ae for ¢= 0, The current at ¢= 0 just after inductance is changed, is i=7 5 so that the flux through the inductance is unchanged. We look for a solution of the above equation in the form i= A+Be™”“ Substituting C= ar B= y-1A= 2 Thus, ie B(tem- tem) Clearly, L F-= R(Ul-)= §-RI So, w2 ER: 0, a= &-Ri This equation has the solution (as in 3.312) iz Bae Fy The equations are, di, di, Ly Gt tag t SR +d) Then, 2 i-b b)= 0 or, Lyi, -L,i,= constant But initially at ¢= 0, i= = 0 so constant must be zero and at all times, Lael In the final steady atate, current must obviously be i, +i, = & . Thus in steady state, Fac er A ec 1” RGj+Ly 4" RE Ly yt Here, B= 5 at a distance r from the wire. The flux through the frame is obuained as, a+l \b o-f M0" pdr = Mp inf + 2ar 7 1 I -3.330 3.331 3.332 395 ol L ft Here also, B= 57 and D= pow 5— BRAN b Kone Thus, Ly= oe 7 The direct calculation of the flux @, is a rather complicated problem, since the configuration of the field itself is complicated. However, the application of the reciprocity theorem simplifies the solution of the problem, Indeed, let the same current i flow through loop 2. Then the magnetic flux created by this current through loop 1 can be easily found. i Magnetic induction at the centre of the loop, : B ob Hoi So, flux throug loop 1, : dyy= ma 5F and from reciprocity theorem, ¥ bg ai 912 * Py» P21 = “Ze 2 ®, So, Ly= te yynas 2 Let pr, be the magnetic moment of the magnet M. Then the magnetic field due to this magnet is, a 30a" a| rf The flux associated with this, when the magnet is along the axis at a distance x from the centre, is 3 < tof [2GR 7 Pa) ae a, 4n., Pr P : 2npdp where,®, = @e py? 2 ( . ee 2 and = —2-" Sree f anode = =396 3.333 3.334 3.335 When the flux changes, an e.m.f. --N ae is induced and a current - uae flows. The total charge q, flowing, as the magnet is removed to infinity from x= 0 is, 7 Ho Pm = Xo = 0-5-0" q (= 0) i oa or, Pm Nyy If a current J flows in one of the coils, the magnetic field at the centre of the other coil is, uy a7 By a7 Rdgtave 2h. The flux associated with the second coil is then approximately [iy x a* 1/2 1° Hy a* Hence, Ly as I>>a. al, When the current in one of the loop is f= af, an emf, Ly L124, is induced in the other loop. Then if the current in the other loop is J, we must have, ee . 24 Rh=Lyo This familiar equation has the solution, Lyo I, R (i -elr ) which is the required current Initially, after a steady current is set up, the current is flowing as shown. a - R? 0” R When the switch is disconnected, the current : through Ry changes from ijg to the right, to 4 In steady condition ing = ing to the left. (The current in the inductance cannot change suddenly.) We then have the 4 Ro equation, | diy : i Le R+RDine 0. Sw. L i L__o°Wy, _ This equation has the solution i; = ing e7***™* € The heat dissipated in the coil is, o-fizra- i2R ee 0 oo Le ~ Rin *y@yR)” TR RO” OM397 3.336 To find the magnetic field energy we recall that the flux varies linearly with current. Thus, when the flux is © for current i, we can write = Ai. The total energy inclosed in the field, when the current is J, is We feaefug 19 iat LL 21 ~fvasie fvaiae iwar= iver The characteristic factor 3 appears in this way. 3.337 We apply circulation theorem, H2xb= NI, or, H= NI/20b. Thus the total energy, W= SB 2nb na? = wa? b BH. Given