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HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY

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Paper 5096/01
Multiple Choice

Question Question
Key Key
Number Number
1 B 21 B
2 D 22 B
3 A 23 A
4 A 24 C
5 C 25 C

6 C 26 D
7 D 27 C
8 A 28 A
9 D 29 D
10 A 30 C

11 D 31 A
12 C 32 D
13 D 33 C
14 B 34 C
15 B 35 D

16 A 36 B
17 B 37 B
18 C 38 D
19 C 39 D
20 C 40 B

General comments

Some individual questions produced wide ranging statistics not encountered before. A high discrimination
was produced by Questions 2, 14, 18, 19 and 33 (all above .50), and Questions 5, 12 and 13 (all above
.60). But then a very low discrimination was shown by Question 2 (of .09), and by Question 31 (of .15).
This is also the very first time a distractor was not chosen by a single candidate, as shown in Question 31
option D. These more extreme statistics are likely to be caused by the small candidate entry, which reflects
a further movement of candidates in the Caribbean to the new local CXC examination in this subject.

The general standard was very similar to last year with again only two very easy questions that had a
proportion correct above .80, as shown by Questions 4 and 11. Apart from Questions 2, 21, 31 and 36, all
with low facilities, the other questions performed as expected.

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 5096 Human and Social Biology June 2007

Comments on specific questions.

Question 1

Normally the paper starts with an easy question, but unfortunately this one proved difficult. Candidates had
to distinguish the term locomotion from movement and apply it to cells, three that move and one that is static.
The plant cell is static, the sperm and phagocyte are capable of locomotion, leaving only the red cell moving
but not capable of locomotion. Candidates could not apply this knowledge of the terms to the moving cells.

Question 4

This question proved too easy with a proportion correct of .90, showing candidates had a much better
knowledge than expected of the organs forming the female reproductive system.

Question 7

The positive distractor suggests that candidates did not know the colour change of the reagents used when
positive results were obtained in food tests. Most candidate’s answers did not make sense, because they
chose the same reagent with and without its colour change. Had they performed the experiments
themselves, they would have been more likely to remember that Benedict’s reagent changes from blue to
red, and iodine solution changes from brown to blue/black.

Question 11

It is pleasing to see from the high proportion correct here, that candidates are improving their skills in
experimental deduction. Hence it is strange that Question 7 reported on above gave such difficulty.

Question 25

The positive distractor highlights a common misconception by candidates that a nerve impulse is an
electrical impulse. They perpetuated this error to the synapse, when it should be basic knowledge that
chemicals cross the gap here.

Question 31

Option D was completely useless as a distractor. Strangely, research shows that a number of people think
airborne transmission of AIDS is possible, but from the result here it shows these candidates have much
better knowledge. That some candidates thought anti-viral drugs would prevent HIV is more alarming and
must account for the low discrimination.

Question 40

The positive distractor shows candidates muddled lead pollution with the effect of carbon monoxide on the
blood. The signs and symptoms of lead in the body need emphasising in the teaching of lead pollution.

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 5096 Human and Social Biology June 2007

HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY

Paper 5096/02
Theory

General comments

The paper produced a wide range of marks. Once again the weaker candidates showed a lack of
appreciation of experimental methods, for example, describing starch digestion in the gut rather than
designing an experiment to be carried out in the classroom. Very few candidates failed to obey the rubric
concerning the alternative Question 10’s, and time did not appear to be a problem in this paper. In several
cases mark allocation was not taken into account by the candidates, when answering a section of a
question. A section worth 2 or 3 marks requires more than a single word or idea. Similarly, the word
‘explain’ at the start of a question requires a different approach from ‘describe’.

Detailed Comments

Question 1 was concerned with aspects of breathing and its control.

(a) In inspiration, the sternum moves up and outwards, while the diaphragm flattens. Hence in (b) the
volume of the thorax is increased and the pressure therein is lowered. Most candidates could see what was
happening in (a), but a significant number got the pressure-change wrong.

In (c) the function of the mucus in the various tubes of the system is to trap particles including bacteria. It
has nothing to do with lubrication, as many stated. The cilia move the mucus upwards and away from the
lungs; they do not act as filters.

(d) showed parts of the lining of such tubes in a smoker and a non-smoker. The smoker has more mucus
and shorter cilia, as could be seen in the diagram. There was no difference in the number of cilia as some
candidates stated. Some candidates confused cilia with hairs in the nose.

(e) showed an apparatus to collect the products of cigarette smoke. It is tar that stains the cotton wool
brown; nicotine that is highly addictive and carbon monoxide that poisons haemoglobin. There was some
confusion between tar and nicotine and carbon dioxide was a not uncommon wrong answer.

(f) Exercise requires energy which comes from respiration. Respiration generates carbon dioxide and this
extra carbon dioxide triggers faster and deeper breathing. Although this action of carbon dioxide had been
described in the stem of the question, few candidates could make the link between exercise and faster
breathing, talking instead of oxygen debts and the need for more oxygen.

This mechanism is a reflex. Thus it is automatic, so that we can continue to breathe when asleep or thinking
of other things. Most candidates managed one mark out of the two here - an example of not looking at the
mark allocation.

In (g), if one breathes in and out deeply several times before inhaling fully, one can hold a breath longer,
since more carbon dioxide has been exhaled, thus lowering its level in the blood. Hence it takes longer to
reach the threshold point that makes us breathe again. Few candidates could see this connection with the
carbon dioxide threshold described in (f), even though this can be easily demonstrated in the classroom.

