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odef;azjrifY
jyefvrf;r&SdaomOD;Ek

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jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 3

rwfv 1970
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ode;f azjrifY 4

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jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 5

yg0ifaom taMumif;t&mrsm;

(1) jynfajy;BuD;OD;EkESifY 'Drdkua&pD qdk&S,fvpf 21 OD;/

(2) qdk&S,fvpf 'Drkdua&pD 11 OD;/
(3) ckdvIHcGifYay;xm;aom xkdif;tpdk;\ wm0ef/
(4) e,fcsJUpDrHudef;rsm;ESifY OD;EkwkdUvlpk/
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 ode;f azjrifY 6

odef;azjrifY
jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek

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 jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 7

ESifYxdkufwefw,f? igom vlxku tmPmtyfESif;w,fqkdwJY xifjrifaerI

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 jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 9

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apmifYaezdUk rvkyd gbl;? qd&k , S v f pfacwfajymif;awmfveS af &; vkyo f m;jynfol
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'Denf;jzifYom trsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;udk 0kdif;0ef;wnfaqmufoifYygw,f/
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 ode;f azjrifY 10

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 jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 11

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odu©musqif;apw,f/ xkdif;jrefrm ESpfEkdifiH xm0pOfrdwfaqGjzpfa&;? xkdif;
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jyóemudk ajz&Sif;&ef[m xkdif;tpdk;&&JU wm0efjzpfw,fAsm/

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 ode;f azjrifY 12

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om;vGwaf jrmufa&;&NyD; qd&k , S v
f pfpepfwnfaqmufa&;paew,f/ awmif
AD,uferf trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D u awmifA, D uferfjynfow l Ukd &JU
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyJGudk OD;aqmifaew,f/ ajrmufAD,uferfeJU
awmifAD,uferfjynfolvlxk[m AD,uferfe,fajrtm;vHk;rSm tcsKyftjcm
tmPmydik f vGwv f yfa&;atmifjrif&ef? nDnw G af ygif;pnf;&ef? usK;ausmfa&;
ppfudk &yfpJapNyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmuf&ef wkdufyGJ0ifaeMuw,f/
tar&dueftpdk;&[m ppfom; 5 odef;ausmfcsNyD; aiGtm;? ypönf;tm;?
vltiftm;yHkMoum wkdufaomfvJ ppftEkdifr&&SdyJjzpfaew,f/ ½kef;xGuf&ef
cufwJU ½THUAGufBuD;xJ usaeovkdyJ/
tar&duefjynfolawG[m waeUwjcm;ydkrdkNyD; AD,uferfppf&JU npfnrf;
rI? rw&m;rI? rrSefuefrIrsm;udk oabmaygufvmMuw,f/ tar&duefjynf
olawG[m ppfyrf;vmMuw,f/ 'gaMumifY tar&duefjynfolawG[m
wnDwnGww f nf; AD,uferfppfukd &yfp&J ef? AD,uferfrS tar&duefppfwyf
rsm;udk ½kwfodrf;&eff awmif;qkdMuw,f/
tajctaet&yf&yf&UJ tMuyfuikd rf aI MumifY tar&dueftpd;k &[m AD,uf
erfrS tar&duefppfwyfrsm;udk ½kwo f rd ;f &ef a&SmifvrJT &awmUwmudk awGUae
&w,f/ AD,uferfro S mru xdik ;f Ekid if t
H ygt0if ta&SUawmiftm&Swckv;kH rS
tar&duefppfwyfrsm;udk ½kyfodrf;&ef a&SmifvTJr&awmYwmudkvJ awGUae&
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 13

w,fAsm/
odkUuvkd tajctaet&yf&yf tMuyfudkifrIaMumifY awmifAD,uferfrS
omru xdik ;f Edik if t H ygt0if ta&SUawmiftm&Swckv;kH rS tar&duefppfwyf
rsm;udk ½kyfodrf;&ef a&SmifvTJvkdU &awmUrnfr[kwfqkdwmudk awGU&SdvmawmY
tar&duef[m AD,uferfrSm aoe*FAsL[mESifY enf;AsL[mpDrHudef;rsm;udk
ajymif;vmw,f/
e,fcsJUpepf[m tajcrvSaomfvJ tvkdtavsmuf tavQmYay;½dk; xHk;pH
r&Sdbl;/ rvTJra&SmifomvkdU tavQmUay;&aomfvnf; yHko@mefopfrsm;?
toGifopfrsm;&SmNyD; ajcukwfquf,lxm;avY xm;&Sdw,f/
AD,uferfppfyu JG kd tjyif;txefqefYusifaeMuwJY urÇmolurÇmom;awG
ESiYf tar&duefjynfoal wGukd tm½Hv k aJT jymif;ay;wJUtaeeJU tar&duefppfwyf
awGukd wqifYNyD;wqifY w&pfNyD;w&pf ½kyo f rd ;f oGm;r,fqw kd YJ tpDtpOfukd
csrw S v f u dk w f ,f/ AD,uferfppfyu JG dk AD,uferfawGom wku d af pr,f ( Vietn-
amisation ) qdkwJY pDrHudef;udk az:aqmifaew,f/
wu,fawmY epfuqiftpdk;&&JU 'DpDrHudef;[m topftqef;r[kwfyg
bl;? uG,v f eG o
f l rpöwm azgYppf wm 'g;vufp&f UJ ]] tm&Swu dk o f m;rsm;onf
tm&Swu dk o f m;rsm;ukd wku d Mf uygap }} qkw d UJ aoe*FAsL[m rl0g'eJU twlwl
yJjzpfygw,f/ vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;? 'Dru kd a&pDa&;ESiYf qd&k ,
S vf pfa&;wkUd twGuf
OD;wnfcsw D ufaewJU tm&Swu dk o
f m;awGEiS Yf tar&duefqufom; tm&Swu dk f
om;awG wkdufapjcif;? tar&duefe,fcsJUtokdif;t0kdif;rsm; wkdufcsifaom
udv k edk pD pfyrJG sm;udk tar&dueftouftaocHNyD; rwku d &f yJ? tar&duefbuf
om; tm&Swkdufom;rsm;u touftaocH wkdufapjcif; jzpfygw,f/
pmzwfolwkdY owd&MuzkdUuawmY ,ck tar&duefor®wepfuqif[m
rpöwm azgYpfpwm 'g;vufpfESifY vkyfaz:udkifzuf jzpfcJYygw,f/ rpöwm
epfuqifu 'kwd,or®wjzpfNyD; rpöwm 'g;vufpfu EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;
jzpfcYJ ygw,f/ Mum;aea&;0g'qdw k m tusiYf pm&dwyÅ sujf ym;olwUdk &JU 0g'jzpf
ygw,fvkdY oHNydKifatmfcJYzl;ygw,f/
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 ode;f azjrifY 14

