2.

A study was recently conducted at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University to investigate the
possibility of using recycled concrete aggregates and crushed clay brick as aggregates in unbound
subbase materials. The results showed that the use of 100% recycled concrete aggregates increased
the optimum moisture content and decreased the maximum dry density of the subbase materials
compared to those of natural subbase materials. Moreover, the replacement of recycled concrete
aggregates by crushed clay brick further increased the optimum moisture content and decreased the
maximum dry density. This was mainly attributed to the lower particle density and higher water
absorption of crushed clay brick compared to those of recycled concrete aggregates. The CBR values
(unsoaked and soaked) of the subbase materials prepared with 100% recycled concrete aggregates
were lower than those of natural subbase materials. The CBR values further decreased as the
replacement level of recycled concrete aggregates by crushed clay brick increased. Nevertheless, the
soaked CBR values for all recycled subbases were greater than 30%, which is a minimum strength
requirement in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the recorded percentage swells for all subbases were less
than 0.13% which can be considered negligible.

3. Egypt has a high attitude in construction and demolition waste (CDW) amounts causing a negative
impact on the environment. The use of such waste for infrastructures applications can be useful for
each environment and in addition an economic benefit to it in the construction. This study explores
the possibility of replacing natural coarse aggregate with recycled concrete construction and
demolition waste aggregate for general purpose concrete (i.e. plain concrete and low strength
structural concrete). Different samples of CDW were extracted from different demolition sites and
landfill locations around Tanta city area for the experimental investigation. CDW was crushed with all
its hard constituents (e.g. concrete, brick etc.) found in the landfill. Coarse size crushed CDW was used
as a coarse aggregate for concrete. Main characteristics of CDW aggregate determined in addition to
the main properties of concrete which was made using this aggregate were measured. The results
showed that the CDW could be transformed into recycled concrete aggregate leading to reduction in
the concrete compressive strength ranged from 37% to 62% depending on the type of the CDW
constituents.

4. Because of the increasing difficulty in obtaining natural aggregate, alternative aggregates have
been considered in the construction industry. One of the feasible alternatives is to reuse construction
and demolition waste as aggregates, called recycled aggregate, to make new concrete called recycled
aggregate concrete (RAC). However, the compressive strength of RAC is usually poor due primarily to
the high water absorption capacity, high porosity, and weaker bond of interfacial transition zone
between recycled aggregate and new cement mortar. This paper presents the results of a
comprehensive experimental study on RACs made of 100% recycled coarse aggregate. Three different
mixing approaches, several surface pretreatment methods with two different pretreatment materials
were used to improve the compressive strength of RAC. The experimental results showed that proper
surface pretreatments and mixing approaches can improve the quality of RAC significantly. The
water-cement ratio of pretreatment materials is very important. The compressive strength of an
optimized RAC with 100% recycled coarse aggregate can reach as high as 43.3 MPa (6,277 psi) on
28 days.

5. In Singapore, the applications of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) are limited to nonstructural
concrete, road construction, and backfilling. To realize the beneficial use of RCA, an in-depth study
was conducted to evaluate its use in structural concrete. This paper reports the test results of a study
that is part of extensive research intended to evaluate the properties of RCA concrete produced by a
proposed rational approach in concrete mix design. The key parameters studied include compressive
strength, elastic modulus, and drying shrinkage. The results showed that the RCA concrete can be
designed to achieve comparable compressive strength and elastic modulus, relative to the
corresponding properties of concrete containing natural coarse aggregate (NCA). RCA concrete tends
to exhibit higher drying shrinkage strains relative to NCA concrete, but the values are within the
recommended limits.

6. The needs of the construction sector are still increasing for concrete. However the shortage of
natural resources of aggregate could be a problem for the concrete industry. In addition, the negative
impact on the environment is due to the construction demolition; where disposal wastes create a
severe ecological and environmental hazard. In the last decade, a major interest has been developed
for the reuse of recycled aggregates that present more than 70% of the concrete volume. The reused
products should fulfill the requirements of lower cost and better quality, in order to establish its role
in the concrete. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of the local admixtures on the mechanical
behavior of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Physical and mechanical properties of RAC were
investigated including density, compressive and flexural strength. The non-destructive test methods
(NDT: pulse-velocity and rebound hammer) were used to determine the concrete strength. The
results obtained were compared with crushed aggregate concrete (CAC) using the normal
compressive testing machine test method. Thus, the convenience of indirect tests in the case of a
recycled aggregate concrete were demonstrated.