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    12 views5 pages

    Comparators PDF

    Uploaded by

    chrishallberg

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 5
    LECTURE 5: OP AMPS -VOLTAGE COMPARATOR & SCHMITT TRIGGER Voltage Comparator Thus far, our circuits have been useful only if the output remained unsaturated. The voltage comparator is a device which uses no feedback; saturation is the desired result. In this circuit we want a simple yes-no answer to be signified by either positive saturation or negative saturation of the output. Suppose we have some sensing device. We want to be warned whenever the voltage of the sensor, Vs, rises above some level Vj, called the turn-on voltage. (The sensor could be, for example, @ voltage divider with a temperature-dependent resistor whose resistance rises with temperature. We are to be warned when a chemical bath gete near the flash point.) Consider the circuit shown below. v R Mi Ry Vs The output will saturate positively when Vg>V, +8 and will saturate negatively when VsVe, the output is saturated negatively instead of positively as in the voltage comparator circuit figure. If one wants a positive output for Vs>Ve, the output can be inverted with another op amp, or another version of the Schmitt trigger can be used. +Voe Ry The use of Ry connected from Vo to Ve (positive feedback) changes the voltage level to which we are comparing Vg. If Vs is low, then Vo is high and Ve is equal to Vy. If Vs rises and reaches Vy, the output drops, lowering Ve. Since now Vs > Ve, the output will saturate negatively, lowering V_ to V,. The output will not go positive again until Vg drops below V,. The next figure gives an example of the response of our Schmitt trigger. The example demonstrates a particular usefulness of the Schmitt trigger. If we have a Vg which rises (or falls) through the switch region in a “noisy" or fluctuating manner there will only be one switching unless the fluctuations are of amplitude greater than Vy-V; We get a "clean" transition from a noisy signal. The values chosen for Rj,Rg and Ry depend on the desired values for Vp,V; and the saturation voltage of the output. If you will look at the data sheet for the F351, you will find that the maximum peak-to-peak output voltage swing is typically 30 volts for a load resistance of 10 kQ and supply voltages of +18 V to -18 V. That is, the device saturates at 15 volts positive or 15 volts negative. Thus we expect the output to saturate about three volts shy of the supply voltage. We usually operate with supply voltages of +12 v. For a quick calculation we ignore the three volt difference and assume the output saturates at the supply voltage. “Vee In general we can write the following equations on the basis of the previous figure: Ve-Vo = URE Veo-Ve = (ly +1)R, Vo Veo) = Ve* Veo = 122 Exercise 2 Eliminate [| and Ij from the above equation and show that: Veo Ve = (Ve-VoIRWRE + (Vo+ Vee)Ri/Ra Using F and D as abbreviations for RyRp and Ry/Rp respectively, we have: Veo-Ve = (Ve- Vo)F + (Vet Vee)D Now when Vo is saturated at Voc Ve becomes Vp, and when Vo is saturated at -Vec,Ve becomes V,. So we have two equations. Vee-Vh = (Vh- Veo)F + (Vit Veo)D Veo- Vr = (Vet VeolF + (Vet Veg)D Exercise 3 Solve these equations for F and D and show that: FeBi a Mov og pa i _ VerM } apeneato Rp Ve+Y Ry VetV, | otheropamp Ry,Rz and Rr can be chosen to avoid loading the output excessively and to have Rp<V. the device output is an open circuit so the Vo terminal is simply connected to V through R. When V+

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