05.

Biosystem Characteristics

EB2101- Dasar Teknik Biomedis

Program Studi Teknik Biomedis - Sekolah Teknik Elektro & Informatika
Institut Teknologi Bandung
 Outline
• Definition
• Motivation
• System Properties
– Stability
– Linearity
– Time Invariance
– Memory
– Invertibility
– Causality

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 System
A set of interacting or interdependent components which form an
integrated whole.
Each system has:
• Structure, it contains parts (or components) that are directly or
indirectly related to each other  list of unique parts/ components
• Behavior, it contains processes that transform inputs into
outputs(material, energy or data)  (mathematical) model
• Interconnectivity: the parts and processes are connected by
structural and/or behavioral relationships  schematic and/or
pipeline diagram

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 Modeling
• An attempt to describe the behaviour/ mechanism of a (sub)-
system with mathematical formulations
– Trigger (or triggering mechanism), input, and output
– Internal parameters
– Relation of input and output
– Dynamics with time or space
– Feedback mechanism

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 Bio-system Modeling
Transduction site Trigger zone Myelinated axon Cell body Axon terminal

Sensory Stimulus

neurons use
action
potential Amplitude
Membrane potential (mV) 20

frequency 0
-20
and -40 Threshold
Duration -60
duration to (a) Moderate
-80
0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10
code stimulus Time (sec)

stimulus
Membrane potential (mV)

20

intensity 0
-20
and -40
-60
duration. -80
(b) Longer and 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10
stronger
stimulus
1 Receptor potential 2 Receptor potential 3 Frequency of action 4 Neurotransmitter
strength and is integrated at the potentials is proportional release varies with
duration vary with trigger zone. to stimulus intensity. the pattern of action
the stimulus. Duration of a series of potentials arriving
action potentials is at the axon terminal.
proportional to stimulus
duration.

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Biosystem Modeling

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Biosystem Modeling

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DEFINITION

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 Definition
x(t) h(t) y(t) x[n] h[n] y[n]

System: a process by which input signals are transformed or triggering

responds in some way, resulting in other signals as outputs.
•All systems in this course are SISO (single input - single output)
•All signals in this course are univariate (function of single variable)

•x(t) → y(t) means the input signal x(t) causes an output signal y(t)
•h(t) is the impulse response of a continuous-time system: δ(t) → h(t)
•h[n] is the impulse response of a discrete-time system: δ[n] → h[n]

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 Definition
• Continuous-time systems
– Operate on continuous-time signals
– Commonly found in the physical world
– Represented mathematically using differential equations
– System parameters are defined on a continuum of time

• Discrete-time systems
– Operate on discrete-time signals
– ex. Computer algorithms
– Represented mathematically by difference equations
– System parameters are defined only at discrete points in time

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Definition

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Same mathematical models may
apply to different physical systems

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 Examples

is

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 Examples

Fx

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 Examples

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Examples of system modeling

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Psa = arterial pressure, Csa = arterial compliance

Rs = systemic resistance

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A system can be partly continuous
(“analog”) and partly digital

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 Hybrid Systems

• Most real systems are hybrid systems

– Use both CT and DT systems
• ex. Audio delay system

a(t) CT b(t) c[n] DT d[n] e(t) CT f(t)

System ADC System DAC System

Amplification Analog-to-Digital ex. Delay Digital-to-Analog ex. Smoothing filter

converter converter
-Sampler -DT to CT
-CT to DT
 Audio Delay System Example

a(t) CT b(t) c[n] DT d[n] e(t) CT f(t)

ADC DAC
System System System
Amplification Analog-to-Digital ex. Delay Digital-to-Analog ex. Smoothing filter
converter converter
-Sampler -DT to CT
-CT to DT
Sample at a constant
a(t) b(t) c[n] rate (time period)

t t n

d[n] e(t) e(t)

f(t
)

n t t
MOTIVATION

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Purpose

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 Creating Useable Systems
• Purpose of system design
– To create an I/O relationship that is predictable
• The system I/O relationship must be the same every time … the same today
as it was yesterday and will be tomorrow
– Time Invariant
• Given any type of input, the output follows a reasonable relationship
– Easiest is Linear
Out Out
Linear Nonlinear

?
In In

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 LTI System

• Most engineering systems are designed to be linear

and time invariant (LTI) so that they are predictable
• The rest of this course focuses on LTI systems
– How to analyze
– How to use
– How to design

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SYSTEM PROPERTY

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 System Property
Why system property is important?
• Not all mathematical methods are applicable for any systems
• Most mathematical methods are applicable only if the system
fulfill certain properties (mainly, LTI)

For a system to possess a given property, the property must hold for
every possible input to the system
– To prove a property, need to prove for the general case
– To disprove a property, need a single counter-example

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 Motivation

Properties: Signal Analysis:

SIGNALS • Periodic/ Aperiodic • Decomposition INTERPRETATION
• Energy/ Power Signals • Correlation
• Even/ Odd Signals

Sampling: Mathematical Tools:

Continuous (C) to
Discrete (D) • C: Fourier Ser. & Trf, Laplace
• Sampling Theory • D: Fourier Ser. & Trf, z-trf
• Aliasing

Properties: System Analysis:

SYSTEMS • Linear Time Invariance (LTI) • I/O relationship INTERPRETATION
• Causality • Stability
• BIBO stablility

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 Continuous Discrete
Motivation
Mathematical Tools
Basis Signal Type Usage
Continuous Fourier Discrete Fourier C: sin(ωt) Periodic Signal decomposition
Series Series D: sin[Ωn]
Continuous Time Discrete Time Fourier C: ejωt Aperiodic, Signal decomposition, LTI
Fourier Transform Transform (DTFT) periodic analysis (impulse & frequency
(CTFT) D: ejΩn response, convolution)

