Selected Symbols and Abbreviations ™@ 10-35 Selected Symbols and Abbreviations (Continued) Symbol or Abbreviation Description x dynamic viscosity n efficiency v Kinematic viscosity P power to or from fluid Pp pressure Q volume rate of flow Pe density R gas constant R universal gas constant Re Reynolds number Ry hydraulic radius surface tension 5 seconds SG specific gravity t shear stress T absolute temperature, °R, °K v fluid velocity, volume v, displaced volume v vane velocity, specific volume Ww mechanical (shaft) power w Weber number we Weuted perimeter Zz elevation GE TUT10-36 Ml Fluid Mechanics Problems and Solutions 10-1. Kinematic viscosity may be expressed in units of (a) ms (©) kg-sim (b) 2m (A) kgis Solution absolute viscosit density p Kinematic viscosity v = Units of absolute viscosity: N-s/m? or kg/m-s Units of density: kg/m? c viscosity would be ‘The dimensions of kinemat u(kg/mes) mm? p kg/m’) s ‘The answer is (a) 10-2. The absolute viscosity of a fluid varies with pressure and temperature and is defined as a function of (a) density and angular deformation rate (b) density, shear stress and angular deformation rate Fluid (c) density and shear stress UE Ly (d) shear stress and angular deformation rate Solution ‘The absolute viscosity is proportional to the shear stress () divided by the angular deforma: av tion rate, Density is not involved in the definition. The rate of angular deformation Thus, r= 2 dy The answer is (d).Problems and Solutions ™ 10-37 10-3. An open chamber rests on the ocean floor in 150 m of sea water (SG = 1.03). The air pressure in kilopascals that must be maintained inside to exclude water is nearest to (a) 318 (©) 505 (b) 431 (d) 661 Solution ‘The internal pressure must equal the local external pressure. Extern ly, the pressure is h )¢h) p= yh=(SG) (7, / pa(l 03) 9. s1%¥)s0 m) = 505 kPa (gage) m ‘The answer is (c). 10-4, What is the static gage pressure in pascals in the air chamber of the container in Fig, 10-4? The specific weight of the water is 9810 Nim*, (a) 14,700 Pa ©) 0 (b) ~4500 Pa (4) +4500 kPa e 3 3 ay 4 ES ke Fig. 104 Solution Since the situation is static, gage pressure at the base is 1.5 m of water. In the air chamber itis 1.5 mof water, less 1 m of water less 1.2m of oil, p= Yht p= 1.5 (9810) —1 (9810) ~1.2 (0.8) (9810) = -4513 Pa The answer is (b. 10-5. The pressure in kilopascals at a depth of 100 meters in fresh water is nearest (a) 268 kPa (c) 981 kPa (b) 650 kPa (@) 1,620 kPaa) Ey - Wee surface 0.196 n? 15m (Cross-sectional area = S00 en? Fig. 10-8 10-38 Ml Fluid Mechanics Solution Pressure = yh = 9810 (100) = 981,000 Pa = 981 kPa The answer is (c), 10-6. What head, in meters of air, at ambient conditions of 100 kPa and 20°C, is equivalent to 15 kPa? @ 49 (©) 257 (6) 131 (d) 1282 Solution, The density of air can be calculated from the ideal gas law using R = 0.2864. i kge ___ 100 KN/m* 11988 5; 19 RT 0.286 EN 5 EN eK +283)K m P (The specific weight of air y= 1.1988.» m p=yh or h The answer is (d), 10-7. With a normal barometric pressure at sea level, the atmospheric pressure at an eleva- tion of 1,200 meters is nearest to: (@) 87.3 kPa (©) 115.3 kPa (b) 83 kPa (@) 101.3 kPa Solution Assuming atmospheric pressure at sea level at 101.3 kPa and a constant specific weight of air at 11.7 Nim’ (as previously calculated). The answer is (a). 11.7(1200) 14:7(1200) — 97.96 kPa 1000 = Py, -1h= 101.3 - 10-8. The funnel in Fig, 10-8 is full of water. The volume of the upper partis 0.165m? and of the lower part is 0.057m'. The force tending to push the plug out is (a) 1.00 kN (©) 1.63 kN (b) 147 kN (d) 2.00 kNProblems and Solutions ™@ 10-39 Solution Force = PA =yhA = Lim os SS 100m "3m xs0pem?x{ ) LAT KN m ‘The answe s (b). 