PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES

LONDON
DEMOGRAPHICS, TRANSPORT &
INFRASTRUCTURE

SUBMITTED BY: ANISHA, TANISHA

• INTRODUCTION
• ECONOMIC BASE
• DEMOGRAPHICS
• POPULATION 2 CONTENTS
•HOUSING
• EMPLOYMENT
• AGE-BIRTH
•RELIGION
•TRANSPORTATION
• ROAD NETWORK
• RAIL NETWORK – UNDERGROUND
• RAIL NETWORK – OVERGROUND
• INFRASTRUCTURE
• DRAINAGE – NATURAL
• DAINAGE – ARTIFICIAL
• SEWAGE
• GREEN SPACES
• ENERGY
•ELECTICITY
•GAS
•CCHP
•RENEWABLE ENERGY
•THE THAMES (SPECIAL FEATURE)
London
3
 Various studies and surveys find that London is a leading
global centre.
 In 2008, the Globalisation and World Cities 11 found that
London was the leading global city, closely followed by New
York, based primarily on an international comparison of the
presence of ‘global’ advanced producer services firms (such as
financial institutions, accountancy, legal and advertising
firms).
 Other surveys such as the Global Financial Centres Index-12
consistently ranks London as one of the two leading financial
centres in the world (the other being New York), while
Cushman and Wakefield-13 ranks London as the most
attractive city in Europe in which to locate a business.
 Although it is only a little more than one square mile in size,
the city is densely developed and is widely acknowledged as
being the world’s leading international financial and business
centre.
 Economic Base
4

Factors attracting businesses to London

 Availability of high quality staff
 A favourable business environment (taxes and regulation)
 Access to markets and internal and external transport links
 Time zone
 Pre-eminence of the English language
 UK’s status as a trading nation and historic strengths of the British
empire
 London’s position as the UK’s main port and capital
 Historically acceptable tax regime
 Open economy in terms of capital and immigration
 De-regulation, particularly around the financial sector
 Removal of Foreign Exchange controls (1979)
 The relaxation of planning controls in Docklands (1980s and 1990s)
 Business start-ups in London v/s UK
5
Stocks and net flows of VAT businesses/10,000 residents
DEMOGRAPHY
6

•P O P U L A T I O N
•H O U S I N G
• EMPLOYMENT
• AGE-BIRTH
•R E L I G I O N
 DEMOGRAPHY
•W I T H I N C R E A S I N G I N D U S T R I A L I S AT I O N , L O N D O N ' S
P O P U L AT I O N G R E W R A P I D LY.

•T H E MOST POPULOUS CITY IN THE WORLD UNTIL

O V E R TA K E N B Y N E W Y O R K I7N 1 9 2 5 .

•I T S P O P U L AT I O N P E A K E D AT 8 , 6 1 5 , 2 4 5 IN 1939
I M M E D I AT E LY B E F O R E T H E O U T B R E A K OF THE
S E C O N D W O R L D WA R .

•D E C L I N E D T O 7 , 1 9 2 , 0 9 1 AT T H E 2 0 0 1 C E N S U S .

•T H E P O P U L AT I O N T H E N G R E W B Y J U S T O V E R A
M I L L I O N B E T W E E N T H E 2 0 0 1 A N D 2 0 11 C E N S U S E S T O
REACH 8,173,941.
POPULATION
GROWTH
8
 POPULATION CHANGE
9
INNER
LONDON

OUTER
LONDON

Inner London and Outer London as defined by the Office for National Statistics
 Year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891

Inner
879,491 1,040,033 1,263,975 1,515,557 1,661,346 1,995,846 2,634,143 3,272,441 3,910,735 4,422,340
London
10
Outer
131,666 157,640 186,147 214,392 255,667 290,763 460,248 629,737 799,225 1,143,516
London

Greater
1,011,157 1,197,673 1,450,122 1,729,949 1,917,013 2,286,609 3,094,391 3,902,178 4,709,960 5,565,856
London

Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991

Inner
4,670,177 4,997,741 4,936,803 4,887,932 4,224,135 3,680,821 3,336,557 3,030,490 2,425,534 2,625,245
London

Outer
1,556,317 2,160,134 2,616,723 3,211,010 3,763,801 4,483,595 4,444,785 4,418,694 4,182,979 4,262,035
London

Greater
6,226,494 7,157,875 7,553,526 8,098,942 7,987,936 8,164,416 7,781,342 7,449,184 6,608,513 6,887,280
London

Year 2001 2011

Inner London 2,765,975 3,231,900

Outer London 4,406,061 4,942,100

Greater London 7,172,036 8,173,900

 11

POPULATION CHANGE AND PROJECTION

 The region covers an area of 1,579 square
kilometres. 12

 The population density is 5,177 inhabitants per

square kilometre.
 In terms of population, London is the 19th largest
city
 18th largest metropolitan region in the world.
 It is also ranked 4th in the world in number of
billionaires (United States Dollars) residing in the
city.
 London ranks as one of the most expensive cities in
the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.
 Housing in London
13

 In London between 2001 and 2011 the number of houses

and bungalows rose by 1.8 per cent (28,700) while the
number of flats increased by 18.6 per cent (277,500).
 The number of dwellings in Tower Hamlets increased by
nearly 33 % in the same period 2001- 2011.
 London is by far the most over-crowded region in
England & Wales with 11.6 per cent of households having
too few bedrooms for their occupants.
 London Boroughs make up 19 of the top 20 most
overcrowded local authorities in England & Wales.
 The highest being Newham (25.4 per cent), Brent (18 per
cent) and Tower Hamlets (16.8 per cent.
 UNEMPLOYMENT
14

Under the age 16-19, 25.2%

men and 18.7% women are
unemployed.
PROPORTION OF WORKING-AGE ADULTS
UNEMPLOYED
15
 GROWTH IN EMPLOYMENT
16

Inner London has more

growth in employment.

