Processing Accounting Information Chapter

CHAPTER 3
Processing Accounting
Information
OVERVIEW OF EXERCISES, PROBLEMS, AND CASES
Estimated
Time in
Learning Objective Exercises Minutes Level
1. Explain the difference between an external and an
internal event. 1 10 Easy
2. Explain the role of source documents in an accounting

system. 2 10 Easy
3. Analyze the effects of transactions on the accounting

equation. 3 15 Mod
4 15 Mod
5 20 Mod
10* 10 Mod
11* 10 Mod
12* 20 Mod
14* 20 Mod
15* 30 Mod
4. Describe the use of the account and the general ledger to 6 10 Easy
accumulate amounts for financial statement items. 10* 20 Mod
11* 10 Mod
12* 20 Mod
13* 10 Mod
5. Explain the rules of debits and credits. 7 10 Easy

8 10 Diff
12* 20 Mod
14* 20 Mod
15* 30 Mod
16* 15 Mod
6. Explain the purposes of a journal and the posting process. 14* 20 Mod
15* 30 Mod
16* 15 Mod
7. Explain the purpose of a trial balance. 9 25 Mod

13* 10 Mod
*Exercise, problem, or case covers two or more learning objectives

Level = Difficulty levels: Easy; Moderate (Mod); Difficult (Diff)
3-1
3-2 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Problems Estimated
and Time in
Learning Objective Alternates Minutes Level

internal event. 1 20 Easy
5* 45 Mod
6* 75 Mod
7* 75 Mod

system. 5* 45 Mod

equation. 2 60 Mod
3 60 Mod
4 60 Diff
6* 75 Mod
7* 75 Mod
8* 20 Mod
9* 60 Mod
11* 30 Mod
12* 45 Mod
13* 30 Diff
14* 75 Mod
15* 75 Mod
4. Describe the use of the account and the general ledger to 9* 60 Mod
12* 45 Mod
13** 30 Diff
5. Explain the rules of debits and credits. 8* 20 Mod

9* 60 Mod
11* 30 Mod
12* 45 Mod
13* 30 Diff
14* 75 Mod
15* 75 Mod
14* 75 Mod
15* 75 Mod
7. Explain the purpose of a trial balance. 10* 60 Mod

12** 45 Mod
13* 30 Diff
14* 75 Mod
15*# 75 Mod

**Alternate problem only
# Original problem only
CHAPTER 3 PROCESSING ACCOUNTING INFORMATION 3-3
Estimated
Time in
Learning Objective Cases Minutes Level

internal event. 3* 20 Mod
5* 60 Mod
6* 30 Mod

system. 4* 60 Diff

equation. 2 15 Mod
3* 20 Mod
4* 60 Diff
5* 60 Mod
6* 30 Mod
7* 30 Mod
4. Describe the use of the account and the general ledger to 1 30 Mod
5. Explain the rules of debits and credits. 7* 30 Mod
7. Explain the purpose of a trial balance.

QUESTIONS
1. Both external and internal events affect an entity. An external event involves
interaction with someone outside of the entity. For example, the purchase of land
is an external event. An internal event takes place entirely within the entity, with
no interaction with anyone outside of the company. The transfer of raw materials
into production is an internal event.
2. Source documents are the basis for recording transactions. They provide the
evidence, or documentation, needed to recognize an event for accounting
purposes. Purchase invoices, time cards, and cash register tapes are all
examples of source documents.
3. Cash can take many different forms. One of the most common forms is a checking
account. Other forms include coin and currency on hand, savings accounts,
money orders, certified checks, and cashier’s checks.
4. An account receivable is an open account with a customer. That is, the customer
is not required to have prior written approval each time a purchase is made, and
no interest is charged. Most open accounts must be paid in a short period of time,
such as 30 or 60 days. A note receivable, however, involves a written promise
from the customer to repay a specified amount, with interest, at a specified date.
Companies usually require customers to sign promissory notes for relatively large
dollar amounts of purchases.
5. Assets and liabilities are opposites. An asset represents a future benefit, and a
liability is an obligation to relinquish benefits in the future. Therefore, an account
payable is the opposite of an account receivable. If Ace Corp. provides a service
to Blue Corp., Ace records an account receivable on its books. Blue will record an
account payable on its books.
6. According to the accounting equation, assets are equal to liabilities plus owners'
equity. Assets are future economic benefits. The right side of the equation is
merely a representation of the claims of various groups on the assets. The claims
of the owners, as represented by owners' equity, are divided into two types:
capital stock and retained earnings. The former arises from amounts contributed
by the owners to the business. Retained earnings represents the claims of the
owners on the assets from the undistributed income of the business. That is, it
represents the accumulated earnings over the life of the business that have not
been returned to the owners in the form of dividends.
7. The term “double-entry system” of accounting means that every transaction is
entered in at least two accounts on opposite sides of T accounts. In this system,
every transaction is recorded in such a way that the equality of debits and credits
is maintained, and in the process the accounting equation is kept in balance.
8. Assets and liabilities appear on different sides of the accounting equation and are
therefore opposites. It is logical that if an asset is increased with a debit, a liability
is increased with a credit.
9. Assets are positive in that they represent future economic benefits. It is merely a
matter of convention that an asset is increased with a debit. An expense is
negative in the sense that it reduces net income, which in turn reduces retained
earnings, one of the two elements of owners' equity. Because owners' equity is on
the opposite side of the accounting equation from assets, it is increased with a
credit. Therefore, any item that reduces owners' equity, like an expense, is itself
increased with a debit.
10. There are two sides to every transaction. The two sides of the transaction when a
dividend is paid are the decrease in cash and the decrease in owners' equity
(owners' equity is reduced because money is being returned to owners, and they
have a smaller claim on the assets of the business). Assets are increased with
debits and decreased with credits. Cash is an asset and is therefore decreased
with a credit. Retained earnings is on the opposite side of the accounting
equation from assets and is therefore increased with a credit. Retained earnings
are decreased with a debit. Because dividends are a decrease in retained
earnings, they are increased with a debit.
11. When you deposit money in your account, the bank has a liability. The entry on
the bank's books consists of a debit to Cash and a credit to some type of liability
account, such as Customers’ Deposits. Therefore, when you make a deposit, the
bank "credits" your account; that is, it increases its liability.
12. A business actually saves time by first recording transactions in a journal and
then posting them to the ledger. Because of the sheer volume of transactions it
would be impractical to prepare financial statements directly from the journal. For
example, without the use of ledger accounts, it would be necessary at the end of
the period to go back and scan the journal to find every debit and credit to the
Cash account in order to prepare a balance sheet. Whereas the journal serves as
a book of original entry, the ledger accounts are the basis for preparing a trial
balance, which in turn is used to prepare the financial statements.
13. The T account is a simple device used in the study of accounting as well as by
accountants in analyzing transactions. The left side of the account is used to
record debits and the right side to record credits. The running balance form for an
account is more formal and includes not only columns for debits and credits, but
also a column for the balance in the account. Another important element of the
running balance form is a posting reference column. The accountant places the
page number of the general journal in this column so that each entry in the
account can be traced back to the relevant page in the journal.
14. At the time of posting, the posting reference column of the account in the ledger
is filled in with the page number of the journal entry. At the same time, the account
number is placed in the posting reference column of the journal. This cross-
referencing system used in posting allows the accountant to trace an entry made
in the journal to the account it was posted to, or, conversely, to trace from an
account back to the entry in the journal.
15. There is no standard rule about the frequency of posting entries from the journal
to the ledger. The size of the company and the extent to which the accounting
system is computerized will affect how often entries are posted. For example, in a
computerized system, it is possible for entries to be posted instantaneously to the
ledger at the time they are recorded in the journal.
16. A trial balance proves the equality of debits and credits. It does not prove that the
correct accounts were debited and credited or that the correct amounts were
necessarily recorded. It simply ensures that the balance of all of the debits in the
ledger accounts is equal to the balance of all of the credits at any point in time.
EXERCISES
LO 1 EXERCISE 3-1 TYPES OF EVENTS
1. E 5. I
2. E 6. NR
3. NR 7. E
4. E 8. I*
*This can be used as an introduction to the concept of adjustments in Chapter 4—It is

an internal event if the accountant accrues the taxes owed but not yet paid;
alternatively, it is an external transaction if the taxes are paid at the time the
accountant determines the amount due.
LO 2 EXERCISE 3-2 SOURCE DOCUMENTS MATCHED WITH

TRANSACTIONS
1. g 5. c
2. h 6. a
3. f 7. b
4. d 8. e
LO 3 EXERCISE 3-3 THE EFFECT OF TRANSACTIONS ON THE

ACCOUNTING EQUATION
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders' Equity

1. NE NE NE
2. I NE I
3. I NE I
4. D D NE
5. NE NE NE
6. I I NE
7. D NE D
8. D NE D
9. I NE I
LO 3 EXERCISE 3-4 TYPES OF TRANSACTIONS
Type Example
1. a. Purchase inventory on credit.
b. Purchase land in exchange for promissory note.
2. a. Issuance of stock in exchange for cash.
b. Provide service in exchange for cash.
3. a. Repay bank loan with cash.
b. Pay supplier amount owed on open account.
4. a. Pay dividend to stockholders.
b. Pay wages to employees.
5. a. Collect amount owed from customer on open account.
b. Purchase inventory with cash.
LO 3 EXERCISE 3-5 ANALYZING TRANSACTIONS

Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
Trans. Accounts Accounts Notes Capital Retained
No. Cash Receivable Supplies Equipment Land Payable Payable Stock Earnings
1. $ 1,530 $ 1,530
2. $ 1,365 $ 1,365
Bal. $ 1,530 $ 1,365 $ 1,365 $ 1,530
3. $ 750 750
Bal. $ 750 $ 1,530 $ 1,365 $ 1,365 $ 2,280
4. –4,240 $ 4,240
Bal. $ (3,490) $ 1,530 $ 1,365 $ 4,240 $ 1,365 $ 2,280
5. 2,500 $ 2,500
Bal. $ (990) $ 1,530 $ 1,365 $ 4,240 $ 1,365 $ 2,500 $ 2,280
6. 890 –890
Bal. $ (100) $ 640 $ 1,365 $ 4,240 $ 1,365 $ 2,500 $ 2,280
7. $ 50,000 $ 50,000
Bal. $ (100) $ 640 $ 1,365 $ 4,240 $ 50,000 $ 1,365 $ 2,500 $ 50,000 $ 2,280
8. –4,000 –4,000
Bal. $ (4,100) $ 640 $ 1,365 $ 4,240 $ 50,000 $ 1,365 $ 2,500 $ 50,000 $ (1,720)
9. –500 –500
Bal. $ (4,600) $ 640 $ 1,365 $ 4,240 $ 50,000 $ 865 $ 2,500 $ 50,000 $ (1,720)
TOTAL ASSETS: $51,645 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: $51,645
LO 4 EXERCISE 3-6 BALANCE SHEET ACCOUNTS AND THEIR USE
1. Notes Payable 7. Accounts Payable

2. Investments 8. Cash
3. Accounts Receivable 9. Buildings
4. Taxes Payable 10. Retained Earnings
5. Preferred Stock 11. Prepaid Asset
6. Land
LO 5 EXERCISE 3-7 NORMAL ACCOUNT BALANCES (APPENDIX)
1. Debit 7. Credit
2. Debit 8. Debit
3. Credit 9. Credit
4. Credit 10. Debit
5. Debit 11. Debit
6. Credit
LO 5 EXERCISE 3-8 DEBITS AND CREDITS (APPENDIX)
The debits and credits are reversed in this entry. The correct entry is:
June 5 Cash 12,450

Accounts Receivable 10,000
Sales Revenue 2,450
To record cash received on June 5: $10,000 on
account and $2,450 in cash sales.

+12,450 +2,450
–10,000
From the bank’s perspective, a customer’s account is a liability because the bank owes
that amount to the customer. Thus, when the liability account is increased, it is
increased with a credit. At the same time, the cash received from the customer is an
increase in the bank’s cash and, as an asset, cash is increased with a debit.
3-1
LO 7 EXERCISE 3-9 TRIAL BALANCE (APPENDIX)

SPENCER CORPORATION
TRIAL BALANCE
DECEMBER 31, 2007
Dr. Cr.
Cash $ 10,500
Office Supplies 500
Land 50,000
Automobiles 9,200
Buildings 150,000
Equipment 85,000
Accounts Payable $ 7,650
Income Taxes Payable 2,500
Notes Payable 90,000
Capital Stock 100,000
Retained Earnings 110,025
Commissions Revenue 12,750
Interest Revenue 1,300
Commissions Expense 2,600
Heat, Light, and Water Expense 1,400
Income Tax Expense 1,700
Office Salaries Expense 6,000
Dividends 2,000 ______
Totals $ 324,225 $ 324,225
MULTI-CONCEPT EXERCISES
LO 3,4 EXERCISE 3-10 DETERMINING AN ENDING

ACCOUNT BALANCE
$2,000 + $1,400 + $250 − $1,350 = $2,300

LO 3,4 EXERCISE 3-11 RECONSTRUCTING A

BEGINNING ACCOUNT BALANCE
Beginning balance + Services on account – Collections = Ending balance

Beginning balance + $7,500 – $6,000 = $2,500
Beginning balance = $1,000
LO 3,4,5 EXERCISE 3-12 JOURNAL ENTRIES RECORDED

DIRECTLY IN T ACCOUNTS (APPENDIX)
Cash Accounts Receivable Office Supplies

(1) 19,500 130 (2) (5) 200 200 (7) (2) 130
(4) 125 15,000 (6)
(7) 200
19,825 15,130 Bal. -0-
Bal. 4,695
Van Accounts Payable Capital Stock

(3) 15,000 (6) 15,000 15,000 (3) 19,500 (1)
-0-Bal.
Delivery Services
125 (4)
200 (5)
325 Bal.
LO 4,7 EXERCISE 3-13 TRIAL BALANCE (APPENDIX)
WE-GO DELIVERY SERVICE

TRIAL BALANCE
DECEMBER 31, 2007
Dr. Cr.
Cash $ 4,695
Office Supplies 130
Van 15,000
Capital Stock $ 19,500
Delivery Services 325
Totals $ 19,825 $19,825
LO 3,5,6 EXERCISE 3-14 JOURNAL ENTRIES (APPENDIX)
1. Accounts Receivable 1,530

Sales Revenue 1,530
Made sales on open account.

+1,530 +1,530
2. Supplies 1,365
Accounts Payable 1,365
Purchased supplies on open account.

+1,365 +1,365
3. Cash 750
Sales Revenue 750
Made cash sales.

+750 +750
4. Equipment 4,240
Cash 4,240
Purchased equipment with cash.

+4,240
–4,240
5. Cash 2,500
Notes Payable 2,500
Issued promissory note for cash.

+2,500 +2,500
6. Cash 890
Accounts Receivable 890
Collected open accounts.

+890
–890
EXERCISE 3-14 (Concluded)

7. Land 50,000
Issued capital stock in exchange for land.
+50,000 +50,000
8. Salary and Wage Expense 4,000

Cash 4,000
Paid salaries and wages.
–4,000 –4,000
9. Accounts Payable 500

Cash 500
Paid open account.
–500 –500
LO 3,5,6 EXERCISE 3-15 JOURNAL ENTRIES (APPENDIX)
April 1 Cash 100,000

Issued 100,000 shares of capital stock.

+100,000 +100,000
April 4 Cash 50,000

Issued 6-month, 9% promissory note for cash.

+50,000 +50,000
April 8 Land 20,000

Buildings 60,000
Cash 80,000
Purchased land and a storage shed.

+20,000
+60,000
–80,000
EXERCISE 3-15 (Concluded)

April 10 Mowing Equipment 25,000
Cash 10,000
Purchased mowing equipment with down
payment and remainder due by end of month.
+25,000 +15,000
–10,000
April 18 Accounts Receivable 5,500

Service Revenue 5,500
Billed customers for services provided on
account; amounts due within 10 days.
+5,500 +5,500
April 27 Accounts Payable 15,000

Cash 15,000
Paid remaining balance due on open account
for purchase of mowing equipment.
–15,000 –15,000
April 28 Cash 5,500

Collected cash on open accounts.
+5,500
–5,500
April 30 Accounts Receivable 9,850

Billed customers for services provided on
account.
+9,850 +9,850
April 30 Salary and Wage Expense 4,650

Cash 4,650
Paid April payroll.
–4,650 –4,650
LO 5,6 EXERCISE 3-16 THE PROCESS OF POSTING JOURNAL

ENTRIES TO GENERAL LEDGER ACCOUNTS (APPENDIX)
General Journal Page No. 7

Post.
Date Account Title and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit
June 1 Land 17 50,000
Notes Payable 35 50,000
Purchased land in exchange for note.
General Ledger
Land Account No. 17
Post.
Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance
June 1 GJ 7 50,000 50,000
Notes Payable Account No. 35

Post.
Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance
June 1 GJ 7 50,000 50,000
The purpose of the journal is to provide a chronological record of the entries. In

addition, it shows the complete transaction in one place. Thus, if you wanted to review
this particular transaction, you would look at the general journal.
PROBLEMS
LO 1 PROBLEM 3-1 EVENTS TO BE RECORDED IN ACCOUNTS
1. E Not recorded
2. E Recorded: Inventory, Accounts Payable
3. I Not recorded
4. E Not recorded
5. I Not recorded
6. E Recorded: Cash, Sales Revenue
7. E Not recorded
8. E Recorded: Salaries and Wages Expense, Cash
9. E Recorded: Accounts Payable, Cash

LO 3 PROBLEM 3-2 TRANSACTION ANALYSIS AND FINANCIAL

STATEMENTS
1. Just Rolling Along Inc. Transactions for the month of May 2007:
Assets = Liabilities +Stockholders’ Equity

Accounts Accounts Capital Retained
Date Cash Receivable Equipment Supplies Payable Stock Earnings
5/1 $ 18,000 $18,000
5/1 $ 3,000 $ 3,000
Bal. $ 18,000 $3,000 $3,000 $18,000
5/5 –15 $ –15
Bal. $ 17,985 $3,000 $3,000 $18,000 $ (15)
5/9 –4,400 4,400
Bal. $ 13,585 $7,400 $3,000 $18,000 $ (15)
5/10 $ 100 100
Bal. $ 13,585 $7,400 $ 100 $3,100 $18,000 $ (15)
5/15 –125 –125
Bal. $ 13,460 $7,400 $ 100 $3,100 $18,000 $ (140)
5/17 1,800 1,800
Bal. $ 15,260 $7,400 $ 100 $3,100 $18,000 $ 1,660
5/24 $ 1,200 1,200
Bal. $ 15,260 $ 1,200 $7,400 $ 100 $3,100 $18,000 $ 2,860
5/29 600 –600
Bal. $ 15,860 $ 600 $7,400 $ 100 $3,100 $18,000 $ 2,860
5/30 3,000 3,000
Bal. $ 18,860 $ 600 $7,400 $ 100 $3,100 $18,000 $ 5,860
5/30 –160 –160
Bal. $ 18,700 $ 600 $7,400 $ 100 $3,100 $18,000 $ 5,700
5/31 –3,000 –3,000
Bal. $ 15,700 $ 600 $ 7,400 $ 100 $ 100 $18,000 $ 5,700
PROBLEM 3-2 (Concluded)
2. JUST ROLLING ALONG INC.

INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE MONTH ENDED MAY 31, 2007
Revenues:
Rental fees* $ 4,800
Lessons 1,200 $ 6,000
Expenses:
Registration fee $ 15
Advertising 125
Salaries and wages 160 300
Net income $ 5,700
*$1,800 + $3,000
3. JUST ROLLING ALONG INC.

