I

NTRODUCTION
I
nt hebehav
ior
almodel
,dev
elopmenti
sconsi
der
edont
heki
ndofst
imul
usandt
he

per
sonsbehav
ior
alandl
ear
ningf
unct
ion.Behav
ior
alanal
ysi
sinchi
l
ddev
elopmentt
akesa

mechani
sti
c,
cont
ext
ual
,andpr
agmat
icappr
oach.Fr
om i
tsi
ncept
ion,
thebehav
ior
almodel
has

f
ocusedonpr
edi
cti
onandcont
rol
oft
hedev
elopmentpr
ocess.I
tsy
nthesi
zest
heact
iont
o

suppor
ttheor
igi
nal
behav
iorofaoneschi
l
d.Mor
erecent
ly,
themodel
hasf
ocusedmor
eon

behav
iorov
ert
imeandt
hewayt
hatbehav
ior
alr
esponsesbecomer
epet
it
ive.I
thasbecome

concer
nedwi
thhowbehav
ior
ali
ssel
ect
edov
ert
imeandf
ormsi
ntost
abl
epat
ter
nsofhowi
sit

r
espondi
ng.

Tocr
it
ical
l
yrev
iewout
comesi
near
lychi
l
dhoodaf
terexposur
ein5domai
ns.
(1)

phy
sical
growt
h,(
2)cogni
ti
on(
3)l
anguageski
l
ls(
4)mot
orski
l
ls(
5)behav
iorat
tent
ion.I
thas

pr
oducedanumberoft
echni
ques,
incl
udi
ngoper
ant
-basedt
ofaci
l
itat
edev
elopmentwi
th

success.I
nthest
udyofdev
elopment
,recentwor
khasbeengener
atedr
egar
dingt
he

combi
nat
ionofbehav
ioranal
yti
cvi
ewswi
thdy
nami
cal
syst
emst
heor
y.Appr
oacht
hepor
tray
al

ofhowsmal
lpat
ter
nsofchangesi
nbehav
iori
nter
msofpr
inci
plesandmechani
cs.

The capaci
tyt
olear
n,r
emember
,and sy
mbol
i
zei
nfor
mat
ion,and t
o sol
ve

pr
obl
ems,exi
stsatasi
mpl
elev
eli
nchi
l
dren,whocanper
for
m cogni
ti
vet
askssuchas

di
scr
imi
nat
ingani
mat
eandi
nani
mat
e bei
ngsborr
ecogni
zi
ngsmal
lnumber
sofobj
ect
s.

Dur
ingchi
l
dhood,l
ear
ningandi
nfor
mat
ion-pr
ocessi
ngi
ncr
easei
nspeed,memor
ybecomes

i
ncr
easi
ngl
ylonger
,andsy
mbolusedandt
hecapaci
tyf
orabst
ract
iondev
elop,unt
ilanear

adul
tlev
eli
sreachedbyadol
escence.I
tgi
vesanabi
l
ityonust
olear
ntempor
alpat
ter
nsi
n

sequencedact
ionswasi
nvest
igat
edIel
ement
ary
-schoolagechi
l
dren.I
tal
soi
ncr
easest
he

dev
elopmentof aoneschi
l
dregar
dingwi
tht
hei
rval
uesandat
ti
tudes.I
tshoul
dbemor
e

ef
fect
ivet
oreachedourt
ruev
aluabl
einourownl
i
fe.
 Somepr
ofessi
onal
sident
if
yandnegl
ectbymeasur
ingt
hedev
elopment
all
evel
s

shoul
dnor
mal
onecanconcl
udet
hatachi
l
disnotbei
ngnegl
ect
ed.Ar
easofdev
elopmentt
hat

coul
dbemeasur
edi
ncl
udewei
ght
,hei
ght
,st
ami
na,soci
alandemot
ionalr
esponses,speech

andmot
ordev
elopment
.Int
erest
ingl
yal
lthosef
eat
uresgoupt
omakeamedi
calassmentof

wet
herachi
l
dist
hri
vi
ng.Thephy
sici
ani
nit
iat
esamor
ecompl
eteev
aluat
ionwhent
hechi
l
d's

dev
elopmentandf
unct
ioni
ngar
efoundt
obedel
ayed.Whatt
hissuggeat
sist
hatsoci
alwor
k

st
affcoul
dconsul
tmedi
calnot
est
oest
abl
i
shi
fthechi
l
disf
all
i
ngt
othr
ive,
asaf
ir
stst
epi
na

pat
hwayt
owar
dsi
dent
if
yingnegl
ect
.

