Simplified Construction ESTIMATE Max B. Fajardo, Jr.Philippines Conpsight 190 » MAX B. FAIARDO, JR. AL Rights Reserved See ‘Beery copy of this book must esr the genuine signature of the futhor. Copies not having the sig future will be deemed to have emt ated from an Heyal saree. PREFACE Estimate has always been regarded as a valuation based on opinion or roughly made from imperfect or incomplete data; 4 calculation not professedly exact; an appralsement; also a statement, as bya bulde, in regard tothe cost of certain work. ‘This book fs intended forthe last definition. As the science of technology advances and the demand for technologists i freases educators, architects, enginoers, contractors, carpen- fers, and other workers in allied fields are becoming more cog- nlzaat of the Importance and value of near accuracy even in estimates, It is at this juncture that the author, in his desire tbe of some help, prepared this edition ae an introductory text to facilitate the studies of beginning students and other interested persons who wish an instant answer to their problems ‘involving cost of construction materala. This book i, by de- sign, an cutline whose purpose ip to guide those persons con- cerned on matters of estimation. Tables and formula have been prepared with the hope that readers or users of the look will find it easy to formulae solutions to their cost problems, tus- trative examples ware included to eerve as Visual aids for more perplexing problems. Since thi iy an Initial attempt on the part of the author slong this line of endeavor, he does not claim thit ths work {s in itself perfect. Tn fact he would welcome suggestion, from those who are better knowledgeable that my further enrich the contents of this book. or the present edition, the author wishes to exprasa grate- fal acknowisdgement for the valvable suggestions of Dean Francisca Guevara of UNEP, Iriga City and Edgar Tuy who read the preliminary of the entire manuscript. The auther like- Wise, wishee to express his indebtedness to the countess per- fons here unnamed, who have contributed to the scientific and ‘experiential background from which this book has been based. 50327‘TABLE OF CONTENTS, CHAPTER { CONCRETE Page 1-1 Plan and Reinforced Concrete ren ; 1-2 Ratimating = 12 8 Units of Measure and Concrete Proportion 1 14 Theoretical Aspect é 2 15 Simplified Methods : ‘ 1= 6 Concrete Slab... 8 = Post and Footing es 8 1— 8 Rectangular Column an 1— 9 Estimate By Meter Length and Area Method 12 ) 1-10 Rectangular Beam iar) 1-11 Combination of Column and Slab 18 | 1212 Gieular Columa 1718 Concrete Pipes 8 CHAPTER 2 MASONRY BLOCKS Hollow Bek 0 = } 1-5 SIMPLIFIED MrmuoDs | 2 ak mer — May fy 20 example: 20, x 30" 0.0) motare Considering the factors of waste affecting the caimate ax enumerated above, from item 1 to item 6, Table 1~ & and Table i 1-4 were prepared as the new formals for the soltion of the ‘Table 1-3 is commenly used by profesional in converting oT ‘inches and fest to meters or vice versa for singlets. i € 1A ‘TABLE. 1-4 CONCRETE PROPORTION 1-6 CONCRETE SLAB ILLUSTRATION 1-3, ‘A concrete slab 6 in. thick has a genera) dimension of 8.10 m, by mm Using Clash "C" misture, find the required cement, sind and gravel SOLUTION: 1, Convert 6 inches to meter SMB (abe 1D 42, Find the volume of the slab 18 x 510 X 9) ~ A275 ch, m. 4. Referring to Table 1-4 using class © mixture Cements 4275 x0 = 2585 bags Sind: O75 <= 24cum, Geevel | 4275 x 1m = 275-cum, ‘Round the result to the next whole number. 1-1 POST AND FOOTING ILLUSTRATION 1-4 ‘A conerete post 4.0m. high witha eros sectional dimension ct 1) 12 Hn, in peoting on a concrete footing 8 in. thick by 22 Square, if Glass B mixture is specfleg, fine the quantity of ‘coment sand and grave. 10 Con Mite Oem Gil, Ft [] os : FT] Kacos| : AA ae so 10. A ut a0 0 to 8 Ks To » 10 cise 60 ry FIGURE 1-3 SOLUTION 1. Convert messurements to meter i ee) wy Kee Table 1-3) we” ws 2. Find the volume of the footing ams w= a cam 2. Volume of post x wa = 0 cum 4. Total of 2 and 5. AaB cx 5. Referring to Table 1-4 Cements 4a 7 = 2908 any 3 bags Sed; a x so = aiecu m, Grave: 8 x 19) > ave m ILLUSTRATION 1-5 ‘Aman wishes to constract a smal store measuring 30 by 4.00 raeters infront of is retdenee. Belng temporary in naluce fevplanwed to construct the thed out of lumbec.-‘The foundation tf the woocen post i to be made of concrete. ‘The plan shows ‘hat four footings are eulitent for small store. Find the umber of bags et cement and the quantity of and and gravel ecessary to sale the foundation end lor sab, thick winglass A and C minture respectively, FIGURE 1-4 SOLUTION, 1. Find the volume of A, ve Wx wt 0 — seam, 2. Volume of footing base B Visas x ao x 50 = £96.00, m. ‘Tolal vohime em 4. Total volume for 4 footings ae Sr exbie meter 4. Retering to Table 1-4 Cements 62560 = S37 bap Send: 62 X'S) 3¥cu'm, Gravel: Sk 19 > Sen me 5, Concrete Sind Area = 30 400 = 1249, m, tinue the area oscupied by the fotines 490s = Seam. net sith crea = i200 — 95 = nist ‘Volume = MS x 0 = 144 cum 6 Referring to Table 1-4 | Using Cless C concrete mixture for the slab ‘hen mally Cement: 1181 * 600 — 6994 bees Sand LIM x 3) > se eum Gravel: LI * 1 > 46h ex a 0 Cement: 532 4 6508 ~ 1235 bags Sind: 32} “36 > Siem, Grave: et ‘om 21a cx m 1-8 RECTANGULAR COLUMN, ILLUSTRATION 1-6 AA veris of 8 conroto columns with eross.cectiona dimension of 16 X20 inches ie supporting a girder, each having ® cleat bight of Soometersind the quantity of cement in bag, sand fod gravel in cube meters van class "B mixture, SOLUTION: 1. ind the valome of one cola Vs ar x 50) = 10 cum 2 ind the total volume of the 6 columns Torx 8 = 800 cum 5, metering to Table 1-4 Cement! 80 x 20 = Bb bass Send 80% = 49cm. Gravel: BOAO = G0 eumalse, The rounding of the numbers by subtracting the decimal portion thereat, ln justied by increasing ther corresponding ‘alues in Table 1-4 Thereby, adopting numbers which are eany ‘to memorise, An example ofthis isthe valun of 1 inches, which in Table 1-2 is equivalent to 4004 meter, while Table 1-3 giver ts the exact value of 40 meter. hls diference hed been con- sidered tm adjusting the value on Table 1-4 to those in Table 1-1 for cgment, sand and grave Cone important thing that should be remembered in the eon vernon of inches to meter is thet the value of 4 inches is equal to 40 m. and 2 inches ia 05 meter. Other length can be easily remembered and converted using the above x the fundamental cr busi equivalent, 1-9 ESTIMATE BY METER LENGTH AND AREA METHOD Simpliying furtber our eainate procedure, Table 1-5 and ‘Table 1-6 on pages 15 and 18 were prepared fo give an instant result of the desired quantity In two or three steps, thus, min fnising the percentage of error resulting from longer process ff computation, This is called “The meter length and Area Metnod.” 1-10 RECTANGULAR BEAM ILLUSTRATION 1-1 ‘A conerste beam with a cross-sectional dimension of 18 by tz incbes ts a clear apan of 12 meters, the plen shows that there are & pieces of this size and speity the uie of Cass “A” tmistore, Find the required cement in bags, sand and gravel cable meters 2 =e aaa FIGURE 1-6 SOLUTION: 1, Find the total length of the bear 12x = 96 meters 2, From Table 1-5 for a 16°» 22" beam, ‘Coment, 95 * 1700"~ 16896 bars Send: 98 x "Ald = 2088 eo: Gravel: 98x RV= ileum, ILLUSTRATION 1-8 ‘4.6 inches concrete pavement $00 m. Wide and 62.00 m.Jong. soecity class "B” concrete, Find the needed coment, sand aad ravel SOLUTION: 1. Aten of pavement Seo"e 00 = at sq.m 1-11 COMBINATION OF COLUMN AND SLAB ILLUSTRATION 1-9 ‘Az «10° m, concrete column has a clear heleht of 800m. »from its footing slab, 5 ati inches tice by | anand gravel if thore are ( Ginssariiature. | Ee FIGURE 1-7 { SOLUTION: 1, Find the total length of the six columns Bx G= i meters 2. Refering to ‘Table 1-5 using Class A mixture for a Ie x 1 column Cement: 48x 840 = 4032 bage Send $0 x 065 — 289 en m, Gravel: & x 1te0 = Stew: me 8. Pind the cron of the footing slab 130 12) = 1A 35. m 4. Total aren for 6 footings LAE Bet sq. 5. Referring to Table 1-6 for 4 10 in, this, Class “A” ‘inte Cement: 964 x 249 = 17.28 bags Sand 8603 85 — Lon eum, Gravel: etx 259 216 cum, 4, Find the total of Step 2.8 5 Cement: 032 + 1728 516 bags Send: 252 Lob 36 cum, Gravel: So 4 210> 120 cum u en TABLE 1- QUANTITY. OF CELE, SAND AND. GRAVEL Sizes Tn aches ex 6 ex 5| 6 x10 | 200 6x2] 30 0480 ex | amo ‘as25 ox 8 | eo 200 sx 6 | ao 400 8 x10 | loo 500 sx | 40 0300 xu | G0 roo a xis | a. 800 wo x10 | so | ass | coms | ones x 600 omso | 0730 x 70 uns | oes x 00 ‘ston | tooo x 0 ‘osmes | nes x 1000 sus | 1860 x 700 4500 | 0000 x 0 asi | 109 x 0 mono | 200 x 1.080 ‘sso | “aso x 1200) wn | 800 ux 80 06125) Ras «x 7000 | 400 Mx oars | sts ox ‘mts | 9 ux sees | eas Mx 10500 | ‘3100 ve1-12 CIRCULAR COLUMN siya, PRS BT cet | cree Is ea Res Keum) Comm.) oe a ruutsreamo 110 ee a ee EERE 5 ee Ae Ny cs eacclnienen ee sa ee an ee ca eee ee a er ‘vel required using Class “A” mixture jf there are $ columns: ae ie ee 1S ce ne on Pe State ost tots can Sa ee) eae ise a) | es } 1 x 22 1980 173051288 ma15. L a otc 4s ne ee i ae i mx 2 2300 19250 135 5750 * siya: ile eis | Se a ae abe Apter gue ae)) | Sen ee ee a IOURE 1-4 sox 7s Poe ee "at tam | Goss reanonete “ 2 pee. 2 _ Fae] = = a 2. Solve for the volume of one column i ae ee ae conte oe 23 i |e oe ee ee le at ole Se ee Ta eh {5S Gate oe ewe - — _ i opal me Cement: 848 x 8 = 6784 bags eo ae as sot eats 12.4 2. = Sa SB ips take 12005 a Sal : Ss a ae Terie nse PG acetone we i ”‘of Table 1-7, where quantity of coment, sand and sravel per iter length is given at specified diameter. ‘TABLE 1-7 CIRCULAR COLUMN SOLUTION, i 1. Total length of eokumn Goo x 5 8) meters 2, Referring to Table 1-7 ete cere groom i See | tot CONRETE PIPES Hr 100 . Send | Grave ee t rn = | = | = | = ee ee ee i) w > | S13 08 86 i ites | mm | 3 tm | up |. jm iia 2 is i oe a6 f a wo) ie | | & Hy im | im | ia 28 I 2 te | im | le = 1 a 207 | 2.686 ie 8 i » is | im | a a Solving the above problem using Table 1-2. om TABLE 1-8 CONCRETE PIPES Diameter ‘Misture Class T ae, haa z Benen eomsh inches [Chaar tee] Senn | nd 2) ae: | ae ae | a 22] = | mo mm | oe m3) oe | a | om 2 3 | se | se oo | one wos | mm we | an wa) oe | oe ‘mee | m3 | im | se ws | a 4] um | iso a0 | 30 m4 | tm | to mm | “pe a 4 | 2me | iz a | 2 4 | 2m | 1a ae | oe = 4 | 2x6 | isn aa | a 3 4 | ose | aan an | ou o 4 | are | ae a | 6 e@ 5 | am | 200 a0 | ix @ 5 | sie | sae no | se ILLUSTRATION 1-11 AA roud construction requires 7 pleces conerste pipes eich ameter tr aanage purse Paprt he Bh Nutri fer te mame teen soy ng Bas concrete minture (See Figure 1-10) SOLUTION: 1. Flog the grone volume of the pies where D = 4" (LID mn) Vans x ate Le a ant x Gam * 18 2 Find the volume of the bel, (4 = 0)vn omss = 90 1.00 v= 96cm 2 3, Subtract the result of Step 2 trom 1 to set the net yolume af the concrete Se a em 4, Find the total volume of 7 pipes Sux T= 28cm 5: Referting to Table 1-4 Gomcnts 2198 x 89 = 1258 bags Send: 248 x 50 = Lo8 cum Ginvel: 28 10 = 2198 eum. ANOTHER SOLUTION using Table 1-9 1. Pipe hole dlameter = 36 thes 2 Number of pipes = 7 pieces 3 Referring to Table 1-8 using Class “A minture ‘Cement; 4 2515 = 1758 begs Sand; 7X st = 149 ex. Gravel: 7x 3M = 2108 cu. m. 4 steed bars 1) Temp, bar = 10 inches oc. 1. Bint the circumference of tho cree at mid-point of 2, A 6 inebes splicing {255 4 6 ~ 15155 say 182 inches the foia length of ope ri. 4. Find the number of ring at 8 160 nt 20 (8) ~ 5 spacing fd 1 ta get the tid no. ing = 6 pes. ‘Temperature bars at 10" 9 equals the circumference sid by the soaclog 1566 + 10” = 1256 aay 13 pes, . 5. Find the total cut bars far 7 concrete pipes Rings 6x a 4 pen at re ‘The total temperature bars required at 49" is ML pes, for ‘which Ot ‘Could be derived from the exces of 100 after cuting Tae" trom one bar length 1 wil be noted again that 2 pes, at 29° extra cut (rom 106° wit be more then enough fo cover up the 7 pes. temperature ar blsnee including spliced joints, “Therefore, he {otal frder wil be 2 pes "4 29" bars TE WIRE 1 Number of ring times the number of temperatire a Gas les Sollee per ring: 6% 2— 12 tie ‘nebartith apices Tx 2 4 tes ‘Total no. of tles/pipe 104 pes ‘Total ties for T pies: 101 7 — 7 ‘Multiply by length of one tie at 25 m. ra 35 ~ 1B meters Convert to kilogram: 12 ¢ 5S = S40 ba.Note: Relaforcement and tie wires are thoroughly explained {9 3 curren 2 MASONRY BLOCKS 2-1 HOLLOW BLOCKS Hollow blocks are clsstied as bearing and non bearing blocks, Load bearing block are Mocks whose thickness range toe 6 $0 inches or more and are used to earzy loud ide from ite own weight While nonload bearing blocks are Backs which are in- tended for walls, partitions, fenees or dividers earring its own, ‘woth lane whoso thickness renges from 2 to 4 inches, 22 CELLS, Hollow Blocks usually nave three whole cells and two one nl cli at bath ends having a total of four. These celle vary in alzes at there are ditfrent. manufactorers using. different ‘moulds There are square, rectangulas, circular and litical orms, ‘The small ells consume loasor mortar filler while Biggercells requires more. The small cells is more economical oat the bigger cell ic stronger. The nonuniformity of the sizes of cells vill affect adversely the computation. For the purpose of accu racy therefore in estimates, it is preferred that te block ‘which ng the bigger cel be adopted. ‘An estimate is cad to be good and accurate ony after the rojct is completed. A good estimate does not end alter carol campulatoe. Tt should continue and include the super son until after the project is fully completed, since jn the com: pilation the weight and measure of every item to be used in ‘the project {2 talon into consideration, Moreover, a smell neg Jeet and a percentage of error inthis welght and measure during the execation of the work will ultimately result In big gap Detween the actual cot and the estimates. Enumerated below sre the causes that contribute to the fallre of the estimates 1. Ingecurate measure of aggregate minture for block laying. 