10-9. An open-topped cylindrical water tank has a horizontal circular base 3 meters in dit ameter. When itis filled to a height of 2.5 meters, the force in Newtons exerted on its base is nearest to: (a) 17,340 (©) 100,000 (b) 34,680 (d) 173,400 Solution 14,325 Nim* ‘The pressure at the tank base = p = yyh = (9810)(2.5) Area of tank base, A= = 4 (3)' = 7.07 m? Force on tank base = pA = 24,525(7.07) = 173,400 N ‘The answer is (d). 10-10, A cubical tank with 1.5 meter sides is filled with water. The force, in kilonewtons, developed on one of the vertical sides is nearest to v (a) 4 (© 165 {| 3 (d) 33.0 i tae Fluid | TEU sy Solution Fig. 10-10 “The average pressure exerted on one side is the pressure that exists at the centroid of the side times the area of the side. Fayha where f, = the depth in meters from the fluid-free surface to the centroid of the area, and A = 5 Since the sides are square, h =075m $1(0.75)(1.5 x 1.5) = 16.55 KN ‘The answer is (c). 10-11. A conical reducing section connects an existing 10 centimeter diameter pipeline with anew 5 centimeter diameter line. At 700 kPa under no-flow conditions, what tensile fore kilonewtons is exerted on the reducing section? \ (a) 5.50 (©) 137 :. (b) 2.07 (@) 4.3 + Fig. 10-11an) TET ey 10-40 Ml Fluid Mechanics Solution The static force at A = (700! £0 1 mt 5.0 KN tension on the bolts at A. m kN 2 The static force at B = {700 [E0005 ws 37 KN tension on the bolts at B. im’ ‘The end restraint by the pipes opposes a net force of 5.50 ~ 1.37 = 4,13 KN to the right on the reducing section, The answer is (4). 10-12, A citcular access port 60 em in diameter seals an environmental test chanber that is pressurized to 100 kPa above the external pressure. What force in Newtons does the port exert Upon its retaining structure? (a) 7,100 (©) 14,100 (b) 9,500 (d) 28,300 ' Solution T Area of port = oD = (06) = 0.283 m? Exterior 202m N Pressure = 100 kPa = 100,000 —> m F = pA = 100,000 (0.283) = 28,300 N mein The answer is (d), 10-13. _A gas bubble rising from the ocean floor is 2.5 centimeters in diameter ata depth of 5 meters. Given that the specific gravity of seawater is 1.03, the buoyant force in Newtons being exerted on the bubble at this instant is nearest to (a) 0.0413 (©) 0.164 (b) 0.0826 (d) 0.328 Solution The volume of the bubble equals the volume of the displaced seawater, which equals 4 Wea. 3 18x10 m! 4 : * = =n (0.0125) 3 710.0125) Since the specific weight of seawater is 0.1048. m (SG)(7y)=1 on(ss10-X) ‘The buoyant force, B, is B = yV,(10,104)(8.18 x 10°) 0826 N ‘The answer is (b),Problems and Solutions @ 10-41 10-14, ‘The ice in an iceberg has a specific gravity of 0.922. When floating in seawater (SG (03), the percentage of its exposed volume is nearest to (a) 56 () 89 (b) 7.4 (d) 105 Solution A buoyant force is equal to the weight of uid displaced. At equilibrium, or floating, the weight downward is equal to the buoyant force. Let V, = total volume of the iceberg in m’. Its weigh ¥,(9810)(0.922) = 9045(V,)N Let V, = immersed volume of the iceberg, which equals the volume of seawater displaced, ‘The weight of seawater displaced is then V,(9810X 1.03) = 10,104(V,) N. VY; _ 9.045 9.895 is the volume fraction of the iceberg immersed, and the volume Vy, 10,104 Hence fraction exposed is 1 - 0.895 = 0.105 = 10.5%. The answer is (4). 