Determination of Water Quality Index For Faisalabad City

DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY INDEX
FOR FAISALABAD CITY (GROUND WATER)
Session 2015 - 2019

Project Supervisor
Engr. Wajeeha Qamar
Project Co-Supervisor
Engr. Mirza Mohib
Submitted By
Name of students Reg. No
ADIL HUSSAIN 2015-UET-IEFR/FD-CIVIL-47
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN SIDDIQUE 2015-UET-IEFR/FD-CIVIL-40
MUHAMMAD ZAIN KHAN 2015-UET-IEFR/FD-CIVIL-48
SHAHROZ KHAN 2015-UET-IEFR/FD-CIVIL-72
BEHROZ ASSA 2015-UET-IEFR/FD-CIVIL-62
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NFC INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND FERTILIZER
REASEARCH FAISALABAD
RESEARCH DECLARATION
We declare that this report is entirely our own work and that any use of the work of
others has been appropriately acknowledged as in-text citations and compiled in the
reference list. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly
acknowledged / referred. We also confirm that the project has been conducted in
compliance with the University’s research policy.
We agree that the project report can be made available as a Reference Document for other
students in the Department of Civil Engineering and Library.
ADIL HUSSAIN
2015-UET-IEFR/FD-CIVIL-47
MUHAMMAD ARSLAN SIDDIQQUE

MUHAMMAD ZAIN KHAN

SHAHROZ KHAN
BEHROZ ASSA
DEDICATED TO
Our beloved Parents, Teachers and Friends who helped, guided and
motivated us in completing this Thesis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to acknowledge every hardworking and helpful individual who has
contributed and helped us. We would like to take this opportunity to thank all the teachers
who has involved in the production of this project. Especially Engr. Wajeeha Qamar (HOD
Civil Engineering Department and Project Supervisor) as she guided us in her best ways.
Without her encouragement, motivation, invaluable assistance and guidance this would not
have been possible.
We would like to thank MD WASA Faisalabad Mr. Faqir Muhammad Ch. for his help and
for facilitating us to carry out all the experimentation work in the WASA laboratory and to
Mr. Moin Assistant Director WASA Faisalabad Lab and Madam Farhat Adeeba to assist
us in all possible steps regarding the testing and research, and providing us the necessary
data for thesis work.
Thanks to our families and friends for their continuous encouragement and moral support.
ABSTRACT
Water quality index (WQI) is important and unique method of rating to depict the overall
water quality status in a single term that is helpful for the selection of appropriate treatment
technique to meet the concerned issues. Water quality is thought to be a major issue in
mega cities of developing countries. The city of Faisalabad has over 6.4 million of
population. Groundwater is the main source of drinking water in Faisalabad. The
groundwater quality should be regularly checked and maintained to deal with drinking
water quality issues.
However, WQI depicts the composite influence of different water quality parameters and
communicates water quality data and information to the public and legislative decision
makers. In spite of absence of a globally accepted composite index of water quality, some
countries have used and are using aggregated water quality data in the development of water
quality indices. Attempts have been made to review the WQI criteria for the appropriateness
of drinking water sources.
In water quality index (WQI) the study evaluated the groundwater physicochemical
parameters which include Turbidity, pH, Electrical conductivity, Nitrates, Phosphates,
Dissolved Oxygen, Total hardness, Calcium, Sodium, Chloride, Sulphate, Magnesium and
Potassium.
By the help of these parameters, we would come to know the ground realities of ground
water of Faisalabad city. The tabulated data and the results of experiments of all the regions
of Faisalabad city will help the people of Faisalabad to use the ground water in very peculiar
way. This will enhance their knowledge as well as assist them to know the realities of
ground water scientifically.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... i
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................vii
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 General .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Utilization of the Research .................................................................................... 1
1.4 Scope of the Project............................................................................................... 2
1.5 Phases of Work...................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Thesis Overview .................................................................................................... 3
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 4
2.1 WATER................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 WATER RESOURCES......................................................................................... 5
2.3 SOURCES OF WATER ....................................................................................... 6
2.3.1 Surface water ................................................................................................. 6
2.3.2 Ground water ................................................................................................. 8
2.3.3 Desalination of Water .................................................................................... 9
2.4 USES OF WATER .............................................................................................. 11
2.4.1 Domestic use ................................................................................................ 11
2.4.2 Industrial use ................................................................................................ 11
1.4.3 Agricultural use ............................................................................................ 14
2.1 WATER QUALITY ............................................................................................ 14
2.2 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ................................................................... 15
2.3 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS ................................................................ 15
2.3.1 Physical ........................................................................................................ 15
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2.3.2 Chemical ...................................................................................................... 16
2.3.3 Biological ..................................................................................................... 16
2.4 WATER QUALITY INDEX .............................................................................. 17
2.4.1 Steps for determining Water Quality Index ................................................. 17
2.5 METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF WQI .................................................. 18
EXPERIMENTATION ................................................................................................... 19
3.1 pH ........................................................................................................................ 19
3.1.1 pH meter....................................................................................................... 20
3.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) ...................................................................................... 21
3.2.1 DO meter ...................................................................................................... 22
3.3 Electrical conductivity EC .................................................................................. 23
3.3.1 EC meter ...................................................................................................... 23
3.4 Sodium ................................................................................................................ 25
3.5 Potassium ............................................................................................................ 27
3.6 Turbidity: ............................................................................................................. 29
3.6.1 Nephelometer ............................................................................................... 30
3.7 Total phosphate ................................................................................................... 31
3.7.1 Multiparameter Photometer ......................................................................... 32
3.8 Nitrates ................................................................................................................ 33
3.9 Chlorides ............................................................................................................. 35
3.10 Calcium:........................................................................................................... 36
3.11 Magnesium ...................................................................................................... 38
3.12 Sulphates:......................................................................................................... 39
3.13 Total Hardness ................................................................................................. 41
CASE STUDY .................................................................................................................. 43
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 43
4.2 Faisalabad city ..................................................................................................... 43
4.3 Faisalabad city water ........................................................................................... 44
4.4 Water Resources of Faisalabad City ................................................................... 45

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4.5 Chenab Well Field (CWF) .................................................................................. 45
4.6 Jhang Branch Well field (JBWF) ........................................................................ 46
4.7 Rakh Branch Canal (RBC) .................................................................................. 46
4.8 Canal Water Treatment Plants............................................................................. 46
4.9 Ground Water ...................................................................................................... 46
4.10 Location Points ................................................................................................ 47
4.11 Sampling Procedure ......................................................................................... 47
4.12 Testing: .................................................................................................................. 49
METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 51
5.1 Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method ............................................ 51
5.2 Advantages .......................................................................................................... 52
5.3 Disadvantages...................................................................................................... 52
WQI Work Sheet.............................................................................................................. 53
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION.................................................................................... 54
6.1 Result................................................................................................................... 54
6.2 Conclusion........................................................................................................... 55
6.3 Waste water treatment ......................................................................................... 56
6.4 Proper sewerage system to avoid percolation ..................................................... 56
6.5 Storm water management .................................................................................... 56
6.6 Industrial waste management .............................................................................. 57
6.7 Air pollutants prevention ..................................................................................... 57
6.8 Water conservation .............................................................................................. 57
6.9 Pricing ................................................................................................................. 58
6.10 Recharging of ground water ............................................................................ 58
6.11 Reduce fertilizer use ........................................................................................ 58
6.12 Reduce Chemical Use ...................................................................................... 59
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 60
iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
FDA Faisalabad Development Authority
GDP Gross Domestic Production
NFC National Fertilizers Corporation
IEFR Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer Research
WASA Water and Sanitation Agency
FSD Faisalabad
JB Jhang branch
RB Rakh branch
WQI Water Quality Index
DO Dissolved Oxygen
EC Electrical Conductivity
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2. 1: Molecule of Water, http://www.google.com

Figure 2. 2: Water Sources, http://www.google.com
Figure 2. 3: Ground Water Sources, http://www.google.com
Figure 2. 4: Aquifer, http://www.google.com
Figure 2. 5: Desalination of Water, http://www.google.com
Figure 2. 6: Domestic Water Usage, http://www.google.com
Figure 2. 7: Industrial Water Usage, http://www.google.com
a a
Figure 3. 1: pH scale, http://www.google.com