2. Insccarate volume content of the Box being uned In the conatretion, Addit of cement by workers to mixed mortar not ap- piled of used In due time causing over exposure of the mixture 4, Waste during the installation of hollow blocks and extra mature of mortar inthe afternoon after wording hours which ‘usually are dumped in a certain commer of the construction site, ‘These are often considered very minor causes, hence, simply ‘overlooked tat summing up for the month's work, the result i surprisingly ueyond expectation in affecting erestly the esi. rates, ‘there are twa methods presented in this chapter on how to determine the quantity of hollow blocs, coment and sand sing ‘Table 2-1 to Tablo 2-4 for easy and instant result, ‘TABLE 2-1 HOLLOW BLOCKS, MORTAR, FILLER AND PLASTER, FH | Nos Por [Col Vol Pr st aero test | "Sq. | Top | Thre | Four | One | Two. Te | aise | Gate | ate | Cate | ose | Face exe | as | ons | ms | moo | ons | oo xa | as | oom | coms | t06 | ‘ons | tos exe | 25 | cots | ome | om | ‘cos | ‘so “+ Plaster volume per square metor = O18 eu, m. ILLUSTRATION 2-1 ind the number of for the construction of fixe wall 800 m, High a X #7 % 16” concrete hollow backs 2.0 mo 49 FIGURE 2-2FIRST SOLUTION: 1 The aren of one block (ide) im meter A= 2x 4 (rable 1-3) oan 2 Ares of the wall A= Bm x IM = 20, 59. m, 4 Divide the area of the wall by the area of one Hock 0 C= 3400 placer SECOND SOLUTION: 1. Find the area of the wall ‘00 = 2000 = 20 gm 2 Referring to Table 2-1, there are 125 pieces of CHE per sq. me therefor, 20 x 125 = 3000 places In computing forthe quantity of Hocks the thickness ie not Included, we only consider tho area of one face called the e- Feetive coverage per Back Figure 2-3 shows that 12% hollow blocks Installed i ey: valent to 1 sq.m. In illustration 2-1 it will be noted thatthe Fequlred number of pieces can easly bo fount in 2 steps by multiplying the area by the given factor trom Table 2-1 BL, FIGURE 2-3 (Questions might be raised on the additions! area coverage of the mortar. As shown on ihstetion above (Figure 2-3), the thickness of the mortar is about % to ¥ of an inch, will ot this mortar thickness make a big liference a2 the sree of the work increases? Such questions have been considered under the folowing sssumptions: 1, That the manofactarer ad already subtracted 4 to ‘Gof an inch from the height and length of every block 2% That the conversion from the English to the. Metric measure of 8” to 20 m. and 16° to 40m. makes @ block shorter about 3g) ILLUSTRATION 2.2 Let it be required to find the number of 4° allow backs needed for the wore as shown on Figure 2-4, Blocks are sup ported ty 8x8 in, concrete post,| . | | SOLUTION: 1 Bind the area of the wall 12 X20) = 96 sqm, 2. Find the area occupied by the post x T= 6 m x 30m, ht = io og. 2 Sublraet 2 trom 1 18 = 2 sq, m, (net ares) 4, Prom Table 2-1 Ma % 125 = A275 say 428 pos, Computing the materials for posts, refer to Chapter 1, where been thoroughly discusted and fusteated, On prob- thi lems of fnaing the quattity of blocks whore the ares ho an pening say, doors and windows, the procedure = tbe same, ty finding the grass area of the wall then subiracting te area of the opening, the resut is the net ares, then refer to Table z ILLUSTRATION 2-3 In figure 2-5, find the number of 6 Inches conerete hollow FIGURE 2-5 SOLUTION: 4. Find the grace area A= 500% 390 = 1150 09, m. 2, Area of the opening A= 160 x 250 = 400 2am 2, Sublract the retlt of 2 from 1 199 — ap = 128) not aren 4 Reerving to Table 2-1 135) 2 1250 = 16875 say 169 pes. 2-2 CHB -MORTAR AND PLASTER A mixture of cement, sand and water used between blocks. bricks, stones or as a plaster. In Table 21 the ylume of the falls are given indding the volume of the plater per Block. Tit ‘Table le astorpanied by Table 2-2: 2-3 and 2-¢ in com puting the mortar and plaster. ‘TADLE 2-2 MORTAR FOR BLOCK LAYING = Valana of Mertor Per tock Soe lc Cube Mtr eure ones exe xe 0 ‘TABLE 2-9. MORTAR MIXTURE Claw ‘Micine | Come ‘Sm a 12 ie pe a. B 13 mas ee oi ce aa 8 19TABLE 2-4 PLASTER MIXTURE 5, Total volime of 3 & 4 = 183 cu. m, Cement time | Sond 8 efersing to Table 2-3 ala hia alae) fam) 12x 153 = 1835 coment 4 12 00 0 10 Lo x 153 = 153 cu, m, sand 2 18 oo ao 10 1. Find the plaster volume (ee Table 2-1) et He Me sy si ‘Dw faces, 00 > 2250 = G75 ct, ILLUSTRATION 2-4 4, Reiering to Table 2-4 using Class “3 Cement: 675 x 6 = 4080 baat Let it bo reguied to consimict a fence 3 meters high, rmeters long vith 6” 3 8" x 16° CH ing case ‘ind plaster mixture Time: 675 X°6 = $050 bogs "mortar Sind | 635 x1 G5 cam, Sammary of the materials from the shore computation coment: 186 + 48 = 2061 bags ry, Lime = 5) bees 05 Sind | 183+ 615 = 26 eum, ‘tae plaster volume can algo be computed by. the square rotor method ting Table 2-1. Taking. the above problem where the area of the al 1 180 sqm, the result wil be: Se 1 og. m= 281 cum ‘This volume is only (or one face of the mall. Now get the FIGURE 2-6 volume of plaster of the other face: 3.184% 2 = G78 cu. m tind to gat the quantity af coment, ie and sand, refer to'Ts be 2-4 SOLUTION: 1 Find the area of the wall A= 3m x © = 10 sm Cement; 626% 6 = A086 Doge Lime: 816 x § = 4058 bogs 2. Refersing to Table 2-1 X10 = 69% cu Ip % 125 = 2250 pieces Sand: 816 x 19 = 61 8. Find the mortar yolume Table 2-2) 408 235 = 18 cm. CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS FOOTING 4 Morar for 4 celle (Table 2-1) ‘Concrete bellow Bock foundalon is alld wa) fotng. Fe 0 x 225 = 188 cx m eure 2-7 shows that the cross-sectional form where thickress aa ‘and width vary, Table 2-5 gives us the quantity of cament, it gravel per moter length at a given clase of migtare, ou | ao | ame | omax & i | fo | Soom | tom | om $8) 8 Se) Be) ee $5 Sem | ame | oe 2 | so | sem | oom $8 | oo | Simo | io 8 2 | bm fom | tom | tomo 5% de bamo | “too | ino Solving now the foting for the problems of illustration 24 Figure 2-6 when t'= 6 a, and width = 29 inches, Using clase 2B mlsure, then 2 FIRST SOLUTION: ‘Total length of the wall = 60 meters From Table 2-5: Coment: x £250 = 3150 bags Send: © x O75 = 25cu me Gravel: @ X 150 = 450cu. m, ‘SECOND SOLUTION: Find the volume of the footing in eum. ve bx 9 x om, = 49m Referring to Table 1-4 wing Class “B” mixture: Cement: 45. X 7 = 3150 bags Sind 245 x 5 = 2Ben m Gravel : 45 x 10 = 40cm 2-5 ADOBE STONE ‘Tue use of adabe stone for buttresses, cros-toting, fence and state elminate the ute of mortar fil for cell asin thal of hollow tucks, What will only be considered in tho eetimats the quantity of adabe stone, the mortar and the plastering if the pan calle forthe lator. Table 2-6 tacllitaes the com Dutation in finding the number of piecee of adobo stone, the ‘iment and sind equred at a given mixture. Mortar for adobe stone ig computed at an average of one: ateinen thik, To delermine the quantity of cement and sand for adobe smarter iter finding the number of stone, multiply thls numberby the factor given on Table 2-7 corresponding to the kindof ‘aos and mixtarco required, TABLE 2-6 ADOBE BUTTRESS Ftied | ‘amier of Sse pr creanseeton mae | Fet Toy fr Bure | Come | Height | aaghr | S0- Meter Wexse foe lite @ mx | 3s | w | 6 2 mx} 4 | um | 8 2 oxo) 5 | ».| 0 2 ox | 6 | «|» a Stock pot perm, run ‘obo stair — 24 pesper sqm. TABLE 2-1 MORTAR FOR ADOBE, STONE. Bea ‘Cement per Se ao + te = ae or 0 Wall swoes | 0135 ‘cous Bates wos | 70 onaes0 Exam Supposing tht after determining the number o stone for wall, there are 50 pieces, referring to Table 2-7 using B misture, the mortar will be: Cement: 560 x Ou = 675 bees Send; 500% 095 = H6 cum, 2-1 ADOBE PLASTER ‘At an average of onesalt Inch thlek plaster, Table 2-8 sive the quantity of coment, and sand per sone, ‘TABLE 2-8 ADOBE PLASTER ESTIMATING PROCEDURE 1. ‘To ting the number of stone of a wall, slve for the area ten multiply 7 12, 2, To tind the number of stone for cross.foting, salve for the perimeter then stil) by 6 4 For buttresse, fad the total length, den multpy bythe factor corerponding to the size found in Table 2-6 4. For Mortan, reer to Table 2-1 ILLUSTRATION 2-5 From the Figure 2-8, find the materials needed for: () wall (2) buttresses (2) croes-footing mortar.mx 250m. = 50 sqm b) Find the area occupied by the buttresses Bx 6 = 20 210 x 250 (ot. of buttresses) = 525 sa. me. ‘) Sabtracts from to find the wall net area S325 = 475 99. 4) Find the number of stone dS X12 = S50 pes, (Table 2-8) 2. tresses 4) Find the tota length of the buttresses 250% 6 post. = 15 meters 1) Find the (otal number of stone 18m. x 12 = 180 pes, (Table 2-6) 3. Cress-Footing 44) Pind the total wall Jongth = 20 m ) Find the number of stone BX 6 = 190 pea, (Table 2-6) 4, Mortar wing Class “A” mixture (Com Table 2-7) ) wall: Cement: S57 x 905 = 10874 bags Send: SX 011 = 04 cum 1) butreses coment: 199% 0S = 73. bags Sand: 100 x 25 = 45 cum. ©) Cross footing Cement: 19 X Dt = 365 bags Sind: 1X 0B = 2669, m, @ Plastering of 2 sides using Claas “A” misture Cement: 597 x O10 = 1832. bags Sond: Si x an? = 913m, SUMMARY. ‘Adobe Stone: ST ples Cement: 38.144 bats Sed: 215 om Addon of 3 to 5 percent allowance for waste and beeukare 1s sallatectory. ‘TABLE 2-9 MISCELLANEOUS BRICKS AND STONE ces [Lt Merk tos Se ‘The sles given In this table exclude the thickness of the stone since it has no participation in the computation in deter mining the guanlity requlred, The cslimsting procedure 9 the Same an that of hollow blocks or adobe stone. 22-8 DECORATIVE BLOCKS Dearie ack deo of eer comes ey wy szad Yor ventlatinn tnd Gorse proves Alto tere Toe frees umber fpr tnd eng vate = Sis ay few wee roel ain Fie 4-8 te tone Epriyott Si pula Sl ney eet ieee ee COO eee ee Yin thick using class A mixture, CO ‘TABLE 2-10 DECORATIVE BLOCKS! i ima | eg, | om ae ay x BH x Ma “ooueso oom Perea ia «| wr. | cam Pee al Mae aay Lae Ba lesew|\o Pani || oa | a nes Peels see eae | ue on PRO 4 Oc. | aoe | on ST Ces Metis | ns ccs oo ieee | ak i I tee |" son 4x 0 135 | come | cons mowed Sastre 2s oe Se ots Me Se ar, ACEMACO BROCHURE.Taxa ia) [at [cra Roa BS BSSIESS ESS oO EH ESea PERSIAN ann sore ior FiguRE 2-10 ~ REINFORCEMENT 3-1 CHB REINFORCEMENT Stee) reinforcing bar is essential im the conatrction, par- ticularly in the Meeklaying of the conerste hallow blocks. The ses of the steel bars commonly used are fom 39, 14° ‘to %"§ depending upon the plan and specifications, ‘The ques- tion of how and why such dimension is speited isnot within the scope of thi estimate for such question can be snamersd by another tonic called structural design, Estimating is only determining the quantity, as tothe length and number of bara nooded inthe constrction, Number of bars refers to the 2) 25 and 30 feet length of commercial bar. ‘The problens encountered in nding the quantity ané au: ber of steal bars to be used in the construction are: 4, Determining the total spicing of joints for vertical and horn reinforcement. 2. The number of vertical and horiaontal bars at a gen spacing of interrupled area cr span 4 Provisions for bending nd book. a4, The quantity of te wire needed in kilogram, 5, The diret counting method of the vertical and horizons reinforcing bara adding the slice, hook and bending allowances, plus the number of ties is t20 confusing snd complicated an spproseh. Table 31 gives uz the length of steel bars in feet per hollow Hock installed at specie distances of vertisl and horizontal bars. The values given in thls Table includes the audaitionl length for hook bending and spicing of the reinforce rent. TABLE 3-1 CHB, REINFONCHMENT Spacing of Vocal “vat of Bor ret por Bers fe Inches Bike ct = 9.000 * S eas a a0 seco ort Bars vay 2 byes 2 9000 3 a ox 4 on 5500 5 a 500 How to use this Table consider the fllosing problem: ILLUSTRATION 9-1 For a concrete wall made of 6” X 8° x 18° CHB, measur- ing 400 m, from the footing by 5.00 meters span, using steal relnforcement with vertical bars apaced at 32° oc and © horizontal bar after every 3 layers, determine the namber of 2 fect tee! bars required. FIRST SOLUTION: 1, Find the number of hollow blocks A= 00x 600'= Dag m xX RS = opens x a x 16" 2, Referring to Table 3-1 Vertical Bars: 250 xX 40 = 100 ft Horizontal Bars: 250 XSI = 25 ft 3 Add 1&2 1 + ig = ams te 4 Convert to 20 fet sti bars, commercial length 213 + 2 = Id then, otder: 12 pes—3"4 x 2 atel bars SECOND SOLUTION: (using Table 2-1) 1. Find the area of the wall in sa. meter 40-% 500 = 2 com, 2. Vertea) Bars: 59. x 90 = 10. 