10-18. A cylinder of cork is floating upright in a container pautialy filled with water. A vacuum is applied to the container that partially removes the air within the vessel ‘The cork will (a) rise somewhat in the water (b) sink somewhat in the water (6) remain stationary (d) um over on its side Solution ‘Archimedes’ Principle applies equally well to gases. Thus a body located in any fluid, whether liquid or gaseous, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight ofthe fluid displaced. A balloon filled with a gas lighter than air readily demonstrates the buoyant force. ‘Thus the weight of the cork is equal to the weight of water displaced plus the weight of air displaced. When the air within the vessel is removed, the cork is no longer provided a cork will sink some- buoyant force equal to the weight of air displaced. For equilibrium, th what in the water. The answer is (b). 10-16. A floating cylinder 8 cm in diameter and weighing 9.32 Newtons is placed in a cylindrical container that is 20 cm in diameter and partially full of water. The increase in the depth of water when the float is placed in itis (a) 10cm (©) 3em (b) Sem (d) 2em Solution Fluid UaeFluid TEL oy 10-42 ™@ Fluid Mechanics ‘The change in total volume, AV, beneath the water surface equals the area of the cylindrical container, A, times the change in water level, dh, or dV = A dh. The depth of the water will increase dh =3.02 em ‘The answer is (c), 10-17. A block of wood floats in water with 15 centimeters projecting above the water surface. If the same block were placed in alcohol of specific gravity 0.82, the block would Project 10 centimeters above the surface of the alcohol. The specific gravity of the wood block is (a) 067 -t (b) 3.00 aot () 0. x5 (d) 0.60 Water eal Solution Let x= height of wood block, specific weight of water, Nim? width of wood block, L= length of wood block, and y= ‘The weight of the block is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced. Weight of the block in water = (x~15)WLy1.0 Weight of the block in alcohol = (x~ 10)WLy0.82 ince the weight of the block is constant: (x= IS)WLy=0.82(x — 10)WLy 15 =0.82~8.2 68 a = —— = 37.8cm 0.18 The specific gravity of the wood block is, by definition, Volume of water displaced _ (x~1S)WL _ 37.8-15 Total volume WL 378 = 0.603 ‘The answer is (d).Problems and Solutions m@ 10-43 10-18, ‘The average velocity in a full pipe of incompressible fluid at Section I in Fig. 10-18 is 3 ms. After passing through a conical section that reduces the stream’s cross-sectional area at Section 2 to one-fourth of its previous value, the velocity at Section 2, in mis, is (a) 1.0 (3 (b) LS. (d) 12 at 7 ro a soenio [+ UE Yee \ cea pot : ra. 1018 Solution Continuity requires that O=AM = AY, = AG 1V,, V,=12m/s 4 ‘The answer is (d). 10-19. Refer to Fig. 10-18. If the static pressure at Section | is 700 kPa and the 10 cm diameter pipe is full of water undergoing steady flow at an average velocity of 10 m/sat A, the ‘mass flow rate in kg/s at Section 2 is nearest to (a) 100 (©) 5 (b) 19.5 (d) 98.6 Solution Continuity requires that the mass flow rate be the same at a late fi at Section 1, where the velocity is given, using #i flow rate at Section 2 Cross-sectional area at Section 1 sections in steady flow. Calcu- PAY. This will also be the mass *0 10)! =.00785 m? m= pav( i000 “= 00785 m*)(10 m/s) = 78.5 kg/s m ‘The answer is (c). Fluid DCTsa CELE 10-44 Ml Fluid Mechanics 10-20. Air flows in a long length of 2.5 cm diameter pipe. At one end the pressure is 200 KPa, the temperature is 150 °C and the velocity is 10 mvs. At the other end, the pressure has been reduced by friction and heat loss to 130 kPa. The mass flow rate in kg/s at any section along the pipe is nearest to (a) 0.008 (©) 0.126 (b) 0.042 (a) 0S Solution ‘The mass flow rate rin = pQ = pAV. The density of air at 200 kPa and 150 °C (423 °K) is obtained from the ideal gas law: Perr Pp use R= 286." kgrK = 165488 n The cross-sectional area = 4 = oD = 0.785(.025 m)* = 490 x 10° m? kg 6m 1o™ kg m= pav=[ 1.65 49010 * m*) 10™ }=0.00809 “8 em s The