AD,uferfudpörSm tar&duefp0ifcYJwkef;u tm&Swkdufom;wkdUonf

tm&Swu dk o f m;rsm;ukd wku d af pqdwk UJ rl0g'udk ukid pf NJG yD; 0ifcYJ jcif;jzpfygw,f/
tar&duef[m AD,uferfwynfah wGukd arG;cJYNyD; tultnDtrsKd;rsKd;ay;cJYyg
w,f/ wynfhawGtajcrvSawmY tar&dueft&m&SdawGukd,fwkdif tBuHay;
t&m&Sdrsm;trnfjzifY ppfajrjyif qif;cJY&w,f/ 'gESifYvJ tajctaeaumif;
rvmawmY tar&duefavwyfawG? aemuf tar&duefa&wyfawG? aemufq;kH
awmY tar&duefMunf;wyfawG wvSr;f NyD;wvSr;f uRu H Ro
H mG ;vku d wf m tar
&duefppfom; 5 odef;ausmf AGufBuD;xJ½kef;ae&awmYwJYtxd jzpfvmw,f/
tcktajcrvSvkdY 'Hk&if;jyefMuOD;r,f? AD,uferfppfudk AD,uferfawGom
wku d af pr,fqNkd yD; bufawmfom;awGukd vufeufwyfqifum ykc;kH ajymif;ay;
zdkU BudK;pm;aew,f/
wzufu tar&duefppfwyfawG ½kyfodrf;w,f/ wjcm;wzufu buf
awmfom;awG? aemufvu kd f vl,akH wmfawG wynfw h yef;awGukd &SmazG&w,f/
jykpyk sKd;axmif&w,f/ ulnyD YH y;kd &w,f/ 'gudk ajymifvv J yk wf ,f? wdww f w
d f
yke;f vJvyk w f ,f? Ekid if jH cm;a&;½H;k u oHwrefa&;&mESiYf w&m;0ifvv J yk w
f ,f?
pDtidk af tu vQKd U0Suaf &;vkyif ef;rsm;ESiYf Oya'jyifyrSvv J yk w
f ,f? tar&duef
jynfaxmifpkrSm EkdifiHjcm;a&;½Hk;xuf yifwm*Gef (ppf½Hk;BuD;)u ydkwefckd;BuD;
w,f/ yifwm*Gex f uf pDtikd af tu ydw k efc;kd BuD;w,fvYdk qkyd gw,f/ awmif
AD,uferfrmS vJ 'DtzJUG BuD; 3 zGUJ [m 'Dwefc;dk 0gpOftwkid ;f pcef;oGm;aeaMumif;
awGUEdkifygw,f/ rMumcifu awmifAD,uferfrSm awmifAD,uferf tpdk;&
trIxrf;wOD; odkifuyfcsL&efudk tar&duef *&D;efbm;&uf AdkvfBuD;rsm;u
owfypfcYJw,f/ vlodewfMum;jzpf? w&m;½Hk;a&muf aemufqHk; w&m;cHukd
uGif;vHk;uRwf vTwfypf&wJYtxdjzpfcJYw,f/ 'DtrIrSm awmifAD,uferf
tpd;k &a&m? tar&duefo½H ;kH a&m? awmifA, D uferfrmS csxm;wJY tar&duefppf
wyfrsm;&JU aoemywdyg pDtdkifatMoZmudk rvGefqefEdkifaMumif; xif&Sm;
w,f/
xdik ;f Edik if rH mS vJ tar&duef Ekid if jH cm;a&;½H;k ? yifwm*GeEf iS Yf pDtikd af twdYk[m
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 15

'Dwefcdk; 0gpOftwdkif; pcef;oGm;aeMuw,f/

xdik ;f Edik if rH mS ckvd aHI ewJY OD;EkwUdk vlpEk iS Yf ywfoufNyD; tar&duefEikd if jH cm;
a&;½Hk;ESifY xkdif;EkdifiHjcm;a&;½Hk;wkdU[m vufa&SmifaeMur,fvdkU ,HkMunfEkdif
ygw,f/ olwkdUu OD;EkwkdUvlpk&JU EkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ukd cGifYrjyKygbl;?
axmufct H m;ay;jcif; r&Syd gbl; ponfjzifY tmrcHwmudv k J vufcrH ,fqu kd
vufcHEkdifygw,f/ odkYaomf pDtkdifatu vQdKU0SufpGm bmawGvkyfaew,f
qdkwmudk b,folrS taotcsmrodEkdifygbl;? pDtkdifatu jrefrmjynfwGif;
a&;rSm 0ifrpGuyf gbl;? OD;EkwUdk udk rulnyD gbl;? tm;ay;axmufcjH cif; rjyKyg
bl;vkdU tar&dueftpdk;&ua&m xkdif;tpdk;&uyg tmrrcHEkdifMuygbl;?
wurÇmvH;k tawGUtBuHKt&qk&d ifawmY pDtidk af t[m Ekid if w H um twGi;f a&;
awGrmS 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufaeaMumif;? &onfah e&mu wynfah rG;aeaMumif;?
vkad omtcg? tcGiYfomaomtcg? xkwo f ;kH &ef or®wavmif;rsm;? 0efBuD;csKyf
avmif;rsm;? aoemywdavmif;rsm;? 0efBuD;avmif;rsm;udk toifYaqmifxm;
aMumif; rSwf,lEkdifygw,f/
OD;Ek[m tdE, d́ jynfukd aq;uk&efEiS Yf bk&m;zl;&efqNdk yD; xGuo f mG ;w,f/
Ak'¨*g,mrSm bk&m;zl;NyD;aemuf ol[m EkdifiHa&;udk pdwfr0ifpm;awmU
aMumif;? bke;f BuD;0wfawmYrnfjzpfaMumif;? omoemjyKvyk if ef;rsm; vkyaf wmU
rnfjzpfaMumif;? ponfjzifY wurÇmvH;k odatmif owif;xkwjf yefcYJygw,f/
rMumcif OD;avm½HkvkdufvmNyD; befaumufudk ac:oGm;awmYwmygyJ/
befaumufuae t*FvefomG ;NyD; owif;pm uGezf &ifYvyk w f ,f/ awmfveS f
a&;tpdk;&jzKwfcsa&;? tmPmodrf;a&;? tpDtpOfrsm;udk wifjyvkdufw,f/
aemuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpu k dk oGm;NyD; olUtzdUk vufeufuikd yf ek u f ef&ef
rSwyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;r&SdawmYaMumif;? wyfrsm;zGJUNyD; vufeufwyfqif
awmUrnfjzpfaMumif;? tar&duefjynfolawGu aiGvSLMuapvkdaMumif;
ponfjzifY owif;pm? a&'D,dk? w,fvDaA;&Sif;rsm;rS ajymMum;cJYw,f/
OD;Ek tar&duefjynfaxmifpktwGif;rSm vSnfhvnfaepOf tar&duef
tpdk;& acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifY rawGU&ygbl;? EkdifiHjcm;a&;½Hk;rSvlrsm;u olUukd
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 ode;f azjrifY 16

vH;k 0a&SmifaeMuw,f/ odUk aomf pDtidk af tESiYf OD;EkwUdk tquftoG,f rvkyf

yJawmU aevdrYf r,fr[kwyf gbl;/ 'gawGuakd wmU xdyw f ef;vQKd U0Suf vkyx f m;
MurSmygyJ/
OD;Ek &efyHkaiGaumufcHjcif;ESifY ywfoufNyD; 'Dvkdowif;&w,fAsm/ OD;Ek
udk,fwkdifu az:NyD; ydwfoGm;wJY owif;jzpfygw,f/ qefz&efppöudkNrdKUrSm
OD;Eku auR;arG;{nfhcHNyD; owif;pmuGefz&ifYwck usif;yw,f/ owif;pm
q&m 47 a,muf wufw,f/ tJ'rD mS &efyakH iGaumufcw H UJ udpuö kd ar;MuawmY
OD;Eku ajz&Si;f jyygw,f/ OD;EktwGuf &efyakH iGaumufcaH &;udk uif;qyfNrdKUrSm
tajcpku d w f UJ 'Dru
kd &ufwpfz&D;'rf;tzGUJ u OD;pD;NyD;aqmif&u G wf ,f/ pkpak ygif;
a':vm 1ç460ç000 aumufc&H &Sw d ,f/ pmaygif; 1000 ausmf &&Sw d UJ teuf
300 u olUukd vH;k 0axmufcMH uNyD; 700 uawmY olUvkyif ef;pOfudk raxmuf
cHMubl;vkdU qkdygw,f? OD;Eku 'gawGajymjyNyD;aemuf owif;rydkUMu&ef
arwÅm&yfcHvkdufvdkY owif;pmawGxJrSmawmY rygvmbl;Asm/
qefz&efppöudk owif;pmuGefz&ifYrSm OD;Eku aumufcH&&Sdaom
tvSLaiG a':vm 1ç460ç000 ESifY ywfoufNyD; &Sif;vif;csuftenf;i,f
ay;vkdufowJUAs/ tar&duefjynfolawG[m tenf;qHk; wa':vmpDESifY
trsm;qHk; 250 a':vmpD xnfh0ifMuw,fqdkyJ/ trSefuawmY vHk;ueJ
cJueJ xnfhoGif;olawGukd zHk;uG,fcsifvkdY 'D&Sif;vif;csufudk ay;jcif;jzpfyg
w,f/ tar&duef oef;<u,fola|;BuD;awG[m 'DvkdvlrsKd;ukd rkefYzdk;ay;zdkU
toifYapmifYaeMuw,f/ NyD;awmU uruxjyKwJU 'Drkdu&ufwpf z&D;'rf;
toif;qkw d m pDtidk af tvIy&f mS ;rItrsK;d rsK;d teuf wckaom vIy&f mS ;rI&UJ rsuEf mS
zHk;jzpfw,fvdkU vlodrsm; ausmfMum;aeygw,f/ a':vm 1ç460ç000 [m
bmrSrjzpfavmufygbl;/ OD;Ek&k UJ tvSLcHyefMum;csurf mS ygwJY a':vm 4oef;
[mvJ bmrSrjzpfavmufygbl;Asm/
,ckaetcgrSm tar&duefjynfoal wGtaeESiYf q&dk if awmifA, D uferfrmS
yg0ifywfoufae&jcif;udk tqHk;owfcsifMuw,f/ aemufxyf AD,uferf
topfrsm;udkvJ rvkdcsifMubl;? wa':vmpD odkUr[kwf a':vm 250 pD
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 17