8. Horizontal wars: 6305 x 9) = IMs Total ms 4. Convert to 29, bar WIS + % = MA sty 12 pes, 3-2 CH REINFORCEMENT TIE WIRE Gauge No. 16 tie wire is commonly ued in the constric: tion in tying the steel bars intersection and pliing joins, ‘Tho length of each tie wie depends won the sats of steel bars o be ted, but in this partislar reinforcement where 544 of 144 steel bars are being used, 2 0° to 12" wire folded a the canter has an effective teength of 5 to 6” which ix eatsfactory, Table 3-2 gives the number of kilos of tle wire per square meter of given vertical and horizontal tar spacing. TABLE 3-2 KILOS OF NO. 16 Gi. WIRE PER SQUARE ‘METER, Verte Foriontat oe per Spacing |_ every after Layer Sher ee oral 2 a i 3 | so | ‘ | ee oe 2 = 2 3 ‘180 2 4 ne 2 2 cy 2 3 so 2 4 ‘08 ing needs steal bars ‘Adopting the problem in dissration 3-1, the folowing data Is obtained Vertical bar spacing = 52 inches Horizontal ber apecing = 2¢" @ layers) ‘Area of the wal sqm. Reinforcement 4 Referring fo Table 3-2: 2 sqm X M0 = 2 dios 2-2 INDEPENDENT COLUMN FOOTING REINFORCEMENT timating the reinforcement for an independent cara fost careful anys taking into account the olloving 1 Know the dlmensions of the length, with and thickness of ‘the foting D. 2 Remember thst the protective covering of concrete to Tunderground should not be leas than 3 inches thick 4. The length of the noc should be accounted for, 4. Know the distances of ste bars both ways, 5. Compute the total mumber of cut-bars, then eanvort (0 ‘the commercial fength ot 21, 25 or 30 feet Various problems of computing ste reinforcement wil be ‘ocountered in the estimate as measurement varies The iat portant thing to know is the principle at procedure in deter= mining the quantity and how to convert it to the commercial Tength of seo) bar,The "Direct Counting method jn comput: Jing for independent colamm reinfosement is the most aevarate so far HALUSTRATION 3-2 rom Figure $1, find the number of 44° ste bars re ‘quired if thre are five footings with a general dimension of‘SOLUTION: Step 1. Net lengtb of one bar in the footing 15) — 15 = 135 meters (CS ig the protective covering) Stop 2 Total number of bars in 1 foting 1x2 = 0 pee Stop 3 Tota) no, of bare for 5 footings mx 5 = 120 pes, Step 4 Find theno. of 135 mbar in 20 or 640m, commercial bar length. 60 + 125 = 44 pe, ‘Te fractional valve of 4 will mot be included in the ‘ompataton, instead, zo the whole value of 40 Step 5, Divide the reult in step 3 by 4 100 $4 = BS or pee ‘The common error commited in estimating stool bars ie itutrated belo. ‘Uning the same dat ven above: L The net length of one bar is 135 m 2 Total number of tary in one footing ax 2 = 2 pieces Tao total numberof ars for § fotines BX 5 = Im pes 4. The tote) length of bara in meter 1 x 135 = 15 m. 5. Converting this to the commercial bar length, 155 + 600m = 225 poe, Comparing the roslts of the two procedures as slustrated bore, the difereace of the result whieh i 325 pes. atel bars will greatly affect the summtry of the estimate, considering this as only one item of the construction work, The second procedure ib alto correct provided that in dividing the com mercial length of sta] bars by the length of one reinforcement as of step 4, the quolient mast yleld an integer or whle tum Der. On the contrary, if the quotient Is a fractions amount the second procedure will not give a correct answer. Remem- ‘er that a fractional value in tho estimate, will one way or another, greatly affect the Sina) result ustrated below is » problem where the second procedure apple, Teagan FIGURE 3-2SOLUTION: 4. ind the pet leath of 1 reinforeine bar 00 + 20 = 120 2. Tota) bare in one footing 6X2 = 1 pieces 4, Total reinforcing bars for 30 footings 12 x 2) = BD pieces 4. Total length of the bars 20% 12 = 288 meters 5. Divide the above result by 6.00 m, to find the number Solving the some problem by tho first procedure, wil yield 1, Net length of 1 reiforcing bar = 1.20 2, Tota bare in one footing x 2m 12 pee 23. Total bara for 20 footings 12x M = BM pes, 4. Divide the length of one commercial tar by the net length of one reinforcing bar 600 + 12 = § pieces ‘This shows that five pleces ot 1.29 meter jong reinforcing tar cam be taken from one 20 ft or 6a m, steel bar, ten; 5, Divide the tote) number of reinforcing bars by 5, to fot the number of 0 tt bare to be ordered. HO + 5 = M8 pieces ‘The protem now is when t use the fest procedure and when to use the second procedure. In determining alone what pro- cedure to adopt Js an additional burden, in order to avoid such confusion, the frst procedure is preferable to the steond,, How: fever, for the satisfaction of the question, when? the following rules will help in mating the proper choice: 1 Determine the net length of one reinforcement. (a meter) Divide 600 m, length of one ber ty the resus of step 1 3. 16 the sesult is a whole number ute the second pro- wre 1 the result ie a fractional value, wie the fest pro. ature ‘To find the number of wires in ellogram required forthe latter problem, the following steps should be followed 1, Find the tolal number of bar intersections in one fctng Soe = 96 tos 1, Solve for the total tes for 20 footings, ae m= 0 tes ing 307 (25 m) length per te, 3.0 a 2s = Ih meters,4. One kloof No. 18 G.L wire is proximately 51 meters, Divide: 100 + 8) = 24 My GL, wire 3-4 COLUMN, POST AND BEAM REINFORCEMENT ‘The methods adopted in ostimating the reinforcement for ‘slum, past and beam are by direct counting on case to case Desi, while the number and leagtn of sitel bare are indicated fad shown on plans, yet problems are enctontered due to the felowing 1 For columns ar posts: 5) end at the end ot mars 1) splicing of joints 2. Por beams: 2) hook at end of bass ) bending Additonal bara for postive or negative bending All thece contrbuto to the problem of estimating, but con fusion ean be overcome by systomatic approach, Systematic in the sense that concentration is done by estimating the ma: terials for one member-eight or span, the, multiply the re salt by the total number of the same design or estesery. Reminder in detormining the sto) reinforcement of eolums: 1. The length should Include the end.bend at the footing 2, Verify the plan if the height indicates Fem floor te floor ‘or from floor to collng, should it be the later, edd the thick ress or depth from celing to the top flor. 3. The length from footing to finished floor fine is some: times neglected 4, Verity the length of the splicing and add to each tar 5. Adjust the length to the commercial length of bars from either choice of 6 75 0r 9 meters 6. Lateral tes are to be dicusied in Section $5 of this Chapter in deal, Inluding tne We wire re eq a) Sane) Lee [reser FIGURE 3-3 Guide list for estimating stool reinforcement for beams and sarders: 1, Verity the apan of the column where the Beam is t rest whether the measurement fs center to center, center to cuter ‘ide, or auter to outer slde ofthe column. ‘This condition might tect the order length 2. Verity the pottion of tho relnforeement splicing I i ls djused othe eommerlal length of bars, 4 Add the length of the end hook and oF the hypotencous excess length of bend ars.4. Count the number of adetions| cut reinforcing bers and determine the total number of steel bars adopting procedure 1 of Section 2-3 of this chapter, 5, Exceat length of ste] bars after satistying the splice specification shoud be disregarded mementarily in the compu: tation, only to be accounted for in other pars of the construc: ‘on as thelr Jength warrants 6, Suirupe are diseased in Sec. 3-6 of this chagter in ast 2-5 LATERAL THES ‘Lateral ties has a minimum dlameler of %° spaced apart ot over 16 reinforcing bar diameter, 8 lateral tes diameter or the lest dlameler of the colums. got re e we cums 34 ‘The beals in determining the lateral ties perimeter is the rose sectional dimension of given column, Steel rinforee- rent has 1% coocrele protective covering that surrounds the lateral ties (See Pig. 20. One consideration in finding the Jength of one lateral te i the provislon of 1 hook at both fends for which two inches shall be adopted, ILLUSTRATION 2-3 ‘A building hag a aeres of 15 square columas with a cross fectional dimensions of 10 by 10 Inches exch wilh 9 net height ‘of Tm, from the footing. Find the number of M'"4 > 20" bars requed for makiag the lateral ties spaced at 25 m. ac. SOLUTION: 1. Salve for the net length of etch Ineral ties Tx t= Bb inches 2 A804 chen forthe hook Bt t= 2 inches 3, Determine how many 52" could bo derived trom a 29 ft. ste! bar: 20 f= 20 inches 4. Divide; 0 + 22 = 25 pes. 5.38 wil be noted that the 5 frctionl value is only ‘esivalnt te 16 in, Jog which ie an excess from each ‘eel bar aller euling seven pices at 32 inches ene. s6. Pind the tote lateral tes of 2 column: 00 +25 (pacing) = 28 ‘The value of 2 is only the spacing so, add one Aol the exact number of tes por column = 20 8. Total lateral ties for 16 columns 16 x 2 — 40h 8. Find the number of stl bans 4 + 1 = 663 or OF prs 34"9 x 600 m. (see step x0. 5) Solving for te Tie Wire 41. find the total number of tla wie, multinly the ‘number of lateral tles ty 4 MO A = 1856 pen. thes 2 Find the length in meter i one tie is 12 inches 18 x 50 = 87 meters 8 Convert to kilos ST +S (ave) = 1051 Xe say 1 kllos ‘Table 3-3 shows the number of Inerst ties that could be made from a 2 fet stel bars as given under eolun 4, cores ponding to a cutlength of the te in column 3, These values fare useful im determining the number of stel tars neaded to ot the desired total number of ties found in the compuation. ‘lusteation 34 shows how to use this Table TABLE 3-3 LENGTH OF LATERAL TIE AND NUMBER IN ONE. 5-NETER BAR | Tuan af Doewin SB wet "te te Ba | Sao mia we ia eae eres LATERAL TIES SH 8 Spine samt rer SHhriS ie ctepcoien 6" a iehee a teem ea 7 may ey ‘ 610 Teer ne a 515 Tigh aban i an ee Un Pe ty a 5 ‘Teepe cee Tee ‘ 300 sm 9 wo 6 8 2m 9 Fits aah de oo) eae aan ise Sg BH odmmh er Ane ake a a aie aege eee FIGURE 1-6 llILLUSTRATION 3-4 ‘A terion of 20 columns, 8 m. bigh with « ervetcectional dimensions of 10 by 12 inches as shown on Figure 3-6 requires ‘2 34%¢ lateral ties spaced at 10 incbes, oc, find the number of steel bars needed SOLUTION: 1, Solve for the net length of each tie including the end oo WoL Hook Mot + 4 = 36 inenen Refering to Table 3-3: 8" gives 6 pes. per bar 2, Referring to Table 3-3 10" specing has 413 pee. per meter ht, 439-8 = 5% pe, of lateral tes per post 3. Total tos for 20 column BX 2 = et pieces 4, Divide the result of 3 by 6 from Step one 56) + 6 = 110 pen, M9 x 5. To tind the tle wire, multiply the no of Iateral ties by the number of reinforcing bars $60 4 = 2640 pleces 6, Find the total length of wire in meters 200 x 3) = M2 meters 1. Convert this result to tlogram when 1 kilo of No 16.61 wire & sm, 192 + = 149 or 15 kilos 3-6 STIRRUPS AND TIE WIRE ‘The values given in Table 3-8 also applies In the compa- lation of stirrups for beams and girders, after finding the net length of 1 stirrup, salve for the number that could be made out from on stl bar. However, care should be taken into ‘consideration that stirrups are either open or cloied type and ‘he spacing is not constant like those in column. ‘The spacing ‘ecomes closer as It approaches tho support. Tho number of stip Is best determined ty direct count per span then iu UUpied by the number of the same category ‘Tie wire is also commonly overlooked by estinalar beomuse it ts considered as minor item or beceuse of the burten in looking into the detail of computing it from the umber of ices, converting it to meters legth then to kilograms. But looking at the records of purchases and expenses of large cons- ‘ructions it is surprising to see thet the cost of the te wire \s sufficient enoagh to construct 4 two telroom bangalow. = idePROBLEM: A 24 prs, concrete beam with a crose-sesional a ‘mension of 10 x 12 Inches requires 4" stirras spaced as ‘shown in figure 3-1. How many steel bary at 29 feet long shall bbe ordered? SOLUTION: 1. By diect counting, there are 24 2. Length of 1 stim: 8. Total number of stirrups for 24 beans MxM = 576 pleces M42 = ein ‘Table 2-2 gives 6 pos. in one steel bar at 36” lng Divide: 516 = 6 = 96 pos. 3° x 2y stool bars ‘Tie Wire: Multiply the number of stirrups by the number of reinforing bars in the beam S16 x 8 = 4.608 pieces 7. Convert to meter using 12" (30m) tie Ase x 