CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

Before the Dutch invaders came to Indonesia, Indonesia had established

great kingdom such as: Samudera Pasai and Aceh Darussalam (Sumatra), Pajang,
Demak, Mataram, Cirebon, and Banten (Java), Banjar and Kutai (Kalimantan),
Gowa-Tallo , Bone, Wajo, Soppeng, and Luwa (Sulawesi).

Historical reality shows that Islam has been since centuries an inseparable
part of societies living in the Indonesian archipelago. Islamic religious has been
growing and developing during the high days of Islamic kingdom, Dutch-colonial
times and indonesian independent. So, to understand how the islamic kingdoms
are formed we would like to explain in this paper.

B. FORMULATE OF THE PROBLEM

1. How the Islamic kingdom in Indonesia are formed?
2. What are the Islamic kingdom in Indonesia?

C. AIM OF THE PAPER

1. To know the history formation of Islamic kingdom in Indonesia
2. To know what are the Islamic kingdom in Indonesia

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. The history of Islamic Kingdom Formation

Actually Islam has entered the archipelago since the 7th century AD. The
religion of Islam was brought by merchants from Saudi, Gujarat and Persia. At that
time Islam was still a minority religion in the archipelago. Not many people
embrace Islam because it is still something new in the archipelago. The spread of
Islam in the archipelago lasted quite a long time, starting from the 7th century AD
to the 13th century AD. In the 13th century AD when people began to recognize
and begin to embrace Islam. It was traders from Arabia, Gujarat, and Persia that
played the first role in the spread of Islam in the archipelago. The spread of Islam
began in central trade areas, such as coastal areas close to ports. Since then, the
influence of Islam in the archipelago began to strengthen, this was evidenced by the
start of the establishment of Islamic kingdoms in the archipelago.1
The Islamic kingdom in Indonesia began in the 13th century. Various
kingdoms began to emerge because at that time the kingdom of Sriwijaya was
experiencing a period of collapse. Then in that period began the founding of several
Islamic empires in the coastal areas of Sumatra Island. The news was also known
from the diary Marco Polo who had previously lived in Sumatra. The development
of the Islamic kingdom itself began in the Straits of Malacca. This was preceded by
the establishment of the Perlak Kingdom, then developed and encouraged several
other kingdoms, such as: Samudera Pasai and the Kingdom of Aceh.2
The feudal power structure shows a pyramidal hierarchy with the ultimate
power held by suzerain (ruler), a king who has hegemony in the region where the
small kings as vassals (followers) recognize his suzerenitas. Furthermore, each
vassal has a subvasal or some kind of subvasal, and so on. Tribute or tribute flows

1
Arifin Saddoen, “Sejarah Masuknya Islam ke Indonesia”, diakses dari
https://moondoggiesmusic.com/kerajaan-islam-di-indonesia/, pada tanggal 6 Oktober 2019 pukul 20.00.
2
Tyo, “Nama Kerajaan Islam di Indonesia Beserta Sejarah Berdirinya”, diakses dari
https://balubu.com/kerajaan-islam-di-indonesia/, pada tanggal 6 oktober 2019 pukul 21.30.

2
 to the top while providing support to his subordinates. If the power of the holders of
suzereinitas becomes weak or the kingdom collapses, as happened with Sriwijaya
and Majapahit, the former vassals that stand alone and the strong of them try to
push their power to other weak former vassals. The disintegration of the kingdom
of suzerein resulted in a poliferation of powers to then undergo a process of
integration under new power. What happened after Srivijaya collapsed was the
emergence of small kingdoms, ranging from Pedir, Pasai, Tamiang, Siak, Rokan,
Indagiri, Jambi, and Malacca. In Java, after Majapahit collapsed, stood Tuban,
Gresik, Panarukan, Demak, Pati, Junawa, Jepara, Kudus. In the first group Malacca
was born as the foremost, then later fell into Portuguese hands. In the group of
kingdoms in Java, Demak, Cirebon, Banten, it seems that they can consolidate
power. With the decline of trade, the cities of trade and the kingdoms mentioned
above are not strong enough to face the power that is centered in the interior and
has a basis on agriculture. 3

B. Kind of Islamic Kingdom in Indonesia

Here are some Islamic kingdom in Indonesia:
1. Perlak Kingdom
This kingdom was the first Islamic kingdom established in Indonesia,
which at that time was known as the archipelago. At that time Perlak was a very
famous trading city. The first king of this kingdom, Sultan Alauddin Saiyid
Maulana Abdul Aziz Syah. The kingdom of Perlak or the Kingdom of Peureula
was founded around the middle of the 9th century AD.
Meanwhile, according to Ishak Makarani Al Fays, this Kingdom was
founded in 1 Muharram 225 H (840 AD). There is some written evidence which
states that this kingdom is the first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia, including:
Tazkirah Thabakat Jumu Sultan as Salathin, the manuscript composed by Syeh
Syamsul Bahri Abdullah; Pedigree of the Kings of Perlak and Pasai; the

3
Sartono Kartodirjo, “Pengantar Sejarah Indonesia Baru: 1500-1900”, Cet.I (Yogyakarta: Penerbit
Ombak, 2014), hlm. 33-34.