Figure 3. 2: pH meter, http://www.google.com
Figure 3. 3: Dissolved Oxygen, http://www.google.com
Figure 3. 4: DO Meter, http://www.google.com
Figure 3. 5: EC Meter, http://www.google.com
Figure 3. 6: Calibration of EC Meter, http://www.google.com
Figure 3. 7: Digital Flame Photometer, http://www.google.com
Figure 3. 9: Turbid Water, http://www.google.com
Figure 3. 10: Nephelometer, http://www.google.com
Figure 3. 11: Multiparameter Photometer, http://www.google.com
Figure 3. 12: Chloride in Water, http://www.google.com
Figure 3. 13: Titration Instrument, http://www.google.com
Figure 3. 14: Hardness Chart, http://www.google.com
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Figure 4. 1: Location of Faisalabad in Pakistan, http://www.google.com

Figure 4. 2: Location Points on Map
Figure 4. 3: Water Sample Storage - WASA
Figure 4. 4: Research Laboratory - WASA
Figure 4. 5: Water Samples - WASA
a
Figure 6. 1: Quality of Water Supplied - WASA
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 5. 1: Table water quality rating as per weight arithmetic water quality index method
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Water Quality Index Method of finding the quality of water enables the people to get
a tabulated and systemize knowledge about the ground water they are using for any
purpose. By the help of previous works on water, this paper will explain the quality index
of ground water of Faisalabad region.
1.2 Objectives
1. Water is the most essential need of human body. Hence, it should be used with proper
care. When the water is examined properly by any method, it will help people to use
water properly.
2. Polluted water causes a number of diseases and effect the human life dangerously.
Water for drinking must be purified and must not contain harmful materials. The
objective of water quality index method is to determine the quality index of whole
Faisalabad city. By getting data we can facilitate people of Faisalabad in terms of
water standards so that they can enjoy better life.
3. This will give systemic knowledge to the people in simple manner.
4. By using the information and data acquired by the water quality index method, one
can recommend several suggestions to improve quality of water.
1.3 Utilization of the Research
This thesis will enable the people of Faisalabad to use water for drinking after
knowing the standards of water. Faisalabad city was designed for industrial purpose. This
project will enable the industrialists that what type of water they are using and what type
of water they actually need.
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Chapter no 1 Introduction
1.4 Scope of the Project
 This project will completely benefit the people of Faisalabad for using water for their
any purpose either industrial or domestic.
 They can use water after proper testing and maintaining the standards of water
according to the WHO.
 Nobody will not be unaware of the quality of the ground water he is using after getting
all the details from this paper.
 Anybody will use the ground water after knowing the facts about the water.
 This paper will predict the proper strategy and steps for the improvements required
in the quality of ground water.
1.5 Phases of Work
The Project Work was divide into the following phases:
Phase 1: Study of Literature
In this phase literature review was conducted to overview the topics like water
quality, water quality index, calculation formula, ground water, requirement for collection
of samples from ground water, testing of samples, analyzing the results etc.
Phase 2: Collection of Water Samples
All the ground water samples were collected for testing purposes throughout the
Faisalabad City from the marked location points from map provided by Water and
Sanitation Agency (WASA) Faisalabad.
Phase 3: Testing of Water Samples
All the samples are to be tested to determine the quality of water through standard
procedures and experimentations.
Phase 4: Calculation and Results
The Results obtained from the detailed experimentation are to be collected and computed
to find the Water Quality Index of the Specific area by the formulas as specified by the
methods to calculate the WQIs.
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Chapter no 1 Introduction
1.6 Thesis Overview
 In chapter 1, the total number of steps of the whole project and the objectives or
necessities are explained. How the water quality of the ground water is determined
by the water quality index method? It is basically the introduction of all the chapters
in the paper ahead.
 Chapter 2 explains the history of the water and uses or importance of water in life of
human kind. It explains specifically the uses of ground water and its value for the
human life in every aspect. Starting from the definition of water, moves to all the
aspects linked with water. It also explains the specific method of our project by which
the water quality index is determined, which is ‘Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality
Index Method’.
 Chapter 3 is all about the experiments which were performed for determining the
quality of ground water by the specific method of water quality index. On the basis
of all the parameters selected, the quality of ground water is determined. It explains
the methods of experimentation as well.
 Chapter 4 explains the condition of ground water of the Faisalabad city and the usage
and design of Faisalabad city. The ground water is used in many ways by the people
of Faisalabad. It also explains the methods of collecting ground water samples of
whole Faisalabad city and the location points of sampling.
 Chapter 5 illustrates the way this method of weighted water quality index method
works. All the steps involved in this method are explained in this chapter. The final
data sheet of results is also given in it.
 In chapter 6 the results and conclusions of the whole project are explained. The
condition of ground water is scientifically explained. This ground water can be used
but after proper treatment, those techniques of treatment and the future
recommendations are also given in this chapter.
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Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 WATER
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance

that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most
living organisms. Its chemical formula is H2O, meaning that each of its molecules contains
one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are connected by covalent bonds as shown in
figure 2.1. Strictly speaking, water refers to the liquid state of a substance that prevails at
standard temperature and pressure; but it often refers also to its solid state (ice) or its
gaseous state (steam or water vapor). It also occurs in nature as snow, glaciers, ice packs
and icebergs, clouds, fog, dew, aquifers, and atmospheric humidity.
Figure 2. 1: Molecule of Water, http://www.google.com
Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas and oceans. Small portions of
water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and
Greenland (1.7%) and in the air as vapors, clouds (formed of ice and liquid water suspended
in air), and precipitation (0.001%).
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Chapter no 2 Literature Review
Water on Earth moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation and transpiration
(evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land. Large amounts of
water are also chemically combined or adsorbed in hydrated minerals. This will form the
life cycle of water.
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the freshwater
used by humans goes to agriculture. Fresh water bodies like fishes are a major source of
food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil
and natural gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers,
lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating,
in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical
substances; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and washing.
Water is also important to many sports, games and other forms of entertainment, such as
swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, and diving. This is all
described to summarize the importance of water in one’s life.
2.2 WATER RESOURCES
Water resources are natural resources of water that are extremely useful. Uses of
water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities.
All living things require water to grow and reproduce.
97% of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water; slightly
over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen
freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground
or in the air.
Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world's supply of groundwater is steadily
decreasing, with depletion occurring most prominently in Asia, South America and North
America, although it is still unclear how much natural renewal balances this usage, and
whether ecosystems are threatened. The framework for allocating water resources to water
users (where such a framework exists) is known as water rights.
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2.3 SOURCES OF WATER
There are mainly three sources of water that are given below
1. Surface water
2. Ground water
3. Desalination water
2.3.1 Surface water
The main source of water is surface water. Surface water is water on the surface of
continents such as in a river, lake or wetland.
Non-saline surface water uses are replenished by precipitation and by recruitment from
ground-water. It is lost through evaporation, seepage into the ground where it becomes
ground-water, used by plants for transpiration, extracted by mankind for agriculture, living,
industry etc. or discharged to the sea where it becomes saline.
Human activities can have a large and sometimes devastating impact on these factors.
Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs and decrease it by
draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities and velocities by paving areas
and channelizing the stream flow.
Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water from another watershed
through a canal or pipeline. It can also be artificially augmented from any of the other
sources listed here, however in practice the quantities are negligible. Humans can also cause
surface water to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable) through pollution.
Brazil is estimated to have the largest supply of fresh water in the world, followed by Russia
and Canada. Pakistan is nearly at the edge of water crises or water shortage in the coming
days.
2.3.1.1 Ponds and reservoirs

Ponds and reservoirs may provide maximum supply of water for use in rural as
well as urban areas. Surface water from a small upland stream or spring can sometimes be
accumulated in a location suitable from the topographical and geological standpoints. Such
an area should possess a saucer shape, and the soil should be able to hold water. The quality
6
of water from ponds and reservoirs may be such as to require little treatment, provided
certain sanitary precautions are carefully observed.
2.3.1.2 Small dams

When a dam is required to impound reservoir water, the most suitable location for
such a reservoir will be one that will hold the maximum amount of water with the smallest
dam. Sometimes the construction of a low dam. i.e., a dam whose spillway crest is less than
9 m (30 ft) above the natural stream channel, is sufficient to provide enough water-storage
capacity for all uses, agricultural as well as domestic, and to permit delivery of water by
gravity at the same time. However, the determination of the dam site requires, even for a
small earth structure, considerable topographical and geological studies if failures are to be
avoided.
2.3.1.3 River
For small water-supply systems, the use of river water should be avoided as much
as possible because of the necessity for thorough treatment and disinfection in order to
make such water fit for human consumption. River water may be easily contaminated by
disease-carriers and by human and animal wastes; and its quality should always be
questioned since, under most rural conditions, it is virtually impossible to observe complete
sanitary control over the entire watershed as shown in figure 2.2.
Figure 2. 2: Water Sources, http://www.google.com