Question 2 was concerned with the mechanisms controlling the water content of the blood. In (a) a rise in
blood concentration is detected in the hypothalamus or brain; the gland then stimulated is the pituitary and
the hormone secreted is ADH. Osmoreceptors were an acceptable alternative to brain.

In (b) the effects on the volume of urine produced are to decrease it, if the person sweats heavily or has
excessive diarrhoea but to increase it, if he drinks a litre of water. References to the concentration of the
urine were not acceptable in this answer. Most candidates showed a good understanding of this mechanism.

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 5096 Human and Social Biology June 2007

In Question 3 the characteristics of a premature baby were described as were the need to keep it in an
incubator in a cold climate.

In (a) candidates were asked to relate the individual characteristics described to the necessity for an
incubator: that is, why each contributed to the inability of the baby to keep warm.

Smaller size leads to more heat loss (and less heat generated), since the surface area is relatively greater
than the volume. (As size decreases, the surface area increases relative to the volume).

The thin skin means the blood vessels are closer to the surface, so heat is lost more easily.

Having little fat under the skin means less insulation.

Having a poorly developed shivering response means that the baby cannot generate much heat. Very few
candidates scored more than the insulation mark, although questions on temperature control are usually high
scoring. It is important for candidates to register the word explain in the stem of the question and answer
accordingly.

Question 4 was concerned with 4 bottles of broth that had been treated in different ways. A, C and D were
kept at 30ºC, B at 5ºC; A, B and D were open to the air while C was corked. All four samples of broth had
been boiled first. Candidates were asked to explain the different results.

In (i) A was cloudy, since bacteria had entered from the air after the sample cooled. C stayed clear because
it was corked.

In (ii) disinfectant had been added to D, so it stayed clear.

Most candidates scored well here, although some confused the bottles.

Question 5 showed the life cycle of the mosquito. In (a) A was the pupa, B the larva.

(b) Two chemical methods to control these stages were putting insecticides into the water or spraying the
water surface with oil or paraffin.

(c)(i) A biological method to control both A and B was the introduction of suitable fish, such as Gambusia.

(ii) A different biological method to control the larva only was the use of Bacillus thuringiensis.

(d) Two advantages of biological rather than chemical control are that no resistance is possible and it is non-
polluting or will not affect other forms of aquatic life.The no resistance point was seldom scored.

Question 6 was illustrated by the familiar section through the eye and candidates were asked to identify and
label different regions of the eye from descriptions given.

J, containing only cones is the fovea;

K, responding to low light is the edge of the retina;
L is the blind spot;
M, the region to contract for close vision is the ciliary muscle and
N, the region to contract in bright light is the iris.
J and L were sometimes confused, as were M and N.

Question 7 was a key to identify four types of organism, P to S:

P - virus; Q - Fungi; R - Bacteria and S - Protozoa. The majority of candidates got this right but there was
some confusion between R and S.

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 5096 Human and Social Biology June 2007

Section B

8 (a) The signs of a disease are what can be seen in the patient by an observer; symptoms are what the
patient feels. In cholera signs include watery stools, diarrhoea, sweating and vomiting; symptoms include
fever, stomach ache, thirst and headache. This was generally well-answered.

(b) Cholera is caused by a bacterium.

(c) Cholera may follow an earthquake or flood, since the former may fracture pipes leading to a
contamination of treated water; the latter may wash sewage from latrines into water supplies. Credit was
also given for references to the breakdown of normal services after these occurrences forcing people to use
casual sources of water.

(d) A vaccine is active immunisation, using an injection of dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogen which
causes the lymphocytes to make antibodies to this pathogen. Memory cells are also formed which stay in
the blood for long periods. The mechanism thus takes time to develop but is long-lasting. If the pathogen
invades again, the memory cells recognise it and flood the blood with antibodies which clump or lyse the
antigens, before they can produce the symptoms of the disease. Although 6 marks were given for this
section, accounts were often very brief and were often confused with passive immunity.

9 (a) An enzyme is a catalyst made in living cells- a biological catalyst. It speeds up a reaction without
altering the products or being altered itself. Being made of protein, each is specific; is pH and temperature
sensitive, being destroyed or denatured if the pH varies too much from its favoured value or the temperature
rises above 80ºC, certainly at boiling point. At low temperatures the enzyme is inactivated. In addition,
enzymes are easily poisoned by substances, such as metals or cyanide. A total of 7 marks was given for
this section. Many candidates scored well here.

In (b) candidates were asked to show that it is an enzyme in saliva that converts starch to sugar. Two
reaction vessels or test-tubes are needed. One contains a sample of starch solution to which a sample of
saliva is added. One drop can be tested by iodine solution at the start to show starch is present - it goes
blue-black. Place this tube in a water bath at 30ºC and leave it for 5 to 10 minutes. Testing by boiling a
sample with an equal volume of Benedict’s reagent will show that sugar has been formed. That procedure is
worth about 5 marks. It does not prove an enzyme is responsible for the change. To score the rest we must
show that an identical set-up but with denatured saliva (boiled or acidified) will not change the starch solution
to sugar - the solution of starch and boiled/acidified saliva continues to give a positive starch test, but shows
no sign of sugar when tested with Benedict’s solution. Thus saliva must contain an enzyme.

It was pleasing to note that the better candidates scored full marks here. Weaker candidates used only one
tube or did not suggest an experimental procedure at all.

Many simply described starch digestion in the gut, which does not answer the question.

