BREAST CANCER

BREAST CANCER

CANCER:

When mutation take place in genes of cell growth called cancer. In mutation cell divide
multiply in an uncontrolled way.

BREAST CANCER:

The cancer that develop in breast cells are called breast cancer. The breast cancer may produce in
lobules or ducts of breast cancer, lobules produce milk and ducts bring milk from glands to nipple.
Cancer can also occur in fatty tissues or connective tissues. The uncontrolled cells can also invade to
other breast tissues and goes to lymph node under arm.

TYEPS OF BREAST CANCER:

There are many types of breast cancer in which two are main categories

 INVASIVE
 NON INVASIVE

INVASIVE:
The cancer spread from ducts, glands to the other parts are called invasive cancer.

NON INVASIVE
The cancer that does not spread called noninvasive cancer.
 The other main types of cancer are

1. DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU

2. LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU
3. INVASIVE DUCTAL CARCINOMA
4. INVASIVE LOBULAR CARCINOMA
5. PAGET DISEASE OF NIPPLE
6. PHYLLODES OF TUMOR
7. ANGIOSARCOMA

DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU:

The ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are confined in ducts of breast and not invaded to other
parts .DCIS are noninvasive cancer.

LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU:

Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) are is cancer that grows in milk producing gland and it also
not invaded to other tissues.

INVASIVE DUCTAL CARCINOMA:

Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is most common type of breast gland .At first this type of
cancer grows in milk duct and then it invaded to surrounding tissues.

INVASIVE LOBULAR CARCINOMA:

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) first develop in lobules of breast and then invaded to other
tissues.

PAGET DISEASE OF NIPPLE:

This type of cancer firstly grows in nipples of breast .But as it grows, it begins to affect skin of
nipple.

PHYLLODES TUMOR:
This type of cancer grows in connective tissues of breast. Moat of tumors are form but some are
cancerous.

ANGIOSARCOMA:
This type of cancer grows in blood vessels or lymph vessels of breast.
SYMPTOMS OF BREAST CANCER:
In early stages, a tumor may form in breast that can be felt, but actual tumor can be seen by the help
of mammogram. There are many symptoms of breast cancer included these:

 A breast lump may formed in breast

 Pain in breast
 Red, pitted skin of breast
 Unexplained change in shape or size of breast
 Change to appearance of skin
 Tumor may form that felt in breast
 Swelling in breast
 A swelling or lump in under arm
 Inverted nipple
 Nipple discharge other than breast milk
 Bloody fluid discharge from nipple
 Peeling or scaling of nipple of breast

If any of these symptoms show it does not means that female have breast cancer. For example, pain in
breast is due to begins of cyst. If other symptoms shown then must have to check up from doctor.

MALE BREAST CANCER:

Male breast cancer chances is less in males than females, although males have breast tissues as
like females. According to the AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY (ACS) breast cancer is 100 times less
common in white males than in white females and 70 times less common in black man than in black
females.

BREAST CANCER STAGES:

Breast cancer can be divided into different stages based on how large the tumor and how much
it spread. Cancer that have large tumor and invaded into surrounding tissues are at the higher stage
than the cancer that have small tumor. In stages doctors should have to examine:

 Cancer is invasive or noninvasive

 How large the tumor is
 Lymph nodes are involved or not
 Cancer has effect to nearby tissues or organs

Breast cancer have 5 stages: stages 0 to 5

Stage 0 breast cancer:
Stage 0 is DCIS.in this stage tumor is confined and it is not invaded to other tissues or organs.

Stage 1 breast cancer:

 Stage 1A:
The primary tumor is 2 centimeter and this tumor has not affect to other tissues.

 Stage 1B:
Cancer is found in nearby lymph nodes, and may be the tumor is not present in
breast or mat be the tumor present in breast and have size less than 2cm.

Stage 2 breast cancer:

 Stage 2A
The tumor is smaller than 2cm and has spread to 1-3 nearby lymph nodes, or it is
present between 2 or 5 cm.

