Optimization of the rheological behavior ‘of reactive powder coneretes (RPC) by 0 BONNEAU-Ch. VERNET - M. MORANVILLE ‘Sumopsis RPC are characterized by a very high solid content, These dense sranular packings are composed of fine powders (sand, cement, crushed quartz, silica fume) and a low water content. In these conditions, superplasicizers (SP) are important to obtain fluid pastes. To study the cementsilica fune/admixture interaction, a new cheometer is developed allowing to measure the yield value and viscosity. An optimum is observed when the rheological behavior is plotted asa function of SP dosage. This optimal dosage of admixture strongly depends ‘on the cement/silica fume/superplasticizer mixture. A model allows to calculate this optimum with a few parameters describing the formulation : C)A content, specific surfaces of fine powders, kind of admixture. Adsorption isotherm ‘measurements allows to confirm the important part of these parameters. Thus, correlation between the adsorbed quamtty of admixture and the optimal dosage of superplasticizer i found. Keywords: cementsilica fume/admixture interaction, adsorption isotherm, reactive powder concrete (RPC), heology, superplasticizer “e(©. BonNEAU received his Ph. D. in 1997 from the Ecole Normale Supérieure de CACHAN (FRANCE) and from the University of SHERBROOKE (CANADA). He also worked atthe laboratory of BOUYGUES, C. VERNET is the director of the research and development laboratory of BOUYGUES group in FRANCE, M. MoraNviLie is Honorary Professor of Materials Science at the Ecole "Normale Supérieure de CACHAN (FRANCE) and Guest Professor at the University (of SHERBROOKE (CANADA), INTRODUCTION Superplasticzers are very efficient admixtures for inreasing the workability of ‘cementitious composites with low WIC, like reactive powder coneretes Until today, a similar dosage (1.80% sold by weight of cement) was generally used to produce these ultra-high performance concretes, whatever (cement, silica fume, 5p) triplet may be. However, although RPC can be poured, admixture could be either underdosed with a poor fluidity, or overdosed with important secondary effets on the hydration kinetics The aim of this work is to give a rapid and rigorous method to optimize the sp dosage in RPC with the eal WIC. Alter the presentation ofthe experimental procedure, we propose a model, which allows to predict the optimal dosage with 8 good accuracy. Using adsorption isotherm experiments, the (cement, silica fume, superpasticizer interaction is closely studied MATERIALS ‘To enhance our field of study, European and North-American products are used Reactive Powder Concrete Reactive powder concretes (RPC) form a new generation of ultra high performance concretes. The principles of RPC include the enhancement of the homogeneity by elimination of coarse ageregates, densification of the mixture by ‘optimization of the grain size distribution. A post-set heat-treatment improve the microstructure, The application of a pressure during setting can be used in special application to obtain the maximal packing density of RPC. A high ductility 18 due to the incorporation of steel fibers. In this work, fibers are femoved, because the cheometer was not designed for their length (12 mm) and bbecause fibers don’t modify the interaction between superplasticizer and cement or silica fume . The composition of the RPC studied is given Table 1 WIC is very low (0.20). To obtain a good workability and minimal secondary effects, we must optimize the superplasticizer dosage. “100Superplasticizers ‘Two main types of molecules are studied : copolymer of acrylic acid with acrylic ester (CAE) and polynaphthalenesulfonate (PNS), Their schematic structures are shown in fig. 1. Two admixtures are synthetic polymers. CAE contains carboxylic (COO’) instead of