N, J, b we know H, and can find out B from the B-H curve. Then W can be calculated. ae 3.338 From H-dF= v1, Herds 2 bu NL (d>>0) NI Also, Be WugH. Thus, H= Since B is continmous across the gap, B is given by, = bh Pa a both in the magnetic and the gap. a @ qe. 2h a - Weragreic _B° 2 Uy xSxad ue : os NI SN?I (b) The flux is wf Bas™ wun op S= ty So, oe Energy wise; total energy 2 B? (xd 1M S pli Fe +0)s- 3 I gl398 3.339 3.340 3.341 The L, found in the one way, agrees with that, found in the other way. Note that, in calculating the flux, we do not consider the field in the gap, since it is not linked to the winding. But the total energy includes that of the gap. ‘When the cylinder with a linear charge density A rotates with a circular frequency «, a surface current density (charge / length x time) of de is set u 2x : The direction of the surface current is normal to the plane of paper at Q and the contribution ds of this current to the magnetic field at P is c a= PiGD as where 2 is the r > > direction of the current. In magnitude, dB rdBlY~ x |@7]= 1, since 2"is normal to 7’and the 0 is direction of dB is as shown. > Pp | dBn ! It’s component, d By cancels out by cylindrical symmetry. The component that survives is, me Bo ff ids Bot : le rd ae where we have used 25208 8 “ eee f dQ-= 47, the total solid angle around any P point. The magnetic field vanishes outside the cylinder by similar argument. The total energy per unit length of the cylinder is, W,= me es) xa ati? a? Wen FE’, for the electric field, Wa =L-B? for the magnetic field. 2H ee Thus, TB THE when Ew 2 23 x 10° V/m Veg Ho The electric field at P is, = cu 5, ee aly 4x3.342 3,343 3.344 3.345 399 To get the magnetic field, note that the rotating ring constitutes a current i= qw/2 1m, and the corresponding magnetic field at P is, wy, M or, am 6 My 07 4/1? The total energy of the magnetic field is, f @yav- 3 fz. 7)" The second term can be interpreted a6 the energy of magnetization, and has the density iF B ‘a) In series, the current I flows through both coils, and the total e.m.f. induced. when ig} the current changes is, ai at a a or, L'= 2b (b) In parallel, the current flowing through either coil is, Zand the e.m.f. induced is 1 dl oo G dt } Equating this. to - wil, we find L'= tL. nein Hon V So, = Hot V= 7 Ly The interaction energy is Te S Pel aaa S Plead Ble : L fina Here, if B; is the magnetic field produced by the first of the current carrying loops, and B,, that of the second one, then the magnetic field due to both the loops will be By + B>.400 3.346 We can think of the smaller coil as constituting a magnet of dipole moment, 3.347 3.348 3.349 Pu= % a q Its direction is normal to the loop and makes an angle @ with the direction of the magnetic field, due to the bigger loop. This magnetic field is, Hole Ba The interaction energy has the magnitude, Lt, [Wl= aa xa" cos ® Its sign depends on the sense of the currents. (a) There is a radial outward conduction current. Let Q be the instantaneous charge on the inner sphere, then, j ee ee jx4nr Ge eet > OD d(Q.\ > On the other hand j, = cor = (a!)