Thef
iel
dofbehav
ioranal
ysi
sgr
ew outoft
hesci
ent
if
icst
udyofpr
inci
plesof

l
ear
ningandbehav
ior
.Ithast
womai
nbr
anches:exper
iment
alanal
ysi
sofbehav
ior(EAB)i
sthe

basi
csci
enceoft
hisf
iel
dandhasov
ermanydecadesaccumul
atedasubst
ant
ialandwel
l
-

r
espect
edr
esear
chl
i
ter
atur
e.Thi
sli
ter
atur
epr
ovi
dest
he sci
ent
if
icf
oundat
ionf
orappl
i
ed

behav
ior
alanal
ysi
s,whi
chi
sbot
hanappl
i
edsci
encef
orj
ustasenseoft
hedev
elopi
nga

behav
ior
alst
agesi
near
lychi
l
dhood.

REVI
EW OFRELATEDLI
TERTURE

Lecav
ali
er(
2006)
,thepur
poseoft
hisr
esear
chi
stost
udyt
hecor
rel
atesof

car
egi
veri
nal
argesampl
eofy
oungpeopl
ewi
thspect
rum di
sor
der
s.Speci
fi
cal
l
y,t
heyar
e

i
nter
est
edi
ndesi
ntangl
i
ngt
heef
fect
sofl
evel
inf
unct
ioni
ngandt
hebehav
iorpr
obl
emson

car
egi
ver
.Theyhy
pot
hesi
zedt
hatbehav
ior
alpr
obl
emswoul
dbeassoci
atedandt
oexami
net
he

r
elat
ivecont
ri
but
ionofbehav
ior
alpr
obl
emsofcar
egi
ver
.Ther
esul
toft
hisst
udyi
spar
ent
sand

t
eacher
sdi
dnotper
fect
lyagr
eeont
henat
ureandsev
eri
tyofbehav
ior
alpr
obl
ems.l
l
enges.

Ri
mmer
(1999)
,thepur
posef
ort
hisr
esear
chi
sist
oreducedt
heheal
th

pr
omot
ionpr
ogr
am f
orpeopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
est
hathasbeennegl
ect
edar
eaofi
nter
estont
he

par
toft
hegener
alheal
thcommuni
ty.
Heal
thpr
omot
ionpr
ovi
desmor
eleadi
ngef
for
tto

est
abl
i
shedhi
gherqual
i
tyheal
thcar
eforami
l
li
onofhav
ingdi
sabi
l
iti
es.Tomai
ntai
nfunct
ional
i
ndependence,
theypr
ovi
deanoppor
tuni
tyf
orl
eisur
eandenj
oymentandt
oenhancedt
he

ov
eral
lqual
i
tyofl
i
febyr
educi
ngenv
ironment
albar
ri
erst
ogoodheal
th.Ther
esul
toft
his

r
esear
chwi
l
lbecomeamaj
orf
ocusf
ort
henewmi
l
lenni
um becauset
heyacqui
redt
he

pr
event
ionofheal
thcondi
ti
onsbyempower
ingpeopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
est
otakecont
rol
oft
hei
r

ownheal
thwi
l
lbemor
eef
fect
ive.enr
icht
hel
i
vesofpeopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es.

Hav
ier(
2005)
,thepur
poseoft
hisr
esear
chi
stoi
nfor
mtopeopl
einapubl
i
cheal
th

t
argeti
nmanycount
ri
esar
oundt
hewor
ld.Hi
stor
ical
l
y,t
ri
alshav
enotbeenadequat
elydet
ect

i
njur
yandv
ari
ati
onsi
ncasedef
ini
ti
onacr
osst
ri
alshav
ehi
nder
ed.Fur
therr
esear
chi
srequi
red

det
ermi
newet
herf
allpr
event
ioni
nvent
ionscanr
educeser
iousi
njur
ies.Ther
esul
toft
hisst
udy

i
sagoodev
idencet
hati
nter
vent
ionssuchasmul
ti
fact
oralf
allpr
event
ionandi
ndi
vi
dual
l
y

pr
escr
ibedexer
cisear
eef
fect
ivei
nreduceef
fectonser
iousi
njur
yrat
esuncl
ear
.Itshoul
d

r
equi
ret
o be i
dent
if
y maj
orgaps knowl
edge i
nfal
linj
ury pr
event
ion and f
aci
l
itat
ethe

col
l
abor
ati
onnecessar
yforl
argescal
ecl
i
nical
resear
chact
ivi
ty.