xnfh0ifzkdUaeaeomom OD;Ekajyma[mwmawGudkyif em;raxmifMuygbl;?

tar&duefe,fcsUJ todik ;f t0kid ;f vufwqkypf mavmufom OD;Ekukd pdw0f ifpm;
aeMuw,fAsm/

xdkif;EkdifiHtwGif;a&;rsm;
xdkif;jynfolvlxktrsm;pk[m tar&duefMoZmvTrf;rdk;jcif;cH&NyD; aemuf
vku d vf yk af e&wJY rdrw d Udk Ekid if &H UJ tjzpfoepfukd rausreyfjzpfaeMuNyDAs/ tdrf
eD;csi;f Ekid if t
H rsm;tjym;eJY roifYrjrwfjzpfae&jcif;udv k J pdwrf csr;f omMubl;?
tdref ;D csif;Ekid if aH wGEiS Yf oifYjrwfNyD; vGwv f w G v
f yfvyfNidr;f Nidr;f csrf;csrf; ae
vkMd uw,f/ jrefrmEkid if &H UJ rdwaf umif;yDowJY rl0g'eJU tjyKtrlrsm;udk waeU
wjcm; em;vnfoabmaygufvmMuw,f/ xdkif;-jrefrmcspfMunfa&;udk
tckdiftrm wnfaqmufvkdMuw,f/
xdkodkUaom xkdif;jynfolvlxktrsm;pk&JU xifjrifcsufESifY qE´rsm;udk
ud,k pf m;jyKaomtm;jzifY tcsKUd aom Ekid if aH cgif;aqmifrsm;ESiYf owif;pmrsm;u
OD;EkESifYwuGaom jynfajy;BuD;rsm;udk xkdif;EdkifiHu cdkvHIcGifYay;jcif;ESifY ywf
oufNyD; a0zefuefYuu G pf um;? owday;pum;rsm; ajymMum;cJYMu? a&;cJYMu
w,f/ xdkif;tpdk;&acgif;aqmifydkif;u rMumcP OD;EkwdkUvlpkudk vlvlcsif;
pmemaxmufxm;&rnfo h abmt& ckv d cIH iG Yf ay;xm;jcif; jzpfygw,f? OD;EkwUdk
vlpkudk xdkif;-jrefrmqufqHa&; ysufjym;aprnfh? jrefrmEdkifiH awmfvSefa&;
tpd;k & ysupf ;D &mysupf ;D aMumif; jzpfaprnfh Ekid if aH &;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm; vkycf iG YfrjyK
yg ponfjzifY ajymaejcif;[m jrefrmjynfolawGESifY awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&udk
&Sif;vif;csufay;jcif; jzpf½Hkru xkdfif;jynfolvlxktrsm;pk&JU pdk;&drfylyefrIudk
ESpfodrfYjcif;vJjzpfw,fAsm/
tar&duefMoZmcHjzpfae&wJUb0? ppftkyfpk0ifjzpfae&wJUb0? tdrfeD;
csi;f Edik if H trsm;tjym;ESiYf roifYrjrwf jzpfaeonfb h 0udk rauseyfwUJ Ekid if aH &;
tiftm;pkawG[m waeUxufwaeY yGm;rsm;aew,f/ vufeufuikd af wmfveS f
aewJU Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkuaeNyD;? tmPm&ygwD ( 0efBuD;csKyf upfwu D mcRef
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 ode;f azjrifY 18

wnfaxmifxm;aom ygwD ) rS tcsKdUacgif;aqmifrsm;txd yg0ifaew,f/

tar&duefwdkU[m xkdif;EkdifiHtygt0if ta&SUawmiftm&SEkdifiHrsm;rS
ppfwyfrsm;udk rvTJra&Smifom ½kyfodrf;&awmYr,fqkdwJU tvm;tvm BuD;
xGm;vmonfESifY trQ? tmPm&ygwDwGif;rSm wdk;wufaomtydkif;u tm;
aumif;vmw,f/
tar&duefppfwyfawG ½kyo f rd ;f &rnf? a&SUb,fvdk pcef;oGm;Murnfv/J
wkd;wufaomtydkif;u vGwfvyfaom Mum;aeEdkifiH? tar&duefMoZm
uif;&Si;f onfEh idk if ?H Ekid if tH m;vH;k ESiYf cspMf unfpmG qufqaH omEkid if t
H jzpf pcef;
oGm;Mu&ef pdwftm;xufoefaeMuw,f/
azgufjyefwJYtydkif;uawmY rvTJomvkdY tar&duefppfwyfawGudk
½kyo
f rd ;f oGm;aomfvnf; tar&duefEiS Yf pD;yGm;a&;? Ekid if aH &;? ,Ofaus;rItaESmif
tzGUJ rsm;udk ckid rf matmifzUJG xm;&r,fvYdk ,lqMuw,f/ tar&dueftultnD
trsKd;rsKd;udk rSDckdtm;xm;NyD; tar&duefaemufrS arS;vkduf&efudkyJ pdwftm;
xufoefaeMuw,f/
xdkif;EkdifiH tmPm&ygwDxJrSm EkdifiHa&;? yk*¾dKvfa&;? *dkPf;*P tuGJ
tjym;trsKd;rsKd;jzpfay:aejcif;&JU aemufrmS txufaz:jyyg Ekid if aH &;oabm
uGJrIBuD;u cs,fvS,fvTrf;rdk;aew,f/ vGefcJYwJY 3 vausmfausmfwkef;u
b,favmufxd uGv J rJG BI uD;us,fcYJ ovJq&kd if Ekid if aH wmftpd;k &buf*sufukd
ygvDrefu rjy|mef;Edik o f nftxd jzpfw,f/ xdik ;f bk&ifu wcsufvw T tf m
PmESifY vufrSwfxdk;NyD; jy|mef;cJY&w,f/ 'DuGJvGJrIudk tmPm&ygwD[m
,aeYtxd rajz&Sif;Ekdifao;bl;/
xdkif;EkdifiH&JU tar&dueftay: rSDckdrIuvJ b,favmufxd qkd;0g;ovJ
qkd&if rMumao;rDu xkdif;EkdifiHajrmufykdif; wNrdKUrSm jynfhwefqmr 500
avmuf[m tar&duefppfom;rsm; xGucf mG oGm;&if tvkyv f ufrYjJ zpfMu&yg
awmYr,fqNdk yD; qE´jycJYMuw,f/ raeUwaeUu owif;pmrsm;rSm xdik ;f pD;yGm;
a&;yg&*lwkdU[m tar&duefppfwyfrsm;½kyfodrf;oGm;&if xkdif;EkdifiHtaeESifY
ESpfpOf 0ifaiGtenf;qHk; a':vmoef; 500 qHk;½HI;r,fvdkU wGufcsufaz:jy
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 19