10 Either showed the structures involved in the knee-jerk reflex and asked in (a) for the steps by which a
blow on the tendon is converted to a movement of the lower leg.

The answer worth 8 marks should have included some of the following steps:

The blow on the tendon stretches the thigh muscle; the stretch-receptor converts this into nerve impulses
(not messages) and these travel up the sensory neurone, entering the spinal cord by the dorsal root. This
neurone synapses with a motor neurone which exits the cord via the ventral root and innervates the thigh
muscle. On stimulation, this contracts, pulling on the tendon and raising the lower leg. Transmission across
the synapse is chemical. The diagram showed only two neurones to be involved, so no credit was given for
references to a relay neurone. Although a diagram was given and this is a familiar area of the syllabus, it
was disappointing to see so many answers lacking descriptive detail.

In (b) candidates were asked to state how the structure of bone and muscle tissues differs. Answers
expected were that bone has cells and a matrix of calcium salts and protein fibres, secreted by those cells.
Muscle is composed of cells with no extracellular matrix. These cells are long fibres. This section was often
poorly answered with candidates failing to confine their answers to structure, as requested.

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 5096 Human and Social Biology June 2007

In (c) candidates were asked to write an equation for the energy-supplying reaction in muscle. The required
answer was:
Glucose (sugar) + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water (+ energy).
Chemical equations were accepted even if they did not balance.

10 Or proved to be the more popular of the alternatives. In (a) candidates were asked for 4 pollutants likely
to enter the river pictured on the question paper as it flowed past agricultural land, a power station, a town
and its sewage works and the possible effects of these on the river.

Answers included:

Fertilisers such as nitrates or phosphates leading to eutrophication or, in the case of the former, making the
water unfit to drink.

Herbicides killing the water plants, thus affecting the aquatic food chains.
Pesticides, insecticides killing invertebrates in the water, then becoming concentrated via the food-chains to
affect vertebrate life.
Hot water from the power station which would lower oxygen levels in the water.
Possible sewage leaks or spills leading to various intestinal diseases, or to lowered oxygen levels as the
sewage is broken down. Pathogens could include eggs of gut flukes or worms.
Detergents could lead to foams or frothing on the surface, slowing oxygen-uptake.
Petroleum products leading to oiling up of birds or, again, lowering of oxygen levels as the petroleum
products are decayed.
Heavy metals and other chemicals from industry in the town, which may be toxic to aquatic life.
Most candidates collected a fair number of the 8 available marks here. They could usually suggest four
pollutants but often confused their effects.

In (b) candidates were asked how filtration and chlorination make river water containing bacteria safe to
drink.

Filtration uses a sand or gravel-based filter to trap the bacteria. It is soon covered by a gelatinous layer of
micro-organisms which assist in the process. Protozoa ingest the bacteria and algae release oxygen which
kills some bacteria. The water is then pumped on to be chlorinated which kills all microbes. The water is
stored in closed tanks to retain the chlorine and give it time to act. There was some confusion between
screening and filtration, but many candidates were unable to provide good descriptions of the processes.
Better candidates had some knowledge of the details of filtration and included accounts of the chemical
action of chlorine.

(c) The process that increases oxygen levels in the water is photosynthesis. An equation for this process is:

Carbon dioxide + water = glucose (sugar) + oxygen.

Again, a chemical statement was accepted, even if it did not balance. A large proportion of candidates left
this section blank.

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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

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GCE Ordinary Level

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MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2007 question paper

5096 HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY

5096/01 Paper 1 (Multiple Choice), maximum raw mark 40

Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the
examination.

• CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.

CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2007 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE
Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses.
Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 5096 01

Question Question
Key Key
Number Number
1 B 21 B
2 D 22 B
3 A 23 A
4 A 24 C
5 C 25 C

6 C 26 D
7 D 27 C
8 A 28 A
9 D 29 D
10 A 30 C

11 D 31 A
12 C 32 D
13 D 33 C
14 B 34 C
15 B 35 D

16 A 36 B
17 B 37 B
18 C 38 D
19 C 39 D
20 C 40 B

© UCLES 2007
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

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GCE Ordinary Level

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MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2007 question paper

5096 HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY

5096/02 Paper 2 (Theory), maximum raw mark 100

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began.

All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in
candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills
demonstrated.

Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the
examination.

• CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.

CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2007 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE
Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses.
 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 5096 02

1 (a) St. moves out / up / left;

Di flattens / moves down, contracts. [2]

(b) volume increases;

pressure decreases. [2]

(c) (i) mucus traps; particles / bacteria / dust; R lubrication [2]

(ii) move mucus; upwards / away from lungs. R filters [2]

(d) 1 more mucus;

2 cilia shorter / less developed / damaged. Ignore number refs i.e. less, fewer [2]

(e) (i) tar.

(ii) nicotine.