Whey
mer(
1997)
,itgi
vesv
aluef
orpeopl
ewhoar
espi
ri
tual
l
yandr
eli
giousf
or

gai
ning,i
ncr
easi
ng,at
tent
ion asheal
thr
esear
ch v
ari
abl
e.Howev
er,t
he par
ti
cul
araspect
s

exami
nedr
angi
ngf
rom chur
chat
tendancet
orel
i
giouscopi
ngt
omeani
ngi
nli
fe.
We

Feder
al(
2007)
,thecompl
exoccupat
ionalt
askhasmanyunder
lyi
ngcomponentski
l
ls

t
hatmayi
nter
fer
ewi
thhandwr
it
ingper
for
mance.Toat
tai
nhandwr
it
ingcompet
encydur
ingt
he

schoolagey
ear
sof
tenhasf
ar-r
eachi
ngnegat
iveef
fect
sonbot
hacademi
csuccessandsel
f-

est
eem.Despi
tet
hewi
despr
eaduseofcomput
ers,
legi
blehandwr
it
ingr
emai
nsani
mpor
tantl
i
fe

ski
l
lthatdeser
vesgr
eat
erat
tent
ionf
rom educat
orsandheal
thpr
act
it
ioner
s.
 Habi
cht(
1986)
,at
tai
ntof
ocusont
heef
fect
sofsoci
oeconomi
cfact
ors,i
nfect
ion,and

di
etont
hephy
sicalgr
owt
hofchi
l
dreni
ndev
elopi
ngcount
ri
es.Howev
er,
wit
hinet
hni
cgr
oupsi
n

dev
elopi
ngcount
ri
es,
dif
fer
encesi
nbodysi
zebet
weensoci
alcl
assesar
eof
tenv
eryl
arge.

Ar
mst
rong(
1988)
,heexpl
ainedt
hatt
hepur
poseofobesi
tyepi
demi
cisagl
obal
trendand

i
spopul
arofconcer
ninchi
l
dren.I
tident
if
iest
hei
mpor
tantr
oleofphy
sical
act
ivi
tyi
nthegr
owt
h,

dev
elopmentand phy
sicalheal
th ofy
oung peopl
e,owi
ng t
oit
s numer
ous phy
sicaland

phy
siol
ogi
cal
heal
thbenef
it
s.

Roemmi
ch(
2000)
,longi
tudi
nalgr
owt
hofani
ndi
vi
dualchi
l
disady
nami
cst
atementof

t
hegener
alheal
thoft
hatchi
l
d.Measur
ement
sshoul
dbeper
for
medof
tenandaccur
atel
yto

det
ectal
ter
ati
onsf
rom phy
siol
ogi
cgr
owt
h.Somat
icgr
owt
handmat
urat
ionar
einf
luencedby

sev
eral
fact
orst
hatacti
ndependent
lyt
omodi
fyani
ndi
vi
dual
sgenet
icgr
owt
hpot
ent
ial
.

Debor
ah(
2002)
,thev
alueofphy
sicalact
ivi
tyt
o nor
malgr
owt
hand dev
elopment
,

i
ncl
udi
ngt
heheal
thandwel
lbei
ngofear
lychi
l
dhood.Thi
sincl
udest
heconceptt
hathumans

hav
eanev
olut
ionar
yder
ivedandgenet
ical
l
ypr
imedneedf
orr
egul
argr
owt
hact
ivi
ty.