Muw,f/ wcsKdUuawmY a':vm oef; 700 vkdY cefYrSef;Muw,fAsm/

'DtajctaeMum;rSm tar&duef[m wzufu tajctaet&yf&yf
tMuyfudkifrIaMumifY rvTJra&SmifomyJ? tar&duefppfwyfrsm; ½kyfodrf;a&;
tpDtpOfrsm;udk vkyfr,f/ tjcm;wzufu ]] tm&Swkdufom;tcsif;csif;
wkdufMuap }} ]] xdkif;tcsif;csif; wkdufMuap }} qdkwJUrlt& xkdif;azgufjyef
a&;tiftm;pkukd tm;wku d cf eG wf u
dk f ulnrD ,f? wynfah rG;r,f? vufeufwyf
qifr,f? auR;arG;jyKprk ,f? Mum;aea&;? vGwv f yfa&;? Nidr;f csr;f a&;? wd;k wuf
a&;wkUd ukd a&SUaqmif a&SU&Gujf yKr,fY Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkwUkd ukd wku d cf ukd rf ,f?
xkdif;jynfolvlxkukd zdESdyfcsKd;ESdrfr,f/
awmifAD,uferfrSmvdkyJ? xkdif;EdkifiHrSm tar&duefoH½Hk;? tar&duefppf
|mecsKyfESifY pDtkdifatwkdY[m udk,fYvkyfenf;vkyf[efESifYudk,f? udk,fYwm0ef
ud, k x f rf;aeMuw,f/ ud, k Yf y&dowfEiS Yf u, kd ?f uk, d Yf t0ef;t0kid ;f ESiYf ud,k ?f
udk,fYwynfhESifYudk,f pcef;oGm;aeMuw,f/
xdik ;f Ekid if rH mS ckv
d cHI iG Yf &aeMuwJY OD;EkwUkd vlpu k kd xkid ;f tpd;k &taeESiYf awmY
xdik ;f jrefrm qufqaH &;ysujf ym;aprnfh awmfveS af &;tpd;k & ysupf ;D &mysupf ;D
aMumif; jzpfaprnfh EkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk vkyfcGifYay;r,f r[kwfbl;yJ
qkyd gawmY? tar&duefEidk if jH cm;a&;|meESiYf tar&duefo½H ;kH wkUd uvJ xdv k yI f
&Sm;rIrsm;udk tm;ay;r,f r[kwfbl;yJ qkdygawmY? odkUaomf tar&duefppf
|mecsKyfEiS Yf pDtidk af twkUd u OD;EkwUdk vlpu k kd tm;ay;&if? uln&D if? xkid ;f tpd;k &
a&m tar&dueftpdk;&yg bmrS wwfEdkifr,f r[kwfygbl;? bmaMumifYvJ
qkdawmU yifwm*GefESifY pDtkdifatwkdUudk tar&duef pifNydKiftpdk;&awGvkdU
ac:aeMuw,f r[kwfygvm;Asm/
20-12-69? 21-12-69 ESifY 22-12-69 aeUpGJESifY 'Dae&mu uRefawmf
a&;vku d wf YJ aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm e,fcsUJ pDru H ed ;f rsm;ESiYf OD;EkwUdk vlpt k aMumif;udk
&Sif;vif;wifjycJYygw,f/
ta&SUawmiftm&Sqkdif&m e,fcsJUpDrHudef;rSm OD;Ek[m wae&m,lNyD;
taumiftxnfaz:aew,f/ ,aeY OD;Ek&UJ aqmif&u G cf surf sm;[m e,fcsYJEiS Yf
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 ode;f azjrifY 20

azgufjyefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;udo k m aus;Zl;jyKaeNyD; jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if &H UJ

tcsKyftjcm tmPmydik rf EI iS Yf vkyo f m;jynfow l Udk &JU tusK;d pD;yGm;udk qkw, f w k f
ysujf ym;atmifvyk af ew,f/ ,aeYO;D Ek[m e,fcsUJ wynfah emufvu dk jf zpfaeNyD;
jrefrmEkid if EH iS Yf vkyo f m;jynfow l Ukd &JU &efojl zpfaew,f/ ,aeYO;D Ek[m wcg
wkef;u OD;EkESifY vHk;0jcm;em;aeNyDAsm/
wcsdKUuawmY ajymaeMuw,f/ OD;Ek[m ,ckraumif;ovkd ,cifuvJ
raumif;bl;? ,ckazgufjyefovkd ,cifuvJ azgufjyefw,f wJY/
uRefawmfuawmY 'Dt,ltjrifrsKd;udk vufrcHbl;As? OD;EkESifY &if;ESD;pGm
qufqcH YJz;l wJY ud, k yf idk t
f awGUtBuHKEiS Yf usaemfoabmaygufxm;wJY oabm
w&m;a&; 0g'a&;cH,lcsufwkdYESifY csdefxdk;Munfhvkdufwkdif; 'Dt,ltjrifrsdK;
rrSefyHkudk awGUae&w,f/
OD;Ek[m wcgwkef;u aumif;cJYw,f? ,aeY raumif;bl;/ OD;Ek[m
wcgwke;f u wd;k wufcYJw,f? ,aeY azgufjyefaew,f/ OD;Ek[m wcgwke;f u
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;orm;? ,aeY e,fcsJUwynfhaemufvkduf/
trSefrSmawmY yk*d¾Kvfa&;t&ajym&&if uRefawmf[m OD;Ek? Adkvfvufsm?
Adkvf&efEkdifwdkUESifY vGefpGm &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifcJYw,f/ ,aeY uRefawmf axmufcH
aewJY Adv k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;tygt0if awmfveS af &;aumifp0D ifrsm;xuf rsm;pGm
ykrd kd &if;ES;D uRr;f 0ifw,f/ 'gaMumifY OD;EkwUkd vlpu k kd uReaf wmf a0zefwu dk cf u
dk f
&if Edik if aH &;? oabmw&m;a&;taMumif;rsm;aMumifYom jzpfw,f? yk*K¾d vfa&;
taMumif; bmrSrygbl;/ OD;EkwkdUvlpkESifY uRefawmfwkdUtMum;rSm yk*Kd¾ vfa&;
tmCmwqdkwm bmrS? b,fwkef;urS r&SdcJYygbl;/
wcgwkef;u OD;Ekudk uRefawmfwkdUu ukdEk? udkBuD;Ek? ocifEk pojzifY
ac:Muwm[m taMumif;rJYr[kwyf gbl;? cspcf ifav;pm;vdYk &Jabmf&b J ufpw d f
xm;vdkU? EkdifiHa&;wefzdk;xm;vkdU jzpfygw,f/
OD;Ek[m ukEd ?k odUk r[kwf ukBkd uD;Ekqw kd UJ ausmif;om;vli,f acgif;aqmif
wa,muftaeESifY e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; ausmif;om; vli,ftiftm;pkudk
tBuD;tus,f tvkyftauR;jyKcJYw,f/ ocifEk qkdwJY wkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk;
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 21

acgif;aqmifwa,muftaeESiYf trsK;d om;vGwv f yfa&;vIy&f mS ;rIBuD;udk txl;