- 7 (b) At the given moment, E= —2— 7 4neyer o >E : and by Ohm’s lawj = == 5f P 4xeyepr ered A Then, ges Ja 4ne,e pr’ and § ings esse iaecce r Ege P . ~ The surface integral must be -ve because j,, being opposite of j, is inward. Here also we see that neglecting edge effects, j= -j. Thus Maxwell’s equations reduce _ = to,div B= 0, Curl H= 0, B= pH Acgeneral solution of this equation is B= constant = By - By can be thought of as an _ extraneous magnetic field. If it is zero, B= 0. Given I'= J,, sin wt. We see that i A a j= gsinate -jg- 3 I, IL, or, D= —~ cos wt, so, E,= is the amplitude of the electric field and is oS me eyoS 7V/em3.350 3.351 3.352 401 The electric field between the plates can be written as, Vn ioe Vn E= Re ef » instead of 7 cos wt. This gives rise to a a current, i.e OE= Re SV,e'* and a displacement current, fa jam 2. Reegeia—Fe'?! The total current is, ip vaVFe(egeaF cos (t+) where, tana= = rr on taking the real part of the resultant. ‘0 The corresponding magnetic field is obtained by using circulation theorem, H2nre xrijz ry, 2d or, H= H,, cos (wt +a), where, H,, = Inside the solenoid, there is a magnetic field, B= pon, sin wt. Since this varies in time there is an =o electric field. This is obtained by using, § Ear “ad Beas’ For rR, or The associated displacement current density is, gE. ~ eB 1/2 Jam ap - eB R227 The answer, given in the book, is dimensionally incorrect without the factor €- In the non-relativistic limit. 4negr (@) Om a straight line coinciding with the charge aay aE a Ta= 0 &|3.353 3.354 ind 2qv" But in this case, ¢= -v and v= v so, j,= 22% r 4xP (b) In this case,r= 0, as, 7-1. Thus, jam -& 4nur e We have, E,= > ee aaa Pane (e+ry a aD) OE 2 then = —=#t—= (a? — 2x”) Jee or Cia aaa +x : This is maximum, when x= x, = 0, and minimum at some other value. The maximum displacement current density is daa <5 : aia To check this we calculate =* ; a -Ztca@ +22) -Sx(a?-227)] This vanishes for x= 0 and for x= \/> a. The latter is easily shown to be a smaller local minimum (negative maximum). We use Maxwell’s equations in the form, g Bd7= toro d f Fas" when the conduction current vanishes at the site. We know that, dsr a SF as. ane P a = “aS oa ane, 2744 a where, 2x (1 - cos 8) is the solid angle, formed by the disc like surface, at the charge. Thus, § Fare rnaB= dugq-sind-0 On the other hand,x = a cot 8 differentiating and using = ~y, v= acosec00 th pu Hogyrsin® us, = 4nr3.355 3.356 3.357 3.358 403 This can be written as, B= Yea OF) 4xr and He a YXT (The sense has to be checked independently.) r (a) If B'= BY), then, cut Fe 2 40, at So, E cannot vanish. (b) Here also, curl E « 0, so E cannot be uniform. (©) Suppose for instance, E= a°f (t) Be di 7 = curl E= 0. Generally where @” is spatially and temporally fixed vector. Then - speaking this contradicts the other equation curl H= 2 = 0 for in this case the left hand side is time independent but RHS. depends on time. The only exception is when f (®) is linear function. Then a uniform field Ecan be time dependent. From the equation Cue #722. 77 ‘We get on taking divergence of both sides Oe De ait aa liv D= divj ne wy 7722 But div D= p and hence div j + one 0 From ¥xE= - 28 or we get on taking divergence oa 2 Soy div B This is compatible with div B= 0 A rotating magnetic field can be represented by, B,= B,cost;B,= Bosin wt and B,= B,, => Then curl, eons a >] So, - (Cul E), = -wBysinat= - oB, = (Curl E}), = @ By cos wt = wB, and - (Curl E), = 0 Hence, Curl B= -@xB, — where, @= 60.404 3.359 3.360 3.361 3.362 Consider a particle with charge e, moving