Br
uch(2004)
,anov
erv
iewoft
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenPhy
sicalGr
owt
handObesi
tyi
n

Chi
l
dren.
Itassoci
atedwi
tht
heexcessbodyofhi
ghl
i
ght
ed,
alongwi
thaconsi
der
ati
onoft
hekey

det
ermi
nant
soft
heobesi
ty.Hi
ghestl
evel
sofact
ivi
tyt
ransl
atei
nto gr
eat
erdev
elopment
alof

obesi
tymaybebet
terunder
stood.
SI
GNI
FICANCEOFTHESTUDY:

Thi
sst
udygi
vesdev
elopi
ngi
nnov
ati
vest
rat
egi
est
hatpr
omot
eheal
thamongpeopl
e

wi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
esandi
thasemer
gedasani
mpor
tantpubl
i
cheal
thpr
ior
it
y.Peopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
ity

r
epor
tfewerheal
thyday
sthant
hegener
alpopul
ati
onandl
owerr
atesofheal
thpr
omot
ing

behav
ior
s.Oneoft
hemaj
orpr
ior
it
iesi
nheal
thpr
omot
ionf
orpeopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
est
osel
f-

manage t
hei
r heal
tht
orequi
res a gr
eat
er at
tent
ion t
o est
abl
i
shed di
sabi
l
ity
-fr
iendl
y

env
ironment
sandgi
vessuppor
tofcommuni
tyser
viceofpr
ovi
der
sinpr
omot
inggr
eat
eraccess

t
oal
lheal
thpr
omot
ionv
enues,
progr
ams,
andser
vices.

Heal
thpr
omot
ionempower
edust
oimpr
ovet
heheal
thofpeopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es.The

cent
eroft
hesear
efr
eet
ofundedi
nor
dert
oexami
net
heneedsofpeopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es.Thi
s

wi
l
lhel
ptor
educepr
event
ingmor
eci
st-ef
fect
ive,andcer
tai
nlymor
ehumane,t
hanwat
chi
ng

peopl
ewi
thspeci
alneeds.

STATEMENTOFTHEPROBLEM:

Theai
msoft
hest
udyi
stor
educed t
heheal
thpr
omot
ionpr
ogr
am f
orpeopl
ewi
th

di
sabi
l
iti
est
hathasbeennegl
ect
edi
nint
erestont
hepar
toft
hegener
alheal
thcommuni
ty.

1.Whatar
ethecont
ri
but
ionofpr
ovi
dingneedsofpeopl
ehav
ingdi
sabi
l
iti
esasacar
egi
ver
?

2.Whatact
ivi
ti
esshoul
dbegi
vent
opeopl
ehav
ingdi
sabi
l
iti
esi
nourcount
ry?

Basedonmyst
udy
,Isy
mphat
isemysel
fthatpeopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
esr
equi
red

someoft
hei
rnecessi
ti
es.Peopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
esneedsomef
ullsuppor
tbypr
ovi
dingt
hei
r

speci
alneeds.Weshoul
dencour
agedt
hem t
olear
nsomepr
operway
sofmani
pul
ati
ngsome

t
hings.Pr
ovi
ding t
heneedsofdi
sabl
ed per
son i
sthegr
eataccesst
o becomet
heyf
eel

comf
ort
abl
eandgi
veenoughqual
i
tyofgi
vi
ngcar
e.Asacar
egi
ver
,weshoul
dset
tl
ethem t
oput

i
naconv
eni
entpor
ti
ont
omi
nimi
zet
hei
rsev
eref
eel
i
ngandmakesusf
eelf
avor
abl
eat
imes.
Pr
ovi
dingt
hei
rat
tent
ioncanhel
pthem empower
edt
hosepeopl
ewi
thphy
sicaldi
sabi
l
iti
est
o

managet
hei
rsel
finheal
tht
orequi
resagr
eathonorofenv
ironment
.

Peopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
esshoul
dbegi
venpr
operact
ivi
ti
esast
heyt
oler
atedi
nor
dert
o

r
educet
her
iskoft
hei
rsy
mphat
icemot
ions.Per
sonswi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
esusei
ndi
vi
dual
l
ypl
anned

andcoor
dinat
edser
vicest
ogi
vesuppor
tsoft
hei
rchoosenr
ight
sofpr
otect
ion.Asacar
egi
ver
,

weshoul
densur
easani
ndi
vi
dualwi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es.I
tshoul
dbet
hei
rfami
l
ieswi
l
lbepar
ti
cipat
e

i
nthedesi
gnt
oaccessi
ncul
tur
all
ycompet
entatneededi
nthecommuni
ty.

