snerz019 hitpsidearplain gihubio Good Morning inttpsiiwww.docin.comip-305697607.html ee anesrr6r2019 Aocessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES op 04 Dee 20 veges sv Good Morning 1 9 1289.6.7.1—2001 Australian Standard™ Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method 6.7.1: Soil strength and consolidation tests—Determination of permeability of a soil— Constant head method for a remoulded specimen 1 SCOPE This Standard sets out a method for determining the coefficient of permeability for the flow of water through a remoulded specimen by a constant head method (see Note). The method is suitable tor soils with a coefficient of permeability greater than approximately 10° ms. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this Standard: AS 1152 Specification for test sieves 1283 Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes 1283.1 Method 1: Preparation of disturbed soil samples for testing 1289.2.1.1 Method 2.1.1: Soil moisture content tests—Determination of the moisture Content of a soil—Oven drying method (standard method) 1289.5.1.1° Method §.1:1: y Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the dry density’moisture content relation of a soll using standard compactive efort 1289.5.2.1 Method 5.2.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the dry density/moisture content ration of a soil using modified compactive effort 1289.5.5.1 Method5.5.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the ‘minimum and meximum dry density of @ cohesiontess rmaterial—Standerd method 1288.6.7.2 Method 6.7.2: Soil strength and consolidation tests—Determination of permeability of a soil—Falling head method for a remoulded specimen 1289.6.7.3 Method 6.7.3: Soil strength and consolidation tests—Determination of permeability of a soil—Constant head method using a flexible Wall permeameter 3. DEFINITIONS 3.1 Laboratory density ratio The ratio of the dry density of the compacted specimen to the maximum dry density of the material as determined by AS 1289.5.1.1, AS 1289.5.2.1 or AS 1289.5.5.1, as applicable, expressed as a percentage. eww standards.com.au hitpsiidearplain.gthub io 22snerz019 g & Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES Good Morning 3.2 Laboratory moisture ratio The ratio of the moisture content of the compacted specimen to the optimum moisture content of the material as determined by AS 1289.5.1.1 of AS 1289.5.2.1, as applicable, ‘expressed as a percentage, 33 Hi The difference in hydraulic head between the top and the bottom of the specimen, divided by the specimen thickness. iraulic gradient 4 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required: (a) Parmeameter cylinder and collar of rigid corrosion-resistant material having a diameter meeting the requirements shown in Table 1. The height of the mould shall be sufficient to include the test specimen of height greater than 5 times the maximum particle size for testing, porous plates and surcharges. The height of the specimen shall be not less than 50 mm. TABLE 1 PERMEAMETER CYLINDER DIAMETER (b) Permeameter baseplate containing suitable inlets and outlets to allow water to flow through the specimen, and @ suitable spacer disc to ensure there is room for the sutcharges in the mould after the specimen has been compacted (6) Rigid porous discs for containment of the specimen within the cylinder and allowing the free flow of water. The disc placed on top of the specimen may contain a hole of about 25 mm diameter. The maximum flow capacity of the apparatus shall be known (see Note) NOTE: The maximum flow capacity can be measured using the assembled apparatus under test conditions without a specimen, (qd) A system for applying a confining axial load to the specimen or surcharges. (@ Reservoir for supply of water at a constant head and constant temperature. (f) Facilities for measurement of the flow of water in terms of quantity and rate, as follows: (i) Timer that reads in minutes. (ii) Measuring cylinders capable of measuring the volume of water to the nearest ‘1 mL or balance with a limit of performance not exceeding +1 g, (@) Balance of adequate capacity having a limit of performance not exceeding +5 9. (th) Thermometer graduated to 1° or less with an uncertainty not exceeding 0.5°C. (i) Fast flow filter paper discs appropriate to the diameter of the mould. © Standards Australia www standards.com.aut hitpsidearplain gihubio anasnerz019 Good Morning 8 As 1294 (i) Microcrystalline wax or similar material of known density and waxing apparatus to line the inside of the mould. (&) Sleves of suitable size, for example 375mm, 120mm, 950mm, 475mm complying with AS 1152, for material being tested. ()) Measurement device for determining the height of specimen to the nearest 1 mm or ‘measured moulds and spacers. (m) Vacuum evacuation apparatus to assist in saturation of the specimen. 