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 manuscript composed by Saiyid Abdullah Ibn Saiyid Habib Saifuddin; Idharatul
Haq fi Mamlakatil Farlah wa Fasi, the manuscript composed by Abu Ishak
Makarani Al Fasy. All three texts mentioned that the Kingdom of Perlak was
the first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia.
There are several relics from this kingdom, namely:
a. Benoa's Tomb
King Benoa's gravestone (Benoa is a part of the Kingdom of Perlak) is written
using Arabic letters. Raja Benoa's food is located on the banks of the
Trenggulona River. It is estimated that the gravestone was made around the 4th
century AH or the 5th AH.
b. Eligible currency
Is the oldest currency in the archipelago, this currency is divided into 3 types,
namely made of copper or brass, silver (kupang), and gold (dirham).
c. Royal stamp
There is a stamp of the kingdom of the State of Bandahara (kereajaan which is
part of the kingdom of Perlak) which uses Arabic letters. On the stamp is
written the sentence "Al Wasiq Billah Kingdom of the Treasurer Shah Shah
512".
That is, some relics from the kingdom are thought to be the oldest Islamic
kingdoms in Indonesia. around the 12th century AD the Kingdom of Perlak
began to decline.
2. Samudra Pasai Kingdom
This kingdom was founded around the 13th century AD This kingdom is
located in Lokseumae Regency, North Aceh. This kingdom is a combination of
two kingdoms that are experiencing a setback, namely the Kingdom of Pase and
the Kingdom of Perlak. The two kingdoms were united by the regional ruler at
the time, Marah Silu (Meurah Silu) who assisted Syeh from Makkah, Syeh
Ismail.
Marah Silu was the first king and founder of this kingdom, the king who
got the title Sultan Malik al Saleh. In 1297 Sultan Malik al Saleh died, he was
succeeded by his son, Sultan Mahmud. During the leadership of Sultan

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 Muhammad Malik al Tahir (1297-1326) Samudra Pasai kingdom became the
center of trade and the spread of Islam.
In 1326 Sultan Muhammad Malik al Tahir died and was succeeded by his
son Sultan Ahmad, the sultan who also had the title Malik al Tahir (1326-1348).
During the reign of Sultan Ahmad Malik al Tahir, Samudra Pasai
Kingdom developed rapidly, this kingdom cooperated with several Islamic
kingdoms in other worlds, such as the kingdoms in India and Arabia. In 1348
Sultan Ahmad died and was succeeded by Sultan Zainal Abidin. However, in
1521 AD the kingdom collapsed because it was successfully conquered by the
Portuguese.
The existence of Samudra Pasai Kingdom is evidenced by several relics,
such as the tomb of Sultan Malik al Saleh, the tomb of Sultan Zainal Abidin, the
manuscript of Sultan Zainal Abidin's letter, the tomb of Ratu al Aqla, the cakra
donya, and the royal seal.
3. Malacca Kingdom
The founder of the kingdom of Malacca was Prameswara, a Prince of
Majapahit from Blambanga who fled because of the invasion of Majapahit, then
settled in a small village on the west coast of the peninsula and became a pirate
pirate. In a short time the small village became a very good port city and
Prameswara appeared as the most powerful man in Malacca.
The first step taken by Prameswara in his efforts to develop the city of
Malacca was to gain recognition and protection from China. In 1405
Prameswara sent an envoy to the Peking court to formally request recognition
from Emperor Yung-Lo. The envoy was received and then endowed with the
official seal of the Kingdom. Six years later, in 1411. Prameswara paid a return
visit to the Peking palace with 540 accompanists. This visit was welcomed by
the Chinese emperor and strengthened the friendship between China and
Malacca, which greatly benefited the Malacca party.

King Prameswara's position is getting stronger and stronger. With

assistance from China Prameswara tried to perfect the port of Malacca, whose

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 construction began in 1405. By 1409 the port of Malacca had been completed
and then emerged as a large airport.

The strategic location of Malacca, which is the main gateway for

Southeast Asia, enables Malacca to dominate trade in countries located in the
west, east and north of Malacca.