BALANCE SHEET
MAY 31, 2007
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $ 15,700
Accounts receivable 600
Supplies 100
Total current assets $ 16,400
Property, plant, and equipment:
Equipment 7,400
Total assets $ 23,800
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable $ 100
Capital stock $ 18,000
Retained earnings 5,700
Total stockholders’ equity 23,700
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 23,800
4. Given the line of business that they are in, the two college students may be
concerned about their liability. One of the advantages of incorporating is the limited
liability of the stockholders. Generally, a stockholder is liable only for the amount
contributed to the business.
LO 3 PROBLEM 3-3 TRANSACTION ANALYSIS AND

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. EXPERT CONSULTING SERVICES INC.

TRANSACTIONS FOR THE MONTH OF MARCH 2007

Accounts Accounts Notes Capital Retained
Date Cash Receivable Computer Supplies Payable Payable Stock Earnings
3/2 $40,000 $40,000
3/7 15,000 $15,000
Bal. $55,000 $15,000 $40,000
3/12 $700 $700
Bal. $55,000 $700 $700 $15,000 $40,000
3/19 $ 4,000 $ 4,000
Bal. $55,000 $4,000 $700 $700 $15,000 $40,000 $ 4,000
3/20 –1,300 –1,300
Bal. $53,700 $4,000 $700 $700 $15,000 $40,000 $ 2,700
3/22 1,000 –1,000
Bal. $54,700 $3,000 $700 $700 $15,000 $40,000 $ 2,700
3/26 2,800 2,800
Bal. $57,500 $3,000 $700 $700 $15,000 $40,000 $ 5,500
3/29 –8,000 $ 8,000
Bal. $49,500 $3,000 $8,000 $700 $700 $15,000 $40,000 $ 5,500
3/30 –3,300 –3,300
Bal. $46,200 $3,000 $8,000 $700 $700 $15,000 $40,000 $ 2,200
3/31 –1,400 –1,400
Bal. $44,800 $ 3,000 $ 8,000 $700 $700 $15,000 $40,000 $ 800

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY: $56,500

INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE MONTH ENDED MARCH 31, 2007
Revenues:
Computer installation services $4,000
Software selection services 2,800 $ 6,800
Expenses:
Advertising $1,300
Salaries and wages 3,300
Gas, electric, and water 1,400 6,000
Net income $ 800

BALANCE SHEET
MARCH 31, 2007
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $ 44,800
Accounts receivable 3,000
Supplies 700
Equipment—Computer system 8,000
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Long-term debt:
Notes payable 15,000
Total liabilities $ 15,700
Retained earnings 800
Total stockholders' equity 40,800
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 56,500
4. Trade accounts often have a 30-day collection or payment period. For example,
cash should be received from the accounts receivable and cash paid for
the accounts payable during the month of April.
LO 3 PROBLEM 3-4 TRANSACTIONS RECONSTRUCTED FROM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ELM CORPORATION
TRANSACTIONS FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE 2007
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity_____

Cash Accounts Equipment Building Land Accounts Notes Capital Retained
Receivable Payable Payable Stock Earnings
1. $ 30,000 $ 30,000
2. $18,000 $18,000
Bal. $ 30,000 $ 18,000 $ 18,000 $ 30,000
3. $ 90,000 $ 90,000
Bal. $30,000 $ 18,000 $90,000 $18,000 $ 90,000 $ 30,000
4. − 24,000 $ 24,000
Bal. $ 6,000 $ 18,000 $ 90,000 $ 24,000 $18,000 $ 90,000 $3 0,000
5. $ 93,600 $ 93,600
Bal. $ 6,000 $ 93,600 $ 18,000 $ 90,000 $ 24,000 $ 18,000 $ 90,000 $ 30,000 $ 93,600
6. 72,000 − 72,000
Bal. $ 78,000 $ 21,600 $ 18,000 $ 90,000 $ 24,000 $ 18,000 $ 90,000 $ 30,000 $ 93,600
7.
− 9,000 − 9,000
Bal. $ 69,000 $ 21,600 $ 18,000 $ 90,000 $ 24,000 $ 18,000 $ 90,000 $ 30,000 $ 84,600
8. − 27,900 − 27,900
Bal. $ 41,100 $ 21,600 $ 18,000 $ 90,000 $ 24,000 $ 18,000 $ 90,000 $ 30,000 $ 56,700
9. − 13,800 − 13,800
Bal. $ 27,300 $ 21,600 $ 18,000 $ 90,000 $ 24,000 $ 18,000 $ 90,000 $ 30,000 $ 42,900
10. − 4,500 − 4,500
Bal. $ 22,800 $21,600 $ 18,000 $ 90,000 $24,000 $18,000 $ 90,000 $ 30,000 $ 38,400
TOTAL ASSETS: $176,400 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: $176,400
Assumptions: 1. The land was acquired for cash.

2. All sales were on account.
3. Cash dividends were paid (for the difference between the ending balance in Retained Earnings and Net Income).
MULTI-CONCEPT PROBLEMS
LO 1,2 PROBLEM 3-5 IDENTIFICATION OF EVENTS WITH

SOURCE DOCUMENTS
All of these events would be recorded in the entity's accounts.

a. Payment of the insurance policy would be recorded with the use of the invoice
from the insurance company. The amount and period covered would be used to
record the event.
b. Source documents for the payroll include time cards or sheets and employment
contracts. The time cards or sheets are normally used to record the payroll. The
main item needed from the time cards is the number of hours worked during the
period. The employment contracts may specify the hourly rate of pay or a periodic
salary.
c. A sales invoice is used to record a sale of merchandise on account. The amount
of the sale is taken from this source document.
d. Source documents are needed to record the reduction in supplies and the
amount of loss from the fire. Invoices for supplies purchased, and requisition
forms for supplies, are important source documents for this purpose. By
deducting the amount used, as shown on the requisition forms, from the amount
bought, per the invoices, one could determine the amount of loss.
e. Many companies send periodic invoices to customers with a tear-off portion that
is mailed back to the company along with the check. The amount received and
the customer name is used to record the transactions.
f. A bill of sale is normally generated from a purchase of land. The purchase price
and the amount paid, including any part of this that was financed, would be
needed to record the purchase.
g. Work papers and other documents generated by the tax department are used to
record the amount of taxes due. The amount due is needed to record the
transaction.
h. The lease agreement itself serves as the source document to record this event.
The amounts paid for taxes, title, and license are recorded on the basis of the
lease agreement.
LO 1,3 PROBLEM 3-6 TRANSACTION ANALYSIS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. BLUE JAY DELIVERY SERVICE TRANSACTIONS FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY 2007

Trans. Accounts Delivery Accounts Notes Capital Retained
Date Cash Receivable Land Warehouse Trucks Payable Payable Stock Earnings
1/2 $ 100,000 $ 100,000

1/3 − 80,000 $ 20,000 $ 60,000
Bal. $ 20,000 $ 20,000 $ 60,000 $ 100,000
1/4 50,000 $ 50,000
Bal. $ 70,000 $ 20,000 $ 60,000 $ 50,000 $ 100,000
1/6 –45,000 $ 45,000
Bal. $ 25,000 $ 20,000 $ 60,000 $ 45,000 $ 50,000 $ 100,000
1/31 $ 15,900 $ 15,900
Bal. $ 25,000 $ 15,900 $ 20,000 $ 60,000 $ 45,000 $ 50,000 $ 100,000 $ 15,900
1/31 7,490 –7,490
Bal. $ 32,490 $ 8,410 $ 20,000 $ 60,000 $ 45,000 $ 50,000 $ 100,000 $ 15,900
1/31 $ 3,230 –3,230
Bal. $ 32,490 $ 8,410 $ 20,000 $ 60,000 $ 45,000 $ 3,230 $ 50,000 $ 100,000 $ 12,670

PROBLEM 3-6 (Continued)
2. BLUE JAY DELIVERY SERVICE

INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE MONTH ENDED JANUARY 31, 2007
Service revenue $ 15,900

Gas and oil expense 3,230
Net income $ 12,670

BALANCE SHEET
JANUARY 31, 2007
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $ 32,490
Land $ 20,000
Warehouse 60,000
Delivery trucks 45,000
Total property, plant, and equipment 125,000
Accounts payable $ 3,230
Long-term debt:
4. Additional information needed:

Jan. 3: Is the warehouse new?
How large is it?
What volume of business can it support?
Jan. 4: What is the interest rate on the loan?
Are there any restrictions on the company's operations in the debt
agreement (covenants)?
Were any assets offered as collateral?
Jan. 6: How long are the trucks expected to last?
Will they have any salvage value?
What volume of business can they support?
Jan. 31: When will customers pay the remaining balance?
What is the credit standing of the customers?
Jan. 31: Is there a limit on how much the company charges?
What if the company cannot pay by the 10th?
LO 1,3 PROBLEM 3-7 TRANSACTION ANALYSIS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. NEVERANERROR, INC.
TRANSACTIONS FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE 2007
Accounts Accounts Notes Rent Capital Retained
Date Cash Receivable Computer Payable Payable Payable Stock Earnings
6/2 $30,000 $30,000
6/5 –2,500 $12,000 $ 9,500
Bal. $27,500 $12,000 $ 9,500 $30,000
6/8 20,000 $20,000
Bal. $47,500 $12,000 $ 9,500 $20,000 $30,000
6/15 $12,350 $12,350
Bal. $47,500 $12,350 $12,000 $ 9,500 $20,000 $30,000 $12,350
6/17 –900 –900
Bal. $46,600 $12,350 $12,000 $ 9,500 $20,000 $30,000 $11,450
6/23 12,350 –12,350
Bal. $58,950 $ 0 $12,000 $ 9,500 $20,000 $30,000 $11,450
6/28 –2,700 –2,700
Bal. $56,250 $ 0 $12,000 $ 9,500 $20,000 $30,000 $ 8,750
6/29 $ 2,200 –2,200
Bal. $56,250 $ 0 $12,000 $ 9,500 $20,000 $ 2,200 $30,000 $ 6,550
6/30 –5,670 –5,670
Bal. $50,580 $ 0 $12,000 $ 9,500 $20,000 $ 2,200 $30,000 $ 880
6/30 18,400 18,400
Bal. $50,580 $18,400 $12,000 $ 9,500 $20,000 $ 2,200 $30,000 $19,280
6/30 –6,000 –6,000
Bal. $44,580 $18,400 $12,000 $ 9,500 $20,000 $ 2,200 $30,000 $13,280
TOTAL ASSETS: $74,980 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
$74,980
2.a. NEVERANERROR INC.

INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE MONTH ENDED JUNE 30, 2007

Expenses:
Advertising $ 900
Utilities 2,700
Rent 2,200
Salaries and wages 5,670 11,470
Net income $ 19,280
2.b. NEVERANERROR INC.

STATEMENT OF RETAINED EARNINGS
Beginning balance, June 1, 2007 $ 0

Add: Net income 19,280
Deduct: Dividends (6,000)
Ending balance, June 30, 2007 $ 13,280
2.c. NEVERANERROR INC.

BALANCE SHEET
JUNE 30, 2007
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $ 44,580
Computer 12,000
Rent payable 2,200 $ 11,700
Long-term debt:
3. Yes, the outlook for the company looks relatively appealing. The company
operated profitably during the month of June and was able to generate
significant revenues and control its costs. The profit margin for the month was in
excess of 60%. In addition, it appears to be relatively liquid, with a current ratio
of over 5 to 1.
LO 3,5 PROBLEM 3-8 ACCOUNTS USED TO RECORD

TRANSACTIONS (APPENDIX)
Accounts
Accounts
Debited Credited Debited Credited
a. 1 10 f. 1 2
b. 5 1, 9 g. 13 1
c. 6 9 h. 14 1
d. 3 7 i. 15 7
e. 2 12 j. 16 8
LO 3,4,5 PROBLEM 3-9 TRANSACTION ANALYSIS AND JOURNAL ENTRIES RECORDED DIRECTLY IN T ACCOUNTS (APPENDIX)
1. Beverly Entertainment Enterprises transactions for the month of October, 2007:

Accounts Concession Accounts Notes CapitalRetained
Cash Receivable Land Building Supplies Payable Payable Stock Earnings
10/1 $ 40,000 $ 40,000
10/2 –12,500 $ 35,000 $90,000 $ 112,500
Bal. $ 27,500 $ 35,000 $90,000 $112,500 $ 40,000
10/3 –2,500 5,000 $2,500 _ _____
Bal. $ 25,000 $ 35,000 $95,000 $2,500 $112,500 $40,000
10/12 ______ $ 3,700 3,700
Bal. $ 25,000 $ 35,000 $95,000 $ 3,700 $6,200 $112,500 $ 40,000
10/13 4,200 $ 1,800
_____ _ 2,400
Bal. $ 29,200 $ 35,000 $95,000 $ 3,700 $6,200 $ 112,500 $40,000 $ 4,200
10/17 $1,500 _____ _ _ ____ 1,500
Bal. $ 29,200 $ 1,500 $ 35,000 $95,000 $ 3,700 $6,200 $ 112,500 $ 40,000 5,700
10/23 750 –750 ______ _____ _ ______ ____
Bal. $ 29,950 $ 750 $ 35,000 $95,000 $ 3,700 $6,200 $ 112,500 $ 40,000 $ 5,700
10/24 4,800 2,000
______ 2,800
Bal. $ 34,750 $ 750 $ 35,000 $95,000 $ 3,700 $6,200 $112,500 $ 40,000 $ 10,500
10/26 –3,000 ______ ______ –3,000
Bal. $31,750 $ 750 $ 35,000 $95,000 $ 3,700 $6,200 $ 112,500 $ 40,000 $ 7,500
10/27 –500 ___ ___ ______ –500
Bal. $ 31,250 $ 750 $ 35,000 $95,000 $ 3,700 $6,200 $ 112,500 $ 40,000 $ 7,000
10/30 –2,400 –2,400
Bal. $ 28,850 $ 750 $ 35,000 $95,000 $ 3,700 $6,200 $ 112,500 $ 40,000 $ 4,600
10/31 4,300 1,800
2,500
Bal. $ 33,150 $ 750 $ 35,000 $95,000 $ 3,700 $6,200 $ 112,500 $ 40,000 $ 8,900

2. Cash Accounts Receivable

(10/1) 40,000 12,500 (10/2) (10/17) 1,500 750 (10/23)
(10/13) 4,200 2,500 (10/3)
(10/23) 750 3,000 (10/26)
(10/24) 4,800 500 (10/27)
(10/31) 4,300 2,400 (10/30)
54,050 20,900 Bal. 750
Bal. 33,150
Land Building
(10/2) 35,000 (10/2) 90,000
(10/3) 5,000
Bal. 95,000
Concession Supplies Accounts Payable

(10/12) 3,700 2,500 (10/3)
3,700 (10/12)
6,200 Bal.
Notes Payable Capital Stock

112,500 (10/2) 40,000 (10/1)
Retained Earnings
(10/26) 3,000 1,800 (10/13)
(10/27) 500 2,400 (10/13)
(10/30) 2,400 1,500 (10/17)
2,000 (10/24)
2,800 (10/24)
1,800 (10/31)
2,500 (10/31)
5,900 14,800
8,900 Bal.
LO 4,7 PROBLEM 3-10 TRIAL BALANCE AND FINANCIAL

STATEMENTS (APPENDIX)
1. BEVERLY ENTERTAINMENT ENTERPRISES

TRIAL BALANCE
OCTOBER 31, 2007
Dr. Cr.
Cash $ 33,150
Land 35,000
Building 95,000
Concession Supplies 3,700
Totals $ 167,600 $ 167,600

INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE MONTH ENDED OCTOBER 31, 2007
Revenues:
Ticket sales $ 5,600*
Concession sales 7,700**
Rental revenue 1,500 $ 14,800
Expenses:
Utilities $ 500
Net income $ 11,900
*$1,800 + $2,000 + $1,800
**$2,400 + $2,800 + $2,500

Beginning balance, October 1, 2007 $ 0

Deduct: Dividends 3,000
Ending balance, October 31, 2007 $ 8,900

BALANCE SHEET
OCTOBER 31, 2007
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $ 33,150
Concession supplies 3,700
Land $ 35,000
Building 95,000 130,000
Long-term debt:
LO 3,5,6 PROBLEM 3-11 JOURNAL ENTRIES (APPENDIX)
a. Cash 200,000
Issued 100,000 shares of capital stock for cash.
+200,000 +200,000
b. Buildings 110,000
Land 40,000
Cash 150,000
Acquired building and land for cash.
+110,000
+40,000
–150,000
c. Cash 125,000
Signed three-year promissory note.
+125,000 +125,000
d. Office Equipment 50,000

Cash 10,000
Purchased equipment, with down payment and
balance due in 10 days.
+50,000 +40,000
–10,000
e. Wage and Salary Expense 13,000

Cash 13,000
Paid payroll for first half of month.
–13,000 –13,000
f. Accounts Payable 40,000

Cash 40,000
Paid balance due on purchase of equipment.
–40,000 –40,000
g. Accounts Receivable 24,000

Advertising Revenue 24,000
Sold advertising during January, due by
February 15.
+24,000 +24,000
h. Wage and Salary Expense 15,000

Cash 15,000
Paid payroll for second half of month.
–15,000 –15,000
i. Commissions Expense 3,500

Commissions Payable 3,500
Commissions earned by salespeople during
January, to be paid on February 5.
+3,500 –3,500
LO PROBLEM 3-12 JOURNAL ENTRIES RECORDED DIRECTLY IN T

3,4,5,7 ACCOUNTS (APPENDIX)
1. T Accounts
Cash Accounts Receivable

(a) 200,000 150,000 (b) (g) 24,000
(c) 125,000 10,000 (d)
13,000 (e)
40,000 (f)
15,000 (h)
325,000 228,000
Bal. 97,000
Land Building
(b) 40,000 (b) 110,000
Office Equipment Accounts Payable

(d) 50,000 (f) 40,000 40,000 (d)
-0- Bal.
Commissions Payable Notes Payable

3,500 (i) 125,000 (c)
Capital Stock Advertising Revenue

200,000 (a) 24,000 (g)
Wage and Salary Expense Commissions Expense

(e) 13,000 (i) 3,500
(h) 15,000
Bal. 28,000
2. ATKINS ADVERTISING AGENCY

TRIAL BALANCE
JANUARY 31, 2007
Dr. Cr.
Cash $ 97,000
Land 40,000
Building 110,000
Office Equipment 50,000
Commissions Payable $ 3,500
Advertising Revenue 24,000
Wage and Salary Expense 28,000
Commissions Expense 3,500
Totals $ 352,500 $ 352,500
LO 3,5,7 PROBLEM 3-13 THE DETECTION OF ERRORS IN A

TRIAL BALANCE AND PREPARATION OF A
CORRECTED TRIAL BALANCE (APPENDIX)
1. The trial balance is out of balance by $220,640 – $208,840, or $11,800. The

difference can be accounted for as follows:
Amount by which trial balance is out of balance: $ 11,800

Dividends account should be a debit balance, not
a credit balance; removing a credit balance and
replacing it with a debit balance will result in
a difference in the trial balance totals of twice
the $5,000 difference, or: (10,000)
Remaining difference $ 1,800
Notes Payable has a credit balance of $75,300, but
the total balance in Building and Equipment is
only $73,500; this is a difference of: (1,800)
Remaining difference $ 0
The Dividends error may have simply been the result of posting a debit in the
journal entry incorrectly as a credit to the ledger account. Or, it is possible that
Dividends was incorrectly credited in the journal entry. The transposition error in
the acquisition of the building and equipment in exchange for the note may
have resulted from posting $23,500 to the Equipment account instead of the
correct amount of $25,300. Or, as was the case with the dividends error, it is
possible that the entry to record the acquisition was incorrectly recorded as a
debit to Equipment for $23,500.
2. MALCOLM INC.
REVISED TRIAL BALANCE
JANUARY 31, 2007
Dr. Cr.
Cash $ 9,980
Land 80,000
Building 50,000
Equipment 25,300
Notes Payable $ 75,300
Wage and Salary Expense 23,700
Advertising Expense 4,600
Utilities Expense 8,420
Dividends 5,000
Totals $ 215,640 $ 215,640
LO 3,5,6,7 PROBLEM 3-14 JOURNAL ENTRIES, TRIAL