sulfonic (SOy") anionic groups present in SNF polymers. The molar ratio of anionic groups per organic monomer unit, naphthalene (PNS), acrylic group (CAE) is | for PNS or PMS (Poly Melamine Sulfonate), and is much i tower than 1 for CAE copolymer ( =" <1)! Cements Four, two European and two North-American, portland cements are used in this study. Interaction between cement and superplastcizer is mainly determined by the amount of CsA, the Blaine fineness and the soluble alkali content "These data are given table 2 ‘The cements were chosen for their wide compositional range. Their CA content varies from 1 % (Cem3, Cem4) up to 8 9 (Cem2), Their fineness ranges from 320 m*kg (Cem!) to 430 m/kg (Cem2). Their soluble alkali content is very low nd ranges from 0.16 % (Cem! to 3) to 0.38 % (Cem), Except for Cem? which is more reactive, these hydraulic binders are usually used to produce concretes with good workability for example high performance conerete (Cem), oi! well (Cem3), dam (Cems). Cemd is the local cement selected for the RPC formulation of the SHERBROOKE footbridge" Silica Fumes ‘Thee silica fumes (SF) are used in this work. Their mineralogical origin and their BET specific surface are shown in table 3, ‘The French SFI and American SF3 silica fumes are byproducts of the zirconium industry. Their specific surface are very close, respectively 12.000 mi/ky and UI (000 mé/ky_ SF2 (22 000 m/kg) is finer than SFI and SF3 and stems from European silicon processing industry. RHEOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION Rheological Behavior ‘The theological measurements are made with a rheometer, which is specially designed for RPC (Fig. 2). This apparatus is equipped with a rotating impeller and a mixing paddle separately driven. The rotation speed (9) of this square anchor impeller is remote controlled and the torque (t) is measured using an axial sensor. Measurements are done at 20 °C using a temperature controller and at the real WIC (0.20). The cover is designed for avoiding evaporation, habiate 1998 “OrDuring a measurement cycle, the angular speed varies from 100 to {5 rpm with § ‘pm steps. Starting at high velocity, the structural attraction forces between particles are overcome and the thixotropy influence on measurements is removed, ‘The RPC rheological behavior satisfies the Bingham model (fig. 3) A Bingham uid is characterized by two parameters, the yield value (x) and the relative Viscosity (r) according to equation [A] th +nxQ lal For low rotation rates (< 15 ep), RPC stiffens. This behavior eannot be taken into account using the Bingham model. But this model will be used as a good Approximation over 15 rpm, ‘Water and Superplasticizer : Addition of the Rheological Effects ‘The method to optimize the superplasticizer dosage for RPC is based on both effects, due to water and admixture, on the theological parameters (%, 9). During one addition of superplasticizer in solution, variations in yield value (t,) {are the sum of variations in tp, due to dry admixture and variations in tp, de to Water, according to equation [B], The same decomposition is applied to the relative viscosity (n). Mo Myuerose = (EM yyee + A(CosM)ay am Experimental Procedure To know the dry superplasticizer effects on ty and n, we need to measure Separately the effects on the rheological behavior due to water and superplasticizer in solution. An incremental procedure is used. For this, 2 RPC With the same formulation are made The initial superplasticizer dosage is chosen asthe minimal level for mixing the RPC in the rheometer cel Effects of superplasticizer in solution : A given quantity of superplasticizer in Solution (Mspensie ) 18 added to the first RPC. After a mixing eycle with the Paddle, the parameters % and m are recorded. This stage of [mixing+measurement+addition] is repeated seven times. Results are given in fig. 4 Effects of water : The quantity of water ( Muse }, contained previously in the solution of superplasticizer, is added to the second RPC. Then, cycles of [mixing>measurement+addition] are repeated 7 times. Results are given inf Effects of dry superplasticizer : By comparing figs. 4 and fig. S and by using ‘equation {B], the dry superplasticizer effects may be deduced (fig. 6), where «, and 1 are plotted only asa function of the admixture dosage. ce.