answer is (a), 10-21, Water flows through a long 1.0 cm LD. hose at 10 liters per ite. The water velocity in m/s is nearest to @t (©) 4.24 (b) 2.12 @ 212 Solution = 10 yy 8 6719 min 1,000L 60s s 0.785(0.01)' = 78.510 m? The cross-sectional area 4 = p? _Q_ 167x108 A 785x10° =212 m/s The answer is (b).Problems and Solutions m 10-45 10-22. Gasoline (p = 800 kg/m*) enters and leaves a pump system with the energy in NemiN of fluid that is shown in Table 10-22. Table 10-22. Entering Leaving Potential energy, Z meters above datum 1.5 45 Kinetic energy. ViC2g,) 15 30 Flow energy. py 90 45 120 525 ‘The pressure increase in kPa between the entering and leaving streams is nearest to (a) 283 (e 22 (b) 566 (d) 803 Solution ‘The pressure (flow) energy change is 45 - 9 = 36 NenwN 7848 N/m’ 82,500 Pa = 282.5 Pa AP 36, Ap = 36y = 36 (7848 y ‘The answer is (a). ay ft UES 10-23. Use the data of Problem 10-22. Ifthe volume flow rate of the gasoline (800 kg/m?) is 55 liters per minute, the theoretical pumping power, in kW, is nearest to @) 03 (©) 32 () 05 (@) 300 Solution m' min ‘The volume flow rate is SS» > —« B= 917 10% m/s volume How raters >Tpin 1000 60's ! Nem Ignoring the head loss, h, from friction, the required energy input is 52.5 ~ 12 =40.5 (soso) = 201 W=0.291 kW Power = yQh {7548 Jorr<10* m/s The answer is (a).aT) UE 10-46 Ml Fluid Mechanics 10-24. Water flowing in a pipe enters a horizontal venturi meter whose throat area at B is 1/4 that of the original and final cross-sections at A and C, as shown in Fig. 10-23. Continuity and ‘energy conservation demand that which one of the following be true? (a) the pressure at B is increased (b) the velocity at B is decreased (©) the potential energy at C is decreased (4) the flow energy at B is decreased 1 A 8 © Fig, 10.23, Solution Ina venturi throat, the increased velocity required by continuity results in a KE (velocity) increase that occurs at the expense of pressure (flow) energy. Since the system is horizontal, ‘no change in potential energy has occurred. At B the pressure (flow energy) decreases and KE increases. For a well-designed venturi, the conditions existent at A are essentially restored at C. The answer is (d), 10-25. For the energy data in NenVN, shown in Table 10-25, existing at two sections across pipe transporting water in steady flow, what Frictional head loss in feet has occurred? @o (©) 130 (b) 5 (@) 265, Potential energy 20 40. Kinetic energy Is 15 Flow energy 100 5 Total 135 30 Solution Apply an energy balance of the fluid flowing: Total energy in = Total energy out + Energy losses — Energy inputs; thus 135 = 130+ h, ~0. The head loss, h, =5 Nem/m, or 5 meters. Th answer is (b)Problems and Solutions ™ 10-47 10-26. The power in kilowatts required in the absence of losses to purnp water at 400 liters per minute from a large reservoir to another large reservoir 120 meters higher is nearest to (a) 5.85 (©) 15.10 (b) 7.85 (d) 30.00 Solution in KE or pressure Ignoring frictional losses, pump inefficiency, and noting that any change: are essentially 0, pumping power is equal to the increase in potential energy between the reservoirs Nem ‘The potential energy increase per Ibm is Z or f= 120 meters or Lo) mj min 1000L 60s 67x10" m* Is The volume flow rate, Q, is 400. ‘The power required is P = yQh, = ost *6.67x10'/s*120 m = 7.85 kW m ‘The answer is (b). 10-27. The theoretical velocity generated by a 10-meter hydraulic head is (a) 3s (c) 14mvis (b) 10 ms (d) 16.4 ms LS UEC Solution or V=(2gh)'? =(2 x 9.81 x 10)!" = 14 mis 28 ‘The answer is (c). 