5 PREPARATION OF THE TEST PORTION Prepare the test portion as follows: (@) Using the sieve appropriate to the maximum size (eg. the 19mm sieve for 20 mm. nominal maximum size), sieve a representative sample of the soil prepared in accordance with the procedure prescribed in AS 1289.1. Determine the percentage of ‘material retained on the sieve and discard this material (soe Note 2). (b) Obtain, by rifling or quartering the sieved material, a representative test portion of the soil to enable the manufacture of the specimen in the mould. (c) Dampen the test portion or dry at not more than 50°C to achieve the required laboratory moisture ratio. Thoroughly mix the test portion to ensure the moisture is uniform throughout the portion. (Allow the soil test portion to cure for an appropriate time forthe soil type (see Note 3). Record the duration of curing. 6 PREPARATION OF THE TEST SPECIMEN Prepare the test specimen as follows: (2) Seturate the porous dises in water under vacuum for at least 1 h prior to use. Store the dises in water bawoen tests. (b) Apply a thin layer of wax to the side of the mould to prevent piping of water batween the mould and the specimen. The amount. of wax on the:side of the mould shall be ‘taken into account when calculating the volume of the specimen. (c)__ Insert the spacer disc, clamp the mould (with the extension collar attached) to the baseplate and place a coarse filter paper on top of the spacer disc. (d) Immediately prior to compaction, thoroughly mix the cured soil and determine the moisture content (11) of a representative fraction of the test portion prepared in Clause 5 in accordance with AS 1289.2.1.1. The soil shall be compacted within +5% of the laboratory moisture ratio specified. (© Compact the specimen in the mould (see Note 4) in equal layers (within 6 mm) to achieve the required laboratory density ratio within +1% using the appropriate ‘compaction rammer and layers (see AS 1289.5.1.1 and AS 1289.5.2.1) depending on the compactive effort specified. Ensure that material is not segregated and that each layer is scarified about 2 to 5 mm prior to the compaction of the next layer. (f) Freethe material from around the inside of the collar and carefully remove the collar. (@) While the baseplate is still attached, ensure the surface of the compacted specimen is level with the top of the mould by means of a straightedge. Use smaller size material to patch any holes developed in the surface by the removal of coarse material during trimming (see also AS 1289,5.1.1 or AS 1289.5.2.1) é E i i : eww standards.com.au © Standards Australia hitpsidearplain gihubio anasnerz019 a ) 0 Good Morning Remove the baseplate, the spacer disc if used, and the filter paper. Calculate the dry density of the compacted specimen. Figject a specimen where the density ratio is ‘outside the permitted laboratory density ratio limits. Determine the height of the specimen to the nearest 1mm, Where this is determined bby measurement of the specimen, measure at least three separate points distributed ‘over the specimen, and calculate the mean height. Place a porous plate and filter paper disc on the permeameter baseplate and place it ‘on the mould containing the specimen. Clamp the baseplate to the mould with the compacted soil in contact with the filter paper. Invert the assembly and place another filter paper and a porous disc on top of the specimen. Place appropriate surcharges to achieve a surcharge of 3 kPa, of as otherwise specified (see Note), on top of the porous plate. Place the assembled permeameter containing the specimen and surcharge in a ‘container of water. Immerseit to about half its height and ensure both inlets are open. Gently rock the permeameter to expel air from the base. Close the inlets and remove the permeameter trom the container. Evacuate air from the specimen in a vacuum container of not less than 35 kPa and allow the water to be drawn into the specimen at a rate not exceeding 0.5% of the specimen volume per minute to totally cover the specimen (see Note6). Continue ‘evacuation, increasing the vacuum if required until the specimen is saturated. Ensure that the upper porous disc and surcharge are held firmly against the specimen to avoid ‘unravelling, On completion of saturation close the inlets, 7 