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2.3.2 Ground water
Secondly main source of water is ground water. Groundwater is fresh water (from
rain or melting ice and snow) that soaks into the soil and is stored in the tiny spaces (pores)
between rocks and particles of soil. Groundwater accounts for nearly 95 percent of the
nation’s fresh water resources. It can stay underground for hundreds of thousands of years,
or it can come to the surface and help fill rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and wetlands.
Groundwater can also come to the surface as a spring or be pumped from a well. Both of
these are common ways we get groundwater to drink. About 50 percent of our municipal,
domestic, and agricultural water supply is groundwater as shown in figure 2.3.
Figure 2. 3: Ground Water Sources, http://www.google.com
How does the ground store water? Groundwater is stored in the tiny open spaces between
rock and sand, soil, and gravel. How well loosely arranged rock (such as sand and gravel)
holds water depends on the size of the rock particles. Layers of loosely arranged particles
of uniform size (such as sand) tend to hold more water than layers of rock with materials
of different sizes. This is because smaller rock materials settle in the spaces between larger
rock materials, decreasing the amount of open space that can hold water. Porosity (how
8
well rock material holds water) is also affected by the shape of rock particles. Round
particles will pack more tightly than particles with sharp edges. Material with angular-
shaped edges has more open space and can hold more water. Groundwater is found in two
zones. The unsaturated zone, immediately below the land surface, contains water and air in
the open spaces, or pores. The saturated zone, a zone in which all the pores and rock
fractures are filled with water, underlies the unsaturated zone. The top of the saturated zone
is called the water table.
2.3.2.1 Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or
unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt). Groundwater can be extracted using a water
well. The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is called
hydrogeology.
2.3.2.1.1 Types of Aquifer
There are two types of aquifer
a) Confined Aquifer
A confined aquifer is an aquifer below the land surface that is saturated with water. Layers
of impermeable material are both above and below the aquifer, causing it to be under
pressure so that when the aquifer is penetrated by a well, the water will rise above the top
of the aquifer.
b) Unconfined Aquifer
Unconfined aquifers are those into which water seeps from the ground surface directly
above the aquifer as shown in figure 2.4.
2.3.3 Desalination of Water
Desalination is a process that takes away mineral components from saline water.
More generally, desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target
substance. as in soil desalination, which is an issue for agriculture as shown in figure 2.5.
Saltwater is desalinated to produce water suitable for human consumption or irrigation. One
by-product of desalination is salt. Desalination is used on many seagoing ships and
9
submarines. Most of the modern interest in desalination is focused on cost-effective

provision of fresh water for human use. Along with recycled wastewater, it is one of the
few rainfall-independent water sources.
Figure 2. 4: Aquifer, http://www.google.com
Figure 2. 5: Desalination of Water, http://www.google.com
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Due to its energy consumption, desalinating sea water is generally more costly than fresh
water from rivers or groundwater, water recycling and water conservation. However, these
alternatives are not always available and depletion of reserves is a critical problem
worldwide. Desalination processes are usually driven by either thermal (e.g. distillation) or
electrical (e.g., photovoltaic or wind power) as the primary energy types.
Currently, approximately 1% of the world's population is dependent on desalinated water

to meet daily needs, but the UN expects that 14% of the world's population will encounter
water scarcity by 2025. Desalination is particularly relevant in dry countries such as
Australia, which traditionally have relied on collecting rainfall behind dams for water.
2.4 USES OF WATER
Water can be used in many ways like
 Domestic
 Industrial
 Agricultural
2.4.1 Domestic use
Huge amount of water use for domestic purpose like drinking, bathing, washing,
cleaning, gardening. It is estimated that 8% of worldwide water use is for domestic
purposes. Basic domestic water requirements have been estimated by Peter Gleick at
around 50 liters per person per day, excluding water for gardens. Drinking water is water
that is of sufficiently high quality so that it can be consumed or used without risk of
immediate or long term harm. Such water is commonly called potable water. In most
developed countries, the water supplied to domestic, commerce and industry is all of
drinking water standard even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or
used in food preparation as shown in figure 2.6.
2.4.2 Industrial use
Industrial water use includes water used for such purposes as fabricating, processing,
washing, diluting, cooling, or transporting a product; incorporating water into a product; or
for sanitation needs within the manufacturing facility.
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Figure 2. 6: Domestic Water Usage, http://www.google.com
The industries that produce metals, wood and paper products, chemicals, gasoline and oils,
and those invaluable grabber utensils you use to get your ring (which also needed water to
manufacture) out of the garbage disposal are major users of water.
Water is used in renewable power generation. Hydroelectric power derives energy from the
force of water flowing downhill, driving a turbine connected to a generator. This
hydroelectricity is a low-cost, non-polluting, renewable energy source. Significantly,
hydroelectric power can also be used for load following unlike most renewable energy
sources which are intermittent. Ultimately, the energy in a hydroelectric power plant is
supplied by the sun. Heat from the sun evaporates water, which condenses as rain in higher
altitudes and flows downhill. Pumped-storage hydroelectric plants also exist, which use
grid electricity to pump water uphill when demand is low, and use the stored water to
produce electricity when demand is high.
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Hydroelectric power plants generally require the creation of a large artificial lake.
Evaporation from this lake is higher than evaporation from a river due to the larger surface
area exposed to the elements, resulting in much higher water consumption. The process of
driving water through the turbine and tunnels or pipes also briefly removes this water from
the natural environment, creating water withdrawal. The impact of this withdrawal on
wildlife varies greatly depending on the design of the power plant.
Pressurized water is used in water blasting and water jet cutters. Also, very high pressure
water guns are used for precise cutting. It works very well, is relatively safe, and is not
harmful to the environment. It is also used in the cooling of machinery to prevent
overheating, or prevent saw blades from overheating. This is generally a very small source
of water consumption relative to other uses as shown in figure 2.7.
Figure 2. 7: Industrial Water Usage, http://www.google.com
Water is also used in many large scale industrial processes, such as thermoelectric power
production, oil refining, fertilizer production and other chemical plant use, and natural gas
extraction from shale rock. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is pollution.
13
Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and increased water temperature
(thermal pollution).
1.4.3 Agricultural use
The use of agricultural water makes it possible to grow fruits and vegetables and
raise livestock, which is a main part of our diet. Agricultural water is used for irrigation,
pesticide and fertilizer applications, crop cooling (for example, light irrigation), and frost
control.
Plants need water to grow. The process of photosynthesis uses water to make the building
blocks of life for plants. Agriculture is the growing of plants and animals. Just the way you
require water and nutrition for a healthy life and storm immune system, plants require the
same for healthy growth and good yield.
It is estimated that 70% of worldwide water is used for irrigation, with 15-35% of irrigation
withdrawals being unsustainable. It takes around 2,000 - 3,000 liters of water to produce
enough food to satisfy one person's daily dietary need. This is a considerable amount, when
compared to that required for drinking, which is between 2 and 5 liters. To produce food
for the now over 7 billion people who inhabit the planet today requires the water that would
fill a canal ten meters deep, 100 meters wide and 2100 kilometers long.
2.1 WATER QUALITY
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological

characteristics of water. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements
of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. It is most frequently
used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved
through treatment of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to assess
water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact, and drinking water.
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2.2 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
In the setting of standards, agencies make political and technical/scientific decisions

about how the water will be used. In the case of natural water bodies, they also make some
reasonable estimate of pristine conditions. Natural water bodies will vary in response to
environmental conditions. Environmental scientists work to understand how these systems
function, which in turn helps to identify the sources and fates of contaminants.
Environmental layers and policymakers work to define legislation with the intention that
water is maintained at an appropriate quality for its identified use.
The vast majority of surface water on the Earth is neither potable nor toxic. This remains
true when sea water in the oceans (which is too salty to drink) is not counted. Another
general perception of water quality is that of a simple property that tells whether water is
polluted or not. In fact, water quality is a complex subject, in part because water is a
complex medium intrinsically tied to the ecology of the Earth. Industrial and commercial
activities (e.g. manufacturing, mining, construction, transport) are a major cause of water
pollution as are runoff from agricultural areas, urban runoff and discharge of treated and
untreated sewage.
2.3 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
There are more than 50 parameters involved (physical, chemical, biological) in