9) = L324 or 138 meters 8 Crmvert to Blogram 1m +S = 261 kilos 3-7. SPIRAL COLUMN TIES ‘Tee spia) reinforcement costs of evenly spaced continuous spirals held firmly in place by at least 3 veriel spacer bare. The center to center spacing of thie spire shall ot exened lath part of te diameter core; the clear tnacing between the Splrals should not exceed three loctes nor lees then 1% oF 1% times the biggest sie of the course ageregate. FIGURE 3-8 ILLUSTRATION 3-6 ‘A spiral column with © crose-soctional diameter of 20° re cures 44° spiral reinforcement as shown in Pirure 2-8. If ‘here are 20 columns at 740 mors high each, tind the number of 4 sleek bara needed, adeping 26” pitch SOLUTION: A. Spiral Reinforcement 1, Find the total length of 20 columns 2X 10 = 160 meters, 2, From Table 3-4: 1570 % 14 = 1086 the total length of spieel reinforcement for 20 cola, 2, Convent to 291 commereal bar length 10568 = 20 = 590 pes. "6 x 20” pos. B. Tie Wire 1. Find the number of spiral turn per meterTABLE 9-5 CONCRETE SLAB REINFORCEMRNT Be ee Ree Ns one ere as 2. Total for 20 columns at 7.00 m, bt re | eben ioe ere ween ares eee ead ie eras nell eet ees S| ata fos cr eee ease ie | [te | S pati ne) ae Peed i ose] ee es meee is] aa [eee ee ‘TABLE 3-4 LENGTH OF SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT et tn) aS imu 3-4 som or srmas nenwroncewner me ee ese aa 2°] |e] Be nical gcieaend Fs RE ESS : es renee s His ” 49.00 a me | Ms —# oo = fers lene ae es ra nego = ae es ce ites ae gi) Soe lege | ee oo} ae = Bokee ae Values iven inves splcig af SaraILLUSTRATION 3-7 ‘The concrete slab of a 12 office room building is supported by beam with « general span dimension of 400 by 500 meters. Tre floor Is relnforeed with "p steel bars spaced at $ inches fe, between bars, Adopting the one way reinforcement, find ‘the number of bars and the tie wize required, (See Figure 3-8) SOLUTION 1 Find the area of the slab Mx 2 = 204m, 2 Referring toTable 3-5 0% 2 = 61208 say 680 pee Bb xB steel bars 2. Te Wire 0 x 105 = 4680 wl cuarren 4 LUMBER ee Woed is the most common of bulding materiale use In the alding operation. The wood used in building construction ‘obtained trom tres of the class known te botanists = EXOGENS, ‘ees which grow Inrger by the adation im etch yenr ofa layer of mew weed in their oulor curace. 4-2 CLASSIFICATION oF wooD Woods are classified according to: 1. Greweh 1) exogenous (oulside growing) ) endegeneous “Gnside atoning) 2, Density 2 sott hare 3 Leaves 1) needle eaved bred loaved 4. Cater 1) white ») yellow ©) ed, ete.5. Grain 4) straight Yrs © fine @) coarse 6. Nature of the surface when sawed plain 1) grained ©) figured or marked 4-3 GRAIN OF WooD ‘The grein or marking that separates the adjacent sings is ‘suid to be coarse when the annual rings are large ad fine wien the aameal rings are smal 1, strat gralned — when the clrcotion of the fibers are nearly parallel with the dea and edges of the board. 2 crosked grained — when a lumber ig taken from a crooked CROOKED GRAIN CROSS GRAIN. STRAIGICT GRAIN FIGURE 4-1 4-4 PREPARATION OF LUMBER mbering % the operation in preparing weed far com purposes known of logeing abd sawing 2 Logging starts trom the faing of the tree to the trans pect of the log at the sawn, 3. Sawing is the process of cutting the logs into. bond Planks and timbers of a certain cimension, 4-5 METHODS AND MANNER OF Log sawINe (See Figure 4-2) 4. Plain or bastard 2 Quuvter or rit 4) madat 1 tangentia © qusrier tangential combined radint and tangential number of board fast in a lo: BLN wo OPS OL D = smaller diameter ot log in Snches L = lenath of log in feet 4 = lab deduction allowance Brample Find the total boned feet of lumber fram 4 28 inches dia- meter log by 20 feet lone Seaton gy x a = mn eg! x 0tomeines RADIAL mt TANGENTIAL QUARTER DAGENTIAL TANGENTIAL PLAIN OR ReaD SUI FIGURE 4-2 FIGURE 4-3 y 4-6 DEFECTS IN WOOD 1. Caused by abnormal growth a) heart shakes wind shakes ©) star shakes knots 2. Duo to deterioration 1) ty rot — the presence of mristure tnd the absence ot {ee aly eirultion, ) Wet rot — tas place sometimes in the growth of trees caused by water saturation Heart shakes — a wider crsck ab the pit of # tree than on te outer end, This io commonly found in old treex Wind shakes — a crsck folowing the line of the porous part of the sanual ring semetines called cup shakes. The couse, fare: (1) expanalon ofthe wood sep. (2) wrenching received due to high winds ‘Star sikes — resembles the wind shakes but difer in the crack that extends tothe outerlayer of the trunk without any appearance of decay 4-7 STACKING AND SEASONING OF LUMBER 1, Natural seasoning eonsit of expecing the sawed lumber to the froe air clrulation, 2. anttcial seasoning is the quick drying of fumber. This type of seasoning produces quite inferior quality to that of ‘the natural sesso Seasoning by immersion in water is a slow method, this reduces warping, but makes the wood brit,Salt water makes tho woed harder, hecvir end more durable 4-8 PRESERVING METHOD Good seasoning is the frst consideration for a succesftl preservation of wood. Preservatio processce may be divided inte 1, External — the wood may be heated with preservative coating, se paint wil penetrate to the thor, 2 Internal — by improsnating some chenical comsanye pressure suticient to eause to permeate the wood thoruGeny 4-9 DECAY OF LUMBER ‘The life of timber depends upon the method emplayed in falling, seasoning and working. Tt ls claimed that newed lumber is more darable than saved lamber Because the hewing process loser the cells and prevent the absorption of molsture ‘The caumes of decay are 1, Alternate moisture end dryness 2, Inaeote and tuned 5. Inseets and worms 4, Heat and confined air 4-0 UNIT OF MEASURE BOARD FOOT is the unit of messure ased in the computa. tion f limber. One toned foot is equvalont to 14 cube aches for one square foot of lumber one inch thick, ‘The thickness and width of commercial lumber are in inches while the length isin fet of even number, Bost foot fe found ta dividing the product of the thickness by the width and the Jeneth by 12, Example Find the board of 2% 6x1 ‘he total boaad fee. ‘The methods being adopted in computing the Inber coat for calting oF sawing of lumber are 1, Tho board root 2, Polgads (inches) method (hand sewing) ‘The board fot method is simply Nnding the total hosed feat of saved lumber mliliod by the unit price, while the pul ada method is found by multiplying the width in inches) by the length of lumber in meter; the result Ys then multiplied by the unit pre Eranle In slicing a 4x8 x300m.t0 get 22x 8300 m.mber, how ruck will ib cost if the unit price is 10 centavos per pul- fad daohy? “Dividing this by 12, 14 isSOLUTION: til Ue width by the neh Tyce ae pence 2. Finding the cost wx 1 = Pea Bxample 2 iow rach will st cost to convert 12° 4° 2” lumber to sizeof 7" 0% 20" at pice of 12 centavos per plgadat? FIGURE 4-¢ SOLUTION: 1, Tho fist run of tho saw along 1¢ i x 600m =O pulgeda 2 The succeeding run along the 12" BX 60) = 72 per run 3. Total run = 72 x 6 = 42 polanda 42 + MH = seat = roe 4-10 WOODEN Post Pst estimating is centered in determining the length to be ordered, In finding the height of wooden post required, the ‘ollowing shouldbe taken into secount 1. If the height indicatod in the plan is trom soot to floor then flor to. elling for 2 storey building, the length of post shall be the total height. plus the dopth of the girs, if the cing line i below the gis, 2. Mf the helght as indented in the plan is from floor to calling for the fst and second on. the depth of the Biden, the floor, jist and itts should be edded to the length, 3. he length of lumber is always of even number, if efter finding the total height the result is ed@ number, move. the result to the next even amber, ILLUSTRATION 4-1 Prom the given Hustration on Figure 4-7 determine the length of the post FIGURE 4-7 SOLUTION: 1. Find the total eight em floor to ellng 27 + 27) = S40 meters2 Find the depth of girder, loo jlst, flooring and iets + + 0 tn = 43, Add result in 1 and 2 540 + 51S = 55 meters 4. Convert to feat 5875 m, = 196 feet (Order length = 30 feot 4-2 GIRDER ‘The GIRDER i the structur part of = house thal caries ‘the flor jist and the floring. The best method in estimating fier is by direct counting trom the plan, but in determining the lensth to be ordered, there are four factors to be consi ered 4 TE the span of the post is from center to center, the column width shell be added to the given span 2 Af the span of post ls trom center to outer sie of the pct, of the post's width shall be ads) to the lnsth 3 TE the span of the post ap indicated in the plan i@ Sac tlle messurement, the width of the two posts shall be added to the Teng 4, 18 the aecand flor bas an overhang for which the girder cartca the lad, 408 the overhang length. ILLUSTRATION 4-2 ‘From Figure 4.8 what girder length shall be ordered? Pat eee SOLUTION, 1. Bind the span and overhang 30 + = 36 ‘Add the width o€ 2 posis 0 + 25) = 3.9m 3. Convert to feet, 290 = 18 ft. this ie an edd number so, move to the next even namber Order: 4 feet eng 4.13 FLOOR JOIST AND TRG FLOORING There are two mothode Being adopted in estimating oor Joist and tongue and groove Homing bated 1, The elrect counting method and 2. the square meter method Direct counting of floor joist so far, is the best and accu rate estimating approach in the sense that the actual number) and exact length of the lumber ig Being conaldered thus cect. Ing no discrepancy between the computation and the actus] 2Dard foot required, Furthermore, direst counting method in- stantly shows the exact length of tho jist where adjustment ‘ould be ently mado to conform with the even commercial ‘Square Meter Method is snother procedure being adopted in ‘termining the quantity and length of foo jist, This method is eary when a tector of value is given for a specifi jolt sees and spacing per aquare meter, However, problems arise when the given span of fear jolt falls on edd length where sdjastment shall be made by ediing or eubtracting leneth to conform with the commercial size, cuch adjustment creates ds ‘erepancy between tho computed board foet and tho cet need ILLUSTRATION 4-2 ‘From Figure 4-0 find the total board feet of 2° x pase feist at 2" 0, SOLUTION: 4. Convert length trom meter to fest 400 = 1812 ft. length of floor sot 4, Convert the spon of eitder to feet 600 = 1988 or 20 4. Determine the number of oor jist for a span of 20 tet D1 = mon The value of 20 is only span betmeen flor joist, and to get the number of joist ADD one, making it 21 pes, ‘See Fig, 4-8) 4 Since lumber is of even length, 1312 5 to be rounded to the next even value of 14 feet 8. Order: 21 pea. — 2 x 6" x 1€ 6. Solving the boord fect = 204 bf ‘By the square meter method — using 2" x 6° Moor jest 12" spacing the exaot number of board feet per square mé- Yer is 12222, Applying this value to the problem above: Area: — 600. x 4.00 = 24 sq.m 2 Multiply: x 122m 2099 Be 'e apzenes hat the small aference between 264 end 288, is due to the adjustment of length from 1212 to 14 feet After finding the result of 2833, the next step is to determine the number of joist and the Jenath for a aptcifiea order. 4. Find the number of joist S00 + 9 = aaa 2 pes, 4. The length of 400 m, is 1942 foot Order: 2 pes. 2° x 6" XU‘For the Square Meter Method in estimating flor jest, Table 4-1 was prepared where values had been adjusted, considering the disrepancy as mentioned shove, TABLE 4-1. BOARD FT. OP FLOOR JOIST PER 59. W Commer Ta Saigo Cor eS tee eet | amy Ee oe Ome a a ax s | aus wae | amo a oe | tee ro) Bx 7 | ae 12.250 axon | tesa 1400 ax aan 150 ax 129 10500 ax isa 1a a us| tan a x a er) ax mes | m0 Solving sgain the proQlem of lstasion 4-2 a8 shown in Figure 4-9 SOLUTION: Area = 600 x 490 = 24 59, m. ‘Table 4-1, for 2. 6 joist at 12" or 30m. cc. Mx 1220 = 2m Bd, th 3. Find the number of pices 60 + 0 = 1 = ape 4. Tae length of jst in feet. 40 + 90 = 1950 say 1 feet 5. Order: 1 pes. 7'x@'x Mm 2M ft 75 T&G is the popular name for Tongue and Groove wood ‘toring commonly used in tilding construction, ‘The thickness 's fram % to one Inch while the width varies from 4% 6 i ther sizes for Architectural purposes can be mide and ob- aimed Uaroagh special order FIGURE 4-10 ‘There are three methods presented in this chapter on how fo determine the required number of pices and board feet of T&G for 9 glen ares 1 Diesct ceunting method 2 Square meter method 3. Number per meter ron Solution by any of thate methods will veld the required umber of board feet, provided, that the folowing should be (aken into consderstion 1 Determine the effective coverage of 1 7 & G board, 2, Tho tongue i exshded in finding the unit coverage, 4, The groove eige is included in the etective ares coverage,SOLID BRIDGING can bo found by S 1. The span of the girder ia the gross length of the dein. 2, Subtract the total thlelness of jolts to get the nat span. Example: 1. Ginder ensth = 6.00 2, Number & thickness of Joste (06 m.) 60 + 0 = mp 0 x = 10m 600 — 1.09 = 540 net length 4, Convert to foots 500 = 164 foot 1 & G FLOORING DIRECT COUNTING METHOD Procadare: 1, Find the length of Meor joist, and convert to Inches. 