PERCOLATION OF THE SPECIMEN Percolate the specimen as follows: @ ( @ ) é E i i : © Standards Australia hitpsidearplain gihubio Fill the constant head bath with water (see Note7), bring the water to a constant temperature. Record the temperature of the water. Attach the constant head apparatus to the permeameter and ensure no air is trapped in the system. A typical arrangement is shown in Figure 1, ‘Set the constant head apparatus to give the required hydraulic head (hydraulic head as ‘measured from the top of the water in the bath to the bottom of the overflow outlet on the permeameter) (see Note 8). Collect the water flowing through the permeameter and at suitable intervals record the lapsed time and the quantity of water (Vq) which has flowed through the specimen Continue readings until the permeability becomes constant (see Note) and record the temperature 0 of the outflow water at the time of permeability readings over the last 24h of the test. Constant permeability is achieved when the difference in measured permeabilities over at least 24 h period does not exceed 20% of the lowest, measured permeability in that period. Calculate the average permeability over the last 24 h of the test. www standards.com.aut 5112snerz019 8 & Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES eon standards.com.au Good Morning 5 As 1289. Wator bath neater Head control Permeameter Overflow pine tiend-4f water "7 mm To measuring eylinder water vath—_-| Tap 5 mm inlet ~/ \ \ constant head tap Inlet permeameter baseplate FIGURE | CONSTANT HEAD APPARATUS 8 CALCULATIONS Calculate the following: (2) Costticient of permeability (ky ) using the following equation, by= ext = @ xa A where kal) = Jeodtticient of parmesbility at tex temperature @, in metres per ‘second Ve = volume of water passing through soll in time (i), in mililitres 1 = time interval for volume (Vw) measurement, in minutes. A cross-sectional area of specimen, in square millimetres: hm thickness of specimen, in millimetres f= hyéralic head in millimetres @ = meantemperature of water during test, in dogroes Clsius ‘The calculated coefficient of permeability (kx) shall be corrected to thet at 20°C by using the following equation: ke =h| (t) (a2 where ky = coefficient of permeability at 20°C, in metres per second by coefficient of permeability at temperature 8, in metres per second no dynamic viscosity of weter at 6°C No dynamic viscosity of water at 20°C 6 mean temperature of water during test, in degrees Celsius © Standards Australia hitpsidearplain gihubio anesnerz019 Good Morning ‘The dynamic viscosities of water are given in Table2, TABLE 2 DYNAMIC VISCOSITY OF WATER efotitztsi st stotrists Dynamic vseosity of water, MPa x 10 17.94 | 17.32 | 1674 | 16.19 | 18.8 | 15.19 | 1473 | 1429 | 1387 | 1348 rato | 1274 | 1239 | 1206 | 11.75 | 11.48 | 11.16 | 10.88 | 10.60 | 10.94 soos | se¢ | ssi | 938 | 916 | 895 | a75 | 855 | 336 | ate soo | 78s | 767 | 751 | 736 | 731 | 708 | 692 | 670 | 666 654 | 642 | 630 | 618 | 608 | 5e7 | Sa7 | 577 | S68 | 558 529 | sao | 532 | 524 | 515 | 507 | 409 | 492 | aaa | 477 88/8 |B /s/° (b)Leboretory density ratio from the following equation: Lb =—£_ «100 (3 DD LDR = _ laboratory density ratio, in percent dry density of the specimen, in grams per oulbic centimetre MDD = maximum cry density of the specimen, in grams per cubic centimetre, (6) Laboratory moisture ratio from the following equation: wy, LM 100 @4 omc where LMR — = laboratory moistureratio, in percent ws = moisture content of specimen as compacted, in percent OMC = optimum moisture content of soil, in percent. g & 9 TEST REPORT ‘The report shall include the following: (@ Coetficient of permeability in metres per second to one significant figure, as calculated in Clause 7(f). (b) Hydraulic gradient at which the permebility test was carried out. (©) Laboratory moisture ratio and laboratory density ratio to which the specimen was ‘compacted, the compactive effort to which this is related (standard or moditied) and the method of compaction if not by the use of rammers as described in AS 1289.5.1.1 or AS 1289.5.2.1. (0) Surcharges and pressure applied to the specimen during test. (@ Percentage of material if any retained on the sieve (see Clause 5(a)) and later discarded, as well as the size of the sieve. (f) The number of this Australian Standard, i.e. AS 1289.6.7.1 Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES © Standards Australia www standards.com.aut hitpsidearplain gihubio masnerz019 Good Morning 7 A sy. NOTES ON TEST: 1 é E i i : Rates of flow Materials having permeabilities