Laplace transform Z-transform L: est = e(σ+jω)t Exp. growth/decay, Transfer function , stability
aperiodic, periodic analysis, transient response
z: zn = (AejΩ)n

System Analysis
Analysis System Type Tools

I/O LTI Impulse response (h(t) or h[n])

Relationship Frequency response (H(jω))

Transfer function (H(s) or H(z))

Non-linear, LTI State-space

Stability LTI Bode diagrams (FT)

Analysis Routh-Hurwitz (Laplace) ~ Jury (z)

Root locus (Laplace, z)

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 Stability
BIBO Stable: A system is bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) stable if
and only if (iff) all bounded inputs (|x(t)| < ∞) result in bounded outputs
(|y(t)| < ∞)
•Informally, stable systems are those in which small inputs do not lead to
outputs that diverge (grow without bound)
•Examples: thermostat, cruise control, pendulum swing
•Counter-examples: economic bubble, chain reactions
•To test for stability:
If for one bounded input x(t) or x[n] exists an unbounded y(t) or y[n],
the system is not BIBO-stable

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Stability

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Example 1: Stability

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 Linearity
x(t) h(t) y(t) x[n] h[n] y[n]

Consider any two bounded input signals x1 (t) and x2(t).

Homogeneity: Kx1(t) →Ky1(t)

for any constant complex coefficients K

Additivity: x1(t)+ x2(t) → y1(t)+ y2(t)

for any bounded input signals x1(t) and x2(t)

Linear: A system is linear if and only if it is homogeneous and

additive
To test for linearity,
a1x1(t)+ ashow
2x2(t)
that:
→ a1y1(t)+ a2y2(t)
a1x1[n]+ a2x2[n] → a1y1[n]+ a2y2[n]

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for any constant complex coefficients a and a .
 Superposition

• Linear systems enable the application of superposition

• Superposition: if the input consists of a linear combination of
different inputs, the output is the same linear combination of the
resulting outputs
 Recall the concept of signal decomposition (Ch.2)
• This also works for infinite sums (integrals)
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Example 2: Linearity

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 Time Invariance
Time Invariant: A system is time invariant if and only if x[n] → y[n]
implies x[n − n0] → y[n − n0]
•A time shift in the input signal results in an identical time shift in the
output signal
•Circuits that have non-zero energy stored on capacitors or inductors at t
= 0 are generally not time-invariant
•Circuits that have no energy stored are time-invariant
•To test for time-invariance:
S D
x(t) → y(t) → y(t − t 0)
D S
x(t) → x(t − t )0 → y d (t)

y(t − t0), i.e. the output signal delayed by t0, should equal to yd (t),
i.e. the output of delayed input x(t − t0).
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Time Invariance

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Example 3: Time Invariance

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 Linear Time Invariant (LTI) System

x(t) h(t) y(t) x[n] h[n] y[n]

A system is said to be linear time invariant (LTI) if it is both linear and

time invariant
•All of the circuits in this course are linear
•The circuits may not be time invariant if there is some initial energy
stored in the circuit
•Otherwise the circuits are LTI

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 Memory
Memoryless: A system is memoryless if and only if (iff) the output y(t)
at any time t0 depends only on the input x(t) at that same time: x(t0)
•Memory indicates the system has the means to store information about
the input from the past or future
•Capacitors and inductors store energy and therefore create systems
with memory
•Resistors have no such mechanism and are therefore memoryless
systems: v(t) = Ri(t)

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Example 4: Memory

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 Invertibility
y[n]
x[n] h[n] g[n] x[n]

Invertible: A system is invertible if and only if distinct inputs cause

distinct outputs (i.e. one-to-one exclusive relationship of input and
output).
•If a system h(t) or h[n] is invertible, then an inverse system g(t) or g[n]
exists, where g(y(t)) = x(t) or g[y[n]] = x[n]
•Normally invertibility can be tested by trying to solve for the inverse
system
•Alternatively, if there are two input signals, x1(t) ≠ x2(t) that both
generate the same output y1(t) = y2(t) , the system is not invertible

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Invertibility

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Example 5: Invertibility

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Example 5: Invertibility

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 Causality
Causal: A system is causal if and only if the output y(t) at any time
t0 depends only on values of the input x(t) at the present time and
possibly the past, −∞ < t < t0

•These systems are sometimes (rarely) called nonanticipative

•If two inputs to a causal system are identical up to some point in
time, the outputs must also be equal
•All analog circuits are causal
•All memoryless systems are causal
•Not all causal systems are memoryless

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Causality

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Example 6: Causality

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 Summary
For a system to possess a given property, the property must hold for
every possible input to the system.
• To prove a property, we must show that it holds in general. For
instance, for all possible inputs and/or time instants.
• To disprove a property, provide a simple counter example to the
definition.

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 Self-study
Determine whether the following systems are BIBO stable, linear, time-
invariant, memory-less (do not have memory), invertible, and causal:

• y[n] = x[n]2 • y(t) = ∫ -∞t x(τ ) dτ

n
• y(t) = x(t − 2) k=−∞ x[k]
• y[n] = x[n + 3] dx(t)
dt
•y(t) = x(2t) 5
k=−5 x[n+k]
• y[n] = x[-n]
•y[n] = nx[n+3]
•y(t) = sin(2πx(t))

 If the system is not BIBO Stable, specify an input signal that violates this property
 If the system is not time-invariant, specify an input signal that violates this property
 If the system is invertible, specify the corresponding inverse system

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