2. Divide the result found by 4 or 6 Inches width ot TAG whichever specitia 4, For 4° TRG ada 72.22% provision for tongue and kage. For 6" TAG, add 15305 4, Find the length of the TAG board which is equ valent to the apan perpendicular to floor joat being the length to be ordered ot, fr simplicity, the sitder length hall be adopted ILLUSTRATION 4-5 Find the umber of 4 inehes TG board required for 8 760 x 9.09 clasrocm as shown i Figure 4-11 Figure 4-11 SOLUTION 1999 x 337 = 3490 cay 35 inches 206 + 0 = mp, 2.878 x zm = 18D say 2 pee Total of 2 & 5 = 8815 + 2 = mn esti 4.10) © 9 = 258 say 24 toe 5 Tolat homed feat ap NUMBER PER METER RUN METHOD Procedure: 1. Find the lengtn of jist in meter, 2, Multiply by 1241 for 4° TOG or 17 for 6 TAG. ‘The result is the number of pieces required, 3 Determine the length in featILLUSTRATION 4-5 Adopting problem on Ilustrstion 4-5 1. Tota length = 9.0 meters 2.90 x 12 = 109 pes 210 +) = BB or Ht 4, Onder: 109 — 1" x 4” x 28 = a bd t BY SQUARE METER METHOD Procedare 1. Find the flor ares 2. Foe: 4" TUG multiply the area by 1320 43, Determine the span ILLUSTRATION 4-7 Using the same problem above: 1. Area of the floor 800 x 10 = 6 og, m 2. Multiply: X 185 = ass be ot TABLE 4-2 T&G FLOORING ‘Conard Sea] — Nos por Meer] ead Fee For ‘a Takes "hn Sous eter rea an sas, 1k 6 on 20 4-14 SIDING Woop BOARD ‘The commen siding ood boards are: 1, stone cut 2. double stone cut 3 Veet 4. BCB cat 5. weather eat, ete, ‘Tho thicknese of thete boards ate trom 34.3, and 1 ine hile the width fe from 6 to 8 inches and the length (rom to 20 ft. of even length ‘STONE tu a x 400m, 2. The helght of the column i 449 metera which ia longer than the 240 moters length of plywood, Therefore, — | ‘the final cut il be: 2) GD Xx 24) + (ao x 169, ») (x 2a + GO x 10 4. ind the aren of each cat Bx 2 = sqm, 0 x io = em. 4X 240 = Ota m @ im = Geam plywood 5, Find the total number of euts for nine columns, there having two of ach eUt per column: 2% 9 = 18 pes. 1h 4 = 45 plywood + 6 = 3 pywood Mt 3 = 6 pbmeed Bee a SIS bee Tota)... 180 plywood 46. Therefore 18 i the total number of plywood required, Including the fractonal smount. However, such inch son can only be accepted if the fractional value in frcess of one cut Je fitied to the sle of the ether. In onder to safeguard the estimate, the fractional pat found in step 5 shall bo added to the result faking the answer 19 instead of 18 Nove: ‘The use of plrwood form pavticaaely the 4" Ile, requires 4.27 42" trame for which an sditlonal of 7 board feet to the value given in Table 5-2 for T&G is essential making it 2.65 instead of 1465, Example Find the required 2°%2" frame and braces for the problem ven on dastration 53 Solution 1, Find the lateral length of the form (xD + xD © Mom 2. Find the area 10 x 400m = 880 59, m, 4, Table 6-2 for T&G the valve is 1465 plus 7 = 2155 2165 x 5m = 1126 e st. 4. For 9 columns saab x 9 = LIL bd, of 2x2" wm5-3 GIL SHEET FORM FOR CIRCULAR COLUMN ‘The standard dimension of plain G-, shect iy 36° x # or appresimately 09 X 240 m, Cipeiler colamin where G, form is specified. wood board and lumber for circumferential and built up supporters respectively, Is necessary. ESTIMATING PROCEDURE 4. Solve for tho circumference of the circle Formula: C'= 3105 x diameter’ or © 5 baa2 x radios Multsly the circumference by the column heeht, Divide the result found In 2 ty 216 aga, the area of TG, sheet, 4. Salve for the no, of supporters Gireunference +158) 45, Provide 2 pes of cicumforential supporters for every ‘(0 m) height of column, from a ob6 inch wood Board 6, Add 105 a8 waste factor for GI, ILLUSTRATION 5-4 ‘Determine the required forms for 6 eslumns with « dametor ‘of 0m. each If the column has a clear belght of 400m. using Gd sheets on 22 dnches and 1x8 inches lumber supporters. eet SOLUTION: Ciecunference = 34416 x 60 = 187m, ‘Area of one column form 1s) X 40m. = 621 sq.m, ‘Area of 6 columns bm < 6 = M68 sqm, ing the number of eheet requires HO = 215 = 1144 pee Add 10% = IAL + 17 = 1914 pes Salve for tho 2” x 2° supporter of one con 1st + ase) = 1046 aay M pen 2x 2 xe For 6 columns MX 6 = Wye rama Circumferential supporter 400m. bL + 9 = AM say 5 Multiply 5 by 2 the cireumferent ht Total for 6 columes WX 6 = Gp Inxe" x8 Csi) or Wyant xe xe 10 pes, 1° x8". ‘The value of 2 is ‘superter for every form at FIGURE 5-5 ‘The length of 1.87 (circumference of the cite) can be considered a= 5 feet since the cirle are wiods at the straight length of the Tumber,10 SUNDIARY: 18 pes, 26° x "plain GAL. sheet (pen xe pes. xO ‘Te above materials do not inchide the lumber for brace. TABLE 5-3 CIRCULAR COLUMNS FORMS mmm EEE Per Gl Seed ree | wo a oe | 30 reo | ae | nom no | sno rex | oo | 35 we | tm ree | wm | ion 1098 a var | us | as B33 ze rx ior | ioe | teas iat ILLUSTRATION 5-5 Prolam: Data 8 — circular column at 3m. 40 — diameter of seh column 2 xP at 5° 00. — sipporter 1 6° wood boned SOLUTION, 1, Circumference: 3.416 x 40 = 1256 m, 2 Aree of one column 1256 x26 = 4822 29, m, 3. For 6 columns: 4522 X 8 = 988 sq, m 4, Divide ty the area of one Gi. sheet MIB + 216 = 1608 pes, 8. Aga 08: 1625 + 167 = 1802 ay 19 pes, 6. Table 5-2: Using 2° °%5" a6, exe =m mRrar 19% 1006 = 2051 Mf, braces 19 X 1 = 1 bd 1 x 6° boards <4 SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING Seaffolding Is a term used for a small construction of lum bor framework that serves as a guide and support for columns, teams girders, flooring and wall forms, which, at the same time server as the platform of the workers in the bulding conatrvetion. Staglne isthe term used for s birger scale of several sca folaing stages. aloo work of balling censtrction is another term used or scaffolding and singing. Bstimating scatfolding bythe direct counting method Is somewhat difficult, considering the volume of materials involved, the number of vertical and horizontal braces and the supports made of varlous lengths, The com: tation requires time and rich imagination ia determining the materials tobe uted which are not shown inthe lan, Aceldents {i ballang construction usutlly happen due to the flloning 4. Faulty or incomplete scaffolding, 2. The uso of inforior quality of Inmber, 3. Inadequate naling, ‘Experience proves that eoomomy of materials for seaffoling cor staging result in a bg loss due to the following: ut1, Delay of work, 2. Higher cott of labor, 3. Accident and 4. Substandard ua of the work ‘Table 5-4 gives the number of board feet of scaffolding required for every meter length of column and betm including ‘the required support for a emerete slab per square meter, ‘The values given for the concrete floor support fs compara: tively small withthe assumption that the seafoldng for exlanns and beams stand ty be alized as support of the floor forms TABLE 5-4 scarroLDINe eae aes cum icawes a] IP yeast | eter | es | Vee oa PE Bea eset cme ne | coche ee lore exe) aor | no | aner | 400 | ae | Gio Bin tm [um [iw am | to | om rie | on [en [as | te | as | as ESTIMATING PROCEDURE USING TABLE 5—4 1. Solve for the total longta of all the given columns (in meter. 2, Determine the size of the lumber to be utes, then, lily with the corresponding value in Table 5-4. % Summarize the result and determine the length of order to avold unnecessary end lapping of vertical and horizontal sup. ports, 2 oa oe ILLUSTRATION 5-8 [A reinforced concrete column beam and slab has 12 columns vith a clear height of 400 meter. Find the required scaffolding if 2% 3" lumber isto be used for vertical support and 2" x 2" Tumber for horizontal and dlagonal braces, SOLUTION: ‘4. Cohan 1 Total lengta Am, x 2 = meters 2, Using 2" x 3° vertical support from Table 5-4 ax 10 = BBL fe If the height is 400 m, order: Bry ele = Tha teach Divide: er T= Bp 13 Vertical scaffoking therefore is, Wor xe ee = 3% dR,4, Horiantat 40x 210 = 198 bd, (Table 5-4) 5. Brocer Se x LST = 5036 bs. 2 B, Beam 1, Find the total length of beam (eee Figure 5-6) 8x 40 = 20 ox 30 = 0 Total si... S00 meters 2, Referting to Table 9-4, using 2° 3° SX 60 i64 bd, SL — Px 3" x 18 (rounded) 2. Horizontal x 467 = 220 bt feo a orxrse © Flooring 1 Area of the floor Bm x 60m. = Zee, 2. Maltily by 810 (Table 5-4) Tx. 810 = 6520 bd, ft, or worxrxl SUOIARY: 190 = Peste = L361 BL 36 Peds = 1a ba for | cuarter 6 ROOFING 6-1 CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON SHEET Corrugated gatvsninet fron sheet Is the most widely used in the country today. ‘The width of ene GL. shect ts 2 inches Gr labo mgter while the lengln varies frem 6 to 12 fet, hd ovOr; such length is avallable thru special order, FIGURE 6-1 ‘There are several factors that should be considered in es: timating eelvenized. roofing materials, whlen affect the unit lective aren coverage, They. are as follows 1, Verlly the side lpping specification if it is 144 oF 236 corrugations. 2 Verity the end lapping of tho roofing sheet, =43, Delermine the slope of tho rool and the distances be- tween purling to avoid unnecessary cutting, 4. As much a5 posible minimize end lapping: specify longer sheets. "The square meter or ares method of estimating corrugtod GA. roofing sheet, If posibie, shoalé be avoided because the resull obtained may not be accurate to the specific length re- quired considering the spacing of tho paving Estimating by the arca method, follows the question of what length to be ‘rdered, This only makee the procedure conlusing and. coma cated, In actual root framing job, the distances between the turing are based on the length of corrugated galvanized sheets fo be Inid taking into ascount the 12 inches end Inppin, “TABLE 8-1 CORRUGATED G.L. ROOFING a a ‘ Sia tap eer | cheonees rite | Lamon: | SAE Com] Shot «| ae | am 4 w° 7 | am | om » Fn a | am | am i = o | mm | som @ a o | om | om a 7 2 | am | am 2» Ea STEPS IN ESTINATING CORRUGATED GJ, ROOFING |AND ACCESSORIES 1. Determine the lene of the gutter 2, Divide this length by the effectiva width of one (Table 6-1) 4, Dotermine the length of the nafter or the top chord, 4. Select a commercia! length of galvanized rooting sheets that wil stisy the rafter length considering 19 or 12 inches endspping 5. Multiply the result found in step 2 by each length of (GA. tnect found in step 4 8, Determine the number of GI. nals of rivets and washers Including its weight fo Kg, asing Table 6-1 and 6-3 1, The number of strep is the tame as the quanlity of clvets; washer is double the number of ives. 4 Solve for the number of plain galvanized sheet with the a of Table 6-2, 9. Summarize the rest. ‘TABLE 6-2 PLAIN Ga, SHEETS G8" = 0) Sie of Paces of ‘Seep Stop. por Stet vx et E raw we rar ae xi 20, ‘TABLE 6-3 ROOF ACCESSORIES Metertate | ___ Ne of padkio GA. roting valle 1 eed washers 5 Gi. weahers 6 GE rete Ey .ILLUSTRATION «1 Convert kilogram (Table 6-2) ‘rom Figure 6-2, find the number of eonragated Gil. eheets, Rivets ow) + 1 OR vives, washers a rap rogired if ede lpping 38 IYjncore. 2G. washer 100 + 125 = 1524 faton and 12" end lapping on 2° x 3° pucin Sui cie war eate hake SUMMARY: 20 pes, — BY x IF cor. GIL abt, Bo pea — Wx corr, OL. att, 5M kds, — GI Rivets 1624 Ws, — GX. Washers 1200 i 7 25 pes: — Plain Gal. sheets Round the values te the next whole number, SOLUTION: ILLUSTRATION 6-2 A. CORRUGATED G1. sheet 11400 m= am = 2 pee 2. The length of roller is 609 m. or 20 feet, « com raion of 1 and 9 GI abet with end 4 Materia, theretore Bo pes, 2" x IE Bipen Bx B. RIVETS (from Table 6-1) ax m= 0 x 1 = 30 ‘Telal “UO peoRe From Figure 6-2, find the Gl, roofing shests and the ac: ceasries required if purins are 2° x 4” lumber, ©. Gi. WASHERS; double the rivets Sx 2 = 12 peces D. PLAIN Gt. STRAP; on 2°” purine 0 = OM = 25 pce, a xe FIGURE 6-3 18SOLUTION: AGA, Roofing 1 Divide: 12.90 = 70 = 88 2, Determine the length of the rafters in feet 450 + 0 = BS fet ‘A combination of to 01. Gi. shectewith 1 ft, end lapping, Since the roof has 2 ress A and B, rooting wil be 1842 % 4 = ne. FIGURE 6-4 Onder: 74 pes. 52" x 8 SOLUTION: |A.G, Roofing Sheet 5. GAL Rivets (From Table 6-1) HX 1 = 1M pleces pe 3800 = 10 = 0 pes Convert to kilogram: 2100 =) = wc, La + 1m = 28 kilos aoe Ae ‘Total. a pes. ©. Gx, Washers are deuble the number of rivets ate x 2 =" 2612 pieces 2 Length of OL Sheet so = un at Convert to tlogram scompt: 13 foot 2s + 1m = al telos 3. A combination of two pes, at 7 lng for one D. Plain CX, Sheet for Strap gr 1405 + 92 = 41 oF ne 5 pon. 287 x (Table 6-2) + B X2= 10 pieces For 2 Slope area 1 x 2 = 320 pleces ELLUSTRATION 6-2 B, Rivets (Table 6-1) From Figure 6-4, find the Gl, rooting sheet and accessories leapt atl required when purins are 2” x 6" lamber, Convert to Kg: 680 + 189 = 3877ly starts from the gutter then slashing down to the smallest GSE aere Sr a mani pain Gl, strap, thereby eliminating waste, ya x 2 = 12160 pos Cae ogra ESTINATING PROCEDURE: nae) + 25 = m8 q 1. Solve for the total lengtn of gutter (in meter. 