BALANCE, AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(APPENDIX)
1. Journal entries:
Jan. 2 Cash 100,000

Issued 100,000 shares of capital
stock for cash.
+100,000 +100,000
Jan. 3 Warehouse 60,000

Land 20,000
Cash 80,000
Purchased warehouse and land for
cash.
+60,000
+20,000
–80,000
Jan. 4 Cash 50,000

Signed three-year promissory note at
Third State Bank.
+50,000 +50,000
Jan. 6 Delivery Trucks 45,000

Cash 45,000
Purchased five new delivery trucks
for cash.
+45,000
–45,000
Jan. 31 Accounts Receivable 15,900

Performed services during month
on account.
+15,900 +15,900
Jan. 31 Cash 7,490

Received cash from customers on
account.
+7,490
–7,490
Jan. 31 Gas and Oil Expense 3,230

Purchased gas and oil on account.
+3,230 –3,230

TRIAL BALANCE
JANUARY 31, 2007
Dr. Cr.
Cash $ 32,490
Warehouse 60,000
Land 20,000
Delivery Trucks 45,000
Gas and Oil Expense 3,230
Totals $169,130 $169,130

INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE MONTH ENDED JANUARY 31, 2007

Gas and oil expense 3,230
Net income $ 12,670

BALANCE SHEET
JANUARY 31, 2007
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $ 32,490
Land $ 20,000
Warehouse 60,000
Delivery trucks 45,000
Long-term debt:
5. Additional information needed:

Jan. 3: Is the warehouse new?
How large is it?
What volume of business can it support?
Jan. 4: What is the interest rate on the loan?
Are there any restrictions on the company's operations in the debt
agreement (covenants)?
Were any assets offered as collateral?
Jan. 6: How long are the trucks expected to last?

Will they have any salvage value?
What volume of business can they support?
Jan. 31: When will customers pay the remaining balance?
What is the credit standing of the customers?
Jan. 31: Is there a limit on how much the company charges?
What if the company cannot pay by the 10th?
LO 3,5,6,7 PROBLEM 3-15 JOURNAL ENTRIES, TRIAL

BALANCE, AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(APPENDIX)
1. Journal entries:
June 2 Cash 30,000
Issued capital stock for cash.
+30,000 +30,000
June 5 Computer 12,000

Cash 2,500
Purchased computer with down
payment; balance due in 60 days.
+12,000 +9,500
–2,500
June 8 Cash 20,000

Signed two-year promissory note
at bank.
+20,000 +20,000
June 15 Accounts Receivable 12,350

Billed customers for services
rendered in first half of month;
+12,350 +12,350
June 17 Advertising Expense 900

Cash 900
Paid for June advertising.
–900 –900
June 23 Cash 12,350

Received amounts due from customers.
+12,350
–12,350
June 28 Utility Expense 2,700

Cash 2,700
Paid gas, electric, and water bills.
–2,700 –2,700
June 29 Rent Expense 2,200

Rent Payable 2,200
Received bill for June rent to be
paid by July 10.
+2,200 –2,200
June 30 Salaries and Wages Expense 5,670

Cash 5,670
Paid June salaries and wages.
–5,670 –5,670
June 30 Accounts Receivable 18,400

Billed customers for services rendered
during the second half of June.
+18,400 +18,400
June 30 Dividends 6,000

Cash 6,000
Declared and paid dividends.
–6,000 –6,000
2. NEVERANERROR INC.
TRIAL BALANCE
JUNE 30, 2007
Dr. Cr.
Cash $44,580
Computer 12,000
Rent Payable 2,200
Advertising Expense 900
Utility Expense 2,700
Rent Expense 2,200
Salaries and Wages Expense 5,670
Dividends 6,000
Totals $ 92,450 $ 92,450
3.a. NEVERANERROR INC.

INCOME STATEMENT

Expenses:
Advertising $ 900
Utilities 2,700
Rent 2,200
Net income $ 19,280
3.b. NEVERANERROR INC.

Beginning balance, June 1, 2007 $ 0

Deduct: Dividends (6,000)
Ending balance, June 30, 2007 $ 13,280
3.c. NEVERANERROR INC.

BALANCE SHEET
JUNE 30, 2007
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $ 44,580
Computer 12,000
Rent payable 2,200 $ 11,700
Long-term debt:
4. Yes, the outlook for the company looks relatively appealing. The company
operated profitably during the month of June and was able to generate
significant revenues and control its costs. The profit margin for the month was in
excess of 60%. In addition, it appears to be relatively liquid, with a current ratio
of over 5 to 1.
A LT E R N AT E P R O B L E M S
LO 1 PROBLEM 3-1A EVENTS TO BE RECORDED IN ACCOUNTS
1. E Not recorded
2. E Recorded: Supplies, Accounts Payable
3. E Not recorded
4. E Recorded: Cash, Computer System
5. E Recorded: Accounts Receivable, Service Revenue
6. E Not recorded
7. E Recorded: Salaries and Wages Expense, Cash
8. E Recorded: Accounts Payable, Cash

LO 3 PROBLEM 3-2A TRANSACTION ANALYSIS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Beachway Enterprises Transactions for the month of June 2007:

Accounts Accounts Capital Retained
Date Cash Receivable Equipment Supplies Payable Stock Earnings
6/1 $4,000 $ 4,000
6/1 $ 6,250 $ 6,250
Bal. $4,000 $ 6,250 $ 6,250 $ 4,000
6/5 –35 $ –35
Bal. $3,965 $ 6,250 $ 6,250 $ 4,000 $ (35)
6/10 $ 50 50
Bal. $3,965 $ 6,250 $ 50 $ 6,300 $ 4,000 $ (35)
6/15 –70 –70
Bal. $3,895 $ 6,250 $ 50 $ 6,300 $ 4,000 $ (105)
6/17 1,000 1,000
Bal. $4,895 $ 6,250 $ 50 $ 6,300 $ 4,000 $ 895
6/24 $ 2,000 2,000
Bal. $4,895 $ 2,000 $ 6,250 $ 50 $ 6,300 $ 4,000 $2,895
6/29 1,000 –1,000
Bal. $5,895 $ 1,000 $ 6,250 $ 50 $ 6,300 $ 4,000 $2,895
6/30 1,500 1,500
Bal. $7,395 $ 1,000 $ 6,250 $ 50 $ 6,300 $ 4,000 $4,395
6/30 –90 –90
Bal. $7,305 $ 1,000 $ 6,250 $ 50 $ 6,300 $ 4,000 $4,305
6/30 –6,250 –6,250
Bal. $ 1,055 $ 1,000 $ 6,250 $ 50 $ 50 $ 4,000 $ 4,305

2. BEACHWAY ENTERPRISES
INCOME STATEMENT
Rental fee revenue $ 4,500*

Expenses:
Registration fee $ 35
Advertising 70
Salaries and wages 90 195
Net income $ 4,305
*$1,000 + $2,000 + $1,500

PROBLEM 3-2A (Concluded)
3. BEACHWAY ENTERPRISES
BALANCE SHEET
JUNE 30, 2007
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $ 1,055
Supplies 50
Equipment 6,250

LO 3 PROBLEM 3-3A TRANSACTION ANALYSIS AND

1. DYNAMIC SERVICES INC.

TRANSACTIONS FOR THE MONTH OF MARCH, 2007
Accounts Accounts Notes Capital Retained

Date Cash Receivable Computer Supplies Payable Payable Stock Earnings
3/2 $20,000 $20,000
3/7 7,500 $ 7,500
Bal. $27,500 $ 7,500 $20,000
3/12 $350 $350
Bal. $27,500 $350 $350 $ 7,500 $20,000
3/19 $ 2,000 $ 2,000
Bal. $27,500 $2,000 $350 $350 $ 7,500 $20,000 $ 2,000
3/20 –650 –650
Bal. $26,850 $2,000 $350 $350 $ 7,500 $20,000 $ 1,350
3/22 500 –500
Bal. $27,350 $1,500 $350 $350 $ 7,500 $20,000 $ 1,350
3/26 1,400 1,400
Bal. $28,750 $1,500 $350 $350 $ 7,500 $20,000 $ 2,750
3/29 –4,000 $ 4,000
Bal. $24,750 $1,500 $4,000 $350 $350 $ 7,500 $20,000 $ 2,750
3/30 –1,650 –1,650
Bal. $23,100 $1,500 $4,000 $350 $350 $ 7,500 $20,000 $ 1,100
3/31 –700 –700
Bal. $22,400 $ 1,500 $ 4,000 $350 $350 $ 7,500 $20,000 $ 400


INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE MONTH ENDED MARCH 31, 2007
Tax preparation revenue $ 3,400*

Expenses:
Advertising $ 650
Gas, electricity, and water 700 3,000
Net income $ 400
*$2,000 + $1,400

BALANCE SHEET
MARCH 31, 2007
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $ 22,400
Supplies 350
Equipment—computer system 4,000
Long-term debt:
Notes payable 7,500
Retained earnings 400
4. Trade accounts often have a 30-day collection or payment period. For

example, cash should be received from the accounts receivable and cash paid
for the accounts payable during the month of April.
LO 3 PROBLEM 3-4A TRANSACTIONS RECONSTRUCTED FROM

• Sales on credit
• Collected cash from customers
• Purchase of equipment, furniture, and land
• Incurrence of salary and wage expense; $6,000 remains unpaid
• Received deposits from customers (unearned revenue)
• Capital stock issued
• Dividends paid (net income for the first month is more than the ending balance
in retained earnings)
• Borrowed money on a promissory note
• Incurred rent expense
• Incurred utility expense
ALTERNATE MULTI-CONCEPT PROBLEMS
LO 1,2 PROBLEM 3-5A IDENTIFICATION OF EVENTS WITH

SOURCE DOCUMENTS
a. The check paid for the security deposit and rent as well as a deposit receipt
would be generated from this event. The deposit receipt would be used to
record the amount involved.
b. This event would not be recorded.
c. A sales invoice would be used to record the amount of the sale of merchandise
to a customer for cash.
d. This event would not be recorded.
e. A remittance copy of the bills would be used to record the amount remitted, the
customer name and account number, and the specific invoices that were paid.
f. Stock certificates and checks would be generated by this event. The check
would be used to record the amount of stock purchased.
g. A loan agreement and other bank documents for the receipt of cash would be
generated by this event. The loan agreement would be used to record the
amount of the loan and the various terms such as the due date, the interest
rate, and any collateral.
h. This event would not be recorded.