(iii) carbon monoxide. [3]

(f) (i) exercise requires respiration / energy; R refs to oxygen

more carbon dioxide formed / released;
carbon dioxide triggers / stimulus for (brain / breathing). [max. 2]

(ii) automatic / AW;

can go to sleep / think of other things etc. [2]

(g) more carbon dioxide now exhaled;

lowers carbon dioxide levels (in blood); ignore refs to oxygen,
takes longer (for carbon dioxide);
to reach threshold level / to make you breathe. [3]

[Total: 20]

2 (a) X = brain / hypothalamus / osmoreceptors

Y = pituitary gland
Hormone = ADH [3]

(b) (i) decreases;

(ii) increases;

(iii) decreases. [3]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2007
 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 5096 02

3 (a) (i) larger relative surface area / s.a. large relative to volume;
so more heat lost / less heat generated. [2]

(ii) blood closer to surface; so heat lost more easily. R refs to insulation here. [2]

(iii) less insulation; [1]

(iv) generates less heat. A opposite – shivering generates heat [1]

(b) (i) foil reflects body heat / keeps heat in / so body heat not lost; R insulates

(ii) prevents evaporation / slows sweating / reduces loss by sweating. [2]

[Total: 8]

4 (a) (i) bacteria / germs / microbes; (A only once) R viruses.

entered A (from air);
grew / reproduced in A;
could not enter C / C corked / C no bacteria. A A not corked. [max. 2]

(ii) disinfectant; added in D;

no growth of bacteria / inhibits / kills bacteria. [max. 2]

[Total: 4]

5 (a) A = pupa
B = larva R wriggler [2]

(b) oil / paraffin on water; insecticide in water. [2]

(c) (i) introduce fish to eat them / Gambusia.

(ii) Bacillus / B. thuringiensis. [2]

(d) non-polluting / ref. to build up in food-chain of chemicals / no harm to humans;

A opposite disadvantages of chemicals, R cost refs
no resistance to them is possible. [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2007
 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 5096 02

6 J = to fovea;
K = to edge of retina;
L = to blind spot.
M = to ciliary muscle.
N = to iris [5]

[Total: 5]

7 P = viruses
Q = Fungi
R = Bacteria
S = Protozoa [4]

[Total: 4]

[Section A = 55]

8 (a) Distinguish between the terms signs and symptoms of a disease, giving an
example of each for cholera.
sign is what an observer sees in a patient; watery stools / diarrhoea / sweating
vomiting. (2)
symptom is what patient feels; fever / feels hot / cramps / stomach ache / thirst /
headache. (2) [4]

(b) What is the causative organism of cholera?

bacterium / Vibrio. [1]

(c) Explain why after a natural disaster, such as an earthquake or flood, an outbreak
of cholera may occur.
earthquake can fracture pipes; so (treated) water can be contaminated with faeces /
pathogens / sewage.
flooding can wash sewage (from latrines / fields); into water supplies. [4]

(d) Vaccines are available for many diseases.

Explain
(i) what is meant by the term vaccine.
mark (d) straight through up to 6.
is active (immunisation);

(ii) how vaccines provide protection against infectious diseases.

dead / weakened / inactive / attenuated bacteria / viruses injected into patient;
white blood cells / lymphocytes;
make antibodies;
which clump / agglutinate / lyse pathogens;
system has memory / has memory cells; R blood remembers
takes some time to develop / need vaccinating before disease arrives;
disease dealt with, if met, before it can affect person/before symptoms;
A prepares body to fight disease if linked.
longer lasting / antibodies stay in system / in blood / in body;
can be boosted by further injections / treatments at intervals. [max. 6]

© UCLES 2007
 Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 5096 02

9 (a) Define the term enzyme and describe the main features that all enzymes have in
common.
is a catalyst;
made in cells / in living organism / is biological; biological catalyst = 2
speeds up reaction; R alters reaction.
does not alter products;
is not altered itself;
effective in small amounts.
is a protein;
sensitive to pH; R all have own pH.
is specific;
temp. sensitive / has optimum temp. / inactivated at low temp.;
destroyed by boiling / above 80°C; R at high temp.
easily poisoned / inhibited / denatured; [max. 7]

(b) Given a solution of starch and a solution of saliva, describe how you would show
that it is an enzyme in saliva that converts the starch to sugar.
two tubes / suitable containers
same amount;
* of starch added;
* add saliva to one;
* add boiled saliva / acidified saliva to second / no saliva / water;
same amount;
* leave for same time / suitable time / up to 30 mins / test every 5 mins;
at same temp. / suitable temp / 20°–60°;
* test each for sugar; OR * test each for starch;
* how: boil; * add iodine (solution);
* with equal volume; * a few drops;
* Benedict’s solution; * blue-black / black = starch;
* red / brown colour / ppt. shows sugar; * brown / yellow = no starch;
* here boiled / acidified saliva = no sugar / stays blue; * stays blue / black ;
* so active principle must be an enzyme.
* since boiling / acidification destroys enzyme. [max. 8]

If only one tube used i.e. only boiled saliva or only saliva, credit points marked * up to 5.

© UCLES 2007
 Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 5096 02

EITHER

10 (a) Using fig. 10.1 to help you, describe the steps by which a blow on the tendon is
converted to a movement of the lower leg.
(blow) stretches muscle;
(receptor converts stretch into) impulses;
(impulses) up / via sensory neurone:
into dorsal root;
of spinal cord;
synapse; R refs to relay neurone
via chemical transmission / or named one;
(impulses down) motor neurone;
through ventral root;
to (thigh) muscle;
muscle contracts;
pulls on tendon;
pulling / raising / moving lower leg / tibia. [max. 8]

(b) Both bone and muscle are tissues. State how the structure of bone differs from
the structure of muscle.
bone has cells;
and a matrix;
(matrix of) calcium salts; R refs to hard, inflexible etc.
and protein / collagen fibres;
muscle has cells;
no matrix;
muscle cells are long (cylindrical) fibres;
ref. to protein here. R refs to flexibility etc. [max. 5]