aus;Zl;jyKcJYw,f/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqHk;NyD;aemuf zqyv[m OD;Ekudk acgif;aqmif
wifNyD;? rxdef;odrf;EkdifcJY&if? wkdif;jynfb,fvkdjzpfr,f xifMuygovJ/
uGejf rLepf tjzLteDwUdk u zqyvukd axmifwu dk af ecsed ?f Advk cf sKyaf tmifqef;
ESifY acgif;aqmiftcsKdUudk vkyfBuHowfjzwfwJU e,fcsJUESifY vufyg;aprsm;
tm;&Sad ewke;f tcsde/f 'Dtcsderf mS OD;Ekacgif;aqmifrjI zifY zqyv rnDnw G cf YJ
&if? wESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;&zkdU vG,fr,fr[kwfbl;/
( wESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;&r,fqdkwJU zqyv tqkdudku OD;Ek
jywfom;pGm a&SUaqmif a&SU&GufjyKwJU tqkdjzpfygw,f/) vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;
aemuf wl;avmuf? uif;bJv?f abmvf'iG f pwJY NAdwo d Qov l QKd rsm; ud, k wf idk f
yg0ifO;D pD;wJY qm a':refprpf zGUJ pnf;xm;wJY jrefrmjynfawmifuek ;f om;rsm;
uln, D ikd ;f yif;a&;toif;u axmufyt hH m;ay;aewJU u&iftrsK;d om;vIy&f mS ;rI
rsm;? uGejf rLepf jzLeD olyek rf sm;? &JabmfjzLolyek rf sm;? a&mifpo kH yl ek rf sm; ay:vm
cJYw,f/ olwvl igwrif;ESifY tcsif;csif; ppfcif;aeMuw,f/ 'DtcsdefrSm
OD;Ekacgif;aqmifrIjzifY zqyv[m jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH rNydKuGJatmif
xde;f odr;f xm;Ekid cf YJ w,f/ tif;pdet f xd a&mufaewJU olyek rf sm; aemufqw k f
oGm;Mu&w,f/
tYJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;OD;pD;wJY ArmYwyfrawmf[m OD;Ek
aemufu rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfcYJwm[m taMumif;rJY r[kwb f ;l ? OD;Ek&UJ tcef;
u@[m trsKd;om; vGwfvyfa&;wnfwHhapwJU wkd;wufwJU tcef;u@
jzpfvkdYyJ/
vGwfvyfa&; wnfwHhcdkifNrJvmwJYtcgrSm OD;Ekacgif;aqmifwJU zqyv
tpkd;&[m ppftkyfpk qefYusifa&;? Mum;aea&; 0g'udk usifYoHk;vmw,f/
t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;ESifYomru qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHrsm;ESifY EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?
,Ofaus;rIqufoG,fa&; rsm;ukd jyKvkyfw,f/ tm&Stmz&du EkdifiHwkdU&JU
nDnw G af &;ukd tm;ay;vmw,f/ Nidr;f csrf;pGm twlwuGaexkid af &;rl 5csuf
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 ode;f azjrifY 22

ukd jy|mef;&mrSm jrefrmEkdifiH[m yxrqHk; EkdifiH wEkdifiHjzpfvmw,f/ tm&S

tmz&du Ekid if w H Udk &JU befa'gif;nDvmcH atmifjrif&ef? w½kwjf ynfoUl or®w
Ekid if H wufa&mufEidk af &;twGuf OD;Ekacgif;aqmifrjI zifY jrefrmEkid if u H txl;l
BudK;yrf;cJYw,f/
vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEkdifiH[m urÇmUNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf wuf<upGm
aqmif&u G af om ppftyk pf q k efUusifaom Mum;aeEkid if t H jzpf odum© wufvm
jcif;rSm OD;Ek&JU aus;Zl;ruif;ygbl;/
'gUaMumifY OD;Ek[m wcgwkef;u aumif;cJYw,f/ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;
vkyfcJYw,f/ wdk;wufcJYw,fvkdY uRefawmf qkdvkdufjcif;jzpfygw,f/
odkUaomf urÇmrSmxif&Sm;wJY wcsKdUaom acgif;aqmifrsm;enf;wl OD;Ek
[m wkd;wufaom orkdif;u@rS z,fcGmNyD; azgufjyefaom orkdif;u@odkY
a&mufoGm;w,f/ orkdif;ESifYtwl tNrJvkdufwkd;wufaeaom acgif;aqmif
&So
d vkd orkid ;f wk;d wufrEI iS Yftwl rvdu k Ef ikd yf J vGiYfpifusomG ;wJY acgif;aqmif
rsm;vJ&w dS myJ/ OD;Ek[m orkid ;f ESiYftwl vku d rf wd;k wufyJ vGiYfpifusomG ;½Hrk u
orkid ;f bD;udk aemufjyefvn S Ehf idk &f ef BudK;pm;aewJY acgif;aqmifjzpfaeygw,f/
OD;Ek[m olUbmomol vufeJYa&; ajceJYzsufovkd jzpfaeygw,f/ olY&JU
wkd;wufwJU twdwfudk olUbmom jyefNyD; acszsufaeovkd jzpfygw,f/
OD;EkEiS Yf cifrif&if;ES;D olwa,muftaeESiYf ajym&&if ESajrmaMuuGpJ &maumif;
wJY tjzpftysufw&yfygyJ/
OD;Ek[m [kd,cifwkef;u e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;bufom;? jynfolUbuf
om;? wkd;wufaom OD;Ek jzpfcJYayr,fYvkdU pif;vHk;acsm? ajcmufjypfuif; OD;Ek
vdkU uRefawmfr,lqcJYygbl;/ olUrSm awGa0rIawG? tm;enf;csufawG? cRwf
,Gi;f csufawG yg&Sw d ,f/ oabmw&m;a&;? Ekid if aH &;rSma&m? yk*K¾d vfa&;rSmyg
jzpfw,f/ olEiS Yf ywfouf&if uRefawmf[m wk;d wufaomtydik ;f axmufcH
NyD; azgufjyefaom tydkif;udk qefYusifcJYygw,f/
wk;d wufaomtydik ;f udk axmufcNH yD; azgufjyefaom tydik ;f ukkd qefUusif
jcif; twdu k tf cHjyKjcif;[m OD;EkEiS Yf ywfoufaom uRefawmfcsrSwu f sifYo;kH
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 23

cJUwJY EkdifiHa&;enf;AsL[m jzpfygw,f/

OD;Ek[m t&if;&Sifaygufp omomuav;om &Sdao;wJY wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;
jcif;r&Sad o;wJY acwfrrSw D YJ jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om; t&if;&Siv f w
l ef;pm;&JU ud, k f
pm;vS,f tppftrSefjzpfw,fvkdY ,lqygw,f/
'Dvlwef;pm;[m tajctaeaumif;wJYtcgrSm e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;vkyf
ief;rsm;udk xufxufjrufjrufvkyfw,f/ tajctaervSwJU tcsdeftcgrSm
e,fcsJUazgufjyefa&;tiftm; tay;t,lvkyfw,f/ tajctae vSw,f
rvSbl; qkdwmuvJ olUvlwef;pm;tusKd;twGuf jzpfw,f? rjzpfbl;
qkw d mudk rlwnfNyD; qH;k jzwfjcif; jzpfw,f/ olUvlwef;pm; tusKd; jzpfçrjzpf
qkdwmuvJ tESpfom&tm;jzifY wkdif;&if;om; t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm; acgif;
aqmifrI &çr&? tmPm&çr&? tmPm xdef;Ekdifrxdef;Ekdif pwJY jyóemawG
ay:rSm wnfw,f/ jynfolvlxk nDnGwfa&;udk toHk;csNyD; wkdif;&if;om;
t&if;&Siaf cgif;aqmifru I kd xlaxmifEidk rf ,f/ wkid ;f &if;om; t&if;&Siv f w l ef;
pm; tmPm &,lEidk rf ,f/ wkid ;f &if;om; t&if;&Sit f mPmukd xde;f odr;f xm;
Ekid rf ,fq&dk if jynfov l xl n k n D w
G af &;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr§mufvyk rf ,f? onfvdk
r[kwfbl;qkd&if? onfvkdrjzpfbl;xif&if jynfolvlxk nDnGwfa&;udk NzdKcGJ
r,f/
'g[m OD;Ek&JU vlwef;pm; EkdifiHa&; tESpfom&yJ/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;usq;kH NyD;aemuf jynfov l xl [k m e,fcsUJ qefYusiaf &;?
trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf nDnw G af ew,f/ xdk nDnw G af &;udk xde;f
odr;f Ekid o f nfEiS Yf trQ olUacgif;aqmifrI wnfNrJr,f? wkid ;f &if;om; t&if;&Sif
tmPm &,lEidk rf ,f? odUk r[kwf &xm;wJU tmPmukd xde;f odr;f xm;Ekid rf ,f/
'gaMumifY OD;Ek[m xkn d n D w G af &;udk xde;f odr;f &efBudK;pm;jcif;jzpfw,f/ wcg
wkef;u OD;Eku uGefjrLepfygwDESifY nDnGwfa&;twGuf apYpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;?
uGefjrLepf? qkd&S,fvpf? jynfolU&JabmfwkdU&JU nDnGwfa&;udk tm;ay;tm;
ajr§mufjyKjcif;? yrnwESiYf tvkyt f wlwv JG yk &f ef BudK;yrf;jcif; ponfwUdk [m
az:jyyg OD;Ek&UJ vlwef;pm;Ekid if aH &; tESpo f m&? wdik ;f &if;om;t&if;&Sif vlwef;
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 ode;f azjrifY 24