with velocity ¥, in frame K. It experiences a > force F= evx B In the frame K’, moving with velocity ¥; relative to K, the particle is at rest. This means that there must be an electric field E in K’, so that the particle experinces a force, Pack = Fu evkB. a Thus, E'= VXB Within the plate, there will appear a (7% B) force, which will cause charges inside the plate to drift, until a countervailing electric field is set up. This electric field is related to B, by E= eB, since v &B are mutually perpendicular, and E is perpendicular to both. The charge density 0, on the force of the plate, producing this electric field, is given by E= = or = eg¥B = 0-40 pC/m? Choose @t t B along the z-axis, and choose 7"as the cylindrical polar radius vector of a reference point (perpendicular distance from the axis). This point has the velocity, v= Ox and experiences a (vB) force, which must be counterbalanced by an electric field, E= -@x7}xB=-@-B)r. There must appear a space charge density, p= egdiv E= -2e)0-B = -8pC/m? Since the cylinder, as a whole is electrically neutral, the surface of the cylinder must acquire a positive charge of surface density, 29GB) na ee 2na In the reference frame K’, moving with the particle, => > > r Bw E+igxB= 4xegr >> 2 = e9a@0-B = +-2pC/m o= B a B-¥3xE/c*= 0. Here, v7 = velocity of K’, relative to the K frame, in which the particle has velocity 7 Clearly, vg = ¥ From the second equation, — Pi ER-oB++s | ElsikBy- (a, - Aone 2 7 ve e i v =E-7 B + [E? - c? B? [1-5] = E°- cB’, ] 1 ral 1-e By) e ° = Heo Bs [s- ate os, -56 me] since, (VA, )?= Vaz 3.370 In this case, E= B= 0, as the fields are mutually perpendicular. Also, 2 EB -¢? B= -20x10° (=) is - ve. Thus, we can find a frame, in which E’ = 0, and : Baie RE B= BV1-~ F = 020V1- Gata eel } = 0-15 mT 3x10°x2x 1074 3.371 Suppose the charge q moves in the positive direction of the x-axis of the frame K. Let us go over to the moving frame K’, at whose origin the charge is at rest. We take the x and x’ axes of the two frames to be coincident, and the y & y’ axes, to be parallel. > 1 qr In the X’ frame, E = a, axe 5 and this has the following components, E 1 @ Lg: *” due 9” 4x0 Now let us go back to the frame K. At the moment, when the origins of the two frames coincide, we take f= 0. Then, xe reos0= x°Yi-% y= rsinO= y’ c Also, E,= E,, B= Bf /Vi-v7e ? (1-8 sin” 0) r-6 sin 0) From these equations, r’? = 1-8 7.4 1 fy : Bararare|4 ies) i grt -p*) oo eae ee ee 4meyr (1 - B’ sin? 0)”408 3.7 MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 3.372 Let the electron leave the negative plate of the capacitor at time t= 0 3.373 dp Ola As, ear and, therefore, the acceleration of the electron, oF. m~ ml °° dt” mi or, q@ But, from s = fra, ' leafia ea? le Imi J‘ ate Emil te eee = 3 = Putting the value of ¢ in (1), ya Lea (6 ml? 2ml\ ea Toi 1 3 - (| = 16 km/s. 2m The electric field inside the capacitor varies with time as, E= at. Hence, electric force on the proton, F= eat and subsequently, acceleration of the proton, eat we m Now, if t is the time elapsed during the motion of the proton between the plates, then t= + as no acceleration is effective in this direction. (Here v, is velocity along the length y i of the plate.) : rs From kinematics, cane te Ms t 20, s dv, = f wat, 0 0 (as initially, the component of velocity in the direction, 1 to plates, was zero.)409 or Now, eal” a » from energy conservation. an(m) ~ ay /m 2 3.374 The equation of motion is, a ae TY get eo a) Integrating 5 vt te x- jar) = constant. But initially v= 0 when x= 0, so “constant” = 0 Thus, ve A (eos = 20] 2Ey Thus,v = 0, again for x= x= —> The corresponding acceleration is, ) dg ony n 20 (2) = 2e.