Netmanias Technical Document: LTE Network Architecture: Basic가

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LTE Network Architecture: Basic

Table of Contents

I. Introduction
II. LTE Network Reference Model
III. LTE Protocol Stacks
IV. Traffic Flow on the LTE Network
V. Closing

This document provides a brief overview of the LTE network architecture as the first technical document
of “LTE” area. First, the LTE network reference model is defined and its basic Evolved Packet System (EPS)
entities and the functions of each entity are described. Next, the interfaces between the EPS entities and
the protocol stack across the interfaces are described. Finally, how user traffic is delivered across the LTE
network is explained for Internet service.

July 10, 2013

(Initial Released: May 23, 2011)

www.netmanias.com
NMC Consulting Group (tech@netmanias.com)

About NMC Consulting Group

NMC Consulting Group is an advanced and professional network consulting company, specializing in IP network areas (e.g., FTTH, Metro Ethernet and IP/MPLS), service
areas (e.g., IPTV, IMS and CDN), and wireless network areas (e.g., Mobile WiMAX, LTE and Wi-Fi) since 2002.
Copyright © 2002-2013 NMC Consulting Group. All rights reserved.
LTE Network Architecture: Basic

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Document
Index Topic Document Title presented
here
Network
1 LTE Network Architecture: Basic O
Architecture
2 LTE Identification I: UE and ME Identifiers
3 Identification LTE Identification II: NE and Location Identifiers
4 LTE Identification III: EPS Session/Bearer Identifiers
5 LTE Security I: LTE Security Concept and LTE Authentication
Security
6 LTE Security II: NAS and AS Security
7 QoS LTE QoS: SDF and EPS Bearer QoS
8 LTE EMM and ECM States
9 Eleven EMM Cases in an EMM Scenario
10 LTE EMM Procedure 1. Initial Attach - Part 1. Cases of Initial Attach
11 LTE EMM Procedure 1. Initial Attach - Part 2. Call Flow of Initial Attach
12 LTE EMM Procedure 2. Detach
13 LTE EMM Procedure 3. S1 Release
14 LTE EMM Procedure 4. Service Request
15 EMM LTE EMM Procedure 5. Periodic TAU
LTE EMM Procedure 6. Handover without TAU - Part 1. Overview of
16
LTE Handover
17 LTE EMM Procedure 6. Handover without TAU - Part 2. X2 Handover
18 LTE EMM Procedure 6. Handover without TAU - Part 3. S1 Handover
19 LTE EMM Procedure 7. Cell Reselection without TAU
20 LTE EMM Procedure 8 & 9. Handover and Cell Reselection with TAU
21 LTE EMM Procedure 10 & 11. Move to Another City and Attach
22 PCC LTE Policy and Charging Control (PCC)
23 LTE Charging I: Offline
Charging
24 LTE Charging II: Online (TBD)
25 IP Address LTE: IP Address Allocation Schemes I: Basic
26 Allocation LTE: IP Address Allocation Schemes II: A Case for Two Cities

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LTE Network Architecture: Basic

Abbreviations

AS Access Stratum
BSS Business Support System
CDR Charging Data Record
DL Downlink
DRB Data Radio Bearer
E2E End to End
ECM EPS Connection Management
EMM EPS Mobility Management
eNB Evolved Node B
EPC Evolved Packet Core
EPS Evolved Packet System
ESM EPS Session Management
E-UTRA Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol
GTP-C GTP Control
GTP-U GTP User
HSS Home Subscriber Server
IP Internet Protocol
LTE Long Term Evolution
MAC Medium Access Control
MME Mobility Management Entity
NAS Non Access Stratum
NRM Network Reference Model
OCS Online Charging System
OFCS Offline Charging System
OSS Operations Support System
PCC Policy and Charging Control
PCEF Policy and Charging Enforcement Function
PCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function
PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDN Packet Data Network
QoS Quality of Service
RLC Radio Link Control
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRM Radio Resource Management
S1-AP S1 Application Protocol
SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SDF Service Data Flow
SN Sequence Number
SPR Subscriber Profile Repository
TEID Tunnel Endpoint Identifier
UE User Equipment
UDP User Datagram Protocol
UL Uplink
X2-AP X2 Application Protocol

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LTE Network Architecture: Basic

I. Introduction

This document presents the LTE network architecture as the first technical document of “LTE” area. The LTE
network called Evolved Packet System (EPS) is an end-to-end (E2E) all IP network; EPS is divided into two parts
- LTE part which deals with the technology related to a radio access network (E-UTRAN) and EPC part which
deals with the technology related to a core network. An E2E all IP network means that all traffic flows – from a
UE all the way to a PDN which connects to a service entity – are transferred based on IP protocol within EPS.