greater than 10° mis may result in excessive amounts of flow, which is beyond the capacity of the apparatus, whilst those with permeabilities less than 10°’ m/s may require precautions to prevent evaporation of the water collected for measurement. Oversize The permeability is dependent on the grading of the material. Removal of designated oversize material by sieving may affect the measured permeability. Mixing and curing It is important that the water be thoroughly mixed into and Uniformly distributed through the soil since inadequate mixing gives rise to variable results. It is desirable to keop the soil in a sealed container to allow the water to become more uniformly distributed through the soil before compaction. For materials of low plasticity and high permeability prepared in a moist condition close to optimum moisture content, little or no curing is required, but if the soil is dry and contains heavy clay, up to 7 days curing prior to compaction may be required. The more cohesive a soll, the more time required for moisture to infiltrate and equilibrate. Normally, all soils should be cured for a minimum of 2 h. Laboratory density and moisture ratios Unless otherwise specified, specimens should be compacted with a laboratory density ratio of 100% and a laboratory moistureratio of 100%. Other compaction methods such as static and vibratory methods or different numbers of layers may be used but the results of permeability may depend on the method used, Different compaction methods and different numbers of layers should bereported, Surcharges The loading on a specimen is governed by the existing or expected mass of overlying material Saturation of the specimen The degree of saturation of the specimen can have a significant effect on the permeability. Saturation of the specimen can be accelerated if a high vacuum is applied during the soaking period. If there is no overflow of water through the specimen after 24 h under a vacuum of 90KPa, saturation has not been achieved, In such case, a measurement of permeability, should be performed in accordance with AS 1289.6,7.3. Water Preferably, the water used in this test is native water from the location in which the soil is to be used, ‘Since most water contains some amount of dissolved air and this air can come out of solution creating bubbles in the specimen thus affecting its permeability. it is preferable to use deasrated water for this test. Deaerated water can be prepared either by applying a high vacuum to the stored water prior to the test or by boiling the water. Where native water is to be used, this should not be deaerated by boiling. It is also beneficial to maintain the temperature of the water above that of the tubing and the soil, because as the water cools on flowing through the specimen, its capacity for dissolved air increases, Hydraulic gradient Much lower values of hydraulic gradient are required than are generally recognized in order to ensure laminar flow conditions. The following values are suggested for soils having less than 10% passing the 75 im particle size: (a) Loose compaction (laboratory density ratio < 90%) hydraulic gradient 0.2 10 0.8. (b) Dense compaction (laboratory density ratio > 90%) hydraulic gradient 0.3 to 1.0. Tho lower values of hydraulic gradient in these ranges apply to coarser soils and the higher to finer soils. For soils with more than 10% passing the 75 jim sieve, larger hydraulic gradients will be required eww standards.com.au © Standards Australia hitpsidearplain gihubio anasnerz019 Good Morning 2001 8 9 Period of testing With coarse-grained soils, it should be possible to obtain constant flow conditions within one day; however, with fine grained soils, several days may be required and care should be exercised in the collection of the water to minimize evaporation. If the volume of permeant collected in a 24 h period is small (e.g, less than 150 MI), this method is not applicable, and the method described in AS 1269.6.7.2 should be Used. 8 & Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES © Standards Australia www standards.com.aut hitpsidearplain gihubio anasnerz019 Good Morning ° |S 1289.6.7.1—2001, NoTEs: Aocessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES on 04 Dee 2007 hitpsidearplain gihubio sonesnerz019 Good Morning A 1289.6.7.1—2001 10 NoTes Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES op 08 Dee 2 hitpsidearplain gihubio annesnerz019 Good Morning " |S 1289.6.7.1—2001, NoTEs: Aocessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES on 04 Dee 2007 hitpsidearplain gihubio sana