2. Divide this length by 24m, to find the number of D, Plain G4. Sheets for strap 4 Mt guller required, 2. Find the total width of one gutter, 000 = 312 = 19407 pes, (Table 6-2) 44 Divide 36° by the result of step 3 to find tow many sntter can be made out (pone plan Gl, sheet. The Comment: ‘octlonal value shall be dlregarded temporarily ; 5, Divide the result of step 2 by the result of step 4 ‘The answer is the requred number of plain G.l ‘Tae estimating procedure for hipped-root is the same as cae thet of the lean-to or gable type roofing, considering the ef feclive coverage of one shest to be constnt, however, a litle varition might oocir im setual construction where errors are Dee commited in cutting and/or lapping of GL roof sheet, for ‘Reprodusing Figure 6-4 of ilustration 6-8, find the number which, 2 to 9 allowance in satisfactory. of plain Gd, sheets required to make the gutter es iustrated Selw. 6-2 GUTTER ‘The teria plain G1, sheet relers to ong 36° x 8° commercial ‘aise Gutter Is fabricated or moulded according to the share fs shown in the plan. Estimating ths kind of rooting sceessory 1 purely determining the number of plain sheet needed for ‘aking the gutters. In bulilng construction thip kind of work 4p called Tnsmihg, ‘The primary consideration In tnsmihing Job is economy, that is by making use of evry ateh of the tnchost, All unne fceatany of unvise clling as much as possible should be aside. ute shall soot trom the widest to the narrowest parts of tot cessores, Experienced Unsmltheutting procedre usua-SOLUTION: 1, The total length of gutter. soy + 50 + 275m) + 2 + mm = ut acters 2. Divides 127 + 240 = 5290 or pes, 3. Total width of gutter Oe HO HT + 2 + 27 = Biches 4. Divide: 26 + 2 = Lee Accept 10 ‘The fractional value of 615 will be disregarded temporarily, 5. Divide: 5 & 10 = SB pes, vlan GA, sheets Comment 1. ‘The principle In elsregarding the fractional value of 8 Jn atep 4 is due to the 2 inches total width of the gutter Which, when aubicacted from 36 inches width of one pln gal vanlzed iron shee, wil only give a balance of 1 inches ence, ‘this Balance will not sufi to coverup the required width of| ‘one gutter, 2, The 1 inches excess does not mean to be totally cons: cred as waste because there are paris in tinsmithing work ‘where Such dimensions can be useful, Examples are: dashing, Supports downspout, straps, ele. ‘ured in making the gutter and flashing, LLUSTRATION 6-5 rom Figure 6-6, find the number of plain Gt. sheets re- ‘ater eng lasing FIGURE 6-6 SOLUTION: A, Gutter 4. Total length of gutter — 2009 mn, 2, Divide by 240 length of 1 gutter 200 + 240-853 pes. gutier atl feet long 4. Determine the total width of the gutter (See Figure 6-6) = 18 inches 4, Divide; 34 + 18 = 20 poe, gutter per sheet 4 Divide the result of step 2 by the result of 4 883 + 2 = 416 pes. OF sheets B, Flashing 1. Find the total length = 18 m, sO2 Find the number of Hashing Iho + 230 = 7806 pos. sy 8 ex For flashing use 220 as th etfactive length 6-3 ASBESTOS ROOFING ot covering. 2. Wietn of ashing = 18 imchee Betting asbestos rooting material ia simpler than that of the Ga, shest because all the accessories and parts 89 be sed, such aa the gutter, rio, hip and valley rolls, ee, are ‘ondiy made,” Unlike the galvanized roofing. all the accessories Thal be mde on site oat of the standard cimensons of35"x6" plain Gl. shocts. 4. Divide: 30 + 1 = 20 pes. 5. Dildo the result of step 2 by result of 4, eugene ‘The sps in the estimaling procedure for asbestos roofing sre enumerated. as fllons SUMMARY: Guiter = 416 2s, 1. "Te mumber of coreuzated shect is determined ty dvi Flashing = 4.00 oes Ing the sult lengla by the effective width covering of one Toil BIE plain GA. sheet ee ound to the next wbole number ©. Ridge, vay and hipped rolls ‘The cttimating procedure for those items is the some af that ofthe puller with the akd of Table 6-4. 2, The number of overlapping sheets and each length de- peas ypon the rafters length and the end lapping, 2. In finding the nomber of ashing, gutter, rige, hp and valley rolls, ete, divide the total Iongth by the effective length ff the accessor. TABLE 6-4 ROOF ACCESSORIES Them Fife Tomah 4, other parts sachs, rg, end cap, apron flashing, sutter arcane corner. downeptat iting, are determined. by direct.counting utter 240m. ‘method, since they are Ail Tendly made accaeding 20 factory Velley Rett 200m, Standard ses Flashing 20m, i Hoe 220m, 4 ge oll ae ILLUSTRATION 6-6 Soldering lead 1, bar per soldering Joint Muratic Acid 0 ce, per colering lead Fo Fagus 67 ind he andr ssbsos rating and a sesentries reqlte.‘A. Conrngsted Sets 1. ind the number of corrugated sheets m0 + 508 (Table 6-5) = 300 pes. 2, Length of riter = 200m, or 16 ft. Order: (2 pen, — 10 € standard asbeston cormugntod shects 5, Gutter 1, Divide the total length of gutter by the ettective Jeng 3X 2 = 52m meters 5200 + 2595 m, (Tabi 6-5) = 28 vcs. 2 Riage Rol: Total tength = 2600 2800 + as G3 in) = sLe2 pes, TS ar . Flashing ind the total length 10 x 4 = Om Divide: 1200 + 2205 m, = 5249 pos, CTable 6-5) D. Ridge End Cap — By actus! counting DIFFERENT KINDS OF ASBESTOS ROOFING 1, Standard. Corrugated She 2.£V Corrugated Sheet 3. Keanaletas 4 Placa Romana 5 6. ‘Tencor Corrugsted Sheet Andox lightweight, corruratod sheste ‘2. Standard Ariex 1, Super Arder ‘TSCHNICAL DATA FOR ESTIMATING PURPOSES ‘TABLE 6-5 STANDARD CORRUGATED SUEET Length Bod Lapping: blow 20 degree above 20 degree Width: Ettective: width ‘Other accesories such as: ridge end cep, downspout corner ules, hip end, ete, estimate by directTABLE 6-6 CORRUGATED SHEETS Standard Langth FIGURE 6-10 2408 m. ‘TABLE 6-8 PLACA ROMANA Wiatn detective) a Ridge Bol (effective eng!) 6s on ‘Oulside Flashing eff, length 2206 m, area mae ae “he Standard Width 110m Otner secessoric, estimate by direct cunting methad Effective Wiath L100 rr End Lap 0 Side Lip ‘1 m. 7 i Fldge Holl Bfectivo Langih 0 m. Ages, Outside Flashing Bifective Length 225m. poe Ridge Flashing Effective Length 1am Eaves Plashing Eifectve Length 110 ae (Other accessories, ctimate by aizcet count FIGURE 6-9 ‘TABLE 6-1 KANALETAS Length 7313 m. ifective Wieth 35 m, ‘Saves Flashing “185m, Outside Flashing 8 to 0 feat ‘etfective length FIGURE 6-11‘TABLE 6-9 TENCOR CORRUGATED SuBETS 5-4 CERAMICS ROOFING TILES Sindard Leah ESpone {TABLE 6-11 DESCRIPTION AND coxsTAUCTION DATA Bethe Lents ainda wie wa) Biche wish Devotion [Pally | _tot Nu of Pe Need ue hog Riots Leer “Mae Ale Rot ‘te ab | 6 Peay sto mae We naa Pees te eet Oe ent ah Wa) | 4 Per Sem. 10 2 Glandrd more) | 2 Per Un, 2s vitor] 2 | Per ine ts ani | a Pe So 0 bert | at rece us gros | er Hine le mr—a | a2 Per ne te eS IRT—5 a Per Lin, m, 40 ‘TABLE 6-10 ARDEX CORRUGATED SHEETS seri | a Per Sqm mo 5 es sera | aa oa a a sr—t | os Por Lise te sank | on Per Line te a 20 Pe Un o serv fas Par Sam 20 sent | io Per Sam me ssh a sree w FIGURE 6-18 j& Coramie Mosaic Ties — are mounted en a 12x 12 inches paper to Zanltate the eeting. 4 Gaumry — is made by the plastic extraction process from vatural lay or shale 2 ec a ea TILEWORK os Di 3 © ae pu Se cra rat ror rent es it gmat pee ae Pe eg me ae ee ie Pecoraro corn Sane =e Fe ee period of Medieval Islamic Architecture from Persia to Spain yaa eee ee ee Sen ‘and extended up to the period of contemporary architecture, . ea 78 16.000 ad extended up to the period of cont een Glazed Tiles ae 100.00, 9.000 fat || is A. The Classes of Tiles are: nol ees on a“ 1, Glazed tiles — principally for walls and light duty oe on Pct tty waht wuemume |E ip | ae | a seamen (OE MBL HS lazed tiles — are hard 186 or nas composi sane , ete on pay for Trt wate a Se a eee ae . = ee sc Ee pa eee reo he oo ae ee ee eee ed Solas eo eee 2 Natural Clay Tile -is made either with dust pressed eke Cee le Merten. — 1 4s pee oy oie oe ees et al S: ra Sah ate Sie 0 1mILLUSTRATION 7-1 souvmio A Moule Me Paring A comfort rom as general ur dimension of 10 mo 2m, Ine meanest The Gorag cals for 12" x IF 1 Find the or area resi te and 44 tees dase ns for wl ith abst ahtiw aes 21150 tee tom the for ev 2. Rating to Table 7-1 find the number of mani ie, zed ih, cnaing, tr sat bed eter ao terol cree eas, nur a who 20 1026 = Bor pe, Fostand coven for paste ad filer peta ce eS 1. Ming th tt nen (209 $200 + tS + 29 x 6 Lb = Oat nam hi, 2. From Table 7-1 A 9315 x 257% = 00372 oF OOK pos, ©. Internal Bead (4%) 1 Pind the total lenath 200 + 200 + 1504 160 = 700 m, 2 Add the 4 wall corners at 150 m, beight 700 + 600 = 1300 meters 3, From Table 7-1 Tho x9 = 117 pieces D. Capping: 1 ind the perimeter of wal tee 2m + 200 + 140 4-75 Add capping along door sam "I FIGURE 7-1 To timate 625 m ‘00m oe 136 a2, Table 721 ans x 9 = B25 or Opes. iE Taternal Corner Bead: Direct Count = 4 es. FF. External Corner Bead: Direct Count = 4 pes , Ordinary Parlland Cement for Paste 1, Total Area: 80° + 9308 = 12379 a9. 2 Table 1 12375 ATH = 4 or I bog H,White Cement (Table 71) 2&5 LO = 12305 kaos st te roti it et wee Be arc, te tt ieee 1. Ta find the cement required, multiply the floor apa alate 89 33 2. or Sand:_Mulily a huss 12309 x 30 = 2 or 4 bags 155 5 = SOREMARY apes, 12" x12" manic flor tes fol ps. M6" x $4" glazed es Tr pee 30" 2-44" Internal besa 1 pes capping Bos ster comer ead {pos extemal corner bed 5 bass portland cement 1b ie vite omen Buin tne send a0 ‘7-2 TERRAZZD AND GRANULITHIC A type of marble mossic finish that use portland cement ‘bso or matrix. Tr has a charactoitic of durabily, of great beauty and variety, "Two Methods of Installation: 1, Monolithic or cast-in-pace — the tappina ia east directy fn top of & concrete floor slab, preferaniy nat lee than 24 hours nor more than 6 days after the slab is poured. "The con- crete slab base shall have a minimum thickness of 4 inches, 2 Precast — Terrazzo or granulthe (nish are made on top of a cement mortar base motided jn various tile dimension, A viding ‘strip made of hallhard. trast with lo zine Are ‘sed between Ules to contra} and. localize any “shrinkage oF fezare‘gacks, Te doidng stip thoes Fg omy MONOLITHIC OR CAST-IN-PLACE ESTIMATING PROCEDURE 1, Find the total bor ares (in 6a, m) 2 Maltply the area by 12 to get the munber of bags of shite or chlred cement reqaired 2. Multiply the floor area by 125 kilos to get the weight of the marble chigs required, 4 daltply the qumntity found ty the current unit cost ILLUSTRATION 7-2 For an‘800 m. ty 1000 m. roe that speciy casting ranulthic finn” find the qiaaily of materine needSOLUTION: 1, Pind the floor area fo x 1090 = Bon m 2 White Cement to x 2 = 805 or 9 bags % 2 Marble Chips wx 25 = 100 Kes. 44 Maltply the quanllty by the cutent mit cart is ase oivider + = i Le FIGURE 7-2 SOLUTION: 5, Labor grinding computed per square meter. ‘TABLE 7-2 PRECAST TERRAZZO AND GRANULITHIC TILES on | po sm soe | | uel) sow | roe Se aecenl ee Sil ex & | 25.00 a | as | es 36.00 rie | ao | as | as | om | om gle | soo | as | as | fue | ae wie | tun | ze | ae | am | ms elie | ‘cue | ane | as | ame | om : eile | te |e | 2s | oo | io Note: ILLUSTRATION 1-3 A room requires 0 Find the number of 1 the bros alvicer jth a general floor dimension of 10 mx 2) m. ‘= 16" gramlitie finish on # class “B" mortar. 16" les, cement and sand for mortar No. 2. 1. ind the floor area x 0 = 20 ag m 2, From Table 1-2 mmo x 625 = 1250 pleces 4, Find the cement uting class B mortar m0 x 225 = 45 bags (Table 7-2) 4, Sand; m9 x 1m1S = 375 oF 4 cum. 5 Brase Divider (Table 1-2) ex 1950 = 3900 ft, Gauge No, 20 ‘The value of 625 pieces per square meter of 16° x 16° tiles on Table 72 ie computed wider the assumption that 40 mis the equivalent of 16 in, under the metrle sya tem, adopted by manufacturers. (On the contrary, shoald the tle messure exacliy be 16" square, the number per square meter willbe 60S ot 6:5.Comparing the result by mllipying these factors to the roa tp ibe above problem mx 6m = ie m x a = 1 Dierenee Wes ANALYSIS: . ‘The 40 pieces difference between the two computations is only 33% of the total number required, hence, the value found {nthe above ilstration fy suttastory and safe. ‘Ths. ifr. fence ill be ‘considered ag an allowance factor for Inevitable ‘reskage and waste 7-3 CEMENT TILES Cement les are hydesulle pressed, locally manufactured in the following commercial sas: yr &x 6 Ux aD xe BY Cox 2 and, Zi" x10" CBs 2 Estimating the number of cement ties include the coment mortar computed at an average of Y? tek. ‘The’ mathode ed are 2, Unit tile mesture- method 2. The square meter area method AL The Unit Tile Measure Method Procedure: 1, Divide the width and length of the oor bythe width ff the tile to be used, 2, Maltibly the quotients of the width and the len 4, The result is the required quantity, 1 ILLUSTRATION 1=4 Find the number of 1°x'x cement tles reguted for a 100 m. by 900 m. School classroom using Class “1" mortar smixtre. FIGURE 1-3 SOLUTION: i 1 Divide 140 + m0 = a5 pes, 30 + 3 = pen, 2. Maltin: 38% 45 = LTS pox, ) 3. Coment Mortar: 4) Find the volume of the mortar where 3" = 875 709% B60 % 18S = 1.48125 cu. m. From Table 2-3 of chapter 2, Gemont: 11025 x 12 = MATS bags Sind: 1488 X ‘Lg = 1I8I35 ebm, ANOTHER SOLUTION: 1. Convert measurement rom meter to inches. 