10-28. What is the static head corresponding to a fluid velocity of 10 m/sec’? (@) 5.1m (©) 164m (b) 10.2m (@) 50m Solution 510m The head is h= 2g The answer is (a).ar) NET ey 10-48 Ml Fluid Mechanics 10-29, The elevation to which water will rise in a piezometer tube is termed the (@) stagnation pressure (6) the hydraulic grade line (b) the energy grade line (@) friction head Solution A piezometer tube indicates static pressure and is equivalent toa static pressure gage. Stagnation pressure is an increased pressure developed at the entrance to a pitot tube when the velocity locally becomes zero. ‘The hydraulic grade line is a flow energy or pressure head in m, which can be plotted verti- cally above the pipe centerline along the pipe. The energy grade line is the total mechanical energy (flow energy or pressure head, plus Kinetic energy or dynamic head, plus potential energy or height above datum) in m, which may be plotted vertically above the datum along the pipe. ‘The friction head is the head loss hy in m caused by fluid friction ‘The eritical depth above the channel floor in open channels is the depth for minimum poten- Wal and kinetic energy for the given discharge. ‘Tranquil flow (low KE and high PE) exists when the actual flow is above critical depth, and rapid flow (high KE and low PE) exists when the actual flow is below critical depth. The answer is (c). 10-30. A stream of fluid with a mass flow rate of 30 kgs and a velocity of 6 avs to the right has its direction reversed 180° in a “U” fitting. The net dynamic force in N exerted by the fluid on the fitting is nearest to (a) 180 (c) 2030 (b) 360 (d) 4300 Solution ‘The steady impulse-momentum equation is F,, = tn(V, ~¥,) if the pressure in the uid stream is zero at each end of the “U.” Then F = 30 kg/s(-6 -6)m/s=360 = 360N Since the original velocity was 5 mv the final reversed velocity is -5 ns, Ths force from impuse- ‘momentum is the force on the fluid to achieve the velocity change. In reaction, the fluid exerts an equal and opposite force, 360 N, to the right on the fitting, The answer is (b). 10-31. The thrust in Newtons generated by an aircraft jet engine on takeoff, for each | kg/s of ‘exhaust products whose velocity has been increased from essentially 0 to 150 tw, is nearest 0 (a) 150 (c) 3600 (b) 1300 (d) 7100Problems and Solutions ™ 10-49 Solution ‘The impulse-momentum equation is F = pQ(V, ~ V,). Here pQ = 1 kgis, the final velocity of the exhaust is V, = 150 nvs, and V, = 0. Hence x kge F-(U8)os0-92 50 “82™ = 150N s ) s ‘The answer is (a). 10-32. For the configuration in Fig. 10-32, compute the velocity of the water in the 300 meter branch of the 15 cm diameter pipe. Assume the friction factors in the two pipes are the same and that the incidental losses are equal in the two branches. The velocity in m/s is (a) 10.0 (b) 42 (2 8 300 mot 15cm ¢ (a) 37 Water pe {somal Sem 9 ‘Water man ‘Water pipe [Water main. Fig. 10.32 Solution ‘There is a drop in the energy line from the 25 cm main to the 30 cm main. This head loss must be equal in both 15 em lines, or Figo = Maso ‘The Darcy equation is eter of pipe in meters, and g = 9.81 mv/s*, Thus in this situation 300 Vag? _ 450 Vaso" ‘50 Joisz08n fo. 15 2(981) which reduces to The answer is (d). Fluid DCTS10-50 Ml Fluid Mechanics 10-33. Which of the following statements most nearly approximates conditions in turbulent flow? (a) Fluid particles move along smooth, straight paths, (b) Energy loss varies linearly with velocity (©) Energy loss varies as the square of the velocity. () Newton's law of viscosity governs the flow. Sol Qn Laminar (streamline, viscous) flow is compared with turbulent flow in Table 10-33, Table 10-33, : ae eee Lyve (L\(v? een eye AYP) as; (Ge) Re ETT} Reynolds number Less than 2300 Greater than 2300 Re = DVpl Newton's law of viscosity defines 1 on the basis of shear stress and the rate of fluid angular deformation. The Reynolds number contains 44 as a contributing parameter. Very viscous liquids usually move in laminar flow. On basis of the above data select (c). Do not confuse the energy loss, fy with the friction factor, f: The answer is (c). 