In order for LTE services to be provided to a user over the LTE network, an E2E LTE network reference model
(NRM) is generally comprised of three additional domains - BSS/OSS domain for subscriber, application
domain for providing services, and IP transport network domain for sending IP packets – in addition to basic
EPS domain. The scope of this document is focused on the basic EPS domain. Other EPS domain features, such
as the architectures for LTE interworking with 3GPP/non-3GPP and roaming, are out of the scope of this
document and will be described in other technical documents later.

The remainder of this document is organized as follows. In Chapter II, the LTE network reference model is
defined and the EPS entities and interfaces are explained. Chapter III will describe the protocol stacks and then
Chapter IV will explain traffic flows over the LTE network.

II. LTE Network Reference Model

Figure 1 shows an LTE network reference model, consisting of LTE entities (UE and eNB) and EPC entities (S-
GW, P-GW, MME, HSS, PCRF, SPR, OCS and OFCS). A PDN is an internal or external IP domain of the operator
that a UE wants to communicate with, and provides the UE with services such as the Internet or IP Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS). In the following, Table 1 and Table 2 show the functions of the LTE and EPC entities. Table 3
lists the reference points of the LTE network reference model and gives a description of interfaces between
EPS entities.

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LTE Network Architecture: Basic

E-UTRAN EPC

SPR OFCS OCS

Diameter (Sp) GTP’ Diameter

(Gz) (Gy)

HSS PCRF

Diameter Diameter
(S6a) (Gx)

GTP-U/X2-AP
(X2)
S1-AP
(S1-MME) MME

GTP-C
eNB (S11)

GTP-U GTP-U/GTP-C IP
LTE-Uu (S1-U) (S5) (SGi) PDN
UE eNB S-GW P-GW

Figure 1. LTE network reference model

Table 1. LTE entities

Entity Description
UE A UE connects to an eNB over the LTE-Uu interface.
An eNB provides users with the radio interfaces and performs Radio Resource Management
(RRM) functions such as dynamic resource allocation (scheduler), eNB measurement
eNB
configuration and provision, radio admission control, connection mobility control and Radio
Bearer (RB) control and Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC).

Table 2. EPC entities

Entity Description
An MME is the main control entity for the E-UTRAN. It communicates with an HSS for user
authentication and user profile download, and provides UEs with EPS Mobility Management
(EMM) and EPS Session Management (ESM) functions using NAS signaling. The main
functions supported by a MME are as follows:
MME  NAS signaling (EMM, ESM and NAS Security)
 User authentication and roaming with HSS over the S6a interface
 Mobility management (paging, Tracking Area List (TAI) management and handover
management)
 EPS bearer management
An S-GW terminates the interface towards an E-UTRAN. It serves as the local mobility anchor
S-GW
point of data connections for inter-eNB handover and inter-3GPP handover.

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LTE Network Architecture: Basic

A P-GW provides a UE with access to a PDN by assigning an IP address from the address
space of the PDN. The P-GW serves as the mobility anchor point for handover between 3GPP
and non-3GPP. It also performs policy enforcement, packet filtering and charging based on
the PCC rules provided by a PCRF. The main functions supported by a P-GW are as follows:

P-GW  IP routing and forwarding

 Per-SDF/Per-User based packet filtering
 UE IP address allocation
 Mobility anchoring between 3GPP and non-3GPP
 PCEF functions
 Charging per-SDF/per-User
An HSS is the central DB where user profiles are stored. It provides user authentication
HSS
information and user profiles to the MME.
A PCRF is the policy and charging control entity. It makes policy decisions for SDFs and
PCRF
provides the PCC rules (QoS and charging rules) to the PCEF (P-GW).
A SPR provides subscription information (access profile per subscriber) to the PCRF. Receiving
SPR
the information, the PCRF performs subscriber-based policy and creates PCC rules.
An OCS provides (i) real-time credit control and (ii) charging functions based on volume, time
OCS
and event.
OFCS An OFCS provides CDR-based charging information.