4. Demak Kingdom

The story of the establishment of the Kingdom of Demak is similar to

the story of the establishment of Majapahit which he replaced. Babad Tanah
Jawi tells us that Raden Patah, under the instructions of Sunan Ampel, opened
a forest in Glagah Wangi and that the new city in Glagah Wangi was named
Bintara. When Prabu Brawijaya learned that actually Raden Patah was his own
son from the concubine of the Chinese princess he presented to Arya Damar,
Duke of Palembang, then Raden Patah was appointed as duke in the Bintara
and as a subordinate of Majapahit was obliged to face the prabu once a year at
the Majapahit Palace. Since then the name Bintara has been changed to
Demak.

In the history of Java from the ancient Mataram era to the Majapahit era,
usually the granting of land like Demak was accompanied by an inscription.
But until now the inscription giving Prabu Brawijaya land award by Bintu to
Raden Patah has not been found yet. Thus the search for the typonym
etymology of the two words "Bintara" and "Demak" has strengthened the
Babad Tanah Jawi's explanation of the history and juridical development of the
Demak Kingdom.

The awarding of non-commissioned land and the appointment of

Raden Patah as Duke of Bintara and the awarding of the new name Demak to
the new State were seen as the founding of the Islamic Kingdom of Demak.

Twenty years later, around the 1500s, Raden Patah openly severed his
ties with the increasingly powerless Majapahit. With the help of other areas in
East Java, Raden Patah succeeded in knocking down Majapahit and then

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 moving all the royal ceremonial objects and heirlooms to Majapahit to Demak.
This was used to legalize the kingdom of Demak as a continuation of the
Majapahit kingdom but in a new form as an Islamic kingdom.

5. Cirebon Kingdom
Since before Demak became an Islamic kingdom there was actually a
strong desire to expand economic power towards the west. Very large rice
yields produced by fertile alluvial rendering areas along the northern coast of
Cirebon and Kendal, are additional results that are quite important for the
Demak trade. Demak and Cirebon relations are held with coastal ships. Sea
trade in Cirebon roughly began at the end of the 15th century.
The establishment of the Islamic kingdom in Cirebon is inseparable from
the influence of Demak. Fatahillah Islamized and established an Islamic
kingdom in Cirebon also in the name of Raja Demak. Fatahillah is the brother
in law of Sultan Trenggana, for marrying the sister of King Demak.
6. Banten Kingdom
The foundation of Islamic power in Banten is Sunan Gunung Jati. In
1525 Sunan Gunung Jati on behalf of Demak had landed in Banten. According
to the Javanese-Banten story when he arrived in Banten, he immediately
succeeded in getting rid of the Sunda Regent there and he also quickly took
power of the government over the port city. Banten was used as the first
foundation to Islamize all of West Java.
Sunan Gunung Jati after mastering Banten and Jayakarta apparently did
not try to attack the capital of Pajajaran. In fact he lived in Banten only until
1552. Because of the death of the Pasarean prince from Cirebon, then since that
year Sunan Gunung Jati moved to Cirebon forever and surrendered Banten to
Hassanuddin, his son.

Hasanuddin continued his father's efforts to expand the Islamic territory.

He extended his power to Lampung and surrounding areas in South Sumatra.
Lampung is the main producer of pepper. The pepper trade made Banten an
important airport visited by Chinese, Indian and European vessels. The

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 Javanese-Banten political and cultural influence in Lampung lasted from the
16th to the 18th centuries. Around 1600 Banten reached its heyday and became
a trading center. At that time Dutch and British ships more frequently and
regularly stopped at Bandar Banten. It turns out that the arrival of Westerners
is a direct threat to banten. The capture of Jayakarta 1619 by the Dutch was
the beginning of the decline of Banten.

7. Pajang Kingdom
Both the Kandha fiber and the Jawai Tanah Chronicle contain many
stories about the founder of the Pajang Kingdom. When he was a child, he was
called Mas Kerebet, because when he was born there was a wayang beber
performance at his home ... in his teens he was named Jaka Tingkir. This young
fighter then served the Demak Palace as an enlisted soldier. Because of his
marriage to Princess Sultan Trenggana he was able to enter the life of the royal
family.
After Sultan Demak died in 1546, the young Raja Pajang succeeded in
using the chaos that was raging in the capital to take power. Jaka Tingkir can
kill Aria Panangsang from Jipang-Panolan in a battle between Jipang and
Pajang. With the break of the power of Jipang-Panolan, Pajang has since been
recognized by most of the interior of Central Java.