‘As the measurement takes place during the induction time of RPC, we consider that time effects are the samme in fig. 4 and in fig. 8. These effects disappear in fig. 6, because we subtract variations due to the 2 previous stages: therefore each point is equivalent to measurements made at 20 minutes. tis observed that both x, and n decrease as the superplasticizer dosage increases until a certain admixture dosage is reached (0.7 % wg of C for example in fig, 6). Over this singular value, which isa rheological optimum, an addition of superplasticizer cannot improve the fluidity and often increases ty and n, which results in deterioration ofthe workability, ‘The presence of an optimal superplasticizer dosage is a characteristic of all the RPC studied in this work, whatever the (Cemen/SFISP) triplet may be. The ‘optimal value isthe same for yield value and relative viscosity By introducing all the superplasticizer at the beginning of the mixing, validation ‘mixtures are made. By comparing 1, and n of these RPC and the data given by the optimization procedure, an bias on the superplastcizer optimum is calculated. At W/C=0.20, for small additions of water or admixture, this difference on the superplasticizer dosage is + 0.10 % by weight of cement. Results: Ten mixtures of RPC are studied For each concrete, the superplasticizer dosage to reach the optimal rheology at 20 minutes and the ‘corresponding values ofthe rheological parameters (x, n) are given table 8 Superplasticizer optimal dosages vary from 0.6 % (RPC3) to 2.7 % (RPC9), This Wide range shows that RPC formulations behave differently and cannot be standardized using the same admixture dose. If only one component is changed im the concrete formulation, the quantity of superplasticizer to reach the ‘optimum can be multiplied by 2 and more, Influence of cement: The influence of cement on the CAE theological optimum is given Fig, 7. The superplasticizer optimum increases with Blaine fineness and the Cy content according to". ty and 7 are approximately arranged in the same order. Cem2, the more reactive cement, behaves differently from the three others and shows high optimal SP dosage, t and n. The large amount of soluble alkali content of Cem4 (0.38 %) could explain the lower yield value of the optimal point (Fig. 7b), despite the hight viscosity of this cement (Fig. 78) Influence of silica fume : The influence of silica fume on the CAE rheological ‘optimum is given Fig. 8. The superplasticizer optimum increases with the BET specific surface, 0.70 % (RPCI and RPC6) against 1.20 % (RPCS). The theological parameters x, and 1 are also sensitive to the BET. The silica fume SF2, silicon byproduct with a high specific surface, strongly reduces the ‘workability.Influence of superplasticizer : The influence of SP on the rheological optimum is given in Fig. 9 for RPC 1, 7 and 10. The amount of superplastcizer required to reach the optimum value Seems to increase with the molecular weight of the polymers : PMS > PNS > CAE Although the 3 RPC need more PNS than CAE to reach the optimal workability, the influence of the amount of C,A and Blaine fineness on this optimum remains the same for the two superplasticizers How to Predict the Superplasticizer Optimal Dosage To help to formulate RPC and to consider the important factors which