-20--% 3.375 From the law of relativistic conservation of energy mc? i : Se -eEx= me’. V1-W 7c) - as the electron is at rest (v= 0 for x= 0) initially. Thus clearly T= eEx. 2 myc On the other hand,V1 - (v7/c?) = —>—. myc? +e Ex v_ Vere? seh) -mac' or, ee ee myc? + eEx 2 (my c° + eEx) dx . crm f cave f oct eene Vi(mg c? + ex)? - ma c*410 3.376 3.377 Fh 2e y= mec eE V my c? + eEx)* - m2 c* + constant The “constant” = 0, at f= 0, for x= 0, 1 Vine 2 m2 ct So, etm ra Vg? + eBx) ~ myc. Finally, using T= e£ x, VI (T+2 myc? ceE = VI(T+2me) 1 t= —et2mee) eEc As before, T= eEx Now in linear motion, d__ Mv . mw + mW avy ve Viv -v7e7)? m T + my c?)? 0 Come? ex at a eEmc So, w= - (T+mey The equations are, +(e} ° and alata a\i-W/e) Vi-v sce He = tant eS lence, >= = conan = —— Vi-we Vi- 05/6) Also, by energy conservation, myc? my 7 a - ey Vi-(W7e2) Vi - (Wc?) 2 Dividing ye ee ge eee * ty + eEy V1 -02/e) mo eyteEy so, 2 ° Vi1-W72) co Thus, (eg + eEy) v= ce Et + constant, “constant” = 0 as v,= 0 at t= 0. Integrating again, cyt tek y= £281? + constant3.378 3.379 “constant” = 0, as y= 0, at t= 0. Thus,(ce Et)” = (ey E)’ +2e,eEy+e,- eo or, ceEt = V(eq + cEy)* - & or, gt eBy= Vere ce? E71? Mo & ek Hence, Vy = —— tt also, Y= Veg +c? e Er? Veo + cre B17 and tan d= Y= Et VG. Vy Mo Vo From the figure, sinan 4 de8 mv’ As radius of the arc R = a” Where v is the velocity of the particle, when it enteres into the field, From initial condition of the problem, qVv= Smt or, v= Vv av Bec age Oe ae 2mV mV 20 m and a= sin~! ( V a )- 30°, on putting the values. (a) For motion along a circle, the magnetic force acted on the particle, will provide the centripetal force, necessary for its circular motion. 2 : my eBR ie. mv = vB or, ve DR R m a se a o v eB > (b) Generally, 2. F Peete mi ae # avi r2) “MiG “Ge ray? e For transverse motion, ¥" v= 0 so, J ue ae a V1-W7/0%) V1=W7/e) © °412 3.380 3.381 3.382 ee eee rv -W72) " Vi- (7%) Moe v Ber or, Se © VPP ame 2x Finally, T= 224 —“2™__ VR PP mee v epvi-vye Be a) As before,p = Bar. pm Ba () T= Ve pamct = Ve Bg P+ mc 2 2 © we ¥-— 2 ro rf + (me / BaF | using the result for v from the previous problem. From (3.279), T= 2EE (relativistic), Ty= tame (nonrelativistic), Here, me /Vi-v/e = E Thus, or- 222 r- kz) eB Now, oe n= ma so, T= nm, c* T= ev= hm? (The given potential difference is not large enough to cause significant deviations from the nonrelativistic formula). Thus, vey m Zev Ta So, y= VE cosa, y= YX sina i” Von toon . min 7 low, —= Bev, of, r= =, - . Be = 2ar_ 2m Vi Be ' 2am, [eV amv Pitch pa yj T= VE cosa anos cos and T413 3.383 The charged particles will traverse a helical trajectory and will be focussed on the axis 3.384 after traversing a number of turms. Thus u 2am 27m —a—n = (n+ 1) —— Yo By a qB, none. i - 3,” B, ~ BB, l 2_m Hence, a vo 9(B,-B,) e (22) 1 2qV 7m” (B,- BY” (ql my Let us take the point A as the origin O and the axis of the solenoid as z-axis. At an arbitrary moment of time let us resolve the velocity of electron into its