LO 1,3 PROBLEM 3-6A TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
1.
Stockholders’
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Accounts Accounts Wages Retained
Date Cash Receivable Payable Payable Earnings
2/2 $ –400 $ –400
Bal. $ –400 $ –400
2/3 –3,230 $ –3,230
Bal. $ –3,630 $ –3,230 $ –400
2/4 –2,000 $ –2,000
Bal. $ –5,630 $ –3,230 $ –400 $ –2,000
2/15 8,000 $ –8,000
Bal. $ 2,370 $ –8,000 $ –3,230 $ –400 $ –2,000
2/26 16,800 16,800
Bal. $ 2,370 $ 8,800 $ –3,230 $ –400 $ 14,800
2/27 3,400 –3,400
Bal. $ 2,370 $ 8,800 $ 170 $ –400 $ 11,400
2. Feb. 2: January expense

Feb. 3: January expense
Feb. 4: Not an expense
Feb. 27: February expense
LO 1,3 PROBLEM 3-7A TRANSACTION ANALYSIS AND A

BALANCE SHEET
1. KRITTERSBEGONE INC.
TRANSACTIONS FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 2007

Unearned
Accounts Prepaid Accounts Service Capital Retained
Date Cash Receivable Rent Equipment Payable Revenue Stock Earnings
7/2 $18,000 $18,000
7/3 –1,000 $–1,000
Bal. $17,000 $18,000 $–1,000
7/5 –5,000 $18,000 $13,000
Bal. $12,000 $18,000 $13,000 $18,000 $–1,000
7/17 –200 –200
Bal. $11,800 $18,000 $13,000 $18,000 $–1,200
7/28 –1,450 $ 1,000 –450
Bal. $10,350 $1,000 $18,000 $13,000 $18,000 $–1,650
7/30 8,000 $ 7,500 15,500
Bal. $18,350 $7,500 $1,000 $18,000 $13,000 $18,000 $13,850
7/30 –9,500 –9,500
Bal. $ 8,850 $7,500 $1,000 $18,000 $13,000 $18,000 $ 4,350
7/31 600 $ 600
Bal. $ 9,450 $ 7,500 $ 1,000 $18,000 $13,000 $ 600 $18,000 $ 4,350
STOCKHOLDERS’
EQUITY: $35,950
BALANCE SHEET
JULY 31, 2007
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $ 9,450*
Prepaid rent 1,000
Equipment 18,000
Unearned service revenue 600
Total current liabilities $ 13,600
Retained earnings 4,350**
*$18,000 – $1,000 – $5,000 – $200 – $1,450 + $8,000 – $9,500 + $600
**–$1,000 – $200 – $450 + $15,500 – $9,500

In the month of August, the company should have a cash inflow of $7,500 from
customers for services provided during July. Also, the company should have a
cash outflow of $13,000 to pay the balance due on the purchase of the
equipment. This cash flow information is useful to investors and creditors
because it helps them understand the prospects for the company in the future.
This type of information is particularly useful to bankers.
LO 3,5 PROBLEM 3-8A ACCOUNTS USED TO RECORD

TRANSACTIONS (APPENDIX)
Accounts
Accounts
Debited Credited Debited Credited
a. 1 10 g 7 1
b. 5 9 h. 14 7
c. 6 10 i. 3 1
d. 1 12 j. 7 1
e. 13 1 k. 15 1
f. 4 7
LO 3,4,5 PROBLEM 3-9A TRANSACTION ANALYSIS AND JOURNAL ENTRIES RECORDED DIRECTLY IN T-ACCOUNTS (APPENDIX)
1. Rapid City Roller Rink transactions for the month of October 2007:

Accounts Concession Accounts Notes Capital Retained
Date Cash Receivable Supplies Land Building Equipment Payable Payable Stock Earnings
10/1 $ 66,000 $ 66,000
10/2 –9,000 $15,000 $ 75,000 $ 81,000
Bal. $ 57,000 $15,000 $ 75,000 $ 81,000 $ 66,000
10/3 –5,000 _______ $ 25,000 $ 20,000
Bal. $ 52,000 $15,000 $ 75,000 $ 25,000 $ 20,000 $ 81,000 $ 66,000
10/9 –3,500 ____ __ 3,500
Bal. $ 48,500 $15,000 $ 75,000 $ 28,500 $ 20,000 $ 81,000 $ 66,000
10/12 $2,500 2,500
Bal. $ 48,500 $ 2,500 $15,000 $ 75,000 $ 28,500 $ 22,500 $ 81,000 $ 66,000
10/13 1,150 $ 400
750
Bal. $49,650 $ 2,500 $15,000 $ 75,000 $ 28,500 $22,500 $81,000 $ 66,000 $ 1,150
10/17 $750 750
Bal. $49,650 $ 750 $ 2,500 $15,000 $ 75,000 $ 28,500 $22,500 $81,000 $66,000 $ 1,900
10/23 375 –375
Bal. $ 50,025 $ 375 $ 2,500 $15,000 $ 75,000 $ 28,500 $22,500 $81,000 $66,000 $ 1,900
10/24 1,700 500
1,200
Bal. $51,725 $ 375 $ 2,500 $15,000 $75,000 $ 28,500 $ 22,500 $81,000 $ 66,000 $ 3,600
10/26 –750 –750
Bal. $50,975 $375 $ 2,500 $15,000 $ 75,000 $ 28,500 $22,500 $81,000 $66,000 $ 2,850
10/27 –1,275 –1,275
Bal. $49,700 $375 $ 2,500 $15,000 $ 75,000 $ 28,500 $ 22,500 $81,000 $66,000 $ 1,575
10/30 –2,250 –2,250
Bal. $47,450 $ 375 $ 2,500 $15,000 $ 75,000 $ 28,500 $ 22,500 $81,000 $66,000 $ (675)
10/31 2,000 700
1,300
Bal. $49,450 $ 375 $ 2,500 $ 15,000 $ 75,000 $28,500 $22,500 $81,000 $66,000 $ 1,325
TOTAL ASSETS: $170,825 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:

$170,825
2. Cash Accounts Receivable

(10/1) 66,000 9,000 (10/2) (10/17) 750 375 (10/23)
(10/13) 1,150 5,000 (10/3)
(10/23) 375 3,500 (10/9)
(10/24) 1,700 750 (10/26)
(10/31) 2,000 1,275 (10/27)
2,250 (10/30)
71,225 21,775 Bal. 375
Bal. 49,450
Concession Supplies Land

(10/12) 2,500 (10/2) 15,000
Building Equipment
(10/2) 75,000 (10/3) 25,000
(10/9) 3,500
Bal. 28,500
Accounts Payable Notes Payable

20,000 (10/3) 81,000 (10/2)
2,500 (10/12)
22,500 Bal.
Capital Stock Retained Earnings

66,000 (10/1) (10/26) 750 400 (10/13)
(10/27) 1,275 750 (10/13)
(10/30) 2,250 750 (10/17)
500 (10/24)
1,200 (10/24)
700 (10/31)
1,300 (10/31)
4,275 5,600
1,325 Bal.
LO 4,7 PROBLEM 3-10A TRIAL BALANCE AND FINANCIAL

STATEMENTS (APPENDIX)
1. RAPID CITY ROLLER RINK

TRIAL BALANCE
OCTOBER 31, 2007
Dr. Cr.
Cash $ 49,450
Concession Supplies 2,500
Land 15,000
Building 75,000
Equipment 28,500
Totals $ 170,825 $ 170,825

INCOME STATEMENT
Revenues:
Ticket sales $ 1,600*
Concession sales 3,250**
Rental revenue 750 $ 5,600
Expenses:
Utilities $ 1,275
Net income $ 2,075
*$400 + $500 + $700

**$750 + $1,200 + $1,300

Beginning balance, October 1, 2007 $ 0

Deduct: Dividends (750)
Ending balance, October 31, 2007 $ 1,325

BALANCE SHEET
OCTOBER 31, 2007
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $ 49,450
Concession supplies 2,500
Land $ 15,000
Building 75,000
Equipment 28,500
Long-term debt:
LO 3,5,6 PROBLEM 3-11A JOURNAL ENTRIES (APPENDIX)
a. Cash 150,000
Issued 10,000 shares of capital stock for cash.
+150,000 +150,000
b. Rent Expense 400

Cash 400
Paid February rent.
–400 –400
c. Cash 100,000
Signed five-year promissory note.
+100,000 +100,000
d. Cash 5,000
Unearned Service Revenue 5,000
Received cash for services to be performed
over the next two months.
+5,000 +5,000
e. Computer Software 950

Cash 950
Purchased software to be used over next
two years.
+950
–950
f. Accounts Receivable 12,500

Consulting Revenue 12,500
Billed customers for work performed during
month.
+12,500 +12,500
g. Salaries and Wages Expense 3,000

Cash 3,000
Paid office personnel for work performed
during month.
–3,000 –3,000
h. Utilities Expense 100

