To Define a Phylum

 You need a body plan

 How do you define the body plan?

– Levels of organization

– Body symmetry

– Differentiation of germ layers

– Formation of body cavities

– Patterns of embryonic development

– Segmentation

– Cephalization

– Limb formation

Levels of Organization

• There are several types of tissues found in animals:

-Epithelial tissues- cover body surfaces inside and out, are also thin and flat.

• Example: epithelial tissues line lungs and allow gases to easily diffuse
through

-Muscle tissues

-Connective tissues

Body Symmetry
Differentiation of Germ Layers

– 1. Endoderm: the innermost germ layer, develops into linings of the digestive tract
and much of the respiratory system

– 2. Mesoderm: the middle layer, gives rise to the muscles and much of the
circulatory, reproductive, and excretory organ systems

– 3. Ectoderm: the outermost layer, produces sense organs, nerves, and the outer
layer of skin

Formation of a Body Cavity

Patterns of Embryological Development

Segmentation
Cephalization

• Animals with bilateral symmetry typical exhibit cephalization- the concentration of sense
organs and nerve cells at their anterior end

• The most successful animals including arthropods and vertebrates exhibit pronounced
cephalization

• Insect and vertebrate embryos heads are formed by fusion and specialization of several
body segments during development

– As the segments fuse the external and internal parts combine in ways that
concentrate sense organs in the head, such as the eyes

– Nerve cells that process information and “decide” what an animal should do are
also found in the head

– Animals with a head move in a head first direction because this way the
concentration of sense organs and nerve cells come in contact with the new
environment first

Animal Type:

Levels of organization Cells/tissues/organs?

Body symmetry Bilateral/radial?

Germ layers 1/2/3

Body Cavity Coelom/Pseudocoelom/ Acoelomate

Embryological Development Protostomes/ Deuterostome

Segmentation Absent/Present

Cephalization Present/Absent

Limb Formation Type of limb

 Phylum Porifera= pore bearer

Porifera Animal Type:

Levels of organization Highly porous surface, not true tissues

Body symmetry Mostly none, some radial

Germ layers Diploblastic

Body Cavity Pseudocoelom (?)

Embryological Development Cant be classified

Segmentation Absent

Cephalization Absent

Limb Formation ---

Phylum Cnidaria

Animal Type:

Levels of organization Cells organised into tissues but no organs

Body symmetry Radial

Germ layers Diploblastic

Body Cavity Acoelomate

Embryological Development Protostomes/ Deuterostome

Segmentation Absent

Cephalization Absent

Limb Formation Tentacles (Limbs?)

CNIDOCYSTS
 Phylum Platyhelminthes

Animal Type:

Levels of organization Cells organised into tissues but few semi-developed organs

Body symmetry Bilateral

Germ layers Triploblastic

Body Cavity Acoelomate

Embryological Development Protostomes

Segmentation Absent (?)

Cephalization Yes

Limb Formation Bristles, 2 layers of muscles

 Phylum Annelida

Animal Type:

Levels of organization Tissues, Organs, Systems

Body symmetry Bilateral

Germ layers Triploblastic

Body Cavity Eucoelomate

Embryological Development Protostomes

Segmentation Yes, Distinct

Cephalization Brain, no distinct head

Limb Formation Parapodia

 Phylum Mollusca

Animal Type:

Levels of organization Tissues, Organs, Systems, Mantle

Body symmetry Bilateral

Germ layers Triploblastic

Body Cavity Eucoelomate

Embryological Development Protostomes

Segmentation None

Cephalization Soft distinct head

Limb Formation Broad muscular foot

Phylum Arthropoda

Animal Type:

Levels of organization Tissues, Organs, Systems, Exoskeleton

Body symmetry Bilateral

Germ layers Triploblastic

Body Cavity Eucoelomate

Embryological Development Protostomes

Segmentation Present-Head, Thorax, Abdomen

Cephalization Present

Limb Formation Uniramous or biramous appendages

Phylum Echinodermata

Animal Type:

Levels of organization Tissues, Organs, Systems, Exoskeleton

Body symmetry Radial

Germ layers Triploblastic

Body Cavity Eucoelomate

Embryological Development Deuterostomes

Segmentation No

Cephalization Not distinct

Limb Formation Radial limbs