Faculty: Mining Engineering

Topic: Types

Teacher: Perez Lima, Ynes

Puno - 2019 - Peru

Gratitude

First, I would like to thank my mother for her constant effort every day to take their children

later, he has my respect and admiration. And I will be eternally grateful for his wise counsel.
 Dedication

I dedicate this work all my family for their unconditional support in the most difficult

moments of my life.

Index
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1

features ....................................................................................................................................... 2

1-initial topographic works: ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.1-Establishment of the trigonometric network. ..................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.2- Initial Survey. .................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2-topographic work supporting the development of draft .........Error! Bookmark not defined.

exploitation:...............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

 2.1-Support for geological research. .....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2-modeling and design of exploitation. ..............................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3-projects facilities, access, transport, power lines. ...........Error! Bookmark not defined.

3-topographic work during the production stage of the operation: ......... Error! Bookmark not

defined.

3.1-Lift work fronts and landfills. .........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2-Sondeos control laws. .................................................................................................... 11

1-Control slope stability. .......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.4-leveling floors. ................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5 Restoration. .....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 1

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 7
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Introduction

A well-made blasting can be sustainable and provide economic benefits to the mining

company.

The blasting process is one of the most important operational chain mining and construction,

as the result of this activity enables better results in ore extraction, and optimizing execution

times construction and use of materials. Some of the major developments that have been in the

field involve the use of electronic detonators in initiation systems, greater certainty in the shot

control and safety of workers.

Another key point is the role of explosives that allow deposits to break into both operations

open pit and underground. For this reason, the blasting is very relevant in mining; their goal is

pre condition the rock (ore or sterile for their treatment more economic and sustainable without

losing the quality of work. To achieve must use specific products for each function, for example,

the contour in underground mining to avoid damage to surrounding rock mass.

Objetives

 Provide a general concept of the types of explosives.

 Summarize all the information in this branch of mining.

 Which is understandable as an introduction to the bombing.

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EXPLOSIVES
1.1 TYPES OF EXPLOSIVE INDUSTRIAL

Chemical explosives are classified into two groups depending on the speed of the shock wave.

a) Explosives and detonators fast. At speeds between 2000 and 7000 m / s; Y

b) slow and deflagrating. With less than 200 m / s

The deflagrating comprise gunpowders, compounds of pyrotechnic thrusters and compounds

for artillery rocket.

Detonating explosives are divided into primary and secondary according to their application.

Primary by high energy and sensitivity tie is tied as initiators to detonate the side. Among them

we can mention the compounds used as detonators and multipliers. Side are applied to the

starting of rocks and while less sensitive than the primary develop greater useful work, these

compounds are mixtures of explosive substances or not, whose rationale is to lower costs of

manufacture, the lower balance oxygen obtained, and the characteristics and properties that

confer to the mixture the ingredients as regards sensitivity, density, water resistance etc. power

Industrial explosives for civilian use are divided are divided into two large groups, in order of

importance by the level of consumption rather than appearance on the market are:

Explosives agents

These mixtures do not carry any case except intrinsically explosive ingredients. The main

ones are:

 ANFO

 ALANFO
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 hydrogels

 HEAVY ANFO HEMULSIONES

Conventional explosives

Required for manufacturing explosive inherently acting as sensitizers mixtures. The best

known are:

 gelatinous

 PULVULURENTOS

 OF SECURITY

Selection Criteria Explosivo

Ejection type of explosive is an important part of designing a blast, and therefore the results to

be obtained.

Explosive users often fall into a routine and the mirage of minimum start-up costs without

taking into account a number of factors that are necessary to analyze for proper selection. Among

the most important factors are:

 Explosive price (must begin with the cheapest)

 Diameter of the load (the speed varies with the diameter)

 Roca features (geo mechanical properties of the rock mass)

 Flying rock volume (mark the explosive consumption)

 atmospheric conditions (low and high temperatures influence explosives)

 Presence of water
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 Environmental problems (vibrations and air waves)

 Fumes (formation of harmful humus)

 Safety conditions (sensitivity-security binomial)

 explosive atmospheres

 Supply problems

1.2 INITIATION SYSTEMS

Detonating cords of very low bulk

The very low energy cords consist of a core of PETN with a variable weight between 0.8 and

1.5 gr / m surrounded yarn and a plastic cover about 3 mm. The detonator located at one end of

the cord is similar to power the only difference is that the igniter cord itself, and usually

surmounted by a plastic connector.

They have a great advantage that is not initiating explosive agents such as hydrogels and

ANFO priming can thus be achieved in the background.

Detonators Nonel or shock tube systems

Consist of a transparent slender tube and plastic 3 mm diameter lined inside by a thin film of

explosive 20gr / m and a detonator cap similar to electric detonators, the speed of the shock wave

within the tube is 2000m / sec allowing good priming in the background.

For the calculation of blasting must take into account the calking because the transmission of

the shock wave through the tube is about 0.5ms per meter.
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Delay networks micro surface and borehole

Delay networks micro surface is an accessory inserted in a list of detonating cord introduces a

time lag in the transmission of the detonation wave.

They consist of two small explosive charge attached to side and enclosed in a metal sheath.

The delay times are always milliseconds and typically range from 10 to 100ms allows the

existence of this even place more than one in series within the same strand cord in each hole.

The other roles, so-called micro holes delay are essentially similar to the holes. In order to

eliminate the risk of failures it is advisable to provide in a double blasting initiation circuit.

ordinary detonators and slow fuse

Plain detonators are formed by an aluminum cap containing two loads, a load based high

explosive detonation velocity in the bottom of the tube and a primary charge sensitive explosive.

They initiated by a branch slow wick crimped detonator with a pliers or special clamp. That

slow fuse is manufactured by a powder core surrounded by several layers of yarns and

impervious materials resistant to abrasion, humidity and mechanical stress.

The burning time is usually 2 minutes per meter with a tolerance of 10%. The power cord

initiation can be performed by three methods:

A burner flame, electrical resistance or slow wick.

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detonating cords

These cords have a core of PETN in varying amounts surrounded by several layers of yarns

and fibers, with an outer coating of polyvinyl chloride having an adequate allow flexibility,

impermeability, tensile strength and moisture characteristic.

1.3 Priming and Initiation Systems

Mass application of disintegrants such as ANFO, hydrogels and Emulsions the boot rocks, has

required a strong development of techniques initiation and priming due, and, on the one hand, to

the relative insensitivity of these substances and the other to get the most out of the energy

developed by explosives.

The detonation process requires an initiation energy to be developed and maintained in a

stable condition.

Types of initiation.

 Initiation with concentrated loads

 Initiation of detonating cord

 Multiplier initiation and detonating cord

 Detonating cord

When a cord through a load ANFO and has insufficient weight to initiate the detonation of

said cord creates a pressure front which expands in a cylindrical shape and a gas fireplace into

the ANFO.
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Conclusions

Explosives are used when you can not use mechanical excavation methods and achieve

economic and raised performance terms in the work.

And this is why it is necessary to have a strong knowledge about the types of explosives and

their use in the mining industry and thus improve the process of exploitation of the mine in

which mining operations are conducted.

Bibliography

 https://www.academia.edu/21088359/Explosivos_HISTORIA_DE_LOS_EXPLOSIVOS

 https://blog.structuralia.com/tipos-de-explosivos

 https://apmine.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/parte-45-130.pdf

 http://oa.upm.es/21848/1/20131007_PERFORACION_Y_VOLADURA.pdf