100% 37 =. 2550 Inches Divide by 8: G50 + 8 = OAL or aSB, 2am x wat = sss Divide by 8° BAN + 1 = 49 or 3. Maltipiys $5.3 43 = 1STB pen Ix 6x O° ‘The Square Moter Area Method 1, Solve for the floor sven ta om = tq a 2, Table 7-2; 6 x 2 = 1ST pos 3. Using class “B" mortar ément: © x 25 Sind: xu = 14105 tags LIN em, ‘TABLE 7-2. CENENT TILES AND MORTAR, and the mortar wing cla No.of ee ume] suck six | Tay’ Send | Sak, ["Cemenr wxexe | aa |e | zs Paexe | sm | ae | zs wsiwxe | ism | ars | zs | um ILLUSTRATION 7-5 From Pigure 74, find the no, of 1x10" 10" cements tiles “A mist. ge eins #4 SOLUTION: 1. Find tho fotel area of A & B A= 15m x 8= 1 eq m B= 18m x 8 =i 2am "Tota area... 25039, me 42, Find the number of tiles (Table 7-3) WH x 16 = 42H pes. 4 Mortar: from Table 7-3, using Class A mixture Coment: 254 x Hs = 1 begs Smd 1 2 X NS = 485 oF 5 cu, m 7-4 VINYL AND RUBRER TILES Spectintions: ‘Tiles shall be nor-fading, odorless and non-slip even when vet and shall be strong enough to stand the ordinary wear and fear, clearing and moving of furnitures without eamage and shall be selfdeling 4 ‘Tiles shell bo aid to conform with the manufacturers spe itications. Asphalt cement ball be apolied to the for every ‘after the ler are Ind on the surtace, Tiles shall be presed With 4 Tioleum roller to avold tisters. after completion, all ‘works shell be leaned end all cement, dirts or other foreign substances skal bo removed. Apely two coats of wax of whl shall be polished to smcoth, shiny insh,PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATES 1. ind the floor aren to be eovered with vinyl ties 2, Maltply this aren by the number of tiles per sq.m. fs in Table 1 3. Multiply area by 02 to find the number of gallons of asphalt cement. TABLE 7-4 VINYL AND RUBBER TILES nt see | Mobo sem | can Lae ex x 8" 25.00 oat were cd a erate i ‘ee ‘oa tun oa TLUSTRATION 1-7 Find the number of 9 x 9° vinyl tiles fora elsstoom floor ensuring 700 x 340 meters SOLUTION: Floor Area: = sq. m. 2, Number of "les 62 TS = 12H25 or 1286 pes. 2. Aephalt cement - x 02 = 2086 or 3 gallons ‘ cuarren 8 HARDWARE 4-1 Bows. ot is a pin oF a rod with a head at one end threaded at wits the other end to receive a nut. KINDS OF BOLTS 1. Machine Bolts — has a head st one end and « short tres at the other od 2 Countersunk bolt — hae beveled heed fitting Into a ‘countersinie hale. 4. Key Hesd Bolt — hes a head shaped end fitted toa froove That wil not turn when the nul is screwed info the ther end 4. Stud Bott — a headless bolt threaded at both ends‘TABLE #1 US, STANDARD THREAD Diameter of | a ote | me ‘Wo, of Pheeat Fie] ae fan) 2] an | 20] 0/8 of eed | oy | a0 | 16 2| | 20) FIGURE 8-5 Length of Bolt = With of post plup thickness. of Diemeter of | a8 ep Brat | 64 3 ‘TABLE 82 WEIGHT OF BOLTS ity Square Heads 11 Hexagonal Nuts In Kllos per Bolt ee pa + jaw | au] mee] ee] as | caw | tae $ 35/3) Bt] Be) tee | as : S| ae] | Ss [as | tke : sa | se | ae | uae | ae | tas : fe | oe | me | aa | uae | tae 3 (Se) de | ian | ie | de Length ot Bott = With ef pest las to tothe ’ 48) fe] oe | | itn | ae ci With ot pet pie to t se) S| RS | US | tie | tar Dee at | 20 | nan | tse | 2000 | 2526 4: Post and 2 beam of diferent thickness us [iam | oo. | arr | ram | iene | aizr | see i [aoe | | se | tae | tan | came | see [PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATE ‘machine bat) 1 Peat strap or Splice Strap ‘The length of bolt is equals the wilh of the post ian one inch - Lewer FIGURE 8-7 Length of Bolt = With of Post tt + te —1 2, Post aod sinsle beam (with 1” dap) ree etvail a aa ee es oe ‘Length of Bolt = thickness of member In layer plus 1 A. Wood screw — ia a screw nail wlth banded conse thang to 2am “ ss : 1 tos : tos LX woon supe bine Mca OUTS ae sees a sr js ee eee si 4 Oval AL. Hexagonal — iS nti 3 ro mn ons ES ee = Sse ee Post Strep | No. & Dia| Strap | No. & Dia oe fae TE) noe ee eres Sx 8) ayewion | ue leaden’ | ay 3. Course ee = ee ee ae 2. Lag (heavy duty) a oS ee vse - a fe oe ae a ioe is ee a Pee ees ie | ee ——e | See Se ee eee enn . Soa 4. Base of removal in ease of repair begs 19Tne etteet sMective lengin of screw ‘There are three shapes of points: 1. Gimlet — used on wood and cosch screws 2. Diamond — are used when more driving or less driv- ue Se ake bane one om j i.foraingry Can TABLE 8-4 STANDARD WOOD SCREW Weight in Pound per Gross Gross = 12 Devens) Sia wil 2 | syl s[su [alot ale Pa 2 3 4 as & a] a8 5 2 | ‘0 | 13s] 235] 7 ‘ei xao | 181] Led 5 2 tsa | tse] 126) 225) 257 ° aint [iq | Lt] 225) 2s) 0] ro 136 [ine a a he |208 a} | it [238 51] si 00 B) 301 |2er esl ee u 220 [200 575) o23| 734) co 16 22 [aa ‘1u0| 209) 90%|2020 @ at [aaa A eee 2 Ge | ao ‘noa0 1180 1300 150 = ‘tee [eas 209 1801850 1830| a [56s |ra0 | o18|r081 1260 245 1620] sn 15/2120, 2 | ry 8-3 NAILS Handmade nails used in the Utd States lasted up to the end of the Colonial Peried. At the end of the Ih century, 2 pateats for nail mabing machine bad been granted in the United States and it mae introduced Tater in Englane. a Frame, light malls for carpenters were made oat of wlze as enely a5 the days of Napoleon 1, ‘They wote made by hond fand hammer. Ty the Unibed Slates, the wire nalls were first ‘made ia 16S by Wiliam Hereer of New York, end later in 185, Falher Goebel introduced the manufacture of wire mals KINDS OF NAILS AS To: 1, Cross-Sectional Shape 4) Gut crectanguar) 2B) Wire (clean) 2. Size a) Tacks by Spries © Brads ©) Nails ©) Spike 3. Matedate 2) Steet ©) Brass ©) Comper Pini ® Pin © Galvanized 1) Coatea ©) Bleed t5: serie © connon 3 Sterne g} maine ee 3 Bet be z : 5 ‘a0 A, Tes i z ieee : : ‘0 Shall serpointed all with tapering sides anda thin Be z Sate fae ea. : z = : i Seve “Tacks re nl ety we in fstning carts and Sas ‘ & ie ing of say thin materials 3 & a % = a ts x z Fir é % ino i é i 8 ie 2 i & a TABLE 8-6 FLOORING BRADS at aim | Teme 4 ite ots val 2 1st | iy is rai a | i % | x 3 iguRe #-12 mS 3S i | be a ka | 3 ° | s |‘TABLE 8-7 COMMON BRADS suc) at Tacks aad Spies, The most generally used are celled Common Nas of sizes from 1 inch, 9 € inches i — ‘TABLE 8-9 ORDINARY sexKEs See] math | conve | Appreninae | No.of a feces” | Sot" | ere | Mit Be 1 16 a6 82.400 ‘Size engin sae Bim |e | & | see Pom Sj | im | ge | flee a a " i a] [a] om | aie a ue FA # | eee : eee ‘ol “ 3 ees a be & ie | vin : : = 8 cS 4 ee a 9 a a 2 2 : ot a 2 % soc Tg su | Inches No. to Lb, in Keg Seal ainsi smetines cl tied dove ins a vinae a ‘The Tegular sacs sprite anges from 34 107? inches ghuge Bw) om & Ao eee oi fs. dace a] os in eg}? i mins ws | de i a) 8 i =| ° Soll ler newts dnp esd The conan ve a |? 3 pismo i eyo fr) Weng | hy & oR the"Bowrity Wade "han 8 fs in ae | S | t 2 oe | i a o. Nas |e FA 5 ” 1° ooE SPIKES ‘An ordinary spike fa stout piece of metal from 3 to 12 inches in leagth, much thicker In proportion Qh ‘common nal Splke Is much uted in attracting rallead ras, construction of docks, prs and other work that wees large timber. ‘TWO KINDS OF SPIKES 1. Flat bead, diamond point 2 Oval head, chisel point 1. HOAT SPIKES A kind of mal driven mostly in hard timbers with a clean ‘at sharp chisel point, Fiat Diemens Point ‘TABLE 8-10 USES AND APPROX. QUANTITIES OF NAILS. ated | on e7| Ppt | sin | rising 1tn ba fe 3s me CN 2. Paine wt rove ba 34888 Fin beth » i {Wb ees 6d Pi trate s. stu fov ti anes ad OWN 1 asters Poste fGan woke mm mm owH st io wit, tm 20d WN 6. Panda Dourd— 10OD bit 457 $6 WN 1 Coting font 100 bf. 1690-8 CW im aN OWN 1 cating Bow tee toe bf 485 Gd Cane 9. ead Cating a ee anes ree Sidings OR Ak Tie Bout mf0 Mfts 608 1 potude 80 fe 8 i sattaane mM ofc 78. 208 16 Form amc won bk tt, 6a ak GW hFiwd —yiee = OWN ie owscuarrer 9 STAIR STAIRS — the steps whereby to ascend or descend from one loot to another 8-1 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 4. Ballster— a smell post supporting @ hand rail 2 Balustrade — a series of balusters supporting « band rail 42. Bearer — winder support wedeed into a mall secured by ste 4. Carriage — a wood traming that supports the steps of wooden stats 5: Circular stairs — a sthireage with all the steps being winders 6 Close strings — a staircase without an open nemel, 1 Gockel stairs — a winding staircase, 4. Cota step ~ the first stop by which a stair is ascended finishing atthe end in the form of a sro follwing the shape ‘of the handral 9 Curve out ~ 2 concave curve on the front fae of atting. 16 10 Epic stirs — thous alipte in plan where tread assem bly forms an elliptical ving tm plan 1H, Pace Moved ~ a seston on any inclined plane vertically over a eueved plan of incl 12 Filet — a bund nailed tothe face of fren string below te curve 13. Plight of stalrs — sorits of steps leading trom one landing to another, 14 Flyers — « parallel step in might. 1. Front sting — the string on the side of stats over which’ the handral is placed, 10, Geometrical stairs — a stair Might supported by the wollvat the en of team 1EHalf space — the interval betwoen two flights of steps sn stanesse 18 Hand rll — a rail ronning parallel the inclination of the stale supported by tho balusters, 19, Knee — 8 convex bend at the back of handrail. ‘2, Hollow. newel — an opening in the middle of staircase somtimes called wall ole 2, Housing — tho notches In the string board of a stair for the veceplion of treads. ‘2, Landing — a horizontal resting place fa a fight 28, Newel — the central staircase wind, or the main angles and foot of a stirenss 2, Nevng ~the front cg ofthe tend that projects beyond te reer1, Plch — an inclination to the horlaontal of the stale, 2% Ramp — a concave or convex casement of an ange 17. Riser — the vertical board in foot of a step, 2. Rise — the vertical distance between the treads of the contre stairs, 49, Run — the horionta distance from the first tothe last iter of 8 fight of stars, 4 Sera in Cuttait Step —the bottom step withthe front ‘end shaped to recelve, 3, Soffit — the under side of an arch oF moulding. 42, Spandell — the angle formed by a starway. “3. Stop — the horizontal board stepped spon in ascending or descending 1%, Stops — the assembly consisting a tread and riser ‘String Board — the board next to the well hole which eetives the ends of the steps ‘38 String Peco —the part of star flight which forme ite coting or soft Tread or Run — the hovizntal distance between the saer, $9, We — the place occupied by the riser ght, 40, Well hole — the opening inthe floor at the top of Aight of stairs 4, Well stalrease — a winding starease enclosed by walls. $2 Winders — a step not parrallel to each other. 48, Wreath — the whole of a curved andra 'M, Wreath plese — a portion of a wreath, ‘THE FOUR TYPES OF STRINGERS ARE: 1, Cleated 2 cut 3, Bult wp 44 Rabbetted (housed) (4) rectangular grooves (tampered erooves (wedge type) Treads cLeareo cur BUILT-UP asseTTeD — RABBETTED with on WoUsED GROVES FoR WeooeS FIGURE 9-19-2 STRINGER Stringer lo the tuclined plane that supports or tlds the tread and riser of s star. Determining the mumber of stinger iret et ta ane cae ely by dr Sunt, ‘The length of the alelager is dependent upon te angle Sf ncatian the ego the run and the ight of te oa ‘Ths becomes the prablem of the one who. making the est Tae bone Levenger en oof tora te ia eee are owe: semom tort = 4m? +! ALLUSTRATION 9 -1 ‘From igure 92 determine the lensh of the singer with the following dete: rise = 216 meters fn = 300 meter “Tread (sep) width = 11 Inches vier = Tinches oF (8m) aay singer 5 SOLUTION: oe VV Bars an = ae = Wo or ba tt. ‘The illustration ls simple to thote who know the mechanics ‘of equaro root, but how mary could do auth method? Table 9-1 4s prepared to siuplfy the methed doing away with the cox- pleated procedure of tinding the square reot value st TABLE 9-1 STRINGER ayo. of | bexat of siriner| No. of | Length of Stringer Stop lnpat | Seep ie feet Bee Hama ase | er | WE of Ste — 6 a ma 5 ca 6 a ce ‘ a 7 u ts + is 5 2 a 5 a w | az oo | wo | aor in] iba) cane [Ram aor wz |i we | | ie we ofoe ow Jas |e uo] us ie | as | tse ues | ae | ano ip eae trae pie w [ome ows | | asa m | use | ae | ine wo | ie ane ms o | ean comsILLUSTRATION 9-2 Solving the problem of iustration 9-1 using Table 9-1, Dats: Riser = Widte of step No.of steps = 216 + 800") =m steps Referring to Table 9-1 Under column 2 oppesite the 12 number of steps, the valoe found is 121 fe ‘Order: 12 long: the fractions wale is @qatl to 12in. ‘a negligible length coverad by lumber Yength allowance. 9-2 TREAD ‘The horizontal distance or plane between the riser that re: cesives the foot in ateending or descending from one flor to Snother, ‘me thickness and width are usually given or specified 0 ‘theplane including telongth The prodlem in solving isthe quar- tity and length of lumber to be ordered so. much a0 that when {hoy ‘are ct Inte pieces in accordance with the desired width of the stairway, thre wll be no shoriage or excess, ‘The folloning procedure will guide the estimate: 1. Verify the length and the total aumber of treads. 