determining the quality of water. Some are harmful for health and some are toxic means a
small quantity of that substance can cause serious health issues and even death when we
use that water for drinking purposes. That type of contamination is highly intolerable while
others can be allowed to a certain extend and also according to the mode of use of water.
Water quality parameters are divided into 3 main categories:
2.3.1 Physical
• Color of water
• Electrical Conductance (EC) or conductivity
• Odour of water
• Taste of water
15
• Temperature
• Total dissolved solids (TDS)
• Total suspended solids (TSS)
• Turbidity
2.3.2 Chemical
• Ammonium
• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
• Cadmium
• Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
• Chlorides
• Dissolved oxygen (DO)
• Heavy metals
• Iron
• Lead
• Magnesium
• Nitrate
• Orthophosphates
• Pesticides
• pH
• Phosphate
• Potassium
• Sodium
• Surfactants
• Total hardness (TH)
• Zinc
2.3.3 Biological
• Ancylidae
• Coliform bacteria
• Ephemeroptera
• Escherichia coli (E. coli)
16
• Mollusca
• Odonata
• Plecoptera
• Trichoptera
2.4 WATER QUALITY INDEX
Water quality index (WQI) is valuable and unique rating to depict the overall water
quality status in a single term that is helpful for the selection of appropriate treatment
technique to meet the concerned issues. However, WQI depicts the composite influence of
different water quality parameters and communicates water quality information to the
public and legislative decision makers. In spite of absence of a globally accepted composite
index of water quality, some countries have used and are using aggregated water quality
data in the development of water quality indices. Attempts have been made to review the
WQI criteria for the appropriateness of drinking water sources. Besides, the present article
also highlights and draws attention towards the development of a new and globally accepted
“Water Quality Index” in a simplified format, which may be used at large and could
represent the reliable picture of water quality.
Quality of water of any source or any specific area can be measured by using chemical,
physical as well as biological parameters. The values of these parameteres proves to be
lethal for human health if used more than definite limits. Therefore, in water quality index
method, that is the most effective ways to describe the quality of water, the suitability of
water sources for the consumptions of humans has been described.
2.4.1 Steps for determining Water Quality Index
The most common factors that are used to describe the water quality index have
three steps:
2.4.1.1 Selection of parameter

This selection of parameter is carried out under the judgement of government
instituitions or agencies and professional experts. The five classes named as eutrophication,
17
oxygen level, physical characteristics, health aspects and dissolved substances the selection
of variables have done. These have the considerable impact on the quality of water.
2.4.1.2 Determination of quality function with units

From the variables these sub indices are used to transform the non dimensional
scale values of its different units such as volume/counts, ppm and saturation percentage etc.
2.4.1.3 Mathematical expressions:

It is oftenly utilized through geometric as well as arithmatic averages.
2.5 METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF WQI
By several national and international organization, a huge numer of water quality

indices have been formulated. these are
 National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI)

 Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI)
 Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI)
 Canadian Council Of Ministers of the Enviornmnt Water Quality Index.
(CCMEWQI)
These all have been applied for the evaluation of water quality in particular area. Moreover
these indices are based upon the varying numbers and types of the water quality parameters.
Among these methods of finding the water quality index, this thesis will explain the method
of finding WQI by Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality index. The steps involved in this
process are explained futher in the coming chapters.
18
Chapter 3
EXPERIMENTATION
3.1 pH
pH stands for potential of hydrogen. pH is a scale use to decide water either it is acidic
or basic. It refers to the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. It is the measure of the
acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Alkaline water has a higher pH level than regular drinking
water. Because of this, some advocates of alkaline water believe it can neutralize the acid
in your body. The pH value ranges from 0 to 14 on a pH scale. If pH value is greater than
7 to 14 it means that water is basic and if pH value is less than 7 or between 0 to 7 it means
water is acidic. Both acidic and basic water cannot be used for drinking purpose. At room
temperature (25 °C), pure water is neither acidic nor basic and has a pH of 7. In human
body pH is of blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Scale is shown pH of each in figure 3.1.
Figure 3. 1: pH scale, http://www.google.com
19
Chapter no 3 Experimentation
Unit:
There is no unit of pH because it is scale.
Method:
pH is determined by using pH meter.
3.1.1 pH meter
A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogen-ion activity in

water-based solutions, indicating its acidity or alkalinity as shown in figure 3.2. The pH
meter measures the difference in electrical potential between a pH electrode and a reference
electrode, and so the pH meter is sometimes referred to as a "potentiometric pH meter".
The difference in electrical potential relates to the acidity or pH of the solution. The pH
meter is used in many applications ranging from laboratory experimentation to quality
control.
Figure 3. 2: pH meter, http://www.google.com

20
Procedure:
• First we clean the pH meter
• Then we calibrate the meter by dipping probe in standard solution
• Now take 10mg/l solution in a flask and place on a level place
• Now on the pH meter
• Dip probe of pH meter in sample of water
• Display screen shows the reading of pH of water
• Note the reading care fully
Precautions:
• Performed the test carefully so that less error occurs.

• Instrument should proper
3.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Amount of oxygen dissolved in water is known as dissolved oxygen it is an important

parameter in drinking water as shown in figure 3.3.
Figure 3. 3: Dissolved Oxygen, http://www.google.com
DO is the most important indicator of the health of a water body and its capacity to
support a balanced aquatic ecosystem of plants and animals. Wastewater containing
organic (oxygen consuming) pollutants depletes the dissolved oxygen and may lead to the
21
death of marine organisms. It is present in fresh water, such as a stream, or freshwater

lake. A certain amount of dissolved oxygen is required to sustain fish, animals, and other
aquatic life. Any decrease in dissolved oxygen can cause changes, usually negative, in an
aquatic system. These include fish kills and loss of aquatic ecosystems. The level of
dissolved oxygen can decrease in several ways, primarily through increased aerobic
microbial action. It can also decrease from increases in water temperature. Dissolved
oxygen determination serves many purposes. For example, it serves as the basis of the
biological oxygen demand (BOD) test.
Unit:
Unit of dissolved oxygen is mg/l
Method:
Determination of DO is done by using DO meter.
3.2.1 DO meter
Pocket DO Meter measures dissolved oxygen to determine water quality in a variety

of applications including wastewater and fish hatcheries. Simultaneously displays DO and
temperature readings as shown in figure 3.4.
Figure 3. 4: DO Meter, http://www.google.com
Procedure:
22
• First clean the DO meter
• Then calibrate the instrument so that it gives accurate reading
• Dip the probe in water and then start button
• Display screen of DO meter show the reading in parts per million
• Accurate reading is not possible to find in still water
3.3 Electrical conductivity EC
Electrical Conductivity of water is its ability to conduct an electric current from it.
Salts or other chemicals that dissolve in water can break down into positively and
negatively charged ions. These free ions in the water conduct electricity, so the water
electrical conductivity depends on the concentration of ions. Conductivity in water is
affected by the presence of inorganic dissolved solids such as chloride, nitrate, sulfate, and
phosphate anions (ions that carry a negative charge) or sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron,
and aluminum cat ions (ions that carry a positive charge). It is commonly signified by the
Greek letter σ (sigma), but κ (kappa) (especially in electrical engineering) and γ (gamma)
are sometimes used.
Factor:
The conductivity of an electrolyte is affected by the following given factors:
• The concentration of ions in solution. Higher the concentration of ions in solution,

results higher its conductivity.
• The type of substance that dissolves in water.
• Temperature
Method:
Electrical conductivity is measured by using EC meter.
3.3.1 EC meter
An electrical conductivity meter (EC meter) shown in figure 3.5 measures the
electrical conductivity in a solution. It has multiple applications in research and
engineering.
23
Figure 3. 5: EC Meter, http://www.google.com
Calibration:
We dip the probe in distilled water. Then we dip in standard solution that is
provided by company. If it doesn’t give the desired value, then we move the needle clock
wise or anti clock wise. In this way meter calibrated.
24
Figure 3. 6: Calibration of EC Meter, http://www.google.com
Unit:
The SI unit of electrical conductivity is Siemen’s per meter (S/m).
Procedure:
• Set the EC meter carefully

• Dip the probe in standard solution first
• Then dip the probe in sample
• Press the red button
• Note the readings
3.4 Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element having symbol Na (from Latin atrium). Pure form of
sodium was isolated by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807 during the electrolysis of caustic soda
or sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Due to the high reactivity of Na, it always occurs in combine
form in nature. No one of the alkali metal occurs free in nature. Sodium is the most abundant
25
element in nature contains 2.4% of the earth crust. Sodium reacts rapidly with water to form
a colorless solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and evolve hydrogen gas (H2). The
resulting solution is basic because of the dissolved hydroxides. The reaction is exothermic.
During the reaction sodium metal becomes so hot that it catches fire and burn with a
characteristic orange colour. Sodium is essential element for the proper functioning of the
human body.it can be found in all body tissues and fluids and it is not generally considered
harmful at normal levels of intake from combined food and drinking water. One of the
health benefits of sodium, it plays important role in enzyme operations and muscle
contraction. Within the human body it is important in osmoregulation and fluid
maintenance.
26
Atomic number:
The atomic number of Sodium is 11.
Atomic mass:
The atomic mass of Sodium is 23.
Unit:
It is measured in mg/l.
Method:
500-Na, standard method by AWWA/ Flame Photometer
Procedure:
• First we take a flame photometer.