(c) Write an equation for the process that supplies the muscle cells with energy.
glucose (sugar) + oxygen; A chemicals, if correct formulae. (1)
carbon dioxide + water (+ energy) (1) [2]

© UCLES 2007
 Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 5096 02

OR

10 (a) State 4 pollutants that may enter the river as it flows from A to B, and for each
pollutant you name, describe its effect on the river water.
One mark for pollutant; one for effect; ×4. First 4 only.
nitrates / fertiliser; eutrophication / renders water unsafe to drink etc.;
phosphate / fertilisers; eutrophication / lowers oxygen levels:
herbicides; damage water plants / algae;
pesticides / insecticides; kill insect life / kill fish / concd. via food chains;
(power station releases) hot water; lowers oxygen levels;
sewage; spreads disease / named one / lowers oxygen (on decay);
and worms / flukes / eggs of gut parasites; named example;
petroleum products / oil; damage to birds / lowers O2 (on decaying)
detergents / soaps; frothing slows entry of O2; etc.
heavy metals / chemicals; toxic to life / build up via food chains. [max. 8]

(b) River water contains bacteria. Explain how filtration and chlorination make river
water safe to drink.
filter contains sand / gravel;
covered in film / slimy layer;
traps / filters bacteria;
protozoa ingest bacteria;
algae release O2;
which kills some bacteria;
chlorine sterilises / kills all microbes; R removes here
water in closed tanks;
to give time to act / prevent escape of chlorine. [max. 5]

(c) Write out a word equation for the biological process that increases oxygen levels
in a river.
carbon dioxide + water; A formulae here if correct, (1)
glucose (sugar) + oxygen (1) [2]

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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

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General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

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HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 5096/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice May/June 2007
1 hour
Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet
Soft clean eraser
*4272859622*

Soft pencil (type B or HB is recommended)

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write in soft pencil.

Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Write your name, Centre number and candidate number on the Answer Sheet in the spaces provided
unless this has been done for you.

There are forty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four possible
answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate Answer Sheet.

Read the instructions on the Answer Sheet very carefully.

Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.

This document consists of 18 printed pages and 2 blank pages.

IB07 06_5096_01/3RP
© UCLES 2007 [Turn over
 2

1 The diagrams show four types of cell found in organisms.

Which cell moves around inside an organism but is not capable of locomotion?

A B C D

chloroplast cytoplasm with haploid lobed

haemoglobin nucleus nucleus

2 Which is correctly described?

A A bacterium has a nucleus and no protein coat.

B A phagocyte has a cell membrane and no nucleus.
C A red blood cell has a nucleus and a cell membrane.
D A virus has a protein coat and no nucleus.

© UCLES 2007 5096/01/M/J/07

 3

3 The apparatus was set up as below.

distilled water
Visking (dialysis) tubing
10 % sugar solution
tied end

metal support

Which diagram shows the result two hours later?

A B

C D

4 The following is a list of organs in the human body.

1 oviduct
2 ovary
3 pancreas
4 rectum
5 uterus

Which organs form part of the same system?

A 1, 2 and 5
B 1, 4 and 5
C 2, 3 and 4
D 2, 4 and 5

© UCLES 2007 5096/01/M/J/07 [Turn over

 4

5 Which arrow on the diagram of a leaf represents the movement of oxygen during photosynthesis?

A
from
C
roots
D

6 Which diagram shows a simple carbon cycle?

A B
green
CO2 plants
green
human sheep human
plants
sheep CO2

C D
green
green
plants
plants
CO2 sheep sheep CO2

human bacteria

7 A portion of cooked rice was tested by adding iodine solution to it. A second portion was heated
with Benedict’s solution.

Which two colours would be seen (
) in the test tubes at the end of the experiment?

brown blue-black pale blue red

A


B


C


D

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8 The energy value of foods can be compared using the apparatus shown. The same mass of food
is burned under each of four tubes containing water.

In which tube would the temperature of the water rise the most?

A B C D

thermometer

tube

water

burning food

tin plate

0.5 g fat 0.5 g lean meat 0.5 g sugar 0.5 g soya bean

9 What are calcium ions used for in the body?

A blood clotting and forming haemoglobin

B forming haemoglobin and preventing anaemia
C preventing anaemia and for muscle contraction
D muscle contraction and blood clotting

10 Which condition is most likely to develop if a teenager’s daily diet contained sufficient quantities of
protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins C and D and calcium, but an insufficient quantity of another
nutrient?

A anaemia
B poor wound healing
C rickets
D weight loss

© UCLES 2007 5096/01/M/J/07 [Turn over

 6

11 Scrapings were taken from the teeth of four students one hour after the following activities.

student activity

1 brushing the teeth with water

2 brushing the teeth with toothpaste
3 eating an apple
4 eating a cake

The scrapings are spread evenly over the surface of agar plates and incubated.

Which agar plate contains the scraping from student 4?

A B C D

key
colonies of
bacteria

12 A student eats a bread roll.

Why does salivary amylase stop working in the stomach?

A All the amylase has been used up.

B All the starch has been converted to glucose.
C Amylase cannot work in acid conditions.
D The temperature in the stomach is higher than in the mouth.

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 7

13 The diagram shows some organs found in the abdomen.

What is caused by a blockage in X?