Decline in employment in
outer London.
 London Births 1965 to 2010
17
150,000

140,000

 2010/2011 mid year shows 130,000

further increase to over 133k. 120,000

110,000

Births
 Top 3 boroughs (% increase):
100,000
 Croydon: 7.0% or 371 births
90,000
 Southwark: 6.8% or 329 births
Brent: 6.1% or 310 births
80,000

70,000

60,000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

 Top 3 boroughs (% decrease): Year

 Richmond upon Thames: -2.9% or -88 births

 Hackney: -2.1% or -95 births
 Camden: -1.7% or -53 births
 AGE DISTRIBUTION
18
 London overall has a 'younger' population than the national average.
 There is a smaller proportion of older people than in the rest of England, especially in
Inner London.
 There are proportionally more 25-34 year olds
in London than in the
rest of the country.
 RELIGION
19
 92% of London respondents answered the question with 22.7 per
cent stating that they were of ‘no religion’. This had risen from
17.3 per cent in 2001.

 In 2011, 52.9 per cent gave Christianity as their religion. As was

the case in 2001, Christianity forms the largest religion in the
capital. However, the percentage of London’s population that
classify themselves as Christian has fallen from 63.8 per cent in
2001.

 The second most common religion in London is Islam with 13.5

per cent of Londoners identifying themselves as Muslim. This is a
rise from 9.3 per cent in 2001.

 5.5 per cent of Londoners are Hindu followed by 2 per cent being
Jewish. Sikhs make up 1.7 per cent of London’s population with
Buddhists at 1.1 per cent. 0.6 per cent gave a religion other than
one of the six options listed.
20
21
London's daytime population is
9.3 million.
The daytime population density
figures for the City of London are
quite staggering (350,000 people
per square mile).

During the day, the population

of Westminster is nearly 1
million - compared to about
250,000 permanent residents.

The City of London only has

about 11,700 permanent
residents but its daytime
population is 390,000.
22
The UK financial services industry employs over
one million people
23
24
Employees by Industrial group
25
TRANSPORTATION
26

•R O A D N E T W O R K
• RAIL NETWORK – UNDERGROUND
• RAIL NETWORK – OVERGROUND
• AIR LINKS
 ROADS
27

• HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
• CYCLING
• MOTOR VEHICLES TRAFFIC AND MANAGEMENT
• WALKING
• PUBLIC TRANSPORT PROVISION
Accessibility to public transport in London
28
ROAD TRAFFIC SPEEDS

Transportation problems
29

INDEX OF GROWING ROAD TRAFFIC,

TRAFFIC/MILE AND ROAD CAPACITY
BUSINESSES CONSIDERING
THAT ROAD CONGESTION IS A
SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM
HIGHWAY HIERARCHY
30
 Increasing the quality and capacity of London’s
roads
31
 On the strategic road network of motorways and trunk roads linking
London to other cities, demand has outstripped supply, particularly at
peak.
 On the major roads converging on the capital, heavy congestion is
common for most of the time in the morning and evening rush hours.
 An objective assessment should identify those parts of the network
facing greatest pressure at present.
 A comprehensive and sustained strategy is needed to improve the
reliability of the network.
 It should combine more efficient utilisation of the current network
assets.
 A framework to provide new capacity where need is justified.
 The road network is the one part of transport infrastructure which is
generally free at the point of consumption. The efficient allocation and
management of this scarce resource will, in the long term, depend on
the introduction of charging, both on the most congested parts of the
strategic road network, and in the dense urban areas linked by this
network.
London Over-ground Rail Network
32
London Over-ground Rail Network
33
London Underground Rail Network
34
Journeys taken each year by rail – 1980-2010
35
 Increasing the quality and capacity of London’s
rail
36

 The last two decades have seen considerable and sustained public
investment in the rail network to boost capacity and improve service
quality.
 While London is well served by the range, frequency, and
increasingly, the reliability of rail services, demand outstrips supply.
 Over 500,000 people enter central London by rail in the rush hour
– fourteen times more than do in England’s next largest city.
 Investment to grow rail capacity in London and the South East will
continue to be required, and the next control period should
generally take the form of incremental upgrades rather than major
new schemes.
 Proposals for a new HSR network should come with commitment
from government to sustained and sufficient levels of investment in
other essential transport infrastructure; a clear strategy for a link to
Heathrow that meets the growing demand for flights; and a
comprehensive strategy to reduce forecast congestion at Euston.
Proportion of daily trips and mode used
37
 London’s Bridges
38
 Increasing the quality and
capacity of London’s air links
39