• Set the instrument carefully so that we can get accurate readings
• Then we make a solution of 100 ppm NaCl
• Run the flame photometer
• Then note the readings care fully
3.5 Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element having symbol K. For the first time potassium is
isolated by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807 through the electrolysis of dry molten caustic
potash (KOH Potassium hydroxide). It founds in dissolve sea water (which contains 0.04%
of K by weighs). It founds in dissolve sea water (which contains 0.04% of K by weighs).
During electrolysis potassium is collected at cathode. It was the first metal isolated by
electrolysis. Potassium reacts with water more rapidly than sodium. It forms a colorless
solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hydrogen gas. Resulting solution is basic
because of the presence of dissolved hydroxides. The reaction is exothermic. It is the most
important element for the proper functioning of living cells and also important factor for
the plant growth. After the red blood cells and brain tissues, muscles contain most of the
potassium. It mainly presents within the cells. It plays major role in nerve stimulus, muscle
27
contraction, blood pressure regulation. It protects heart, arteries and cardiovascular

diseases.
Atomic number:
The atomic number of potassium is 19.
Atomic mass:
The atomic mass of potassium is 39.
Unit:
It is measured in mg/l.
28
Method:
500-Na, standard method by AWWA/ Flame Photometer
Procedure:
 First we take a flame flame photometer.
 Set the instrument carefully so that we can get reading accurate readings
 Then we make a solution of 100ppm KCl
 Run the flame photometer
 Then note the readings care fully
3.6 Turbidity:
Turbidity is a measure of the degree to which the water loses its transparency due to
the presence of suspended particulates that are present. The more total suspended solids in
the water, the higher the turbidity. Turbidity is considered as a good measure of the quality
of water. Greater amount of algae or sediment present in lakes and streams can make them
unsuitable for recreation and for aquatic life. The main impact is nobody likes the look of
dirty water. But also, it is essential to eliminate the turbidity of water in order to effectively
disinfect it for drinking purposes. This adds some extra cost to the treatment of surface
water supplies. The suspended particles also help the attachment of heavy metals and many
other toxic organic compounds and pesticides. In drinking water, turbidity can indicate the
presence of high bacteria levels, pathogens, or particles that are harmful organisms from
disinfection processes. Therefore, water treatment plants constantly monitor turbidity levels
to ensure that the turbidity level in water does not exceed safe levels. Turbidity is also
important in industrial processes or products.
There are various parameters influencing the cloudiness of the water. Some of these are:
• Sediments from erosion

• Suspended sediments from the bottom
• Waste discharge
• Algae growth
29
• Urban runoff
Figure 3. 9: Turbid Water, http://www.google.com
Unit:
Turbidity is measured in ntu.
Method:
It is measure by using Nephelometer.
3.6.1 Nephelometer
The instrument used for measuring it is called Nephelometer or turbid meter shown
in figure 3.10, which measures the intensity of light scattered at 90 degrees as a beam of
light passes through a water sample.
30
Figure 3. 10: Nephelometer, http://www.google.com
Procedure:
 First we set the instrument carefully.

 If error possible then calibrate the instrument.
 Then put 10 mg/l into the instrument
 Start the instrument
 Screen show the reading
 Note the reading carefully
 This value of turbidity in water
3.7 Total phosphate
Phosphates are chemicals containing the element phosphorous, and they affect water
quality by causing excessive growth of algae. Phosphates in water feed algae, which grow
out of control in water ecosystems and create imbalances, which destroy other life forms
and produce harmful toxins. Total phosphorus (TP) is a better way to measure phosphorus
in lakes because it includes both ortho-phosphate and the phosphorus in plant and animal
fragments suspended in lake water. TP levels are more stable and an annual mean can tell
31
you a lot about the lake's water quality and trophic state as shown below. The natural
background levels of total phosphorus are generally less than 0.03 mg/L. The natural levels
of phosphate usually range from 0.005 to 0.05 mg/L. Many bodies of freshwater are
currently experiencing increases of phosphorus and nitrogen from outside sources.
Phosphorus is an essential element for plant life, but when there is too much of it
in water, it can speed up eutrophication (a reduction in dissolved oxygen in water bodies
caused by an increase of mineral and organic nutrients) of rivers and lakes. A sign of this
is excess algae in the lake. The health effects of drinking water with phosphates are not
known. The FDA considers phosphates as a food additive to be "generally recognized
as safe." Phosphorous removal processes. The removal of phosphorous from wastewater
involves the incorporation of phosphate into TSS and the subsequent removal from these
solids. Chemical precipitation is used to remove the inorganic forms of phosphate by the
addition of a coagulant and a mixing of wastewater and coagulant. This may cause an
increase in the fish population and improve the overall water quality if its value is low.
However, if an excess of phosphate enters the waterway, algae, and aquatic plants will
grow wildly, choke up the waterway and use up large amounts of oxygen. Digestive
problems could occur from extremely high levels of phosphate. This may cause an increase
in the fish population and improve the overall water quality. However, if an excess
of phosphate enters the waterway, algae, and aquatic plants will grow wildly, choke up the
waterway and use up large amounts of oxygen. Digestive problems could occur
from extremely high levels of phosphate.
Unit:
Its unit is mg/l
Method:
It is done by Multiparameter Photometer
3.7.1 Multiparameter Photometer
Multiparameter Photometer is used to calculate the amount of phosphate in water.it

is Designed for high precision analysis, the new series multiparameter photometers offer
advanced digital electrode input and an innovative optical system with unparalleled
photometric performance and LED lighting to eliminate error.
32
Figure 3. 11: Multiparameter Photometer, http://www.google.com
Procedure:
 First clean and then place a instrument carefully.

 Calibrate the instrument if need.
 Fill the test tube about 10mg/l of sample of water.
 Place the tube in the color comparator box if your kit has one
 Add the reagent to your water sample.
 Wait the amount of time recommended in the instructions.
 Note the reading carefully on display screen.
3.8 Nitrates
It is made up of one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms. It is part of many important
molecules. Potassium nitrate is a common nitrate, used in fertilizers because plants need
33
both potassium and nitrates to live and grow. Sodium nitrate is also used for fertilizer and
other purposes. Nitrates (or nitrites) are natural chemicals that are found in the soil, air and
water. Nitrates are also used as a food additive to stop the growth of bacteria and to enhance
the flavor and color of foods. There are numerous sources for nitrates that are found in
groundwater. The largest sources are: septic tank wastewater, fertilizers (organic and
chemical), decomposition of organic matter, and atmospheric nitrogen that is transformed
to nitrate by soil bacteria. These nitrites in the blood cause changes in hemoglobin, or the
molecules that help move oxygen in the body. Nitrates can make it so that less oxygen is
available for the body to function properly. When nitrate containing well water is mixed
and fed to infants, it can create serious health effects. Nitrate is formed from the chemical
combustion of nitrogen and oxygen. Although nitrogen constitutes almost 79% of earth's
atmosphere, nitrogen is mostly inert. This inert / inactive form of nitrogen (N2) is unable to
react with oxygen to form nitrate. This process of nitrate formation is known as nitrogen
fixation.
Unit:
Its unit “per liter”.
Method
Nitrates in water is determined by using HI3874 Nitrate Test Kit by HANNA.
Procedure:
 First we fill the glass of 10 ml sample of water

 Add 1 pocket of reagent into sample of water
 Then put this solution intro HANNA instrument.
 Wait for some time
 After that note the reading of nitrate on the screen of HANNA instrument.
Significance:
The chemicals that are present in this kit may be dangerous if improperly treated.
34
3.9 Chlorides
The chloride is an anion negatively charged ion (Cl−). Its Molar mass is 35.5g/mol.
Chlorides are salts resulting of the combination of chlorine gas with a metal. Some common
chlorides include sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2). Chlorine
alone is highly toxic and it is used as disinfectant. NaCl is highly soluble in water. In
aqueous solution they are soluble in water however lead chloride silver chloride and
mercury chloride are slightly soluble in water. Sea water contains 1.94% chlorides. Some
chloride-containing minerals include the chlorides of sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
The concentration of chloride in the blood called as serum chloride. It is also a structural
component of proteins. Chloride is found as an electrolyte, can flow through chloride
channels. Chloride salts such as sodium chloride use for the preservation of food. In sea
water the presence of chlorides cause the pitting corrosion of most metals (including
stainless steel, aluminum alloys, aluminum, and highly alloyed materials) by enhancing the
formation and growth of the pits.
Figure 3. 12: Chloride in Water, http://www.google.com
35
Procedure:
 First we took a burette and conical flask and set precisely