A increased glycogen in the liver

B increased pancreatic juice in the pancreas
C reduced blood supply to the liver
D reduced digestion of fat

14 The diagrams show four parts of human blood.

1 2 3 4

no nucleus large nucleus fluid lobed nucleus

Which parts are involved with the transport of carbon dioxide and which parts with the destruction
of bacteria?

transport of destruction of
carbon dioxide bacteria

A 1 and 3 2 and 3
B 1 and 3 2 and 4
C 2 and 4 1 and 4
D 3 and 4 1 and 4

© UCLES 2007 5096/01/M/J/07 [Turn over

 8

15 The diagram shows a section through the heart and its associated blood vessels.

Which is a pulmonary artery?

B
C

16 Arteries differ from veins because all arteries

A carry blood away from the heart.

B carry blood towards the heart.
C carry deoxygenated blood.
D carry oxygenated blood.

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 9

17 The diagram shows a section of two tubes, X and Y, which pass through the thorax.

Y
cartilage
muscle

What are tubes X and Y?

X Y

A aorta trachea
B oesophagus trachea
C trachea oesophagus
D oesophagus aorta

18 The diagram shows a section through an alveolus and a blood capillary.

wall of alveolus

capillary
wall
red blood cells

What is diffusing in the direction shown by the arrows?

A carbon dioxide out of the alveolus

B lymph into the blood plasma
C oxygen down a concentration gradient
D water molecules up a concentration gradient

© UCLES 2007 5096/01/M/J/07 [Turn over

 10

19 Which process does not require a supply of energy?

A active transport
B cell division
C diffusion of oxygen
D muscle contraction

20 How are bone and cartilage similar?

A They are both rigid.

B They both act as shock absorbers.
C They both contain living cells.
D They both produce red blood cells.

21 The diagram shows the bones of the arm, with the points of muscle attachment labelled R, S, T
and U.

R
biceps muscle
triceps muscle

What are origin and insertion points of the muscle used to bend the arm at the elbow?

origin insertion

A R S
B U T
C S R
D T U

© UCLES 2007 5096/01/M/J/07

 11

22 The diagram shows a capillary network near the surface of the skin.

capillary
network

muscle
X

from artery
to vein

What happens if muscle X relaxes?

A The body temperature increases.

B A greater heat loss occurs from the body.
C More sweating will occur from the skin.
D Less shivering will occur by the muscles.

23 Which change occurs in the liver to lower the blood sugar level?

A glucose to glycogen
B glucose to starch
C glycogen to glucose
D starch to glucose

24 Which statement is true of all sense organs?

A They act as effectors in reflexes.

B They are only found as part of a reflex action.
C They generate nerve impulses.
D They respond to both light and sound.

25 How does a nerve impulse travel across a synapse?

A by active transport of ions

B by an electrical impulse
C by diffusion of a chemical
D osmosis of water molecules

© UCLES 2007 5096/01/M/J/07 [Turn over

 12

26 What is the first effect of drinking alcohol?

A Liver cells degenerate.

B The blood vessels of the skin constrict.
C The body temperature rises several degrees.
D The rate of transmission of impulses slows down.

27 The diagram shows a 28 day menstrual cycle of a human female.

During which part of the cycle is ovulation most likely to happen?

day
28/0

menstruation

day 21 day 7
B

day 14

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 13

28 The diagram shows part of the male reproductive system and urinary system.

A cut is made at X on both sides of the body and the tubes are sealed.

Which process would be prevented?

A fertilisation
B meiosis
C ovulation
D urination

29 The diagram shows the genetic make-up of two parents and their four children.

A represents the allele for normal pigmentation and a represents the allele for lack of
pigmentation (albino).

parents’ alleles Aa Aa
parents’ gametes A a A a

children’s alleles AA Aa aA aa
1 2 3 4

Which of the children are albinos, carriers or normal?

1 2 3 4

A normal normal normal albino

B albino carrier carrier normal
C albino normal carrier normal
D normal carrier carrier albino

© UCLES 2007 5096/01/M/J/07 [Turn over

 14

30 Why is tuberculosis common throughout the world?

A The bacteria are capable of living in a wide range of climates.

B The bacteria are not killed by antibiotics.
C Many people live in overcrowded conditions and are easily infected.
D Many people have poor sewage disposal and are easily infected.

31 What advice, given to mothers who are HIV positive, may best help reduce the spread of HIV
(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)?

A Do not breast feed your baby.

B Take anti-viral drugs.
C Use the intrauterine device as a form of contraception.
D Wear a face mask when near the baby.

32 What are the signs and symptoms of gonorrhoea?

signs symptoms

A burning pain and vomiting discharge from urethra and fever

B discharge from urethra fever and vomiting
C fever and vomiting discharge from urethra
D discharge from urethra nausea, itching and burning pain

33 The table shows the occurrence of certain diseases in four different regions.

Which region is likely to have poor facilities for the disposal of sewage?

number of recorded treatments for disease

per 1 million of the population
disease region A region B region C region D

lung cancer 10 130 21 200

malaria 300 40 2 0
ringworm 24 200 5 220
typhoid 5 4 140 8

© UCLES 2007 5096/01/M/J/07

 15

34 Meat broth was sterilised in a pressure cooker (autoclave).

Which graph shows the number of microorganisms in the broth from start to complete
sterilisation?

A B

number of number of
micro- micro-
organisms organisms

0 0
time time
start sterilisation start sterilisation
complete complete

C D

number of number of
micro- micro-
organisms organisms

0 0
time time
start sterilisation start sterilisation
complete complete

35 Why are mosquitoes a danger to humans?

A They introduce toxins into the body.

B They feed on blood and may cause anaemia.
C They live in dirty places and carry microorganisms on their bodies.
D They pierce the skin and may introduce pathogens into the blood.