 London is served by four major point-to-point airports and the UK’s only
international hub airport, Heathrow.
 While Heathrow supports frequent services to established US and
European markets, the absence of spare capacity constrains its ability to
offer the range of international long-haul routes to the fastest growing
economies that its rivals offer.
 London is currently at a competitive disadvantage as a result of its
increasingly poor connections with growing markets in Asia and Latin
America.
 Heathrow suffers from, on average, 20 per cent longer flight delays than all
other major European rivals.
 London requires new hub capacity now and will require further investment
in point-to-point capacity over time.
 The Commission believes that proposals for new hub capacity should be
assessed on the basis of their deliverability in the short and medium term
(15 yrs).
 It is suggested that a hub at Heathrow could be sustained by expanding
capacity elsewhere (for example Gatwick) and improving surface transport
links between the sites to enable passengers to connect.
INFRASTRUCTURE
40

• DRAINAGE – NATURAL
• DAINAGE – ARTIFICIAL
• SEWAGE
• GREEN SPACES
41
Sewer systems – Still effective
42
 43

4-12 meters deep Victorian Sewer

 Metropolitan
open land and
44 green belt
demarcation
 GREEN SPACES
45

Within the overall target, the Core Strategy and the Open
Spaces Strategy aim to
 increase the provision of play facilities,
 maximise the provision of green open space and trees to
enhance biodiversity,
 provide sustainable open spaces adapted to climate change
and
 ensure that all open spaces are designed and managed to be
safe and accessible to all.

There is a close relationship between proposals to increase

and improve open space provision in the City and the
programme of public realm improvements, many of which
include proposals for new and improved open spaces and
trees and other planting.
GREEN GRID
46
Institutional framework for decision making
47

Framework needs:
 A strategic, long-term approach to infrastructure
policymaking, to provide the policy certainty, needed by
infrastructure investors.
 A more predictable approach to land use planning to give
promoters and investors greater certainty of delivery.
 A joined-up transport policy that considers, in particular,
the interfaces between various modes of transport and
from national or international links to local ones.
 Consistent prioritising of investment to focus on the
provision of infrastructure most likely to yield the
greatest contribution to economic growth.
 ENERGY
48

•E L E C T I C I T Y
•G A S
•C C H P
•R E N E W A B L E E N E R G Y
 ENERGY
49

As the world’s leading international financial and

business services centre, it is critical that there is:
 sufficient energy network capacity to meet current
demands at all times of the day and night; and
 a degree of surplus capacity built into the system to
ensure that supplies can be maintained in the event
of part failure.

Electricity use forms the greatest proportion of

energy use in the City due to its use for IT cooling,
heating and lighting as well as other appliances.
 ENERGY
50
 ELECTRICITY
 Electricity network reinforcement works are underway in the City through a
33kV network which will be used to supply buildings requiring more than 5
megawatts.
 Pipe subways (which would be funded outside of the regulatory regime) may
provide future supply routes to new developments, to ensure future
connectivity and resilience.
 GAS
 National Grid Gas is undertaking a mains replacement programme which
aims to replace all cast iron gas mains within 30 metres of buildings by
2030. The replacement programme for the City may take the form of a ten
year rolling programme or may extend to 2030 as a series of smaller
programmes.
 CCHP (COMBINED COOLING HEATING AND POWER)
 The London Plan contains ambitious targets for reducing carbon emissions
across London, aiming for a 60% reduction by 2025.
 RENEWABLES
 Renewable energy installations in the City are likely to be incorporated into
new development rather than being commercially run energy plants.
HEAT LOADS
51
CHILL LOADS
52
 FUTURE STRATEGY
53

Renewable energy will make an increasing contribution

to energy supply in the future, through building specific
installations such as photovoltaic panels or ground
source heat pump systems. These systems will require
upgrades to the existing electricity network to enable
“feed in” of surplus electricity to the grid.

The Core Strategy plans for growth in office floor space of

1,150,000 m2 over the period to 2026, in addition to
growth in residential, retail, leisure and other
commercial facilities. It is therefore critical that energy
providers plan for the increases in capacity necessary to
meet these future demands.
 54

THE THAMES

SPECIAL FEATURE
Land-use around Thames
55
Olympics
56
57
 London’s attractiveness to people
58

 Offers good career opportunities and high wages

 Has one of the most diverse populations of any
international city
 Has a significant cultural and entertainment setting
 It is a green city – in terms of access to green space
 REFERENCES
59
•Update on the demography of London, Baljit Bains
•Demographics of London, Wikipedia encyclopaedia
•City of London Infrastructure Delivery Plan March 2011
•Economic Evidence Base, to support the London Plan, the Transport
Strategy and the Economic Development Strategy
• City of London, Community Infrastructure Levy, Infrastructure Delivery
Plan, March 2013
• London’s connectivity commission, London, Britain and the world:
Transport links for economic growth, February 2012
•East London, Infrastructure, investment and Development
Plan
60

ANISHA, TANISHA