 After this we took a 100 mg/l pack and made a solution in burette that is called titrant.
 Then we took 10 mg/l water sample in conical flask that’s called analyte
 Then made standard solution and put titrant into the flask
 After some time, color will change of solution
 Note the concentration of it. And mark value
Figure 3. 13: Titration Instrument, http://www.google.com
3.10 Calcium:
Calcium is a chemical element having symbol Ca. The name derives from the Latin
calx “lime” that was obtained from limestone by heating. During electrolysis pure calcium
36
was obtained in 1808 by Sir Humphrey Davy through its oxide (the mixture of lime and
mercuric oxide). Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the earth crust and the third
most abundant metal after aluminum and iron. Being very reactive it is not found in Free
State. Its abundance is estimated to be 3.64 percent. It occurs in the form of calcium
compounds. The most common compound is (CaCO3). Shellfish build their shells from
calcium that is dissolved in water. When the animal dies shell sinks. Thick layers of shell
are formed over many centuries. These layers together convert into limestone. Calcium
spontaneously reacts with water more quickly than magnesium to produce calcium
hydroxide and hydrogen gas. It also reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the air to form a
mixture of calcium oxide and calcium nitride.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(g) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
Calcium is a determinant of water hardness because it can be found in water as Ca2+ ions.
Naturally it is present in water. Calcium also gives water a better taste. In water it also
functions as pH stabilizer because of its buffering qualities. Seawater contains
approximately 400ppm calcium. Rivers generally contains 1-2ppm of calcium. Calcium is
one of the most important mineral in water. Hard water is defined as water in which
concentration of calcium and magnesium ions are very high. A statistical analysis shows
that various types of cancer mortality are due to the hardness of water.
Uses:
 Calcium is also used in automotive batteries for their maintenance

 Calcium compounds are widely used in many industries in food and pharmaceuticals.
 It is also used in paper industry as bleaches
 As components in cement and electrical insulators.
 It is also used in soap industry for the manufacturing of soaps.
Unit:
Its unit for measurement is mg/l
Method:
Titration process is use for determination of this.
37
Procedure:

 After some time, color will be change of solution
3.11 Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with a symbol Mg. For the first time Magnesium
was recognized by Joseph Black in 1755. Another magnesium mineral called meerschaum
(magnesium silicate) was reported by Thomas Henry in 1789. A pure but tiny amount of
metal was isolated by electrolysis of magnesium oxide by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808.
Magnesium is shiny silver or grey colored metal that is light in weight and strong. The
density of magnesium is 1.73g/mL which means that it will sink in water. It tarnishes
slightly when exposed to air unlike the heavier alkaline earth metals. Magnesium is the
eighth most abundant element in the earth crust by mass and the seventh place with iron in
molarity. It is not found in Free State. It always occurs in combine form. It is found in large
deposits of magnetite, dolomite, and other minerals, and in mineral water, where
magnesium ions are soluble. Although magnesium is found in more than 60 minerals, only
dolomite, magnetite, brucite, carnalite, talc and olivine are of commercial importance.The
Mg2+ cation is the second most abundant cation in sea water which makes sea water and
sea salt attractive commercial sources for Mg. Magnesium reacts with water at room
temperature. When submerges it water hydrogen bubbles slowly on the surface of metal. If
it is in powdered form it reacts much more rapidly. The reaction occurs faster with high
temperatures. Magnesium reversible reaction with water can be harnessed to store energy
and run a magnesium based engine.
Mg(s) + H2O(g) MgO(s) + H2(g)
Mg(s) + 2H2O(g) Mg(OH)2(s) + H2(g)
38
Water described as hard is high in dissolved minerals specially calcium and magnesium.
Hard water is not a health risk bur a nuisance because of mineral build up on fixtures and
poor soap or detergent performance. Magnesium is important for bone formation. It also
plays an important role in over 300 enzymatic reactions within the body. It includes the
metabolism of food, synthesis of fatty acid and proteins. It also involve in the transmission
of nerve impulses. The human body contains around 25 mg of magnesium, 50 to 60 percent
of which is stored in the skeletal system. It is also necessary to maintain the health of
muscles, including the heart, and for the transmission of electrical signals in the body. There
is no evidence that magnesium produces systemic poisoning, although over indulgence and
taking magnesium supplements and medicines can lead to muscle weakness, lethargy and
confusion. If a person takes too much magnesium the body shows symptoms like stomach
cramps, vomiting, nausea etc.
Unit:
Its unit is mg/l
Method:
Titration process is used for determination:
Procedure:

 After some time color will be change of solution
3.12 Sulphates:
The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula SO2−4.
Its molecular mass is96.06 g·mol−1. In water Sulfates are naturally occurring or produce as
a result of industrial or municipal discharge.They are often as a result of the breakdown of
leaves into a stream, when naturally occurring. Point sources include industrial discharge
39
and sewage treatment such as pulp mills, textile mills etc. Some soil and minerals also
contains sulfate minerals. As ground water moves, these ions are dissolved in water.
• Drinking water contains high level of sulfates when drinks it cause dehydration and
diarrhea. Kids ore mostly more sensitive to sulfates as compare to adults.
• Animals are also sensitive to high sulfate level. In young animals it can cause chronic
diarrhea which leads to death in some cases.
• It gives a bitter or medicine taste to water if exceeds a concentration of 250mg/L.
This makes water unpleasant for drinking.
• Its high level may also be dangerous for plumbing especially copper piping
Sulfur is an essential plant nutrient. Aquatic organisms use sulfur and has a determine effect
on algal growth. At normal concentration sulfates are not considered toxic to plants and
animals.
There are three systems that can remove the sulphate from your water:
1. Reverse osmosis
2. ion exchange
3. distillation
Unit:
Its unit is mg/l
Method:
Procedure:

 After this we took a 100 mg/l pack and made a solution in burette that is called
titrant.
40
3.13 Total Hardness
Hardness is most commonly expressed as milligrams of calcium carbonate equivalent

per liter. Water containing calcium carbonate at concentrations below 60 mg/l is generally
considered as soft; 60–120 mg/l, moderately hard; 120–180 mg/l, hard; and more than 180
mg/l, very hard.
Figure 3. 14: Hardness Chart, http://www.google.com
The amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in the water. Hard water is high in
dissolved minerals, largely calcium and magnesium. When hard water is heated, such as in
a home water heater, solid deposits of calcium carbonate can form. These make it more
difficult for the water to form lather with soap. Temporary hardness is caused by dissolved
calcium hydrogen carbonate (which is removed by boiling). Permanent hardness is caused
by dissolved calcium sulfate (which is not removed by boiling). Water becomes hard by
being in contact with soluble, divalent, metallic cations. The two main cations that cause
water hardness are calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). Calcium is dissolved in water
as it passes over and through limestone deposits.
Unit:
Its unit is mg/l
Method:
41
Procedure:

 Note the concentration of it and mark value.
42
Chapter 4
CASE STUDY
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter we will discuss brief introduction of Faisalabad city and its ground
water quality and its resources.
4.2 Faisalabad city
Faisalabad city is a third largest city of Pakistan. It is also second largest city of
Punjab.it is an industrial city. Its population is about 6.4 Million. It was designed in British
India. The total area of Faisalabad District is 5,856 km2 (2,261 sq. mi) while the area
controlled by the Faisalabad Development Authority FDA is 1,280 km2 (490 sq. mi).
Faisalabad contributes over 20 percent of Punjab's GDP, and has an average annual GDP
of $20.5 billion. It has been referred to as the “Manchester of Pakistan". The surrounding
countryside, irrigated by the lower Chenab River, produces cotton, wheat, sugarcane,
maize, vegetables and fruits. The city is an industrial center with major railway repair yards,
engineering works, and mills that process sugar, flour, and oil seed.
Faisalabad is a major producer of superphosphates, cotton and silk textiles, hosiery, dyes,
industrial chemicals, clothing, pulp and paper, printing, agricultural equipment, and ghee
(clarified butter). The Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce and Industry monitors industrial
activity in the city and reports their findings to the Federation of Pakistan Chamber of
Commerce and Industry and provincial government. The city has a major dry port and
International Airport. Faisalabad is home to the University of Agriculture, Government
College University, Punjab medical college, NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer
Research as well as the Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Beacon House School
System, Divisional Public School Faisalabad and National Textile University. The city has
its own cricket team, Faisalabad Wolves, which is based at the Iqbal Stadium. There are
several other sports teams that compete internationally, including hockey and snooker as
well as other sporting events.
43
Chapter no 4 Case Study
Figure 4. 1: Location of Faisalabad in Pakistan, http://www.google.com
4.3 Faisalabad city water
The water of Faisalabad city is not useable for drinking purpose because most of
industries damp their waste so that’s why concentration of salt and other minerals is high
so that’s why it is brackish. Adequate canal supply is not available to meet the city water
supply requirements. Topography of the city is flat and disposal of waste water through
gravity is not possible. Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA) is responsible for
planning; development and control of are a development and water and sanitation services
in the city. The Authority headed by City Nazim is the controlling body. WASA is its
44
Agency responsible for water supply and disposal of waste water and another wing urban
development is responsible for area development and control. The service area of the
WASA includes a portion of four towns in Faisalabad i.e. Lyallpur town, Jinnah town, Iqbal
town and Medina town. The total populations in these towns are calculated as 2.796268.
And population in service area of WASA is estimated to be 2.4 million. WASA claims that
60% of the City population (2.4 million) is serviced with water supply network. There over
more than 100000 water consumers in the city. The major portion of water supply, in the
city is based of ground water. The water distribution consists of a primary network spread
over the city. Water from TR, Gulistan colony No. 2 waterworks, Jhal water works and 17
OHR is injected in to this primary main for distribution in the city. There are three ground
water sources which are Chenab well field, Jhal branch canal, Rakh branch canal.
4.4 Water Resources of Faisalabad City
The city water supply mainly consists of ground water. There are three well fields i.e.
Chenab Well Field (116cfs) commissioned in 2019. Jhang Branch Canal Well Field (50cfs)
commissioned in 2019 and Well Field along Rakh Branch Canal in the city. The canal water
is treated through Slow Sand and Rapid Gravity filtration process at Jhal WW (7cfs) and
Millet town WW (2cfs).
4.5 Chenab Well Field (CWF)
It is located 35 km in North West of city on Gilligan drain between Jhang Branch

Canal and Chenab River. It consists of 29 tube wells of 4cfs capacity each. Water is
chlorinated at inline booster station before pumping to 10.5 MG terminal storage near the
city through 17 km 1500mm diameter transmission main. The terminal pump station pumps
water into the primary main network. The water is distributed over 80 outlets on the primary
main.
45
4.6 Jhang Branch Well field (JBWF)
Another well field has recently been completed with the assistance of JICA. It is
similar to the Chenab Well Field Area except 25 tube of 2cfs capacity each is located along
jhang Branch Canal. The water is chlorinated at Jhang Branch Canal Booster before
pumping into transmission main leading to 8.8 MG water storage near the existing storage.
The pump station on this storage is pumped into same primary, main network for
distribution.
4.7 Rakh Branch Canal (RBC)
Rakh Branch Canal is passing in the middle of the city. Fresh water zone has
developed under the canal. Tube wells have been installed along this canal for drinking
water. There are 17 tube wells of 1 cfs capacity in operation. A battery of 10 tube wells is
ready for commissioning and another one of the same capacity has planned to construct in
another origin 10 tube wells.
4.8 Canal Water Treatment Plants
There exists a small canal water treatment plant of 1mgd capacity at Millet Road to
meet the water requirement of Millet Town area surrounding colonies. Another canal water
treatment plant is located at Jhal Kahuna Water Works based on slow sand and rapid gravity
filtration is located in the center of the city. This plant consists of (11) slow sand filters and
(3) rapid sand gravity filters. Capacity of slow sand filters is 2mgd and that of rapid gravity
filters has been recently carried out this component is at commissioning stage.
Rehabilitation of slow sand filter is required. Additionally, another 10 million gallons per
day cap city canal water treatment is under design and construction at Jhal Water Works to
fulfill water supply demand in the city.
4.9 Ground Water
Almost total population of the Faisalabad city depends on the ground water for its
daily use like bathing washing cleaning or other purpose. WASA supply is only available
46
in few areas of Faisalabad city only with limited amount of time for 4-6 hour sat max in 2-
3 shifts in morning; afternoon and evening. The real most all the households and
commercial buildings have installed their own pumps to draw ground water for their daily
use. This ground water is use for necessary requirements. The pumped water is stored in
large water tanks on roofs in every house and building and is utilized at the time of need.
4.10 Location Points
For the collection of sample throughout Faisalabad city we used location point with
respect to map grid method which we get from WASA Faisalabad. We divide whole
Faisalabad city in 33 grip of map. each grid consists of 9 small grids. Because if we took
sample from each grid it was too difficult to collect sample from each small grid because
area was not defined on the map. In this way we cover whole Faisalabad city by taking
samples. We took 4 samples from each bigger grid and 2 samples from NFC institute of
engineering and fertilizer research Faisalabad. Total samples that we collected were 134.
A Total of 134 samples were collected and experimented to determine the WQI values. All
the red points are shown on the map (figure 4.2) from where the samples were taken. Other
Points indicate OHR and disposal work station.
4.11 Sampling Procedure
The samples were taken in brand new 1.5-liter plastic bottles that were purchased
from the market. The bottles were free from all types of contamination which can alter the
readings of the results during experimentation and also free from dirt and other smells like
in used bottles of soft drinks and juices. The location point name of the sampling site was
labeled on the bottle with permanent marker before filling with water. Latitudes and
longitudes were noted for each sample for drawing map. After that sample has been taken
into the bottles and bottles were sealed closed with caps so that sample don’t waste.
47
Figure 4. 2: Location Points on Map
48
4.12 Testing:
All the required 134 samples for testing and experimentation were carried out in the WASA
Research Laboratory located at Sheikhupura road Faisalabad with highly sophisticated,
modern and accurate devices under the supervision of the Research officer and highly
trained and experienced staff. Modern techniques were used for experimentation using
imported instruments from Europe which were highly efficient and give quick results. The
details of all the experiments and instruments and procedure are stated in the previous
chapter.
Figure 4. 3: Water Sample Storage - WASA
49
Figure 4. 4: Research Laboratory - WASA
Figure 4. 5: Water Samples - WASA
50
Chapter 5
METHODOLOGY
5.1 Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method
Weighted arithmetic water quality index method classified the water quality
according to the degree of purity by using the most commonly measured water quality
variables. In this study the quality of water of study area is determined by using various
physical and chemical parameters such as Turbidity, pH, Electrical conductivity, Nitrates,
Phosphates, Dissolved Oxygen, Total hardness, Calcium, Sodium, Chloride, Sulphate,
Magnesium, Potassium. This method has been widely used by the various scientists and the
calculation of WQI was made by using the following equation:
∑ QiWi
WQI = ⁄∑ Wi
The quality rating scale (qi) is calculated for each parameter using the following expression.
𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑜
𝑄𝑖 = 100 [ ]
𝑆𝑖 − 𝑆𝑜
Where,
Vi = Estimated concentration of ith parameter in the analyzed water.
Vo = Ideal value of this parameter in pure water.
Vo = 0 (except pH = 7.0 and DO = 14.6 mg/l)
Si = Recommended standard value of ith parameter
The unit weight (Wi) for each water quality parameter is calculated by using the following
formula:
𝑊𝑖 = 𝐾 ⁄𝑆𝑖
51
Where,
K = proportionality constant and can also be calculated by using the following equation:
1
𝐾=
∑(1⁄𝑆𝑖 )
Table 5. 1: Table water quality rating as per weight arithmetic water quality index
method
WQI value Rating of water quality Grading

0-25 Excellent A
26-50 Good B
51-75 Poor C
76-100 Very poor D
Above 100 Unsuitable E
The water is classified into grading from A to E and using table 5.1, we get the quality of
the water
5.2 Advantages
• Less parameters use for WQI.

• This is Old method and many scientists used this.
• Value is calculated in a single WQI unit.
5.3 Disadvantages
• No biological parameter includes in this.

• Calculation is lengthy and time taking process
52
WQI Work Sheet
53
Chapter 6
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
6.1 Result
We get sample from whole Faisalabad city about 134 and then perform 13 test of
different parameters. We compile the results on excel sheet apply formula of weighted
arithmetic water quality index method and then get result. The whole Faisalabad city
underground water is unsuitable for drinking purpose because,
• Taste of water is saltish because having high concentration of salts.