36 Which shows how active, passive and artificial immunity are obtained?

active passive artificial

A by being infected by vaccination by injecting antibodies

B by being infected by injecting antibodies by vaccination
C by injecting antibodies by vaccination by being infected
D by vaccination by being infected by injecting antibodies

© UCLES 2007 5096/01/M/J/07 [Turn over

 16

37 The map of a small town shows four housing blocks, each with four latrines.

At which housing block are the pit latrines best sited?

KEY
pit latrines
wells – drinking water
A
housing block

factory
refuse
river disposal
B site
bridge
road

flow

© UCLES 2007 5096/01/M/J/07

 17

38 The bacteria present in samples of water taken from a shallow well and from a borehole were
investigated.

One drop of fresh water and one drop of boiled water from each water source were spread over
the surface of sterile nutrient agar in separate Petri dishes. The dishes were incubated for three
days.

Which set of diagrams shows the expected results?

shallow well borehole shallow well borehole

fresh water fresh water boiled water boiled water

key = a bacterial colony

39 The diagram shows how domestic refuse is treated at a communal site.

topsoil

compacted refuse
subsoil
rubble

What is the most important reason for treating the refuse as shown?

A to prevent escape of gases

B to prevent bacterial action
C to reduce breeding by mosquitoes
D to restrict entry by rats

© UCLES 2007 5096/01/M/J/07 [Turn over

 18

40 What is an effect of lead pollution?

A A burning sensation when passing urine.

B A feeling of tiredness due to anaemia.
C An increase in the number of red and white blood cells.
D The formation of carboxyhaemoglobin.

© UCLES 2007 5096/01/M/J/07

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5096/01/M/J/07
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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

5096/01/M/J/07
 w
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

er
s
General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

.c
om
HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 5096/02
Paper 2 May/June 2007
2 hours
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper.
*8799093824*

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
You are advised to spend no longer than 1 hour on Section A.
Section B
Answer all the questions, including questions 8, 9 and 10 Either or 10 Or.
Write your answers to questions 8, 9 and 10 on the separate answer paper provided.
Write an E (for Either) or an O (for Or) next to the number 10 in the grid below to indicate which question
you have answered.
For Examiner’s Use
At the end of the examination fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part 1
question.
2

7
Section A
sub-total
8

10

Total

This document consists of 14 printed pages and 2 blank pages.

SP (NH/CG) T27375/5
© UCLES 2007 [Turn over
 2 For
Examiner’s
Use
Section A

Answer all the questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1 Fig. 1.1 shows the thorax from the side during expiration and inspiration.

thoracic cavity
sternum

spinal column

diaphragm

expiration inspiration

Fig. 1.1

(a) Using Fig. 1.1, state the changes that occur to the sternum and the diaphragm during
inspiration.

sternum .............................................................................................................................

diaphragm .....................................................................................................................[2]

(b) State the effect of the changes you described in (a) on the volume and pressure of the
thoracic cavity.

volume ..............................................................................................................................

pressure ........................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2007 5096/02/M/J/07

 3 For
Examiner’s
Use
(c) Most of the tubes leading from the nose to the lungs are lined by mucus-secreting cells
and ciliated cells. Describe the functions of

(i) the mucus, ................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) the cilia. ....................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [4]

(d) Fig. 1.2 shows some of these cells from the lining of the bronchus in a non-smoker and
a smoker.

cilia

mucus
non-smoker smoker

Fig. 1.2

Using Fig. 1.2, state two ways in which the lining of the bronchus of the smoker differs
from that of the non-smoker.

1. ......................................................................................................................................

2. ..................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2007 5096/02/M/J/07 [Turn over

 4 For
Examiner’s
Use
(e) Fig. 1.3 shows a simple apparatus to collect the products of cigarette smoke.

to suction pump

smoke
cotton wool

ice water

Fig. 1.3

Name the substance in the smoke which

(i) stains the cotton wool brown, ...................................................................................

(ii) is highly addictive, ....................................................................................................

(iii) poisons haemoglobin. .......................................................................................... [3]

(f) The body’s control of breathing begins in the brain. Receptors in the brain monitor the
concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. When this reaches a set point, inspiration
begins.

(i) Explain why muscular exercise will make us breathe faster.

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) The control of breathing described in (f) is a reflex.

Explain why it is an advantage to have breathing controlled by a reflex.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2007 5096/02/M/J/07

 5 For
Examiner’s
Use
(g) Breathing can be regulated to some extent. For example, people regulate their breathing
during activities such as diving, playing a wind instrument, singing and blowing up a
balloon.

If one takes a deep breath, it is possible to hold that breath for about 45 seconds.
However, if one breathes in and out deeply several times and then inhales fully, it is
possible to hold that breath for much longer.

Explain why this is so.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 20]

© UCLES 2007 5096/02/M/J/07 [Turn over

 6 For
Examiner’s
Use
2 Fig. 2.1 shows the mechanisms by which the body controls the water content of the blood.

blood concentration rise detected gland Y secretes more water absorbed

rises at X more hormone from urine

normal blood normal blood

concentration concentration

blood concentration fall detected gland Y secretes less water absorbed

falls at X less hormone from urine

Fig. 2.1

(a) Name X and Y and the hormone released from Y.

X = ...................................................................................................................................

Y = ...................................................................................................................................

hormone = ...................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Predict the probable effects on the volume of urine produced if a person

(I) sweats heavily, .........................................................................................................