contra! the workability, a model allows to give the optimal dosage. We consider that ‘superplasticizer mainly operates on cement'® and silica fume “At tis stage, sand and crushed quartz are assumed inert. Thus, the model which calculates the optimal dosage, uses only 4 parameters: CyA. content, Blaine fineness, silica fume BET specific surface, nature of admixture. The model has the following expression with 5 constants Ki [C] 1000 ona [0 senna ( SEMI) (ea cme, ou SE ser) AS Each constant Ki is related tothe distribution of organic molecules in RPC = one part of the superplasticzer is adsorbed an fine powders (cement, silica fume, perhaps crushed quartz). The adsorbed uptake increases with the specie surface ofthese powders = another part of the admixture reacts with the and forms organovcalcium- aluminate complexes . This superplasticizer quantity especially increases with the content of yA and cement blaine fineness. ~ the rest othe superplasticizer remains inthe pore solution ~ KI allows to consider the SP quantity adsorbed on cement and C-S-H. ~ Interaction between CyA and admixture is quantified by K2, K2 indirectly into account the soluble alkali content = For a Blaine fineness below K3, we suppose that admixture cannot be audsorbed on very coarse cement particles ~ K4 allows to consider the SP quantity adsorbed on sili fume ~ Kis relative to adsorption on crushed quartz (CQ) — KS is a multiplying constant, it expresses the surface of adsorbed SP molecules Iso takes In our study, the soluble alkali content does not seem to modify the theological optimum. \Values for the constants for CAE and PNS are given in table 6, 104‘The physical constants K1, K3 and K4, which describe the mineral particle size fre the same for CAE and PNS.” This shows that the mechanism of superplasticizer adsorption does not depend on the organic molecule in an inert matrix. In this case only KS allows to differentiate the admixture molecules. KS, lower with CAE (0.010) than with PNS (0,026), could mean that in solution the polyacrylate molecule, either is less voluminous or its state of adsorption is less layered, than with PNS molecule. In conclusion, an inert surface to be covered needs less CAE than PNS, The chemical constant K2 allows to quantify the affinity between SP and Cy to form complexes. K2 with CAE (2.9) is lager than with PNS (1.3), This shows that CAE reacts more than PNS with aluminate ions supplied by the cement, Carboxylate complexes are more stable than sulfonate complexes. But the product K2xKS with CAE (29.10%) is lower than with PNS (34.10"), Thus, the ‘overall SP requirement is lower for CAE than for PNS (Table 6). Fig. 10 shows the experimental optimal dosage as a function of the calculated superplasticizer optimum, ‘The difference between measurement and calculation forall the points is lower than 0.1 % (SP solid by weight of cement), which represents the error on the ‘measurement. So the model satisfies a good correlation with experiments, SP : RELATION BETWEEN RHEOLOGY AND ADSORPTION ‘The interactions between each fine powder and admixture are closely examined bby considering the adsocption isotherm, ‘Adsorption isotherm Tests with Water/Solid=0.35; An isotherm for the adsorption of superplasticizer on cement or silica fume is carried out as follows. Different ‘concentrations of admixture are added to 35g of water and 100g of the solid ‘material and the mixture is manually mixed. After 20 minutes the suspension is ‘centrifuged and the concentration of superplasticizer in the supernatant is analyzed, PNS by UV spectrometry (wavelength 294 nm), CAE by spectrophotometry after oxidation (wavelength 620nm). The adsorption isotherm is determined at 20° & 0.5°C. Adsorption experiment doesn't allow to differentiate physisorption (reversible) from chemisorption (irreversible