 Stage 2B
The tumor is between 2 and 5 cm and spread 1-2 cm axillary in lymph nodes.

Stage 3 breast cancer:

 Stage 3A
1. The cancer has spread to 4-9 axillary lymph nodes or has enlarged the internal
mammary lymph nodes, and the primary tumor can be any size.
2. Tumor are greater than 5 cm and has to spread 1-2 cm in axillary lymph nodes
or breastbone nodes.

 Stage 3B
A tumor has invaded the chest wall or skin or may not have invaded up 9 cm.

Stage 4 breast cancer:

Stage 4 breast cancer can have any size of tumor of any size that have spread to lymph
nodes and also to distant organ.

Stage 5 breast cancer:

Stage 4 breast cancer is most dangerous stage, it may leads to death.
DIGNOSIS BREAST CANCER:
If symptoms are caused breast cancer, there are three types of diagnostic test which help to
diagnose cancer:

 Mammogram
 Ultrasound
 Breast biopsy

MAMMOGRAM:
The most common way to see the below surface of breast by imaging test are called Breast
cancer. Many women 40 or older get annual mammogram test. When doctor suspect breast cancer then
then they may request for further test.

Ultrasound:
The breast ULTRASOUND uses sound waves to create picture of deep tissues of breast. The
ultrasound help to distinguish the tumor or cyst.

Breast biopsy:
If doctor suspect the breast cancer they request for mammogram and ultrasound, if cancer does
not diagnose than doctor suggest breast biopsy.

In breast biopsy doctors take a sample from suspicious area of breast. There are several types of breast
biopsy. The doctor may use needle to take out the tissues or they make incision in breast.

BREAST CANCER TREATMENT:

Breast cancer is curable. When doctor diagnose cancer then then start treatment. At first
doctors determine the cancer size, type of cancer, stage and also grade. Surgery is most common
treatment of breast cancer. Many women have additional treatment as like chemotherapy, radiations
and hormonal treatment.

Surgery
Several types of surgery may be used to remove breast cancer, including:

 Lumpectomy
 Mastectomy
 Sentinel node biopsy
 Axillary lymph node dissection
  Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy
LUMPECTOMY:

This procedure remove the tissues of breast cancer and other breast remain intect.

MASTECTOMY:

In this procedure, surgeon remove the one side of breast. In double mastectomy,
both sides of breast removed.

Sentinel node biopsy:

This surgery removed affected lymph nodes that receive drainage from tissues. Then
other lymph nodes are tested if they have no cancer then there is no need to remove other lymph
nodes.

Axillary lymph node dissection:

If lymph nodes are removed in sentinel node biopsy contain cancer cells, then doctor
remove other lymph nodes.

Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy:

Even though breast cancer may be present in only one breast, some women elect to have a
contralateral prophylactic mastectomy. This surgery removes healthy breast to reduce risk of developing
breast cancer again.

RADIATION THERAPY:

With radiation therapy, high powered beams of radiations are used to target cells
to kill the cancer cells. Most radiations treatment used outside of body. In this method a large machine
uses outside of the body.

Advance in treatment of cancer discovered irradiate cancer from inside of the body. This type of cancer
is called BRACHYTHERAPY. To conduct brachytherapy surgeon use seeds or pellets near the tumor of
breast. These seeds stay there for short time and work to destroy the cancer cells.
CHEMOTERAPY:

Chemotherapy is used to destroy the cancer cells. In some cases surgeon prefer to
chemotherapy before surgery because chemotherapy shrink the tumor and then surgery will not need
to be as invasive.

Chemotherapy has many unwanted side effects.

HORMONAL THERAPY:

If the type of breast cancer is sensitive to hormones, than doctor start hormone therapy.
Estrogen and progesterone, two female hormones, can stimulate the growth of breast cancer cells.
Hormone therapy work by blocking the estrogens and progesterone production. This action is slow but it
stops the growth the breast cancer cells.