pm; tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;twGuf jzpfygw,f/

odkUuvkd vuf0JnDnGwfa&;? uGefjrLepfygwDESifY nDnGwfa&;? yrnw
ESiYf nDnw G af &;? ponfwUdk ukd OD;Ek[m tm;ay;tm;ajr§muf a&SUaqmifa&SU&Guf
jyKcJYayr,fY wcgrQ uGefjrLepfygwDxJ0if&ef rpOf;pm;cJYzl;bl;? 'Dae&mrSm
ol[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifY vnf;aumif;? AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;ESifYvnf;
aumif; vHk;0jcm;em;w,f/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u wnfaxmifp uGefjrLepf
ygwDrmS acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfcYJ w,f/ Adv k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;u uGejf rLepf
ygwD 0ifcGifYawmif;vdkU 0ifcGifY&cJUzl;oljzpfw,f/ OD;Ek[m uGefjrLepf0g'udk
OD;xdyx f uf &Guq f if&ef vufrcHEidk ½f rkH u? tajccHtm;jzifY tNrJwrf; qefYusif
aeol jzpfw,f/ olU&JU wkdif;&if;om;t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm; &yfwnfrIESifY
vk;H 0 uku d nf wD ,f/ ol[m wdik ;f &if;om;t&if;&Siv f wl ef;pm;&JU avmutjrif
rsm;? t,ltqrsm;? rl0g'rsm;? oabmw&m;a&;? Ekid if aH &;rsm;udo k m OD;xdyf
sxuf &Gufqifxm;oljzpfw,f/
odUk aomf jrefrmwkid ;f &if;om;t&if;&Siv f w
l ef;pm;[m rzGUH NzdK; rwd;k wuf
ao;aom? acwfrrSDaom t&if;&SifpepfjzpfwJYtwkdif; acwfrrSDaom? ya'
o&mZfqefaom avmutjrifawG? tawG;tac:awG? t,ltqawGESifY
jynfhESufaew,f? OD;Ek[m wzufu pmayAdrmefwnfaxmifNyD; odyHÜynm
jyefYyGm;a&; tm;ay;w,f/ tjcm;wzufu ya'o&mZftawG;tac:awG?
tif;tkdifcvJYvufzGJUawG? ewfudk;uG,frIawG? *gxmrEÅ&m;awGudk jyefvnf
xGef;um;apw,f/ Ak'¨omoemjyK&mrSmvnf; acwfrSDatmif? odyHÜenf;us
atmif? csOf;uyftm;ay;jyKpkjcif;r[kwf? rd½dk;zvmenf;awGudk t"duxm;
w,f/ a&S;rif;rsm;u xD;eef;pnf;pdrt f wGuf bmoma&;udk toH;k jyKcJYovkd
olvJ EkdifiHa&;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf toHk;jyKw,f/
OD;Ek[m wzufu roifrae&ynma&;? vlxkynma&; ponfwkdUudk
,H, k MkH unfMunfEiS Yf tm;ay;w,f/ tjcm;wzufuawmY vlxu k kd rIid ;f wku
d f
wJY 0g'jzefYrIawG trsm;qHk;vkyfcJYw,f/
OD;Ek ygvDref'Drkdua&pDudk 'Davmuf ,HkMunfpGJvrf;aejcif;[m olY&JU
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 25

vlxu k kd rIid ;f wku

d Ef ikd pf rG ;f udk ,HMk unftm;ud;k jcif;aMumifY jzpfw,f/ ygvDref
'Dru kd a&pDjzifY wkid ;f &if;om;t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm; acgif;aqmifru I kd xde;f odr;f
xm;Ekid v f rd Yf r,f? wkid ;f &if;om; t&if;&Sit f mPm cdik Nf rJvrd Yf r,fvYdk ,HMk unf
jcif;aMumifY jzpfw,f/
OD;Ek[m raeYwaeYutxd tMurf;rzufa&;? aoG;xGufoH,dkrjzpfa&;?
tEkenf;ESifYwkdufyGJqifa&; ponfrsm;udk pGJpGJNrJNrJ ,HkMunfcJYw,f/ *ED́0g'
orm;BuD;vkdY olYudk,fol owfrSwfxm;w,f/ Ak'¨jrwfpGm&JU t&if;qHk;aom
wynfhom0utjzpf ausnmxm;w,f/
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vGwfajrmufa&; wkdufyJG0ifMupOfwkef;u wkdYArm
tpnf;t½Hk;ESifY aemufxyfaygufzGm;vmwJY ygwDtzGJUtpnf;rsm;[m tEk
enf;? tMurf;enf;? Oya'wGi;f enf;? Oya'yenf;? vufeufrYJenf;? vufeuf
udik ef nf; ponfjzifY enf;rsK;d pHk ajyma[mcJYMuw,f? jyifqifcYJMuw,f? enf;
rsK;d pHk vkycf YJ Muw,f/ OD;Ek[m *½kwpku d yf J vufeufrYJ enf;? tEkenf; ponfh
zufrSm aecJYw,f? aqmif&GufcJYw,f/ 'gYaMumifY t*Fvdyfudk vufeufESifY
awmfveS jf cif;? *syefukd vufeufEiS Yf awmfveS jf cif;rsm;wGif OD;Ek rywfouf
cJYbl;? rygcJYbl;/ wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfNyD;awmUvJ raeYwaeYuxd vufeuf
u
kd ikd f tMurf;zufru I dk qefYusifaecJYw,f/ bmaMumifYvq J adk wmY 'Denf;jzifY
wkid ;f &if;om; t&if;&Sif tmPm&,lEidk rf ,f? wkid ;f &if;om;t&if;&Sif tmPm
wnfwHY cdkifNrJr,fqdkwm OD;Ekaumif;pGm ,HkMunfvkdYyJ/
'gYaMumifY ol[m 1958-60 ckESpfrsm; AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;&JU tdrfapmifY
tpdk;& umvwkef;uvJ tEkenf;? vufeufrJYenf;rsm;udk ,HkMunfcJYwmyJ/
oHk;cJYwmyJ/
ckawmY ol[m *E´D0g'udk vufvTwfvdkufNyD; Ak'¨jrwfpGm&JU t&if;qHk;
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tiftm;pkxJrS aiGtvSLcHaeNyD/ vufeuf&SmazGaeNyD/
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 ode;f azjrifY 26

bmYaMumifY olYtouf 60 ausmf? raeYwaeYutxd ol,HkMunfaewJY

tMurf;rzuf tEkoufoufenf;rsm;? Ak'0¨ g'? *E´0D g' rsm;udk pGeYf vw T vf u dk f
ovJ/
bmYaMumifY NAdwo d Qe,fcsJUESiYf zufqpf*syefudk wku d &f mrSmawmif oH;k &ef
olrpOf;pm;cJYwYJ tMurf;enf;? vufeufenf;rsm;jzifY ud, k Yf widk ;f om;tcsif;
csif;udk wkdufzdkY BuHpnfjyifqifaeovJ/
bmYaMumifY woufvHk;zHk;orQ ukef;awmYrS ay:ovJ/
OD;Ek[m Ekid if jH cm;tultnD,Nl yD; vufeufuikd f wefjyefawmfveS af &;jzifY
awmfveS af &;aumifp?D awmfveS af &;tpd;k &ESiYf jrefrmYq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwD
wkYdukd qefYusiw f u dk cf u
dk &f ef jy|mef;cJYjcif;jzifY ¤if;wkYdukd NAdwo d Qe,fcsUo J rm;?
zufqpf*syefESifY 1958-60 AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; tdrfapmifYtpdk;&wkdYxuf
ydkvdkY rvkdvm;? ydkvkdY rkef;wD;? ydkvdkY a'gojzpfaeaMumif; xif&Sm;w,f/
'g[m vlwef;pm;OmOfu pum;ajymjcif; jzpfygw,f/
awmfveS af &;aumifp?D awmfveS af &;tpd;k &ESiYf jrefrmYq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOf
ygwDwdkY[m jrefrmEkdifiHrSm wcgrS ray:zl;ao;wJY EkdifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsKd;
jzpfw,f/ onfhjyiftzGJUtpnf;awGeJY rEdIif;,SOfygeJY? 'dkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;?
zqyv? qd&k , S v f pfygwD? jynfoYl &aJ bmftzGUJ ? uGejf rLepfygwD (jzL-eD) pwYJ
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jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 27