Met
hodol
ogy
:

Wepossesst
udypar
ti
cipant
sthr
oughCI
L.Agencyst
affmai
l
edannouncement
sto

i
ndi
vi
dual
s on agency mai
l
ing l
i
sts and adv
ert
ised t
he st
udy usi
ng publ
i
c ser
vice

announcement
sont
elev
isi
onsandr
adi
os.Appr
oxi
mat
ely
,thr
ee-quar
terofpar
ti
cipant
swer
e

r
ecr
uit
ed f
rom agencymai
l
ing l
i
sts-sect
ion cr
it
eri
aincl
uded t
he pr
esence ofa mobi
l
ity

i
mpai
rmentwi
thoutcogni
ti
vei
mpai
rment
,subst
ance-usedi
sor
deroract
ivesui
cidali
deat
ion.

Ev
aluat
ionf
ort
hischar
act
eri
sti
cswer
econduct
ed.

RESULTSANDDI
SCUSSI
ON:

1.Whi
chassi
sti
vedev
icewoul
dyoupr
efert
ousedwi
thy
ourdi
sabi
l
iti
es?

Cane-1

Wal
ker-2

Cr
utch-0

2.Howof
tendi
dyouv
isi
thospi
tal
inamont
h?

2t
imesamont
h-0
onceamont
h-4

nev
er-1

3.Di
dyou t
akesuppl
ementorsomemedi
cat
ionsi
n or
dert
o mi
nimi
zet
hepai
n ofy
our

di
sabi
l
iti
es?

Yes-2

No-3

4.Howl
ongdi
dyousuf
ferorendur
eofy
ourdi
sabi
l
ity
?

st
art
satt
heageof60-2

amont
hago-1

ay
earago-2

5.Cany
oumanagedy
our
sel
fwi
thoutassi
sti
ngot
herper
son?

y
es-5

no-0

6.Bei
ngadi
sabl
edper
son,
whatwoul
dyoudodur
ingy
ourl
eisur
eti
me?

r
eadi
ngf
unnyar
ti
cl
es,
magazi
nes,
andet
c.-3

t
alki
ngt
oot
herpeopl
e-2

l
i
steni
ngmusi
c-0

sl
eepi
ng-0

goi
ngt
omar
ket-2
7.Ar
eyouav
oidedofsomer
ecr
eat
ional
act
ivi
ti
es?

y
es-3

no-2

8.Di
dyougoonsur
ger
yoroper
ati
onbef
ore?

y
es-1

no-4

ANALYSI
SOFDATA:

Themaj
ori
tyofpeopl
eusi
ngassi
sti
vedev
icest
hati
swal
kerandt
heygotsev
en.The

maj
ori
tyofourr
espondentgotni
ne t
hatt
heyv
isi
thospi
tali
n a mont
h.Ther
e ar
e ei
ght

r
espondent
s who t
ake suppl
ement
/ medi
cat
ions i
nor
dery
o mi
nimi
zet
he pai
n oft
hei
r

di
sabi
l
iti
es.Sev
enr
espondent
swhosuf
fer
/endur
ethei
rdi
sabi
l
ityt
hatst
art
satt
heageofsi
xty
.

Ther
ear
eei
ghtr
espondent
sdi
sabl
edper
sonwhor
eadsf
unnyar
ti
cl
es,magazi
nesdur
ingt
hei
r

l
eisur
eti
me.Ther
ear
esi
xrespondentwhoar
eav
oidedofsomer
ecr
eat
ionalact
ivi
ti
eandf
or

l
astsev
enr
espondentwhohasgonei
nsur
ger
yoroper
ati
onbef
ore.

Concl
usi
on:

Weconcl
udet
hatt
heheal
thpr
omot
ionf
orpeopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
esmustbecomea

maj
orf
ocusf
ort
henewmi
l
lenni
um f
ort
oday
.Int
hel
ongr
un,
prev
ent
ingsomeheal
thcondi
ti
on

canhel
pthepeopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
escanempower
edt
otakecont
rol
oft
hei
rownheal
tht
o

becomemor
eef
fect
ive,
andcer
tai
nlymor
ehumane,
thanwat
chi
ngpeopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
est
hat

decl
i
net
hei
rfunct
ionsf
rom al
ackofgoodheal
thmai
ntenance.Heal
thcar
epr
ofessi
onal
s

shoul
djoi
nint
hiscol
l
ect
iveef
for
ttoenr
icht
hel
i
vesofpeopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es.
Recommendat
ion:

The r
ecommendat
ions aboutt
he speci
alneeds ofpeopl
e wi
th di
sabi
l
iti
es ar
e

cont
inual
l
ybei
ngmade.Forexampl
e,whenani
ndi
vi
dualcan'
tdohi
s/herdai
l
yact
ivi
ti
esi
n

per
for
mingt
hei
rtask,y
oucanpr
ovi
dei
tandsuppor
tthem i
nassi
sti
ngt
hem t
ogoi
napr
oper

saf
etypl
ace.Youcanal
sopr
ovi
desomeassi
sti
vedev
icesi
nor
dert
odot
hei
rtaskwel
land

makest
hem f
eelcomf
ort
abl
e.I
nor
dert
omi
nimi
zet
hei
rdi
sabi
l
iti
es,y
oucanassi
stt
hem t
o

per
for
minacombi
nat
ionofnat
uralf
oodsour
ces,hi
ghi
nfi
bercont
aini
ngf
rui
ts,v
eget
abl
es,

cont
aini
ngabundantamount
sofv
itami
nsandmi
ner
alst
hatmakest
hemaj
ori
tyofchr
oni
c

di
seaseswi
l
lbepr
event
ed.Weshoul
dgi
vet
hem apr
opergui
danceanddi
rect
iont
olocat
eor

somet
hingt
hatt
heyhav
einapar
ti
cul
arpl
ace.

DEFI
NITI
ONOFTERMS:

Cogni
ti
ve-r
elat
ingori
nvol
vi
ngconsci
ousment
alact
ivi
ti
essuchast
hinki
ng,

under
standi
ng,
lear
ning,
andr
emember
ing.

Di
sabi
l
ity-acondi
ti
onofbei
ngunabl
etodot
hingsi
nnor
mal
waybecauset
heyar
e

di
sabl
edper
sons.

Decl
i
ne-t
obecomel
oweri
namountorl
essi
nnumberorwor
sei
ncondi
ti
onor

qual
i
ty;
theper
ioddur
ingwhi
chsomet
hingi
sdet
ereor
ati
ngorappr
oachi
ng

i
tsend.

Chr
oni
c-happeni
ngorexi
sti
ngf
requent
lyormostoft
het
ime; mar
ked by

l
ongdur
ati
onorf
requentr
ecur
rencedoi
ngsomet
hingspeci
fi
ed.
I
mpai
rment-t
odamageormakewor
sebyorasi
fbydi
mini
shi
ngi
nsomemat
eri
al

r
espectsuchasanyl
oss,
dimi
nut
ion,
orabber
ati
onof

psy
chol
ogi
cal
,phy
siol
ogi
cal
oranat
omi
cal
str
uct
ureorf
unct
ions.

Mobi
l
ity-acapabl
eofmov
ingt
oanot
hersi
tuat
ionort
ransf
eri
ngt
o an ar
ea

t
haty
ouar
ecomf
ort
abl
eof
.

Ent
renched-t
opl
acedi
nav
eryst
rongposi
ti
on t
hatcannot easi
l
y be

changedorast
rongdef
ensi
veposi
ti
on.

Pr
eval
ence-adegr
eeorqual
i
tyofapopul
ati
ont
hati
saf
fect
edwi
tha par
ti
cul
ar

di
seaseatagi
vent
ime.

Phy
siol
ogi
cal
-achar
act
eri
sti
csofanappr
opr
iat
eheal
thornor
mal f
unct
ioni
ng.

Li
kel
i
hood-t
hechancet
hatsomet
hingwi
l
lhappeni
nanunex
pect
edt
ime

ofourenv
ironment
.

Longev
ity-t
hef
actofl
i
vingf
ormanyy
ear
soral
ongdur
ati
onofi
ndi
vi
dual
li
fe.

Di
sor
der-aphy
sical
orcondi
ti
ont
hati
snotnor
mal
orheal
thy
.

Behav
ior
al-t
her
esponsemannerofconduct
ingonesel
fori
tisar
esponseofan

i
ndi
vi
dual
group,
orspeci
est
oit
senv
ironment
.