MEDICATION:
Certain treatments are designed to attack specific abnormalities or mutations with cancer
cells. For example, Herceptin can block the body’s production of the HER2 protein.

HER2 protein helps to breast cancer cells growth, so taking the medication to slow the production of this
protein.

RISK OF BREAST CANCER:

There are many risks of breast cancer that cause large no. of symptoms of breast cancer. Some
risk factors can’t be avoided, as such family history. Other risk factors can avoided such as smoking,
alcohol etc.

The factors that cause breast cancer are following:

 Age
 Drinking alcohol
 Having dense breast tissues
 Gender
 Genes
 Early menstruation
 Giving birth at older age
 Hormone therapy
 Inherited risk
 Late menopause start
  Never being pregnant
 Previous breast cancer

AGE:
The risk of breast cancer increase as age increase. Most invasive breast cancer found in women over
age 55.

DRINKING ALCOHAL:
Drinking alcohol can also increase the chances of breast cancer.

HAVING DENSE BREAST TISSUES:

Having dense breast tissues makes hard to read mammogram, it also lead to breast cancer.

GENDER:
White women have 100 times more chances for breast cancer than men. While black women have
70 times more chances of breast cancer than black men.

GENES:
Women who have the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are more likely to develop breast cancer
women who don’t. Other gene mutations may also affect risk.

EARLY MENSTRUATION:
If first period before age 12, then there’s chances of breast cancer.

GIVING BIRTH AT OLDER AGE:

Women who don’t have first child until after age 35 have an increased risk of breast cancer.

HORMONE THERAPY:
Women who use postmenopausal estrogen and progesterone medications to reduce signs of
menopause symptoms have higher risk of breast cancer.

INHERITED RISK:
If a close female relative has breast cancer, then there’s large no. of chances of breast cancer. This
includes mother, grandmother, sister, or daughter. In fact, the majority of women who develop breast
cancer have no family history.

LATE MENOPAUSE START:

Women who don’t start menopause until after age of 55 have more chances of breast cancer.

NEVER BEING PRAGNANT:

Women who never became pregnant have more chances of breast cancer

PREVIOUS BREAST CANCER:

If someone had breast cancer in one breast then there’s a lot of chances of breast cancer in other
breast.
BREAST CANCER SURVIVAL
Breast cancer survival rates are based on many factors. These factors are type of cancer and stage of
cancer. Other factors are age, gender, genes etc.

The good news for breast cancer is survival of patients are improving.

According to ACS in 1975 survival of breast cancer females was 72.5 percent. Now the cancer survival
rate from 2008 to 2018 is improved by 90 percent.

BREAST CANCER PREVENTION

There is large no. of risks of breast cancer. To avoid from this horrible disease should following
healthy life style, screening and also by taking preventive measures.

 LIFESTYLE:

Lifestyle much more affect the risk of breast cancer. Maintaining the healthy diet and
exercise helps to reduce the chances of breast cancer. Alcohol and other drinks also affect the chances
of breast cancer. However on study found that one drink per day increase the chances of breast cancer.

BREAST CANCER SCREENING:

Having regular mammograms may not prevent breast cancer but it can help to reduce the odds that
will go undetected. ACS provides following recommendations for mammograms:

Women ages 40 to 44:

An annual mammogram is optional.

Women ages 45 to 54:

An annual mammogram is recommended.

Women ages 55 and older:

A mammogram every 1 or 2 years is recommended.
REFRENCES
Cancer.gov/about-cancer/cause-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet

Cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-test-and-early-detection-html

Cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/breast-cancer-facts-and-
figures/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures-2017-2018.pdf

Breastcancer.org/risk/factors

Cancer.org/cancer/risk-and-prevention/breast-cancer-risk-factors-cannot-change.html

Cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/breast-cancer-sign-and-symptoms.html