tqifrajyrIawG? cRwf,Gif;csufawG? [muGufawG &Sdaew,f/ odkYaomf

wnfaqmufa&; tykdif;rsm;u trSDvkduf½kHru ausmfwufrnfrSm rkcsjzpf
w,f/ t&if;&Sif ajr&Sipf epf vH;k 0usq;kH NyD;? qk&d , S v f pfpepf vH;k 0 atmifjrif
rnfjzpfw,f/
tvkyform;? awmifolv,form;ESifY tjcm;aom vkyfom;jynfolwkdY
&JU jynfoUl tmPmudk tjynft h 0 rwnfaqmufEidk af o;aomfvnf; ajr&Si?f
t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;rsm;&JU tmPmuawmY usqHk;oGm;NyD/ wdkif;&if;om;t
&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrI bHk;bHk;BuD; vJNydKcJYNyD/ vkyfom;
jynfoal wGMum;rSm t&if;&Siaf ygufprsm; wGiu f s,q f &J jSd cif;? t&Si;f &Siaf ygufp
MoZm? tavYtx p½dkufobm0 tawG;tac:rsm; &SifoefqJjzpfvdkYom
tcuftcJawG? tqifrajyrIawG? cRw, f iG ;f csuaf wG rsm;jym;aejcif;jzpfw,f/
qk&d ,S v f pf 'Drudk a&pD ratmifao;jcif; jzpfw,f/ odYk aomf ZGaJ umif;aumif;
ESiYf a&&Snw f u dk yf JG qifEoJG mG ;Mu&if qk&d ,S v f pf'rD udk a&pD rkcs atmifrnfom
jzpfw,f/
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wk;d wufro I pfrsm;udk rsuu f , G jf yKxm;w,f/ wkid ;f &if;om; t&if;&Sif vlwef;
pm;ukd,fpm;vS,f yDoaywmyJ/
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Munfjh rif&ef jiif;qefw,f? tqifrajyrIawG? cRwf,iG ;f csufawG? [muGuf
awGudkom rSefbDvl;ESifY yHkBuD;csJUNyD;Munfhw,f/ xkd tqifrajyrIawG?
csKdU,Gif;csufawG? [muGufawGomvQif ,aeY jrefrmYvlUabmif jzpfay:wkd;
wufr&I UJ vTr;f NcKHaom vu©Pmrsm;jzpfav[ef ,lqw,f/ Munfjh rifw,f/
ajymqkdw,f/ 'gaMumifY tvkdtavsmuf jzpfay:aewJY y&rf;ywm tjzpft
ysurf sm;udk [kwo f nfxuf tqrsm;pGm yHBk uD;csUJ NyD; txifBuD;w,f/ qnf;
uyfudk;uG,fw,f/ oljrifaewJU vlxkrauseyfrIrsm;aMumifY awmfvSefa&;
tpdk;&udk vufoef;ESifY wkdUvkduf½HkESifY jyKwfusawmYr,fvdkY xifaew,f/
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 ode;f azjrifY 28

tajccHruswUJ vlxrk auseyfrrI sm;udk t&if;tES;D vkyNf yD; wkid ;f &if;om;t&if;

&Sif vlwef;pm;acgif;aqmifrIudk jyefxlaxmifvkdw,f/
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m awmckduGefjrLepfawGudkomru OD;EkwkdUvlpk
ud k y g qk d & S , f v pf f a cwf a jymif ; awmf v S e f a &;buf y gvmatmif
odr;f oGi;f vkwd ,f/ jrefrmYq&dk , S v
f pf vrf;pOfygwD acgif;aqmifrjI zifY qk&d , S f
vpf j ref r mEk d i f i H w nf a qmuf a &; r[mvk y f i ef ; BuD ; rS m yg0if M u&ef
vkdvm;w,f/ 'gaMumifY 33 OD; tBuHay;tzGJUudk zGJUay;cJYjcif; jzpfw,f/
OD;EkwkdUvlpkudk tvkyform; awmifolv,form; vlwef;pm;wkdUtusKd;udk
aqmif&Gufa&;ESifY ywfoufvkdY? qkd&S,fvpfpepf wnfaqmufa&;ESifY ywf
oufvYdk vkyo f m;jynfow l Udk nDnwG af &;ESiYf ywfoufvYdk aumif;aomtBuH
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ay;cJYjcif; jzpfw,f/
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awmif;qkdcJYw,f/ olu EkdifiHESifY vkyfom;jynfolwkdUuHMur®mudk zefwD;ol
tjzpfjzifY tppt&m&mudk pDrHcefYcGJrnfh acgif;aqmifBuD;tjzpfjzifY AdkvfcsKyf
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udk OD;Eku BudK;ukdifoGm;r,fqkdwJY tpDtpOfrsm;udkom wifjycJYw,f/ vkyf
om;jynfow l Udk tusK;d udk vH;k 0xnfrh pOf;pm;wJY wkid ;f &if;om;t&if;&Siv f w l ef;
pm; tmPmjyef&a&;udo k m pOf;pm;xm;wJY wkid ;f &if;om;t&if;&Siv f wl ef;pm;
acgif;aqmifrIukd jyefvnfxlaxmifwJY tqdkjyKcsufrsm;omjzpfw,f/
'guvJ OD;Ek&JUvlwef;pm;OmOfu pum;ajymjcif;ygyJ/
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om;t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm; acgif;aqmifrIudk xlaxmifol? xdef;odrf;ol
jyefvnf&,l&ef BudK;pm;ol tppfjzpfygw,f/
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 29

,cifu oltBudrfBudrf atmifcJYw,f/ ,ckawmY cJavorQ oJa&us

oGm;NyD/ awmfveS af &;aumifpED iS Yf jrefrmYq&dk , S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwDwUdk [m tvkyf
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orm;vlwef;pm; r[mrdwt f zJUG &JU acgif;aqmifruI kd &J&0J YH0YHxal xmifaeolrsm;
jzpfw,f/ xde;f odr;f aewJY tzJUG tpnf;awGjzpfw,f/ vkyo f m;jynfoal wG&UJ
tmPmykdifpepfudk wnfaqmufaewJY tzGJUtpnf;awGjzpfw,f/
'gaMumifY awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu OD;EktmPmjyefawmif;jcif;ESifY
tjcm;tpDtpOfrsm;udk y,fcsvkdufw,f/ odkUuvkd y,fcsvkdufwJYtcgrSm
OD;Ek[m rsm;pGm a'goykefxoGm;w,fAsm/ vlwef;pm;r[ma'goygyJ/
OD;Ekudk,fEdIufuvJ yuwdpdwftm;jzifY a'goBuD;oljzpfw,f/
Ak'j¨ rwfpmG &JU aus;Zl;l aMumifY a'goudk wcgwcg csKyw f nf;Ekid cf YJw,f/f ckawmY
tmPmESifY ywfoufwJY avmbu BuD;vGef;vkdY a'goudk rxdef;EdkifawmY
bl;/ arm[rD;uvJ tBuD;tus,fawmufavmifaew,f/
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tmPmjyef&a&;twGuf uk, d YfjynfwiG ;f u vlrsm;pkBuD;udk tm;rud;k Ekid o f yl yD D
Ekid if aH &;Ek;d Mum;aom? vlwef;pm;todjrifYaeaom? pnf;½H;k xm;aom tvkyf
orm;ESifY awmifolv,form; vlwef;pm;rsm;&JU qefYusifwkdufcdkufjcif;
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a&;tiftm;pkrsm;&JU tultnDukd tm;ud;k NyD; awmfveS af &;tpd;k &udk vufeuf
udik w f u kd yf 0GJ if&ef jyifqifaew,f/ trdjrefrmEkid if EH iS Yf vkyo f m;jynfoal wGukd
&efrlaew,f? ol[m avmb? a'go? arm[ rD;awG avmifNrdKufjcif;cHae&
wJUtwGuf tEkenf;? Ak'¨enf;? *E´Denf; ponfrsm;udk pGefYy,fvkdufw,f/
avmb? a'go? arm[tm;BuD;NyD; tMurf;enf;rsm;udo k ;kH &ef jyifqifaewJY
OD;Ek? jynfov l xl tk rsm;pkBuD;udk &efral ewJYO;D Ek[m Ak'j¨ rwfpmG &JU t&if;tqH;k
aom wynfo h m0u r[kwaf wmYb;l ? urÇmU tazgufjyefq;kH tiftm;pkawG&UJ
wynfhom0uom jzpfoGm;NyD/ xkdOD;Ek? tMuifOD;Ek? jynfajy;BuD;OD;Ek[m
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jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 ode;f azjrifY 30