two rectangular components, vj along the axis and V; to the axis of solenoid. We know the magnetic force does no work, so the kinetic energy as well as the speed of the electron {¥2 | will remain constant in the x-y plane. Thus Vf can change only its direction as shown in the Fig.. 9 will remain constant as it is parallel to B Thus att =¢ v, = ¥, Cos wt = vsin a.Cos wt, ¥, = v, sino = vsinasinwt eB and v, = veosa, where o = = m As at t = 0, wehave x = y = z = 0, so the motion law of the electron is. z= voosat vsina . x= ——Ssinwt o vsin a y= “ST (cos wt - 1) (The equation of the helix) On the screen, z=I1, sot= s V cos & 2 ein? ! Then, eee 7 ) ow vcos @ oe ool | 4 sina | sin ~— Py 2vcos a eB 2 mv cos a414 3.385 3.386 Choose the wire along the z—axis, and the initial direction of the electron, along the x-axis. Then the magnetic field in’ the x -z plane is along the y-axis and outside the wire it is, Hol 2a The motion must be confined to the x-z plane. Then the equations of motion are, B= B,= ~~, (B,= B,= 0, if y= 0) 4 ny = -ev,B, dt d (my, e on ev,B, Multiplying the first equation by v, and the second by v, and then adding, dy, pal Fp J “Gy te Ge 0 a vee 2, say, of v= Vie Then, or, Integrating, on using,v, = Vo, if x= a (i.e. initially). Now, v,= 0, when x= x,, Je so, x= ae”, where b= 2, 2am Inside the capacitor, the electric field follows a Shaw, and so the potential can be written as ~Vinr/a p) -V 1. Pe" Inb/a’”” inb/ar Here r is the distance from the axis of the capacitor. Also, me ee 7 Inb/arr inb/a On the other hand, mv = qBr in the magnetic field. Vv v Vv een A en ee Thus, " Brinbla ™ im” Br” BP in bla)3.387 3.388 415 The equations of motion are, d dy, -qBv,, m b= gE and m= qy,B These equations can be solved easily. ‘ gE GE First, ye meen a Then, v2 4v2 = constant = vas before. In fact, v, = vg cos wt and v,= v9 sin wt as one can check. Integrating again and using x= z= 0, at r= 0 Yo. Yo x= —sin wt, z= —(1-cos wt) o a 2n Thus, x=z=0 for t= t= 2 At that instant, y, = 2 x — xx a artezs vy, Also, tana, = oes 0 at this moment) 'y my; B — to qEt, gE m*2nn~ 2nEn The equation of the trajectory is, gE x= sin ot, z= 2 (1 -cos at), y= 4217 as before see (3.384). o : o + 7 2m Now on the screen x = J, so nig oot eo oo Yo Yo At that moment, 2 |. -1.01 = sin7? "omar % 2, a oes in oe sin V 242 Em and z= “2 sin? Se tan $F Ligne 24 Vay van 3 [si wl = Itan 2 mE For small 7 BY. ° 2mE 2 or, ye is a parabola. qBr416 3.389 3.390 3.391 In crossed field, cB = evB, so ve = i E_ mlE Then,F = force exerted on the plate = ex" BR B When the electric field is switched off, the path followed by the particle will be helical. and pitch, A/= v, 7, (where v, is the velocity of the particle, parallel to B, and 7, the time period of revolution.) = vos (90-9)T= vsingT = vin p= (as To 2% @ Now, when both the fields were present, gE = qvB sin (90 - Q), as no net force was effective on the system. E or, v= as Q) From (1) and (2), Al= 5a 9 = 6m, When there is no deviation, = _, -qE= q@%B) or, in scalar from, E= vB(as V'LB) or, v= g re) Now, when the magnetic field is switched on, let the deviation in the field be x. Then, - 1 (08) 2 2\m where f is the time required to pass through this region. a also, t=— v 2 2 1(qB)\(a) 1g eB 2 7 a 2(m}(-) 2m E @) For the region where the field is absent, velocity in upward direction : (Sr): Lap ® m m Now, Av-x- WB y m 2 = 0B b 1 2 5B A Wee when f' v E (4) From (2) and (4), 1q@B_ qaBb 2m E "m E 4. 