formation of complexes)". Fig.11 shows the adsorption of PNS on Ceml, If variables are changed (SP in supernatant / adsorbed SP ratio against SP in supernatant Fig. 12), itis observed ‘that the adsorption isotherm satisfies the Langmuir model according to equation ID]. Only one monolayer of superplasticizer is adsorbed on solid, When the saturation plateau is reached, this point is called equilibrium point, then an addition of admixture remains in solution, “05xCL+ 10) Kx Nn Nm with CL SP in supematant N adsorbed SP Nm monolayer value K Affinity constant ‘The coordinates of the equilibrium points are given Table 7 for combinations of ‘Cem, Cem2, SFI, SF2, PNS and CAE. Fig. 13 shows the associated curves, ‘where N is calculated as SP adsorbed (mg) by m* of solid, Fig. 13 allows to confirm the results about the rheological behavior. Thus the increase of Blaine fineness and CyA content (Cem? against Cem! in Figs 1 13.) and BET specific surface (SF2 ayainst SFI Fig 13.a) involves the enhancement of the admixture adsorbed amount. By comparing Fig 13.a and Fig. 13., itcan be observed that a large quantity of PNS is adsorbed compared with CAB, for example 6.0 against 0.9 mgm? with Cem} Extrapolation at Water/Cement=0.20: To compare the SP rheological ‘optimum and the adsorption data, the adsorption isotherm results determined at WIC=0.35 are extrapolated at WIC of RPC ie. 0.20 as follows. Adsorbed amount of superplasticizer on cement and silica fume remains the same. The concentration of admixture in the liquid phase is also independent of WIC. To ‘obtain equilibrium for each solid, the concentration of admixture in RPC pore solution is imposed by the highest concentration of superplasticizer needed by each component. The superplasticizer quantity used to saturate the reactive surfaces of RPC is calculated according equation [E]. Results are given Table 8 Figu. Pt pee Eu Pt Es Ey Pe ppg = Ett. P com Gog ee By Phogp tf Supernitgy —BL —. (0325 (Table 1) SP : correlation between rheological optimum and adsorption data : shows the optimal rheological value (table 5) as a function of the equilibrium point for various RPC (table 8) Equation {F] shows there is a relationship between the optimal rheological bbehavior and the quantity of admixture to saturate the surfaces, Ops. Rhea.» 2.40-x Equi, Pt = 0.06 iF 108 =‘The multiplying factor is 2.40 instead of 1.00 for a monolayer adsorption. The difference between correlation (2.40) and unitary (1.00) term could be due tothe preparation of samples". The superplasticizer chemically bound by CyA was shown to vary with the mixing procedure or stiring rate” and with WIC. [n our study, these parameters were different for RPC theological tests and adsorption measurements for technical reasons. But, as two superplasticizers are used and R? is 0.952, the SP performance in dispersing particles is shown to be strongly connected {0 the quantity of admixture to cover surfaces and chemical reaction demand. The term of 0.06 represents the quantity of admixture adsorbed on crushed quartz and fine sand‘ CONCLUSION From a practical view, the nature and the amount of superplasticizer must be ‘optimized in RPC formulations. The rheological behavior is highly determined by the cementésilice fumevadmixture interaction. There is an optimal dosage of superplasticizer for which the lowest yield value and viscosity are obtained. A predicting model allows to calculate this optimum by using a few parameters of the (cemenvsilica fume/admixture) mixture, ‘The adsorption stage of admixture on solid yoverns the theological behavior With the same experimental procedure, when admixture saturates solid grains tnd has reacted with aluminate ions, a plateau of adsorption is reached and is associated with an optimal rheological behavior Over the optimum, a possible deterioration of workability by admixture addition and secondary effects like delayed setting have to be closely examined. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: ‘The authors kindly acknowledge Prof. C. JOLICOEUR, Mr M.-A. SIMARO, Ms. A LEMIEUX, Depart. of Chemistry, Université de SHERBROOKE for their assistance and comments about adsorption isotherm. =107-REFERENC 1B. RICHARD, M. Cueyrezy (94) Reactive powdler coneretes with high ductility, ACI SP 144, p. 507-518, 2M, CouieraRDi, L. CoProLs, T. CERULLL, G. FERRAR, C, PISTOLES, P.ZAFFARONI, G__DESROCHES, A. DRAPEAU (94) eric Based Superplasticzer, 4% conférence Canmet | ACI sur les adjuvants et autres adjuvants chimiques dans les bétons, p. 1-18 (papiers supplémentaires), Montréal 3D. BONEN, S. SaRKAR (95) The superplasticizer adsorption capacity of ‘cement pastes, pore soluion composition, and parameters affecting flow Joss, Cement Conerete Research, Vol. 25, n° 7, p. 1423-1434, 4° BAC. Atrery, P. RICHARD (96) The pedestrian bikeway bridge ‘Suenseooke, 4” International Symposium on utilization of HPC, PARIS of 5 PAC. AMTCIN, C. JOLICOEUR, J. MAC GREGOR (94) Superplasticizers : how they work and why they occasionally don't, Concrete Int.. Vol. 16, 8°, p. 45-52, 6 M. Bum, P. Wier, F. De LaRRaRo, M, DETREZ, AM. PAILLERE (86) Physicochemical mechanism of the action of the naphaalene sulfonate bused superplasticizers un silica fume concretes, 2 Int. Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slay and Natural pozzolans in Conerete, Vol. 2, p:959-971, Madrid. 7D. ROSSINGTON, E. RUNK (68) Adsorption of admistures on Portland ‘Cement hydration products, SACS, Vol. 51, n°1, p46-50 8 _E. SaKal, K. RAIN, K. ASAGA, S. GoTo, R. KONDO (80) Influence of sodium aromatic sulfonates on the hydration of ricaletum aluminate with or withou gypsum, Cement Concrete Research, Vol. 10, n° 3, p311-320, 90. BONNEAU, C. VERNET, M. MORANVILLE, L. MOINDROT (97) Rheological ‘monitoring of superplasicizers adsorption on Reactive Powder Concrete, 2 Rilem Workshop, DUON. 10 0. BoNNEAU (97) Lule des effes physico-chimiques des superplastfiants en vue doptimiser le comportement rhévlogique des bétons di ultra-hnules performances, these de doctorat, école normale supérieure de CACHAN / université de SHERBROOKE, “10810 u 2 B “4 List of tables Composition of reactive powder conerete (RPC) yA content fineness and soluble alali content of cements Origin and specific surface of silica fumes ‘Composition ofthe intial reactive powder concrete Charactrisies ofthe SP optimal dosage Value of K, 1 Ks with CAE and PNS SP optimal dosage, experimental and calculated values Superplasticizer: [sotherm adsorption data and equilibrium point of RPC List of figures Schematic structures of superplasticizers RPC rheometer, impeller and bow! RPC bingham fluid SP in solution - Effects on yield value and viscosity Water Effects on yield value and viscosity Dry SP : Effects on yield value and viscosity Influence of cement on the SP optimal dosage 4) Relative viscosity b) Yield value Influence of silica fume on the SP optimal dosage a) Relative viscosity b) Yield value Influence of the nature ofthe admixture on the SP optimal dosage a) Relative viscosity b) Yield value Superplastcizer optimal dosage Calculated asa function of measurements values Adsorption isotherm of PNS on Ceml - W/C=0,35 Langmuir plot for adsorption isotherm Isotherm adsorption of SP on cements and silica fumes a) CAE b) PNS Superplasticizer optimal dosage Rheological measurement as a function of adsorption values Moe‘Table 1 - Composition of reactive powder concrete (RPC) Cement | Silica fume] Crushed quartz | Sand] Water [Sp] ® w@ w w | Too | 325 300] 14307 200] Oprimiz | |v e020 ‘Table 2 - C,A content, fineness and soluble alkali content of cements Cement GA] Bane fineness | Alkali