r&Sad wmYb;l / 'gaMumifY olpeG Yf cmG oGm;wJY trdjrefrmjynfukd jyefvrf;r&Sad wmY

aMumif;ygAsm/

qGay;aeolawGudk owdjyK

ta&SUawmiftm&S uRe;f qG,t f m;upm;NydKifyJG &efuek Nf rdKUrSm pnfpnfum;

um;ESiYf at;at;csr;f csr;f usi;f yNyD;ajrmufomG ;wmudk rvkv d m;olawG trsm;
tjym; &Sdw,fAs/
wcsKdUuawmY awmfveS af &;tpd;k &udk odum© cscsifvYdk rvkv d m;bl;/ wcsKdU
uawmY jrefrmEkid if H emrnfysuaf pcsiv f Udk rvkv
d m;bl;/ wcsKUd uawmY tzsuf
vkyfief;rSm 0goemxHkaevkdU rvkdvm;bl;/
[kd yifv,f&yfjcm; wkdif;wyg;rSaeNyD; ewfrsufpd &oa,mifa,mif
[dw[ f efay;NyD; uRe;f qG,tf m;upm;yG[ J m &efuek Nf rdKUrSm usi;f yjzpfrmS r[kwf
ygbl;vkYd BudKwif a[molua[m? jrefrmEkid if H jynfov l x l Mk um;rSm uRe;f qG,f
yGJ vkyfjzpfrSm r[kwfbl;/ ajratmufqlylaomif;usef;olawGu atmifqef;
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ojzifY aumvm[vawG wD;wkd;jzefYolujzefY? uRef;qG,ftm;upm;NydKifyGJ
usif;yjcif;[m awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&udk qefYusifaewJY jynfolvlxkudk
rdiI ;f wku
d af ejcif;jzpfw,f/ jynfov l x l &k UJ tm½Huk kd vrf;vTo J Ukd ydUk aqmifaejcif;
jzpfw,f ponfjzifY pm&Gufpmwrf; urf;vSrf;olu urf;vSrf;? tzsufvkyf
ief;rsm;udk wwfEkdifoavmuf vkyfcJYMuw,f/
olwUdk BudKwifa[majymovk?d olwUdk aumvm[vvTiYf ovk?d olwUdk 0g'
jzefYovkdjzpfrvmyJ ta&SUawmiftm&S uRef;qG,ftm;upm;NydKifyGJBuD;udk
atmifjrifpmG zGiYfEidk cf YJw,f/ vdvk m;olawG arQmv f ifYcefYreS ;f xm;onfxufyif
pnf;pepfusw,f/ pnf;urf;&Sdw,f/ pnfpnfum;um; crf;crf;em;em;jzpf
w,f/ jynfov l x l w
k &yfv;kH udk &TiNf yHK;MunfE;l apw,f/ tm;upm;NydKifyrJG sm;
[mvJ tpDpOftwkdif;jzpfajrmufaew,f/ 'gUaMumifY trsKd;rsKd;aom tzsuf
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 jyefvrf;r&Sdaom OD;Ek 31

orm;rsm;[m a'goykefxMuw,f/ remvkd r½IpdrfY vGefpGmjzpfMuw,f/

wenf;enf;jzifY aESmuf,SufzsufpD;&ef? qlylrI qGay;&ef tcgtcGifYukd
]]aMumifvufonf;0Su}f } apmifYaeMuw,f/ wuúov kd ef ,fajrw0ku d rf mS 0if
xGuo f mG ;vmEkid ?f aexdik v f yI &f mS ;Ekid w
f YJ olwYkd&UJ vufuikd w f w
k tf csKUd udk toH;k
jyKMuawmYw,f/
odMuwJYtwdik ;f olwYkd [m orkid ;f ausmif;aqmifrsm;tv,fA[kd tm;u
pm;½Hrk mS qlyal &;pvkycf YJ Muw,f/ tjyifvw l pkEiS Yf qlyal &;ausmif;om;tcsKUd
yl;aygif;NyD; tm;upm;½Hak pmifYMuyfoal wGukd cJEiS YfaygufMuw,f/ tm;upm;½Hk
BuD;udv k J cJEiS Yf aygufMuw,f/ aemuf orkid ;f ausmif;aqmifrsm;u toH;k jyK
&r,fY topfpufpufaqmufxm;wJY tm;upm;½HBk uD;udk zsuq f ;D &ef BudK;pm;
cJYMujcif;jzpfw,f/ armfawmfum;rsm;udkvJ rD;½dIUzsufqD;Muw,f/
orkdif;ausmif;aqmifrsm;tv,f tm;upm;½HkxJrSm usif;yaewJU
vufa0SUyGu J kd orkid ;f ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om;rsm; Munfch siv f suf rMunfh
vku d &f jcif; jzpfrmS pd;k vdYk olwUkd twGuf tcGiYfx;l w&yf tjzpfjzifY oD;oefYvuf
rSwrf sm; xkwaf &mif;NyD;jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifY olwYkd[m tjyifval wGEiS Yf aygif;
NyD; cJESifYaygufvm;? qlylvm; vkyf&ef bmtaMumif;rS r&Sdbl;/ odkUayr,fY
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&w,f/ onfhxufqkd;wmu qlyla&;ausmif;om;wpk[m *dkPf;zGJUNyD; 0dZÆm
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tzGJUu oHk;aewJY um;rsm;udk rD;½dIUzsufqD;Muw,f/ *sL'dkNydKifyGJtwGuf jyif
qifxm;wJY trGrf;trHESifY ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;udk rD;½dIUzsufqD;Muw,f/
olwUdk wawG[m aemufwaeUnaetxd vlprk cGyJ J aomif;usef;csifwikd ;f
aomif;usef;cJYMuw,fAsm/

jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
 ode;f azjrifY 32

uk d , f Y b uf o m; ausmif ;om;trsm;pk B uD ;uk d pnf ;½H k ;&ef v d k N yD

'Dvkd wuúodkvfe,fajrrSm qlqlylylvkyfaewJY ausmif;om;xk[m

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rSmygwJY ausmif;om;xk[m tifrwefao;i,fwJY tenf;pkom jzpfw,f/
olwkdU[m 10 OD; aumfrwDzJGUxm;NyD; qlyla&;udk acgif;aqmifcJYMuw,f/
olwkdU[m csufcsif; ausmif;om;or*¾tvHudk vTifYxlMuw,f/ ydkpwm
uyfMuw,f/ olwUkd [m vlenf;pkuav;yif jzpfaomfvnf; pnf;½H;k xm;wJU
qlyla&; vlenf;pkjzpfw,f/ 'gUaMumifY BuD;rm;aom tEÅ&m,fukd jyKEkdifcJY
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jcif;xuf uRef;qG,ftm;upm;NydKifyGJudk trJpufxifaponfxuf emrnf
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