During the reign of the subsequent Mataram kings there was great
difficulty in governing. The Pajang revolt against Mataram during the Sultan
Agung government had destroyed Pajang forever. This rebellion occurred in
1617-1618 and received support from dissatisfied parties in Mataram. As
punishment for the rebellion in the form of not wanting to deposit the rice yield
to Mataram, the rice fields in Pajang were completely burned down by the
Mataram army. The farmers were forcibly appointed to Mataram to build a new
palace. After that Pajang no longer meant either political or economic.

8. Mataram Kingdom
This kingdom was founded in 1586 in Kotagede, the southeastern part of
Yogyakarta. This kingdom was founded by Sutowijoyo, brother of Prince

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 Benowo. Sutowijoyo had the title of Panembahan Senopati Ing Alaga Sayidin
Panatagama after ascending the throne in 1586. In 1601 Sutowijoyo died and
was succeeded by Mas Jolang, who had the title Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak.
After Raden Mas Jolang died, he was replaced by Duke of Martapura,
because he often experienced pain Duke of Martapura eventually died.
Subsequently he was replaced by Raden Mas Rangsang who held the title
Panembahan Hanyakrakusuma, in 1640 he changed his title to Sultan Agung
Hanyakrakusuma, around the 1640s he changed his title again to Sultan Agung
Senapati ing Alaga Ngaburrahman Khalifatullah.

During his reign the authority of the Mataran Islamic Kingdom was very
broad. This kingdom is located in the former area of the Hindu Mataram
Kingdom, but the Mataram Kingdom is an Islamic style kingdom. Some relics
from the kingdom of Islamic mataram, namely the Saka year, kipo cake, silver
handicrafts, kyai gundhil clothing, kalang obong, gates of Kotagede, flat stones,
and gendhing literature by Sultan Agung.

9. Makassar Kingdom
The kingdom of Makassar consisted of a single kingdom, Gowa and
Tallo which later merged into one in the middle of the 16th century. This
kingdom has established trade relations with Malay and Malacca countries. In
1603 the two king rulers of the dual kingdoms of Gowa and Tallo converted to
Islam. The King of Gowa, Daeng Manrabia, officially converted to Islam and
took the title of Sultan Alauddin, while King Tallo, Karaeng Matoaya, who also
doubles as the Mangkubumi kingdom of Gowa after entering Islam also took
the title of Sultan Abdullah. The two first Islamic kings in the kingdom of
Makassar gained the nickname as Awalul Islam.
10. Bugis Kingdom
In the 16th century the Bugis kingdoms consisted of kingdoms such
as Luwu, Wajo, Bone, Soppeng, Sidenreng, Tanette and others.
Initially these kingdoms were not Islamic kingdoms. Then to Islamize the
Bugis people and the three kingdoms, Wajo, Bone and Soppeng, the Makasar

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 preachers arrived among the Bugis tribes. In addition, Gowa attacked the three
kingdoms with the aim of Islamizing them, and finally the kingdoms were
officially converted to Islam. The kingdom of Wajo entered Islam on May 10,
1610, and Bone on November 23, 1611.4

CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION
Islam came to Indonesia when the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism was still
strong. At that time, Majapahit still controlled most of the territory that now included
Indonesian territory. Indonesian people are acquainted with Islam's religion and culture
through trade channels, just as they are acquainted with Hinduism and Buddhism.
Through commercial activities, Indonesian people who are already familiar with Hindu-
Buddhism gradually recognize Islamic teachings. The spread of Islam was the first time
that coastal communities were more open to foreign cultures. After that, then Islam
spread to the interior and mountains through economic, educational and political
activities.
The process of the entry of Islam into Indonesia did not take place in a
revolutionary, fast, and singular manner, but rather evolved, gradually, and was very
diverse. And in the next development, there arose many Islamic kingdoms in Indonesia
such as Pasai Ocean and other Islamic kingdoms.

B. SUGGESTION
We as paper makers are not perfect creatures. If there is a sentence that is not
pleasing in its place. We look forward to criticism and suggestions from the supervisor
and fellow students who are constructive so we can make better papers in the future.

4
Daliman,” Islamisasi dan Perkembangan Kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Indonesia”, (Yogyakarta: Penerbit
Ombak, 2014).

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 REFRENCES

Saddoen, Arifin Sejarah Masuknya Islam ke Indonesia”, diakses dari

https://moondoggiesmusic.com/kerajaan-islam-di-indonesia/.

Tyo, Nama Kerajaan Islam di Indonesia Beserta Sejarah Berdirinya, diakses dari
https://balubu.com/kerajaan-islam-di-indonesia/

Kartodirjo, Sartono. 2014. Pengantar Sejarah Indonesia Baru: 1500-1900. Yogyakarta:

Penerbit Ombak.

Daliman. 2014. Islamisasi dan Perkembangan Kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Indonesia.

Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.

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