10-34. For turbulent flow of a fluid in a pipe, all of the following are true except (a) The average velocity will be nearly the same as at the pipe center (b) The energy lost to turbulence and friction varies with kinetic energy. (©) Pipe roughness affects the friction factor (d) The Reynolds number will be less than 2300.Problems and Solutions m 10-51 Solution In turbulent flow the Reynolds number is greater than 2300. The answer is (d). 10-35. If the fluid flows in parallel, adjacent layers and the paths of individual particles do not cross, the flow is said to be (a) laminar () critical (b) turbulent (d) dynamic Solution ‘Turbulent flow is highly agitated flow with individual particles crossing paths and colliding; flow is a point at which some property of the fluid—or some parameter related to it titi: changes; dynamic flow is redundant; uniform flow is of constant rate. ‘The answer is (a) 10-36. Which of the following constitutes a group of parameters with the dimensions of power? DY; (a) pa () Oe i (b) pav @ a Solution Ae Choice (a) is mass flow rate, riz, in kg/s. UE bs Choice (b) has these dimensions: N (m)\ Nem nav = mG) Ts Choice (c) isthe Reynolds number, Re; it is the dimensionless ratio of inertial force to viscous force. Choice (4) is the Euler number, Eu; it is the dimensionless ratio of inertial force to pressure force. ‘The answer is (b). oe10-52 WM Fluid Mechanics 10-37. At or below the critical velocity in small pipes or at very low velocities, the loss of head from friction (a) varies linearly with the velocity (b) can be ignored (©) is infinitely large (d) varies as the velocity squared Solution Below the erit al velocity (Re < 2300) flow is laminar, and f = 64/Re. Substitution of this Lye ——. yields the Hagen-Poiseuille D2 term into the Darey equation for friction loss in pipes, h equation, h, = a The answer is (a) yd 10-38. ‘The Moody diagram in Fig. 10-38 is a log-log plot of friction factor vs. Reynolds furmber. Which of the lines A-D represents the friction factor to use for turbulent flow in a smooth pipe of low roughness ratio (e!D) @aA we \ () 8 (Dd Fluid | ue ° SoS ee aE 2200 UE Aino fel ap pu lire 7 Fo Fig 10:38 Solution {Eine D applies to all roughness ratios in laminar flow (Re < 2300) because the boundary layer 64 at the wall makes the friction factor independent of roughness ratio; f= Be” turbulent c Flow (Re > 2300), increasing roughness is represented by A for a smooth pipe to C for a very rough pipe; moreover, only the thinnest boundary layer exists in a turbulent flow, so the friction factor is very dependent on surface roughness, The answer is (a),Problems and Solutions m@ 10-53 10-39. A 60 cm water pipe carries 0.1 m'/s. At Point A the elevation is 50 meters and the pressure is 200 kPa. At Point B, 1200 meters downstream from A, the elevation is 40 meters and the pressure is 230 kPa. The head loss, in feet, between A and B is (a) 6.94 (©) 20.88, (b) 15.08 (d) 100.2 Solution Use an energy balance to determine A, Upon substituting the given data, the resulting equa- tion is VP, Vy Ps At taZ, tht toh, Z,+ Ne 2g ¥ 2g Since the pipe diameter is unchanged, continuity requires that V be the same at both points ‘Thus the kinetic energy terms can be deleted from both sides of the equation. P, P, Zt = Z,+2th, Y Y =23 200 = 230 59 _ 40 =6.94 m 981 “The answer is (a) 10-40, Entrance losses between tank and pipe, or losses through elbows, fittings and valves