2B Ae m aB’(a+2b) Ax- or,417 3.392. (a) The equation of motion is, o (fee Now, VeBe lx y z|=iBy-jBi 0OoB So, the equation becomes, a, GB dy GE By ag Mg dt m a mm re ad Here, v,= x, yo y, v,= Z The last equation is easy to integrate; v,= constant = 0, since v, is zero initially. Thus integrating again, z= constant = 0, and motion is confined to the x - y plane. We now multiply the second equation by i and add to the first equation. Bay +iy we get the equation, a a BR im’, wo a This equation after being multiplied by e“can be rewritten as, ag iw), 5 pie E 4 Geim)= inet and integrated at once to give, &. Face innis, where C and of are two real constants, Taking real and imaginary parts. y= Ee Ceos(wr+a) and v= ~Csin(or+ a), Since v,= 0, when 1 0, we can take a= 0, then v,= 0 at r= 0 gives, C= - and we get, E a y= B (1 - cos wot) and vy = goin ot. Integrating again and using x= y = 0, at r= 0, we get E(,_ sinwt E x= al‘ is } y@= OB (1 - £08 1). This is the equation of a cycloid. (b) The velocity is zero, when wt = 22. We see that ‘EN? ee Yeven 6) (2-2cos wt)418 3.393 The quantity inside the modulus is positive for 0 < wt <2 x. Thus we can drop the modulus and write for the distance traversed between two successive zeroes of velocity. 4E ar’ S= aa (! — cos 3) Putting wt= 27, we get oo @B gB* (c) The drift velocity is in the x-direction and has the magnitude, = < Fa -cosa >= £. I When a current J flows along the axis, a magnetic field B, = oe is set up where p’= x+y” In terms of components, Poly Hp Ix B= - = and B, = 0 2np” np Suppose a p.d. V is set up between the inner cathode and the outer anode. This means a potential function of the form Inp/b Ina/b’ as one can check by solving Laplace equation. The electric field corresponding to this is, a>p>b, E,= a E,= -Y_, £,-0. p’ina/b p’ina/b The equations of motion are, I 4 ype delve, lel tel; dt p’Ina/b 2p" I 4 py, = g fel, lel ay“ ptina/b 209° d and Somv,- - lel a teiayi)= - jet in e (-Je|) is the charge on the electron. Integrating the last equation, I . mv,= -|e| fonin pax mz.419 since v,= 0 where p= a. We now substitute this z in the other two equations to get a(i 1 ae zm +> 2 m, 2 lv F (to 3 xt yy nab o(e) belt) P a [lely_leP(uor’ oe] 1 4 am \2n) "b| 22a © ng lel¥_ leP (wot | o]d,.0 ne ™ \2e "bl deb b Integrating and using ve 0, at p= b, we get, Le - sree pdt el? (2 ( mn The RHS must be positive, for all a > p > b. _ condition for this-is, vot lel (mol 2m \2n 3.394 This differs from the previous problem in (a +b) and the magnetic field is along the z-direction. Thus B, = B,= 0, B,= B Assuming as usual the charge of the electron to be - | e| , we write the equation of motion d lelY, lelv, . a ay. lelBj, Lmv,= t+ |e Bi ping pine and 4 mv,= 0 = z=0 The motion is confined to the plane z= 0. Eliminating B from the first two equations, a G pal elV x+y a\2”" )" inb/a 1, In p/a or, amy lelVir bya 80, as expected, since magnetic forces do not work,420 3.395 On the other hand, eliminating V, we also get, ad es at Oy - yy) = |e |B Gxt yy) ie. (xy, - v= tele p? + constant The constant is easily evaluated, since v is zero at p= a. Thus, ev, - yu) = LELB (92a?) > 0 At p= b, (w,-yy) s vb Thus, vb= LelB Ge _ ay 2mb 2. Vv 1 or, Bs an Tel or, Bs