• WASA supply water having pH 7.08. But our pH value is between 7.1 to 8.0 in
all testing sample .so its means water is basic.
• WASA supply water having EC value about 692 micro S/cm. But Value of
electrical conductivity in our sample having max value is 6230 micro S/cm.
• Value of chloride is also much greater than WASA supply. Our max value is
3570mg/l but WASA supply 68 mg/l
• WASA supply water having Ca. 110mg/l but our max value for ground water is
445mg/l much enough.
• WASA supply water having Mg. 34 mg/l but our max value for ground water is
203 mg/l and max values above than WASA supply.
• Max value of Ca. and Mg. greater than range means water is hard.
• Other testing parameters also having greater value from range value.
• Our WQI value according to WAWQI is greater than 100 in all case it means
water is unsuitable.
54
Chapter no 6 Results & Conclusions
Figure 6. 1: Quality of Water Supplied - WASA
6.2 Conclusion
The groundwater of Faisalabad city should not be used for drinking purpose because
having high concentration of salts. The contamination of salt in groundwater of Faisalabad
may be due to the old and worn out sewerage system so it should be repaired for less
harmful effects. The industry is also playing role in groundwater contamination so further
studies should be done to evaluate the role of industry in contaminating groundwater. Some
unlined portion of drain is passing through some area of city which may contribute in
groundwater contamination so this portion of drain should be lined so that water doesn’t
seep.by future recommendation we can improve water quality.
55
Future remedies to improve water quality:
These exceptional approaches to improve water satisfactory which are as observe:
• Waste water treatment.

• Proper sewerage system to avoid percolation.
• Storm water management
• Industrial waste management
• Air pollutants prevention.
• Water conservation.
• Pricing
• Recharging of ground water
• Reduce fertilizer use
• Reduce Chemical Use
6.3 Waste water treatment
Waste water plays an important role on quality of water directly. When it goes into
the ground water it mmi with it and quality of water will bad.so we need to treat the waste
water use for bathing, washing or other purpose and then discharge it. Different process
like screening sedimentation and filtration can be done
6.4 Proper sewerage system to avoid percolation
Faisalabad was developed as an industrial city in early stages. In this way sewerage
system was according to this. With the passage of time sewerage system destroy and don’t
improve it. So we should make sewerage system proper so that polluted water don’t
percolate directly and don’t pollute water. In this way we can improve quality of water
6.5 Storm water management
Storm water management is the attempt to reduce runoff of rainwater or melted snow into
streets, lawns and different sites and the improvement of water quality according to
environmental protection company (EPA).
56
When storm occur many organic and inorganic minerals mix with it and also don’t have
any storage to store water and in this way most of water waste.so first we should manage
storm water and so that it can be use different purpose after treatment when we through
into ground water in proper ways quality of water improve.
6.6 Industrial waste management
Industries of Faisalabad city play an important role on quality of water. Waste water
having harmful agents and harmful for human animal and fertilizers. Most of industries of
Faisalabad city don’t treat their waste water and directly percolate into the ground. This
polluted waste water mix with ground water and water becomes more polluted. So for
improvement of quality of water firstly we should educate industries owner and regulate to
treat their waste water and then penetrate into ground water.
6.7 Air pollutants prevention
Air pollutants also play an important role on quality of water. Because air pollutants
cause acidic rain and when this water seep out into ground water then quality of water will
effect and also cause skin diseases
There are some methods to reduce or air pollutant:
• Recycle and buy recycled products.

• Consume less and pick out sustainable merchandise.
• Eat nearby and organic produce & consume less meat.
• Plant bushes.
• Keeps air purifying indoor plants.
• Use herbal merchandise and non-toxic cleaners.
• Use important oils.
6.8 Water conservation
Water conservation is an important factor which effect on quality of water. Water table of
Faisalabad city down day by day by improper use of water. But waste water mix with
57
ground water day by day. So lower of water table causes bad water quality.so we need to
conserve water and also for future generation so that water table down lower more and
quality of water don’t effect.
6.9 Pricing
Pricing is main factor, people use water improper way .in this way water use in greater
quantity and this used water go in underground water and make polluted because this water
have chemicals .so first we educate the people on importance of water for humane body.
Then we apply appropriate price per capita.
6.10 Recharging of ground water
Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process,

where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary
method through which water enters an aquifer.
Recharging of ground water is most important. Most of water waste in rainy season because
don’t have proper system to store water. if collect water of rain runoff and percolate into
ground it mix with ground water.in this way quality of water improve.so we should make
proper system to collect water and percolate into ground. we can make water shed on roof
top and by pipe we put it into ground.
6.11 Reduce fertilizer use
A fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soils or to

plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. Many
sources of fertilizer exist, both natural and industrially produced. Fertilizer plays an
important role on quality of water.
For growing crop in greater quantity former use fertilizer. These fertilizers penetrate into
ground and make water polluted.so we should educate formers to use fertilizer in required
quantity and don’t pollute water.
58
6.12 Reduce Chemical Use
A chemical substance is a form of matter having constant chemical composition and

characteristic properties. Some references add that chemical substance cannot be separated
into its constituent elements by physical separation methods, i.e., without breaking
chemical bonds.
It also plays an important role on quality of water because when it mixes with water it gives
dangerous effect .so we should educate the people about less use of chemicals.
59
REFERENCES
Annual Water Quality & Assessment Report for the year 2017 (By WASA Research
Laboratories)
Annual Water Quality & Assessment Report for the year 2018 (By WASA Research
Laboratories)
http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajwr/1/3/3/
http://www.lamotte.com/en/blog/test -factors/91-what-is-turbidity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality
https://www.google.com
Laboratory Manual of Environmental Engineering – I for year 2018 (NFC Institute of

Engineering and Fertilizer Research)
Laboratory Manual of Environmental Engineering – II for year 2018 (NFC Institute of

Engineering and Fertilizer Research)
60

Determination of Water Quality Index For Faisalabad City

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DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY INDEX

FOR FAISALABAD CITY (GROUND WATER)

Session 2015 - 2019

Name of students Reg. No

ADIL HUSSAIN 2015-UET-IEFR/FD-CIVIL-47

MUHAMMAD ARSLAN SIDDIQUE 2015-UET-IEFR/FD-CIVIL-40

MUHAMMAD ZAIN KHAN 2015-UET-IEFR/FD-CIVIL-48

SHAHROZ KHAN 2015-UET-IEFR/FD-CIVIL-72

BEHROZ ASSA 2015-UET-IEFR/FD-CIVIL-62

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MUHAMMAD ARSLAN SIDDIQQUE

MUHAMMAD ZAIN KHAN

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... v

LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................vii

1.1 General .................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 1

1.3 Utilization of the Research .................................................................................... 1

1.4 Scope of the Project............................................................................................... 2

1.5 Phases of Work...................................................................................................... 2

1.6 Thesis Overview .................................................................................................... 3

LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 4

2.2 WATER RESOURCES......................................................................................... 5

2.3 SOURCES OF WATER ....................................................................................... 6

2.3.1 Surface water ................................................................................................. 6

2.3.2 Ground water ................................................................................................. 8

2.3.3 Desalination of Water .................................................................................... 9

2.4 USES OF WATER .............................................................................................. 11

2.4.1 Domestic use ................................................................................................ 11

2.4.2 Industrial use ................................................................................................ 11

1.4.3 Agricultural use ............................................................................................ 14

2.1 WATER QUALITY ............................................................................................ 14

2.2 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ................................................................... 15

2.3 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS ................................................................ 15

2.3.1 Physical ........................................................................................................ 15

2.3.3 Biological ..................................................................................................... 16

2.4 WATER QUALITY INDEX .............................................................................. 17

2.4.1 Steps for determining Water Quality Index ................................................. 17

2.5 METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF WQI .................................................. 18

3.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) ...................................................................................... 21

3.2.1 DO meter ...................................................................................................... 22

3.3 Electrical conductivity EC .................................................................................. 23

3.3.1 EC meter ...................................................................................................... 23

3.4 Sodium ................................................................................................................ 25

3.5 Potassium ............................................................................................................ 27

3.6 Turbidity: ............................................................................................................. 29

3.6.1 Nephelometer ............................................................................................... 30

3.7 Total phosphate ................................................................................................... 31

3.7.1 Multiparameter Photometer ......................................................................... 32

3.8 Nitrates ................................................................................................................ 33

3.9 Chlorides ............................................................................................................. 35

3.11 Magnesium ...................................................................................................... 38

3.13 Total Hardness ................................................................................................. 41

CASE STUDY .................................................................................................................. 43

4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 43

4.2 Faisalabad city ..................................................................................................... 43

4.3 Faisalabad city water ........................................................................................... 44

4.4 Water Resources of Faisalabad City ................................................................... 45

4.6 Jhang Branch Well field (JBWF) ........................................................................ 46

4.7 Rakh Branch Canal (RBC) .................................................................................. 46

4.8 Canal Water Treatment Plants............................................................................. 46

4.9 Ground Water ...................................................................................................... 46

4.10 Location Points ................................................................................................ 47