sol NaxOnms oveighn % oth) (weigh Cemi 4 320 016 com | 8 430 016 cems | i 016 | Cemd 1 365 038 ‘Table 3 - Origin and specific surface of silica fumes Silica fume Orin | __ BET (rik) SF [Zirconium | 12.000 oF Sion 22.000 SB Zion 11000 “110‘Table 5 - Characteristics ofthe SP optimal dosage vw capa optima BC] comer] Sa SFY ae or eck | lem [dat 7] [em [som [a0 | 2s 2 cena | srt | 120 | aio | 099 3] cas [eens [srr | oo [sr ozs al Cems SFI 0.80 11.6 om 3 cet | sa] a0 | mr [us ian cent [a8 | 070 | 160 | 036 7 cent | se [ i [po | oa @) ms [ema [se | 2a) sis [12s 3 cena | sti | 2 | 49 | ass vo_| ms [com | srr] 2x0 | a0) 0 Table 6 - Value of K; to Ks with CAE and PNS | 29 3 |e iB toa 108 7 7 0010 0.026 abide 198 y it.‘Table 7 - SP optimal dosage Experimental and calculated values oP ne | SP eslogeal optimum SPIC %0 solid on 077 oo | 2 | ta ia co CAE 3 060 069 oo | 4 0.80 078 007 | jee 120 at 009 | 6 0.70 0.74 0.04 jeg 170 175 (0.05 | pws 8 240 230 010 | 9 270 260 010 ‘Table 8 - Superplasticizer Isotherm adsorption data and equilibrium point of RPC ae RPC Cement Silica fume | Maximum SP] Equi. Pt mixture concentration | RPC wiC=0.35 WiSF=0.35 _| in supernatant] W/C=0.20 ‘SPads, | SPinsol. | SPads. [SP in sol MB/Bem | MY'am | males | mel | MBBoaw | B/O0E.em i 03 19 1 32 32 04 7 7 10 wes [| 21 21 ho 5 03 19 | 98 69 69 06 07 36 2 32 36 05 8 49 3 ies |e 13. Sra 1998RC CAE PRS Fig. 1: Schematic structure of superplasticizers Double wall Asie Impeter RPC Fig. 2: RPC rheometer impeller and bow! w = ‘+ Measurement a — Interpolation ‘Water ontet, “Temperature probe Mining paddle Temperature controled water ine eet ui — Laer « « 100 Rotation speed cpm) Fig. 3: RPC Bingham fluid “13on B Viscosity o + Yield value Yield value (Nem) Relative viscosity (Nemmin/tr) so 08 ets ‘SP in solution Solid/C g/100g) Fig. 4: SP in solution ; Effects on yield vaiue and viscosity (Cemi, SF1, CAE) = @ Viscosity & ee Yieldvaue 18 E gt See. 2 E02 a: = “san aaa WIC (gig) Fig. 5: Water Effects on yield value and viscosity (Cemt, SFI, CAE) - (CAE/C=0 4% solid) oe & Viscosity i 3 = «Yield value oe Ege : ge ‘3 2 2 eo . 4 oe Superplasticizer (Sol/C g/100g) pea vay (Cem, SF, CAE)-(WiE0 20) sta3 = i: Come 2 Eto Sec £8 ‘ foe aces 00 ee ‘Cem! te SP optimal Relative viscosity asa function of SP dosage Superplasticiaer(Soli/C g/100g) © Fig, 7.b: Influence of cement on the SP optimal dosage Yield value as a function of SP dosage Zou sp a3 22), — Zs a & aS 1 2 ‘Superplasticier (SoliiC g/100g) Fig. 8a: inflece of silica Fume onthe SP optimal dosage Relative viscosity asa function of SP dosage 1998 “iB.a | Yield value (Nem) Boe Superplasticizer(SoligC 2/1003) Fig influence ofsiea fume on the SP optimal dosaye Yield valve asa function of SP dosage Relative viscosity (Nemmin/try a os cag Nn ee on - = oo 20 30 oo Superplasticizer (SolidC 2/1003) Fig. 9.a influence ofthe nature ofthe adniure one SP optimal dosage Relative viscosity asa finetion of S dosoge Superasticier (SoC 1009) Fig. 9.0 influence ofthe nature ofthe admixture onthe SP optimal dosage "Yield valu aba fnoton of SP dosage Me.Cateulated SP (% sol.) Experimental SP.yu (% S01.) Fig. 10; Superplasticizer optimal dosage calculated as a function of measured values : A — tz | Berg & git on . a ‘SP in solution (SP/AV mg’) ig. 11 - Adsorption isotherm of PNS on Cemi SP in the supernatant (Solid/C mg/g) Fig 12; Langmuir plot Tor adsorption isotherm Cem! with PNS - WiC=0,35 “nTBE BR pcm 29 fon as ok aaa : a, ‘SP in the supematant (Solid/W mg/g) ig 13.0 Isotherm adsorption of CAE on cements and silica fumes. | ‘SP inthe supematant (lla maa) Fig. 13.5 : Adsorption isotherm of PNS on cements and silica fume Rheological values 2 a Adsorption isotherm extrapolation (SP. % solid) Fig. 14 - Superplastcizer optimal dosage Rheological values as a function of adsorption values “118