Peer-aper
sonwhobel
ongst
othesameage,
grouporsoci
algr
oupassomeoneel
se.
Recr
uit
ed-t
ofi
ndort
ofor
m sui
tabl
epeopl
eandgett
hem t
ojoi
nacompany
,an

or
gani
zat
ionandet
c..

St
rat
egy-i
sahi
ghl
evel
plant
oachi
eveoneormor
egoal
sundercondi
ti
onsof

uncer
tai
nty
.

Di
sent
angl
e-t
osepar
atesomet
hingt
hatar
etwi
stedt
oget
herorcaughtononeanot
her
.

Fundi
ng-anamountofsomet
hingt
hati
sav
ail
abl
eforuseorasuppl
yofsomet
hing.

Mai
l
ed-t
osendsomet
hingsuchasal
ett
erorpackagebyusi
ngmai
l
.

Humane-
mar
kedbycompassi
on,
sympat
hy,
orconsi
der
ati
onf
orhumans;
trendi
ng

br
oadhumani
sti
ccul
tur
e.

Bi
bli
ogr
aphy
:

Ret
ri
evedf
rom ht
tps:
//onl
i
nel
i
brar
y.Wi
l
ey. com/
doi
/10.
111/

j
.2005x/f
ull
+chi
l
drenwi
thDev
elopmentonSept
ember26,
2017

Kat
ya,P.(
2007)Dev
elopmentof Chi
l
dren i
n t
hei
r Handwr
it
ing,

Compet
encyandI
nter
vent
ion.Ret
ri
evedf
rom ht
tps:
//www.
onl
i
ne

l
i
brar
y.wi
l
ey.
com/
doi
/1.
111/j
.1469.
8749.
2007%onJul
y22,
2017

Lecav
ali
er,
L.
(2006)Thei
mpactofGr
owt
hDev
elopmentand. Behav
ior
al

Pr
obl
emst
ocar
egi
ver
s.Ret
ri
evedf
rom ht
tps:
//wwResear
hgat
e.

net
/pr
ofi
l
e/publ
i
cat
ion.
googl
eonSept
ember2,
2017
Mar
tov
el,
R.,
Habi
cht
,J.
P(2002)Gr
owt
hinEar
lyChi
l
dhoodi
n Dev
elopi
ng

Count
ri
es.Ret
ri
eved f
rom ht
tps:
//schol
ar. googl
e.com.pH?

phy
sical
l
ibr
ary
.Gr
owt
h+ dev
elopmenton August10, 2017

Ri
mmer
,H.
(1999)Gr
owt
hDev
elopmentandHeal
thPr
omot
ionf
orpeopl
ewi
th

Di
sabi
l
iti
es.Ret
ri
eved f
rom ht
tps:
//doi
.or
g/10. 1093/
ptj
/ 79.
45+

Gr
owt
hDev
elopmentandPeopl
ewi
th Di
sabi
l
iti
es onAugust6,
2017

Roemmi
ch,
J.(2000)Gr
owt
hand Puber
tal Dev
elopment i
nChi
l
dren and

Adol
escent
sinv
olv
ingt
heef
fect
sofdi
etphy
sical
act
ivi
ti
es. Ret
ri
eved

f
rom ht
tps:
//aj
cn.
/nut
ri
ti
onor
g/cont
ent/
72/
2/521s.
forchi
l
drenand

adol
escent
sonSept
ember21,
2017.

Whey
mer
,M.
(1997)TheDev
elopmentofChi
l
dreni
nSpi
ri
tual
exper
ience and

t
hev
ali
dit
yofusi
ngheal
thr
elat
eddat
a.Ret
ri
evedf
rom ht
tps:
// l
i
nks.

spr
inger
.com/ar
ti
clesonSept
ember17,
2017

Roemmi
ch,
J.(2000)Gr
owt
handPuber
tal
.Dev
elopmenti
n Chi
l
dren and

Adol
escent
sinv
olv
ingt
heef
fect
sofdi
etand phy
sical act
ivi
ti
es.

Ret
ri
evedf
rom ht
tps:
//aj
cn.
/nut
ri
ti
onor
g/cont
ent/72/
2/521s .
for

chi
l
drenandadol
escent
sonSept
ember21,
2017.