85 WM 064-1
November 1985, pp. 3064
Voltage Dependence of Composite
Loads in Power Systems
T. Ohyama and A. Watanabe
Tokyo Electric Power Company, Tokyo, Japan
K. Nishimura, Member IEEE, and S. Tsuruta
Toshiba Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
This paper describes the voltage dependence of composite
loads in power systems. A continuous monitoring device as
shown in Fig. 1 has been developed. This device continuously
observes the instantaneous three-phase voltage and current,
transforms the data into digital forms by an A/D convertor,
and stores them in semiconductor memories. When changes
in voltage and/or current exceed the prespecified values in
faulty system condition, the data during and after the fault is
recorded in addition to the pre-fault data. These whole data
are transmitted to a cassette magnetic tape. The devices are
installed on the feeders, each of which is to a residential/
commercial load, to a building load, or to an industrial load.
Monitoring has been conducted for about two years, and a
quantity of data has been accumulated which permits us to
have deep insight into dynamic and static behaviors of
system loads.
Power Response to Voltage Change
Dynamic responses of these typical system loads to
sudden voltage changes have been obtained and compared.
Typical responses to small voltage changes and voltage drops
in faults have been demonstrated in this paper. In both cases,
a residential/commercial, industrial, and building loads show 85 WM 065-8
a remarkable difference in their responses, which can be November 1985, pp. 3074
ascribed to the static and dynamic behaviors of motor loads
included in these system loads.
Evaluation of Load Model Parameters
The parameters of static load model have been evaluated
for three typical system loads from the data obtained in field
measurement. The following model has been employed.
P=KVnP
Q K0 + KnVni
=
(1)
This paper deals with the variations of parameter np in a day
and in a year, and has indicated how the load characteristics
are related to load compositions. It has been shown that the
value of parameter depends largely upon the variation in
working rate of motor loads in a day and in a year.
Relation Between Load Parameters and Compositions
A constructive approach is regarded as one of the possibili¬
ties for evaluating load parameters systematically. This
approach is to synthesize the voltage characteristics of the
composite load from those of load components. The validity
of constructive approach is checked on by comparing synthe¬
sized load parameters with the measured ones. A compara¬
tively good agreement has seen between them although the
synthesized ones have been obtained through rough estima¬
tion of powers consumed by motor loads and the others.
The application of constructive approach to the loads in an
entire system needs a systematic procedure which can be
conducted easily without any serious obstacles in practice.
From a practical point of view, it is desirable to estimate
parameters on various assumptions from presently available
information. In this approach, it is essential to grasp the
relationship between the accuracy of estimation and the
30
extent of assumption.
Three levels of assumption have been employed and the
load parameters obtained on the different assumptions are
compared with the measured ones. This comparison shows
that they are in relatively good agreement in spite of bold
assumptions and indicates the importance of the exact
estimation of working motor loads. The employment of
installed capacity and diversity factor is one of the possibili¬
ties for applying constructive approach in practice. The
procedures in this investigation would not be final but would
offer some guides to implement constructive approach in the
entire system.
Discussers: John F. Szablya and S. Ihara
f-divider |.iL
Isepni [cassette
_oorriuc
udor
ria- magnetic
converter memory tape I
recording
starter
I
AVJVlspedf»cation
Fig. 1. Continuous monitoring device
A Decomposition Approach to
Automated Generation/Transmission
Expansion Planning
M. V. F. Pereira, L. M. V. G. Pinto, S. H. F. Cunha,
and G. C Oliveria
CEPEL-Centro de Pesquisas de Energía Eletrica,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
The objective of long-term expansion planning is to estab¬
lish when and where to build the new facilities (generating
plants, transmission lines) required for an economic and
reliable supply of forecasted load. Cost in this problem
consists of two components.the initial capital cost of
building the equipment and the continuing cost of operating
the system to meet the demands of customers. Because of
uncertainty in load growth as well as plant and line failures
(outages), it is not possible to guarantee that customer
demand will always be met; hence, the standard of service
must be defined in terms of a probabilistic measure of
reliability.
This long-term planning problem naturally decomposes into
two parts: (1) determining the optimal investments in new
system capacity, (2) determining the system operating cost
and supply reliability associated with the construction of this
new capacity. This natural decomposition can be explored by
mathematical decomposition techniques. These techniques
achieve the global optimization of the investment and ex¬
pected operation costs through the iterative solution of
separate investment and operation subproblems. In other
words, the decomposition techniques allow the investment
IEEE Power Engineering Review, November 1985