(ii) drinks a litre of water, ...............................................................................................

(iii) has excessive diarrhoea. ...................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2007 5096/02/M/J/07

 7 For
Examiner’s
Use
3 Before birth, the baby’s temperature is maintained by the amniotic fluid. If babies are born
prematurely, they are small, have thin skin with prominent blood vessels, little fat under the
skin and a poorly developed shivering response. In cold climates, it is necessary to keep the
premature baby warm in an incubator.

(a) Explain how each of the following makes it necessary to keep the baby warm in an
incubator.

(i) smaller size ...............................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) thin skin .....................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) little fat under the skin ...............................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) poorly developed shivering response ........................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) In addition, the baby may be wrapped in aluminium foil and the air-flow through the
incubator may be moistened. Suggest how each of these will help to keep the baby
warm.

(i) aluminium foil ............................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) moistening the air-flow ..............................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2007 5096/02/M/J/07 [Turn over

 8 For
Examiner’s
Use
4 Four bottles of a clear broth were boiled, cooled and then treated as shown in Fig. 4.1.

cork

A B C D

broth

storage
temperature /˚C 30 5 30 30

disinfectant
added to broth no no no yes

Fig. 4.1

After 24 hours the results were as shown in Table 4.1 below.

Table 4.1

bottle appearance

A cloudy

B a little cloudy

C clear

D clear

Using the results in Table 4.1, explain the differences between the following bottles.

(i) A and C

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) A and D

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 4]

© UCLES 2007 5096/02/M/J/07

 9 For
Examiner’s
Use
5 Fig. 5.1 shows the life cycle of the mosquito.

D
C
water
A
B

Fig. 5.1

(a) Name A and B in Fig. 5.1.

A = ...................................................................................................................................

B = ...............................................................................................................................[2]

(b) State two chemical methods of controlling both A and B.

1. ......................................................................................................................................

2. ..................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) (i) Name a biological method to control both A and B.

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Name a different biological method that controls B only.

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]

(d) State two advantages of biological methods over chemical methods of control.

1. ......................................................................................................................................

2. ..................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2007 5096/02/M/J/07 [Turn over

 10 For
Examiner’s
Use
6 Fig. 6.1 shows a horizontal section through the eye.

Fig. 6.1

Using label-lines and the letters J, K, L, M and N on Fig. 6.1, show the position of each of the
following

J a part of the retina containing only cones,

K a part of the retina which best responds to low light intensities,
L a part of the retina with no light-sensitive cells,
M a muscular region which contracts to focus on near objects,
N a muscular region which contracts in bright light.
[5]

[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2007 5096/02/M/J/07

 11 For
Examiner’s
Use
7 Use the key below to identify organisms P, Q, R and S.
Select your answers from the list provided:

Bacteria, Fungi, insects, Protozoa, viruses.

1 (a) non-cellular, reproducing only in living cells =P

(b) cellular go to 2

2 (a) composed of hyphae =Q

(b) not composed of hyphae go to 3

3 (a) cells with no nucleus =R

(b) cells with a nucleus go to 4

4 (a) single-celled, reproducing by fission =S

(b) multi-cellular, reproducing sexually = insects

P = ........................................

Q = ........................................

R = ........................................

S = ........................................ [4]

[Total: 4]

© UCLES 2007 5096/02/M/J/07 [Turn over

 12

Section B

Answer all the questions, including questions 8, 9 and 10 Either or 10 Or.

Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.

8 (a) Distinguish between the terms signs and symptoms of a disease, giving an example of each
for cholera. [4]

(b) What is the causative organism of cholera? [1]

(c) Explain why after a natural disaster, such as an earthquake or flood, an outbreak of cholera
may occur. [4]

(d) Vaccines are available for many diseases.

Explain

(i) what is meant by the term vaccine,

(ii) how vaccines provide protection against infectious diseases. [6]

9 (a) Define the term enzyme and describe the main features that all enzymes have in common.
[7]

(b) Given a solution of starch and a solution of saliva, describe how you would show that it is an
enzyme in the saliva that converts the starch to sugar. [8]

© UCLES 2007 5096/02/M/J/07

 13

Question 10 is in the form of an Either/Or question. Only answer question 10 Either or question 10 Or.

10 Either

Fig. 10.1 shows the structures involved in the knee-jerk reflex.

spinal cord in section

spinal nerve

neurone

neurone thigh muscle

stretch receptor

tendon

kneecap
femur
sharp blow here

tibia fibula

Fig. 10.1

(a) Using Fig. 10.1 to help you, describe the steps by which a blow on the tendon is converted to
a movement of the lower leg. [8]

(b) Both bone and muscle are tissues. State how the structure of bone differs from the structure
of muscle. [5]

(c) Write an equation for the process that supplies the muscle cells with energy. [2]

© UCLES 2007 5096/02/M/J/07 [Turn over

 14

10 Or

Fig. 10.2 shows a river flowing from A to B past agricultural land, a power station and a town.

mountains

sewage
works
agricultural town
land

power station
B

Fig. 10.2

(a) State four pollutants that may enter the river as it flows from A to B, and for each pollutant
you name describe its effect on the river. [8]

(b) River water contains bacteria. Explain how filtration and chlorination make river water safe
to drink. [5]

(c) Write an equation for the biological process that increases oxygen concentration in a river.
[2]

© UCLES 2007 5096/02/M/J/07

 15

BLANK PAGE

5096/02/M/J/07
 16

BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2007 5096/02/M/J/07