Accounts Payable 100
Received utility bill to be paid within
10 days.
+100 –100
LO PROBLEM 3-12A JOURNAL ENTRIES RECORDED DIRECTLY IN T

3,4,5,7 ACCOUNTS (APPENDIX)
1. T Accounts
Cash Accounts Receivable
(a) 150,000 400 (b) (f) 12,500
(c) 100,000 950 (e)
(d) 5,000 3,000 (g)
255,000 4,350
Bal. 250,650
Computer Software Accounts Payable

(e) 950 100 (h)
Unearned
Service Revenue Notes Payable
5,000 (d) 100,000 (c)
Capital Stock Consulting Revenue

150,000 (a) 12,500 (f)
Salaries and Wages Expense Rent Expense

(g) 3,000 (b) 400
Utilities Expense
(h) 100
2. CASTLE CONSULTING AGENCY

TRIAL BALANCE
FEBRUARY 28, 2007
Dr. Cr.
Cash $ 250,650
Computer Software 950
Accounts Payable $ 100
Unearned Service Revenue 5,000
Consulting Revenue 12,500
Salaries and Wages Expense 3,000
Rent Expense 400
Utilities Expense 100
Totals $ 267,600 $ 267,600
LO 3,4,5,7 PROBLEM 3-13A ENTRIES PREPARED FROM A TRIAL

BALANCE AND PROOF OF THE CASH BALANCE
(APPENDIX)
1. Cash + All other debits = Total debits
Cash + $122,800 $240,500*
Cash = $240,500 – $122,800 = $117,700
*Total debits must equal total credits, which total $240,500.
2. All transactions involving cash during the month:
Cash
(a) 120,000 14,600 (c)
(b) 30,000 12,500 (d)
5,200 (e)
150,000 32,300
Bal.117,700
Explanations:
(a) Issuance of capital stock for cash
(b) Cash collections from service revenue:

Total revenue $ 60,500
Not yet collected, accounts receivable 30,500
Cash received $ 30,000
(c) Salaries and wages paid:

Total salary and wage expense $ 24,600
Not yet paid, salaries and wages payable 10,000
Cash paid $ 14,600
(d) Advertising paid—must have been the amount paid because there is no
accounts payable or advertising payable.
(e) Rent paid—must have been the amount paid because there is no accounts
payable or rent payable.
LO 3,5,6 PROBLEM 3-14A JOURNAL ENTRIES (APPENDIX)
1. Journal entries:
Feb. 2 Wages Payable 400
Cash 400
Paid wages owed employees.
–400 –400
Feb. 3 Accounts Payable 3,230
Cash 3,230
Paid for oil and gas billed in January.
–3,230 –3,230
Feb. 4 Dividends 2,000
Cash 2,000
Declared and paid cash dividends.
–2,000 –2,000
Feb. 15 Cash 8,000
Received cash on open accounts.
+8,000
–8,000
Feb. 26 Accounts Receivable 16,800
Provided services on account
during February.
+16,800 +16,800
Feb. 27 Gas and Oil Expense 3,400

Received gas and oil bill for February.
+3,400 –3,400
2. Feb. 2: January expense

Feb. 3: January expense
Feb. 4: Not an expense
Feb. 27: February expense
LO 3,5,6 PROBLEM 3-15A JOURNAL ENTRIES AND A

BALANCE SHEET (APPENDIX)
1. Journal entries:
July 2 Cash 18,000

Issued capital stock to six owners
in exchange for $3,000 each.
+18,000 +18,000
July 3 Rent Expense 1,000

Cash 1,000
Paid July rent.
–1,000 –1,000
July 5 Equipment 18,000

Cash 5,000
Purchased equipment with down payment;
+18,000 +13,000
–5,000
July 17 Advertising Expense 200

Cash 200
Paid for door-to-door advertising.
–200 –200
PROBLEM 3-15A (Continued)
July 28 Prepaid Rent 1,000

Utilities Expense 450
Cash 1,450
Paid August rent and July utilities.
+1,000 –450
–1,450
July 30 Cash 8,000

Record cash received for July services
and sales on account for July, due in
30 days.
+8,000 +15,500
+7,500
July 30 Commissions Expense 9,500

Cash 9,500
Paid July commissions expense.
–9,500 –9,500
July 31 Cash 600

Unearned Service Revenue 600
Received cash from client for services
to be performed over next two months.
+600 +600

BALANCE SHEET
JULY 31, 2007
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $ 9,450*
Prepaid rent 1,000
Equipment 18,000
Unearned service revenue 600
Total current liabilities $ 13,600
Retained earnings 4,350**
*$18,000 – $1,000 – $5,000 – $200 – $1,450 + $8,000 – $9,500 + $600
**–$1,000 – $200 – $450 + $15,500 – $9,500
In the month of August, the company should have a cash inflow of $7,500 from
customers for services provided during July. Also, the company should have a
cash outflow of $13,000 to pay the balance due on the purchase of the
equipment. This cash flow information is useful to investors and creditors
because it helps them understand the prospects for the company in the future.
This type of information is particularly useful to bankers.
DECISION CASES
READING AND INTERPRETING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
LO 4 DECISION CASE 3-1 COMPARING TWO COMPANIES IN

THE SAME INDUSTRY: FINISH LINE AND FOOT LOCKER
1. The largest expense for each company in the most recent year is “Cost of
sales.” The dollar amount of Finish Line’s cost of sales for the year ended
February 25, 2006, is $894,724,000. Foot Locker’s cost of sales for the year
ended January 28, 2006, is $3,944,000,000. It is logical that cost of sales is the
largest expense for each of these companies because they are merchandisers.
That is, they purchase products for resale to customers and cost of sales
represents the cost of those products sold during the current period.
2. The ratio of selling, general and administrative expenses to sales for each
company is as follows:
Finish Line: Year Ended

2/25/06 2/26/05
(in thousands)
Selling, general and administrative expenses $313,893 $271,901
Divided by: Net sales $1,306,045 $1,166,767
Equals 24.0% 23.3%
Foot Locker: Year Ended

1/28/06 1/29/05
(in millions)
Selling, general and administrative expenses $1,129 $1,088
Divided by: Sales $5,653 $5,355
Equals 20.0% 20.3%
Finish Line’s ratio increased slightly during the most recent year, and Foot
Locker’s ratio decreased slightly. Foot Locker has the lower ratio in each of the
two most recent years.
DECISION CASE 3-1 (Concluded)
3. Finish Line reports income tax expense in each of the two most recent years of
$36,380,000 and $36,760,000. Foot Locker’s income tax expense is
$142,000,000 and $119,000,000. The ratio of income tax expense to income
before taxes for each company is as follows:
Finish Line: Year Ended

2/25/06 2/26/05
(in thousands)
Income tax expense $36,380 $36,760
Divided by: Income before income taxes $96,913 $98,023
Equals 37.5% 37.5%
Foot Locker: Year Ended

1/28/06 1/29/05
(in millions)
Income tax expense $142 $119
Divided by: Income from continuing
operations before income taxes $405 $374
Equals 35.1% 31.8%
While Finish Line’s ratio of income tax expense to income before income taxes
did not change between years, Foot Locker experienced an increase in this
ratio from one year to the next. Finish Line has a higher ratio than Foot Locker
for both years. This tells the reader that Finish Line has incurred more income
tax expense relative to its income before income taxes than has Foot Locker.
LO 3 DECISION CASE 3-2 READING AND INTERPRETING

FOOT LOCKER’S STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
1. For the year ended January 28, 2006, Foot Locker spent $155,000,000 on
purchases of property and equipment. The effect on the accounting equation is:

+155,000,000
−155,000,000
2. For the year ended January 28, 2006, Foot Locker paid $49,000,000 in
dividends. The effect on the accounting equation is:

−49,000,000 −49,000,000
LO 1,3 DECISION CASE 3-3 READING AND INTERPRETING

SOUTHWEST AIRLINES’ BALANCE SHEET
1. Southwest Airlines regularly sells tickets in advance of when customers fly. At

the time of a sale, Southwest records a liability: Air Traffic Liability. This is an
external event because it involves someone outside the entity.
2. The effect on the accounting equation from an advance sale is:

Increase Increase
3. The effect on the accounting equation from the purchase by a customer of a

$500 ticket is:

+500 +500
4. The liability is reduced when customers use their tickets. At this point, Southwest
Airlines will reduce the liability account, Air Traffic Liability, and increase a
revenue account. This is an external event.
MAKING FINANCIAL DECISIONS
LO 2,3 DECISION CASE 3-4 CASH FLOW VERSUS NET INCOME
1. YOUNG PROPERTIES
INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY
Commission revenue $ 30,000*

Expenses:
Commissions $ 16,000**
Utilities 500
Rent 1,200
Gas and oil 100 20,000
Net income $ 10,000
*$600,000 × 5%
**$400,000 × 4%
2. YOUNG PROPERTIES
STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY
Cash flows from operating activities:

Cash collected in commissions $ 22,000
Cash paid for:
Commissions $ 16,000
Utilities 500
Rent 1,200
Gas and oil 100 20,000
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 2,000
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of office equipment $ (2,000)
Down payment on automobile (3,000)
Net cash used by investing activities (5,000)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash contributed by owner 20,000
Net increase in cash $ 17,000
3. TO: Shelia Young