V ] v- lel The equations are as in 3.392. dy, dy, 1B dv, E, -qB at Atl age ae Ben Te ys Gr Fm evs or - Ly, and | with on B, gv, +in,, we get E, &. iF woos wt - ims or multiplying by e/™, . E, : 4 gel) = Foe +1) ek. or integrating, gel. eet 4 Bier En iat 5: ioe tae to B= Gye’ +2iare’™)+Ce since E=0 at r= 0, c- fs : a E, E, ; Thus, §= 5m sin ars istore’™ oo i En or, v= Zp orsin wr and v= SF sin wt + 55 wl cos wt Integrating again, a : Gas X= —5 (sin wt - wt cos wt), y= >—tsin wt. MY" 353.396 3.397 3.398 421 where a= fe and we have used x= y= 0, at t= 0. The trajectory is an unwinding spiral. ‘We know that for a charged particle (proton) in a magnetic field, mi ~~ 7 Bev or mv = Ber But, | m Live stme? Thus E= Zmv yma. So, AE = mo"? Ar= 432 v? mr Ar On the other hand AE = 2 eV, where V is the effective acceleration voltage, across the Dees, there being two crossings per revolution. So, Va 20° v mr br/e 2 (2) From “. Bev, ot, mv= Ber . (Ber? _ and T - Sm? = 12MeV 2n_ 2 (b) From = = ved we get, fin” Sop avi = 15 MHz (a) The total time of acceleration is, t= av” where n is the number of passages of the Dees. ae But, T= nev= — 5" | Beer ie amv x Ber xB? tm? So, t= x ogee ee But,422 3.399 3.400 Ber _2avmvP * 2eVm ev 428 vm? Thus, 0 Sn 24k In the nth orbit, Qar, : =n Ty= ~+ We ignore the rest mass of the electron and write Ys v v,= ¢. Also We cp= cBer, 2nW Thus, ed Bec v or, n= 22W Ly Bec The basic condition is the relativistic equation, m m= Bqv, ot, m= Or calling, o- 24 we get, is the radius of the instantaneous orbit. The time of acceleration is, Sa SiS n=l net NN is the number of crossing of either Dee. But, W, = mc?+2 AW mmc? x AW, So, ie ae 2 qBc 2g Be’ = NWe) saw = zal, ay” 4 Bet there being two crossings of the Dees per revolution. (WV >> 1) Al Woo ot AW aac Woy” x ON” 2g Be N423 ®, Hence finally, o= aw 1.22, A me age Be % ® V, (aw? 4 gBe? , Vi+at amd * a AW - qaw Aw mmc 3.401 When the magnetic field is being set up in the solenoid, and electric field will be induced in it, this will accelerate the charged particle, If B is the rate, at which the magnetic field is increasing, then. nPB=2nrE or E= $rB i Br = Friq, or v= 2 After the field is set up, the particle will execute a circular motion of radius p, where Thus, ae 3.402 The increment in energy per revolution is e, so the number of revolutions is, Ww. Nee The distance traversed is, s= 2a7N 3.403 On the one hand, 2 ue: Gb sea ho Pg. = O aa J BO On the other , p= B(r)er, r= constant. So, Beg A 4, BM erB(r) dt Hence, erBip)= 5x p4 S ed! = BO- widcas This equations is most easily satisfied by taking B (r4) = hes s 3.404. The condition, B (r,) = p= 13.407 or, Bod= 5 f Brix This gives ro. In the present case, or, San= 42, or m= V a The induced electric field (or eddy current field) is given by, Ej £4 fowoone Hence, : 1 @B (r) sar a J mr Bea 6 0 ld @B (r) = oon B>t+ dt This vanishes for r = ry by the betatron condition, where ro is the radivs of the equilibrium orbit. From the betatron condition, SB Ris ld aB B 2a

™ a WO" d 2B Thus, aX B>= 7 @ pa B> _ 2xrB and oe a So, energy increment per revolution is, od@_ 2nren dt At (a) Even in the relativistic case, we know that : p= Ber Thus, W= Ve? p? +mict - mec? = mg & (Vi-+ Ger /mey - 1) (b) The distance traversed is, Ww Ww Wat eb” or eB IM ‘Ber’ on using the result of the previous problem.