Fluid are generally expressed as functions of TEU (a) kinetic energy (b) pipe diameter (©) friction factor (d) volume flow rate Solution Typical head losses for the above items are expressed as an empirical average constant, K or ris C times the kinetic energy, hy, ‘The answer is (a).Fluid Tey 10-54 Ml Fluid Mechanics 10-41. A Sem diameter orifice discharges fluid from a tank with a head of 5 meters. The discharge rate, Q, is measured at 0.015 m’/s. The actual velocity at the vena contracta (v.c.)is 9 mis. The coefficient of discharge, C,, is nearest to (a) 0.62 (©) 0.99 (b) 0.77 (d) 0.86 Solution ‘The discharge coetfice (area of orifice) and C, = coefficient of velocity at v.c.) ignoring losses. is C,=C.C,, where C, = coefficient of contraction = (area of v.c.)/ ictual velocity at v.c.)/(theoretical velocity The theoretical velocity at the v.c. is Hence V = /2gh = [2(9.81)(5) =9.9 m/s 9 909 9 The area of the v.c. is 2 219 < o.00167 m Kraut : =(.05)’ = 0.00196 m°? 4605) = 0.852and C, = C.C, = (0.852)(0.909) = 0.774 The answer is (b). 10-42. At normal atmospheric pressure, the maximum height in meters to which a non- volatile fluid of specific gravity 0.80 may be siphoned is nearest to (a) 40 (©) 10.3 (b) 64 (@) 129 Solution The maximum height to which a fluid may be siphoned is determined when the pressure of the fluid column plus its vapor pressure equals the extemal pressure. The minimum pressure at the highest point is 0 kPa plus vapor pressure Ignoring the vaor pressure (small) P P=yh or h =~ Y =101.3 kN/m? (0.8)9.81 KN/m* 12.91 m in depth (or height) ‘The answer is (d).Problems and Solutions @ 10-55 10-43. The water flow rate in a 15 centimeter diameter pipe is measured with a differential pressure gage connected between a static pressure tap in the pipe wall and a pitot tube located at the pipe centerline. Which volume flow rate, Q in cubic meters per second, results in a differential pressure of 7 kPa? (a) 0.005 (©) 0.50 (b) 0.066 (@) 1.00 Solution A pitot tube generates a stagnation pressure as fluid Kinetic energy is converted to pressure head. Hence m( 7000 $*( 9810 N/m 74 m/s 81) = Av=4D'V= (0.15) (3.74) = 66.1107 m/s ‘The answer is (b). 10-44, The hydraulic formula CA,/2gh is used to find the Fluid WCET (a) discharge through an orifice (b) velocity of flow in a closed conduit (c) length of pipe in a closed network (4) friction factor of a pipe Solution For a static head orifice discharging freely into the atmosphere Q=CAJ: The answer is (a). 10-45. The hydraulic radius of an open-channel section is defined as (a) the wetted perimeter divided by the cross-sectional area (b) the cro: (c) the cross-sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter -sectional area divided by the total perimeter (d) one-fourth the radius of a circle with the same areaant) ET) 10-56 WM Fluid Mechanics (@) one-fourth the radius of a circle with the same area Solution Hydraulic radius, &, is defined as cross-sectional area, divided by wetted perimeter. The an. swer is (0). 1 must uti which is, 46. To calculate a Reynolds number for flow in open channels and in cross-sections, one ve hydraulic radius, R, and modify the usual expression for circular cross-sections where D = diameter, V = velocity, p = density, 11 = absolute viscosity, and v= kinematic viscosity. Which of the following modified expressions for Re is applicable to flow in open or non-circular cross-sections? D 2kD ( £2 (e) 242 v v Y Ger () oT 4 Solution Choices (a) and (c) are not dimensionless, as required for a Reynolds number. Since the hydraulic radius & = (cross sectional area)/(wetted perimeter), for a circular cross section wD or D=aRr 4 Therefore, 4RVp 4 pea tR¥e _ 4k LLY, The answer is (d)