2, Divide the cembined length ofall steps by a number dt ill by the length of ove tread. 3, Adjust to commereal length of lumber 4. Ut extra cut cannot be avoided, got tho least length. ILLUSTRATION 9-3 ‘Suopoce there are 12 steps or tread in a staircase at Peet long, What lenge and ow many plece of lumber Shall be ordered SOLUTION: 1. Find the total length of the tread, Wx a tea i 2 Trial aiveor a) it 2s wed reer rs bie 4 ia ed Bete Re ‘Ts length is satisfactory and available, Order: 4 pon 2 x nh x az analysis: 1, ‘The length of 12 ft is common and availabe in alloca umber desler, 2 12 foot is divisible by 4 ft, equals the length of each step, 4 Shorter lumber length 1s cheaper.ILLUSTRATION 9-4 9-5 SPIRAL STAIRS Suppose there are 9 step in a stirese of 2" % 1 ‘TABLE 9-2 SPIRAL STAIRS Tog. Order the materials reqited. pen ver Frenae ‘Gonieer reads “Wied Degree | No.of Teed Bisa Se Had Rm SOLUTION: fi Circe Find the total length of the tread = we os * vo 9x 5 = stot wo | iis 2 ‘Teial Disisor © 15 Is uses i + 5 = 9 fect 1 this length issn odd number, the order can be either S pes at 0, or 2 pos at ft and 1pe. ab 6 fe, an ex. cess of one fet ©) 10 is used - rears Centilever Treads 4 pes ab 10 ft, and 1 pe at 6 ft, an excess of one foot which sometimes wt feannot be avoided. With the previous one, the second is preferred being shorter and easier, 9-4 RISER ‘The eatnatizg procedure for the riser fa the same as that ‘of tho tre, sae im 2.anno SINOLARY OF THE ABOVE TEMS sc. ar Black Sheet ‘Spex Mie" Fat Bare AUXILIARY TOPIC Spee ear Pint Bee 24 pe. 3°20" Plain Sloe Bare 2. pes. Roller Bening 40-1 ACCORDION DooR covER Apes. A°a1%4" a Flat Bere 20 pes. "AIK" Rivets pom. 12 pea. 56" Call Wire Spring ore Provide ait ee a ee ‘To find the required materlls of a given door opening, multiply each item by tho span in meter, ick Sheet ILLUSTRATION 10-1 Saree ‘A 400 m. wide door requires an accotdion cover for security purposes. The accrion door is tobe opened atthe center folded aa at both sides direction, List down the materials, FIGURE 10-1 sown The flonng ace the mater raged for evry meter SPAN = 40 meters ron of an accom sow Faken ie Pine 1 400 20 = pon CA" Rie ‘12 pes, 6x8 Black Sheet (Gauge No. variable) sm x 15 = Opes, axe Black Sheet No. 18 pes VAG at ans Hat Bare Veta Stop) 4% 6 = Hh pen O/B Fiat Bare Hs so Mat Bare io x 3, = 2 bon Weta Fat Bare Sch Pa" Pin Sel Bers 401% 24 = Si or 10%"xar Plain Stoo Bars 3 Rater, Heigs Ai x 3. > apes, Raler Beng : 1 pe. Se"al%4"%2.0 m. Flat Bar Guide Rail 400 X Mm 136 pes, M42LA"SBY Plat Bare j ress inl, 40 x 20 = ao es. 4X14" Rivets 4 ee Cals ate M0 x 12 = pen Cal Sorte ae ™ m i.1. <2 PILES. Piles shall be posled removing all the rough arc and at leat of toner bark: Nees th a he race ‘on any elcunference shall be clean wood. Sok remaining on ple shall bo over 2m. wide and 20 AIL knots shall be teamed closed to the’ body ofthe pile. ‘TABLE 10-1 WOOD PILES Damier ta. from Bott | Min Tip Lesath of Pe |-itigs Gm | Mex Om, | Diam, Cm. wm tom | 3 18 Over i8 meters % 0 6 candi. When the ples is 2 length of plo shall be a3 uit ‘ett preservative ia at least the amount given ‘Te diameter of the piles shall be measured not ‘meisuremerts may be used. The butt diameters for the same tle ‘TABLE 10-2. MINIMUM PRESERVATION PER CUBIC FOOT (OP WOOD. ae pe of Prag om ‘Binply Cell Process “Full Cal Proctes ar ae vs Ue | 2 he ate Lumber shall be treated by preauure method with creosote. coal solution or creosote petroleum solution. we ‘TABLE 10-3 RANGE OF SKIN FRICTION FOR VARIOUS SOILS 1, Sit and Soft mud... $0 to 100 Iis/sq tt 2. Sit, compacted 1 to 350 Ibag, £0 5. Clay and Sand 0 12 90 tn/sq. ft. 4 Sand with some cy. 500 fo 1000 Ihsv/eq. tt 5. Sand snd Gravel) 10 to 160) Iba/sq.$€, TABLE 10-4 ALLOWANCE BEARING POWER OF DIFFERENT Sons Valin Short Ton/Se. FL ind of Sot fata te E Quik saed and allvit—| sai reine hay (sat) Beato Wet cay aod soft mand anleys ing and Sanat alernte Layer tapas 5. Fit and Dry Lau or hay, Bere Dry Clay or % 2 6 Sand, enfin sel vealiaal 1 Compute Coarse Send ot SHEE Crave a |e ‘ 4, Sand and Gravel Well Cemented s |]. 9, Good hard Pan or Hard Shale wow] 6 10-3 BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENT Hot Asphalt Type — Approx. 4" or 1.25 cm, thick a‘TABLE 10-5 BITUMINOUS MACADAM WEARING COURSE ieuninoas terials — a8 Titers Biteminors | Aggregate Choker areeente = 2465 hoe La ‘The weight above are tone of asresste having a bulk spe sited pravity of 285. iat sprening « Fitst Appication co cord Sorendine 8 ‘hint sprang ie 4" ‘TABLE 10-7 BITUMINOUS SURFACE, TREATMENT ‘earth Spreting im : (ot Ampbalt Type-Azorex. Mor 16 em. Thick) Total 7a i eae of Paine Op aT ra ter Sa ‘TABLE 10-6 BITUMINOUS MMACADAM PAVEMENT nerotme | ‘Matrbln’ — Cuare Chater 3 Tfse “Ror ver SW (Wet Asphalt Type Approx, 240 or 7m, Tied) eee ace 1H Aplation 10 ‘otras ‘Sprenine 2 ise, ed" Applition 13 s FIRE Span ‘Sorting 7 ‘Eeand Spence 2 apiention or Fin Applicaton i ‘Sovating i ‘hia Spring i Tota! a Second Applian = {= Foard Somesing * é é pager! ‘Thi Aopen 20 Vatue yen with bak specific gravity of 268 eth Spreng 2 este au Be 1054 HOUSE WATER TANK ‘Open Graded Pian Mix Surface Course ‘The sppreximate amoant of materials per square meter of the open graded plant min surfacing course and the Sequence placing stall be ea follows Plantminoi agsreyste — 89 kilos Choker aeeregsic Ses ve 1 tho height of a busing requires water pressure in excess cf hatin the cy main, hove tank is nocossury. To provide Suticent pressure, the bottom ot the tank must be elevated BM, above the highest ature Tanks may be constructed of elther nead, ste] or conerete ‘Tne required capacity cf a tank varies with the capacity and) running time of the Reuse or fill pump.‘TABLE 10-8 WATER CONSUMPTION IN OFFICE BLDG. | the volume in cable meters to cotain 3.00 gallos. 0 ing Type are 2 Geile Porson (Commerial with airconditioning 1392 Creer, couplod mith Bitchon ad Tnomery, no sreondtining na ‘otter ecupi. with itch, Iandry ‘on with seeonionne a0 EXAMPLE A commerci} office bulaing has an occupancy’ of 890 persons 0% 38 = 3040 gallons per hour "Tanks should have: 1500 ealper Ye hr. supply ‘Pimp sold haves 30 gal. per hour, oF 556 al per minute ‘TABLE 10-9 COLD WATER CONSUMPTION Tipe of Busing Galions/Pereen/Dos Residence Large 200 Apartment Lowerent 7 tee 100 Offiee Batting cf ‘Assume that a commerca) office building water consumption {Mi llons. "Yn the size of the proposed water tenk or 1 eu, m, = 2642 gallons oe 400 gal, + 9812 = 118 com. or 12 cum, Note: This volume Ts inside dimersion of the tank HOT WATER 1, Determine the day consumption of cold water, mutiny the building eccuoants by the number of gallens a6 listed i= ‘Table I-10 2 Hot Water: Divide the result of 1 by No. 3 2 Probable noxrly demand for hot water, divide the daily ‘ota consumption from 2 by 0. 4. Average hourly demand for hot water, divide the dally consumption of ot wate in 2 BF 20 TABLE 10-10 HOT WATER CONSUMPTION IN APARTMENT: ‘BUILDING Pattie Housing | Aptana (Gatos ‘Gallon Average Dai or Apart » ry ver Peron BS a per Roam 2 = Sasisuar Lall per Apartment ® 39 16 Note: Allow 4 gal por hour per person of hot water i office building end 19 per hear per mes a10-5 FILLING MATERIALS ‘TABLE 10-11 FILLING MATERIALS “teria ‘Pervnlago Additonal (Clase Foteme) (ain Compact Vote Bers ae Barth and Sana 185 ‘Selcad Borrow ae [ESTIMATING PROCEDURE: 1 Compute for the volume to be filled, that & the length times the width times the height! 1x wh 2 Determine the kind of filling materiale a shown on Table rer 5. Multiply the recut found in step ono by the correspond Jing percentage of additonal volume on celumn 2 of Table 1-11 4. Add this result to that In Step 1 to obtain the compact volume desired. Example A subdivision lot a shown in Figure 10-2 requires fling: Ccompuis the earthfil materials required, 2000 m : n fon - on 130m F PLan SECTION X-x 1 SOLUTION; 1. Bind the volume of A 13m % Mo Xs = 150cu-m 2, ing the volume of B 1500 ang x 48 = 15 ‘Total volume 38 co m. 3. From Table 1-01 + 26 315 x = 9s Volume reauired .... 42835 eum. 10-6 GLASS JALOUSIE ‘TABLE 19-12 GLASS JALOUSIE STANDARD HEIGHT woof] Hof | Square Fost No.of | At of tciee | Gan Per Blase | Bases | Gia 4 | vay txmson] os s fis | axason | | ame txmron | 6 2 [eee | xa com | is + fame | ck socas | 7 3 [ie | txecom| fame | te stsom | a | eran a | see ‘358 2 100 | ao | tone BR | ew fesr sro] a | tute txaean| a | my tke lie Lica = 1 4 ibm 120 ere 160-7 NIPA SHINGLE ROOFING ipa sunates FIGURE 10-3 ipa shingle is native local product commonly used as ootity materials ip eur country. flor to the Introduction. of EEE'Mhert Sad ether fopting roaterials, The ipa palm osally ifowe on swampy areas and this are. the apurce. of the raw steals for eming. nips shingles. One ripa sla, contains ppresimately 1H te 100 niga Teaves. ‘The nipa shingle ' ess. SERca nto to, they are Class "A" having a feng of 6 inches ShdChne “BY meesunng 48 incbetloug, the former contains Spproximately £2 nipn leaves whale the latter has sppreximately IB lees, ‘TABLE 10-13 NIPA SHINGLE TECHNICAL DATA ed | Bifetoe eseraae Fa | an tm | hae A Claes [A eer +] ase aw | tz | sa | is 30 $ | ‘ome ems | soar | reas | 20 a0 | feo ous | teas | est | 23s v | ems oon | sore | eae | co 80 SRaiten ties for every other bamboo solit ribs Rattan ties for every Bemsboo split ribs Reminder: ca shall be considered In solving for the aumber of pieces required and that the slope of the Tafters shoul not be fess than 3) degrees for root drabilty mm [LLUSTRATION 10-2 ‘The aren of the roof framing i 3 sq. meters having a gene ral dimension of 800 by 1000 meters, ind the number & nips [Hiogle required adopting 2 inches end lepine tied the bam: festa ibs a every thr interes ing Css A" ps nce soLuTion, 1. Determine the area of the roof framing 2. Multiply the area by the number on Table 10-18 cor responding the data as specified in the problem. 3. Convert the result in bundles 4, Seve for the required rattan and bamboo split by the aid of Table 10-18, 30 x 1077 = 38 pen me + % = 123 say 13 bundles, Rattan Salt M0 x 2 pex/sam. = 0 pes ‘BAMBOO SPLIT: ‘Bamboo poles are alto classified into three, ‘Thy are: Clast ‘5, Cie B and Clase C, which are then divided into splits ap- ptcximately 1" to-2” alld on the purine at an intervaliot Sto 1D inches apart, Care shoud be taken into eopsieration Tn naling the bamboo apts to avold cracks or separation of the fais for ill alfece ite strength. Freeh or dried bamboo Ebule tht nailing wil cause damage to most of the splits, ‘Tne tech bamboo should be sundried fora day Den. ‘ould be done immediately the flling day to avald cracks tr separation of the grains. rs‘TABLE 10-14 BAMBOO POLES DIVIDED INTO SPLIT OF 14" TO 2 cus | Neer sett | ype. teats_| corns x © me rr c 4 at ‘ Solving the above problem: using Clam B ples ‘si'sqm + 9 = 33 say 4 es B+ 12 = 25 say 3 pcs Cass A. ‘nd Lapping | No/Sa. M. | Ne of 17 Ratton/Se. i. e Te e o om e o 5 ben Nove, ‘Ada 10 pea, Anahaw leaves for every linear metor for gutter and 20 pes for ridge sod hip ine, Add 10% allowance for dam ‘heed anahaw leat 1 ILLUSTRATION 10-8: From Fig, 10-5, find the number of anahaw lesves and rattan opts reuired FIGURE 10-5 SOLUTION: Area A= 90m) " 2 a e Ares B= 90 sqm) ‘Adopting "4" end leppin x B= 5000 Ridge line; 1m x 0 = M0 pes Gulter Lime: 1 x 19 = 100 pes Total. 5m0 pm Rattan mx 6 = me.10-9 CONSTRUCTION TERMS = 2 sour, pierne & Stfrowoixe man NGLISEPILIINO EQUIVALENTS 5 kee ac 3 Foathennn course na 1 rosn ete a Ghisto wr nuasren En £ Ginpee a bioee = ee pons ene 31. SCRATCH COAT rebocada pany me 3K PICKWORK (on masonry) iketa 8 eer sic oe menu = S sekowse or oar = eae toc ere ce ee ee tae i bere a re ae 42, ALIGNMENT asintads, eit a nr eascia soaao pe See te Sa 1 aac ee ia CEMENT nick a Saar ay me Sour rer ote Hep con ey a, WINDOW HEAD tumbrere (0. PATTERN or SCHEDULE Plante WISBOW A D0OR Jann ae 3 ateee eee 20, STRINGER (oper bardivers SL. PANELLED DOO! a Sramees (nt Saas cei Ge nee ee Sh MASONRY. FILL issiva 2 ine Copan SS, se Et HANDRAIL bey SE ADOBE, ANCHO! rey aan ee Se. NIGOLITE BAK stant 3 Paoteerion Sha 5 Pawson : nea 2 Tewpan (oust sot) 5 biter Seige ney oe 180, CONDUCTOR ‘om DIABOMAL su wt staAP cn Sf Gaver eePartisogrem irae hipse Coline one sphere 190 MENSURATION FORMULAS surface surface ‘cursed only) surtace 1 base x atte ase aliade sum of parte side ties ahitde rast x diameter! 81 3 radia SMG x “diameter 2092 retive 7854 x sort diameter times long diameter deagth % cieeumference pits area of ene 07654 % tenath x (ta) stat tegne circu ference of tase % 51406 x (alameter}* rea of bare % be Sreumference ¢ demetr 18208 x (diameter)? % cremterence x (da)? 3% slums of cireumsery ing clinder|