FROM: Student’s name
DATE: January 31
SUBJECT: First month's results
As you requested, I reviewed the results of your operations for the first month
of business. Fortunately, your concerns about being “in the hole” are really not
justified. You did in fact have a good first month of sales and have every reason
to be encouraged about the future. I have enclosed copies of an income
statement and a statement of cash flows for January, which should significantly
alleviate any concerns you may have.
First, January’s net income of $10,000 is quite favorable, especially when
compared with the month’s sales of $30,000. You have been successful so far
in containing costs while running a viable operation. Second, the statement of
cash flows provides the specific explanations as to why the $20,000 in cash that
you started with is now down to $17,000. One major reason is that even though
your commissions revenue was $30,000, you still have $8,000 to collect from
these sales. You also had fairly significant cash drains up front for down
payments on the office equipment and the car. Without these expenditures, your
cash balance would have been $5,000 higher. You should keep in mind that the
remaining balance on the office equipment of $3,000 will be due on February
15. The remainder of $12,000 is due on the car in one year from the date of the
note.
I hope I have been able to alleviate your concerns about your new business.
Please let me know if I can be of any further assistance.
4. Assets are essentially unexpired costs and represent future benefits. Once
those benefits have been used up, the costs become expired and the asset is
no longer of any value. In accounting, the periodic process of recognizing the
expiration of benefits from tangible long-term assets, such as office equipment
and automobiles, is called depreciation. Depreciation is recognized over the life
of these assets as an expense on the income statement. The process of
recognizing depreciation will be examined in detail in later chapters.
LO 1,3,4 DECISION CASE 3-5 LOAN REQUEST
1. It appears that Simon took the $20,000 cash he originally contributed to the
business and used it to buy mowing equipment and a truck. The effect on the
accounting equation would be:

+5,000
+15,000
–20,000
DECISION CASE 3-5 (Continued)

2. FRASER LANDSCAPING
INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2007
Revenues:
Landscaping $ 33,400
Lawn care 24,000 $ 57,400
Expenses:
Gas and oil $ 15,700
Insurance 2,500
Rent 6,000
Salaries 22,000 46,200
Net income $ 11,200
3. Both the mowing equipment and the truck will benefit Fraser’s business for
several years, and he should attempt to allocate their cost over their estimated
useful lives. He has overstated his net income by ignoring depreciation on the
two long-term assets. Depreciation is an expense that should be recognized
over the lives of the long-term assets.
4. FRASER LANDSCAPING
BALANCE SHEET
SEPTEMBER 30, 2007
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $ 1,200
Mowing equipment $ 5,000
Truck 15,000
Total stockholders’ equity 31,200*
*Net income: $11,200 + Owners’ investments: $20,000.
The two items of most concern on the balance sheet are the large Accounts
Receivable and Accounts Payable. Over 40% of Fraser’s revenues remain
uncollected at the end of the season: $23,000 of accounts receivable on total
revenues of $57,400. If a significant portion of this amount becomes
uncollectible, Fraser may experience trouble in paying his open accounts.
5. Memorandum to the request for a loan:

TO: Simon Fraser
FROM: Student’s name
DATE: October 15, 2007
SUBJECT: Loan request
Congratulations on a very successful first year in your new business. In

conjunction with the business, I have reviewed your recent request for a
$20,000 loan to expand your fleet of trucks and mowing equipment.
Your income statement for the first year shows a profitable operation. I am
concerned, however, that because you did not recognize depreciation on the
long-term assets, the income reported of $11,200 may overstate the actual
profitability of your business. If we were conservative and estimated a five-year
life for each of these assets, depreciation would amount to a total of $4,000 for
the year.
The balance sheet also presents some concerns to me. First, 40% of your
accounts receivable remains uncollected at the end of the season. Before
extending a loan, I would need to feel assured that a very high percentage of
this amount will be realized in the near future. Second, you have a sizable
amount of accounts payable outstanding at the present time. Given the small
cash balance of $1,200, your ability to repay the creditors is very directly tied to
whether you will be able to collect the amounts due from your customers.
Given my concerns regarding the large balances in both accounts receivable
and accounts payable, I will not be able to approve your request for a loan at
this time. I would be happy to meet with you to discuss further your request and
specifically to review your plans for collection of your open accounts.
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING
LO 1,3 DECISION CASE 3-6 REVENUE RECOGNITION
1. No, the bookkeeper did not account for the client's deposit correctly. Because
the amount received from the client is a deposit for work to be done next year, it
represents a liability at the end of the year rather than revenue.
2. As controller for the firm, you are responsible for the accuracy and fairness of
the financial statements. You do have a moral and ethical responsibility to
correct the books, even though in so doing the income for the year will be
reduced. A reduction in the reported income will affect your year-end bonus, but
you have a responsibility on your part to the users of the financial statements
that supersedes any concerns over your personal financial situation.
LO 3,5,6 DECISION CASE 3-7 DELAY IN THE POSTING

OF A JOURNAL ENTRY (APPENDIX)
1. Entries entered into the journal but not posted to the ledger accounts will not be
reflected in the financial statements. Failure to post the expense/cash
disbursement entry will mean that cash will be higher on the trial balance
prepared by the controller, and expenses will be lower. By ignoring a total of
$76,500 in various expenses, net income will be increased by the same
amount.
2. The controller is not correct in saying that the omission of the expense entry
“will not hurt anyone.” First, there is the basic issue: whether the company
should rightfully be required to pay bonuses on a profit level that was not
attained. Second, there is the related issue: the effect of this deceptive practice
on various constituencies of the company. What about the stockholders? They
have entrusted responsibility for managing the business in a fair and ethical
manner to the officers of the corporation. This particular practice would be a
serious violation of this trust. Finally, any number of outside users of the
financial statements could be misled by this practice. For example, a banker
relies on the income statement of a company to provide a clear and accurate
picture of the results of operations. The failure to accurately reflect the
expenses of the period results in information that is not free from bias and is
certainly misleading.
3. The assistant controller has a definite moral and ethical responsibility to

confront the controller about the suggestion. A direct confrontation in this
particular case may be warranted. The assistant controller should point out that
this practice not only violates accounting principles but also is a very serious
violation of the trust shown in both individuals by the stockholders. The
assistant controller should explain why this practice is not acceptable. If the
situation becomes confrontational, and the controller orders the assistant not to
make the entry, the assistant has a responsibility to talk to the controller's boss
about the problem. This situation does present the assistant controller with an
ethical dilemma since that person understands that the request by the controller
would result in information that is not acceptable practice and is not free from
bias.
REAL WORLD PRACTICE 3.1
The purchase of furniture and fixtures is an external event for Foot Locker. The
recording of depreciation on the assets is an internal event.
Finish Lines has five current asset accounts on its balance sheet. Merchandise
inventories, net in the amount of $268,590,000 is the largest of these accounts.
Foot Locker reports four current assets, and the largest of them is also merchandise
inventories. The balance in this account is $1,254,000,000.
The journal entry to record the sale of a pair of running shoes for $100 cash would
be:
Cash and Cash Equivalents 100

Sales 100
Sold running shoes for cash.

+100 +100

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CHAPTER 3

2. Explain the role of source documents in an accounting

3. Analyze the effects of transactions on the accounting

5. Explain the rules of debits and credits. 7 10 Easy

7. Explain the purpose of a trial balance. 9 25 Mod

*Exercise, problem, or case covers two or more learning objectives

1. Explain the difference between an external and an

2. Explain the role of source documents in an accounting

3. Analyze the effects of transactions on the accounting

5. Explain the rules of debits and credits. 8* 20 Mod

7. Explain the purpose of a trial balance. 10* 60 Mod

*Exercise, problem, or case covers two or more learning objectives

1. Explain the difference between an external and an

2. Explain the role of source documents in an accounting

3. Analyze the effects of transactions on the accounting

5. Explain the rules of debits and credits. 7* 30 Mod

6. Explain the purposes of a journal and the posting process. 7* 30 Mod

7. Explain the purpose of a trial balance.

*Exercise, problem, or case covers two or more learning objectives

LO 1 EXERCISE 3-1 TYPES OF EVENTS

*This can be used as an introduction to the concept of adjustments in Chapter 4—It is

LO 2 EXERCISE 3-2 SOURCE DOCUMENTS MATCHED WITH

LO 3 EXERCISE 3-3 THE EFFECT OF TRANSACTIONS ON THE

Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders' Equity

LO 3 EXERCISE 3-4 TYPES OF TRANSACTIONS

LO 3 EXERCISE 3-5 ANALYZING TRANSACTIONS

Bal. $ 1,530 $ 1,365 $ 1,365 $ 1,530

Bal. $ 750 $ 1,530 $ 1,365 $ 1,365 $ 2,280

Bal. $ (3,490) $ 1,530 $ 1,365 $ 4,240 $ 1,365 $ 2,280

Bal. $ (990) $ 1,530 $ 1,365 $ 4,240 $ 1,365 $ 2,500 $ 2,280

Bal. $ (100) $ 640 $ 1,365 $ 4,240 $ 1,365 $ 2,500 $ 2,280

TOTAL ASSETS: $51,645 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND

LO 4 EXERCISE 3-6 BALANCE SHEET ACCOUNTS AND THEIR USE

1. Notes Payable 7. Accounts Payable

LO 5 EXERCISE 3-7 NORMAL ACCOUNT BALANCES (APPENDIX)

LO 5 EXERCISE 3-8 DEBITS AND CREDITS (APPENDIX)

June 5 Cash 12,450

Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity

LO 7 EXERCISE 3-9 TRIAL BALANCE (APPENDIX)

LO 3,4 EXERCISE 3-10 DETERMINING AN ENDING

$2,000 + $1,400 + $250 − $1,350 = $2,300

LO 3,4 EXERCISE 3-11 RECONSTRUCTING A

Beginning balance + Services on account – Collections = Ending balance

LO 3,4,5 EXERCISE 3-12 JOURNAL ENTRIES RECORDED

Cash Accounts Receivable Office Supplies

Van Accounts Payable Capital Stock

LO 4,7 EXERCISE 3-13 TRIAL BALANCE (APPENDIX)

WE-GO DELIVERY SERVICE

LO 3,5,6 EXERCISE 3-14 JOURNAL ENTRIES (APPENDIX)

1. Accounts Receivable 1,530

Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity

Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity

Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity

Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity

Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity

Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity

EXERCISE 3-14 (Concluded)

8. Salary and Wage Expense 4,000

9. Accounts Payable 500

LO 3,5,6 EXERCISE 3-15 JOURNAL ENTRIES (APPENDIX)

April 1 Cash 100,000

Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity

April 4 Cash 50,000