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LTE Network Architecture: Basic

Table 3. LTE interfaces

Reference
Protocol Description
point
An interface for the control and user planes between a UE and an
E-UTRA E-UTRAN (eNB). The signaling connection over the LTE-Uu is the
LTE-Uu (control plane and RRC connections represented by Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs),
user plane) and the user plane connection is the logical channels represented
by Data Radio Bearers (DRBs).
An interface for the control and user planes between two eNBs. It
is used during X2 handover and/or for Self Organizing Network
X2-AP (control plane)
X2 (SON)-related functions. X2-AP protocol is used in the control plane
GTP-U (user plane)
and a GTP-U tunnel per bearer is provided for data forwarding in
the use plane.
An interface for the user plane between an E-UTRAN (eNB) and an
S1-U GTP-U
S-GW. It provides a GTP tunnel per bearer.
An interface for the control plane between an E-UTRAN (eNB) and
S1-MME S1-AP
an MME.
An interface for the control plane between an MME and an S-GW.
S11 GTP-C
It provides a GTP tunnel per user.
An interface defined between an S-GW and a P-GW for the control
plane and user plane. The S5 interface provides a GTP tunnel per
bearer for the user plane and GTP tunnel management (creation,
GTP-C (control plane)
S5 modification and deletion) per user for the control plane. For inter-
GTP-U (user plane)
PLMN, however, an S8 interface is used instead. The S8 interface is
out of the scope of this document and will be described in other
LTE interworking document to follow.
An interface for the control plane between an HSS and an MME. It
S6a Diameter
exchanges user subscription and authentication information.
Sp Diameter An interface for the control plane between an SPR and a PCRF.
An interface for the control plane between a PCRF and a P-GW. It
Gx Diameter transfers policy control and charging rules from the PCRF to the P-
GW to support QoS policy and charging control.
Gy Diameter An interface for the control plane between an OCS and a P-GW.
Gz GTP’ An interface for the control plane between an OFCS and a P-GW.
An interface for the control and user planes between a P-GW and a
PDN. The IETF-based IP packet forwarding protocols are used in the
SGi IP
user plane while DHCP and RADIUS/Diameter protocols are used in
the control plane.

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LTE Network Architecture: Basic

III. LTE Protocol Stacks

Based on the EPS entities and interfaces defined in Chapter II, the LTE protocol stacks for the user plane and
control plane are described in Chapter III.

3.1 User plane protocol stacks

Figure 2 shows the user plane protocol stacks for the LTE network reference model shown in Figure 1. The
functions of the key layers of the protocol stacks are briefly described below.

Application Application

IP IP IP

PDCP PDCP GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U

UDP UDP UDP UDP

RLC RLC L2
IP IP IP IP

MAC MAC L2 L2 L2 L2

PHY PHY L1 L1 L1 L1 L1
UE LTE-Uu eNB S1-U S-GW S5 P-GW SGi PDN

GTP-U GTP-U

UDP UDP

IP IP

L2 L2

L1 L1
eNB X2 eNB

Figure 2. LTE user plane protocol stacks

1) LTE-Uu interface
 PDCP: The PDCP protocol supports efficient transport of IP packets over the radio link. It
performs header compression, Access Stratum (AS) security (ciphering and integrity protection)
and packet re-ordering/retransmission during handover.
 RLC: In the transmitting side, the RLC protocol constructs RLC PDU and provides the RLC PDU to
the MAC layer. The RLC protocol performs segmentation/concatenation of PDCP PDUs during
construction of the RLC PDU. In the receiving side, the RLC protocol performs reassembly of the
RLC PDU to reconstruct the PDCP PDU. The RLC protocol has three operational modes (i.e.
transparent mode, acknowledged mode and unacknowledged mode), and each offers different
reliability levels. It also performs packet (the RLC PDU) re-ordering and retransmission.
 MAC: The MAC layer lies between the RLC layer and PHY layer. It is connected to the RLC layer
through logical channels, and to the PHY layer through transport channels. Therefore, the MAC
protocol supports multiplexing and de-multiplexing between logical channels and transport
channels. Higher layers use different logical channels for different QoS metrics. The MAC
protocol supports QoS by scheduling and prioritizing data from logical channels. The eNB
scheduler makes sure radio resources are dynamically allocated to UEs and performs QoS control

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LTE Network Architecture: Basic

to ensure each bearer is allocated the negotiated QoS.

2) S1-U/S5/X2 interface
 GTP-U: GTP-U protocol1 is used to forward user IP packets over S1-U, S5 and X2 interfaces.
When a GTP tunnel is established for data forwarding during LTE handover, an End Marker
packet is transferred as the last packet over the GTP tunnel.

3.2 Control plane protocol stacks

Figure 3 shows the control plane protocol stacks for the LTE network reference model. The functions of the
key layers of the protocol stacks are briefly described below.

NAS NAS

RRC RRC S1-AP S1-AP GTP-C GTP-C GTP-C GTP-C

PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP UDP UDP UDP UDP

RLC RLC IP IP IP IP IP IP

MAC MAC L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2

PHY PHY L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1
UE LTE-Uu eNB S1-MME MME S11 S-GW S5 P-GW

X2-AP X2-AP

SCTP SCTP

IP IP

L2 L2

L1 L1
eNB X2 eNB

Diamteter Diamteter GTP-C GTP-C

SCTP SCTP UDP UDP

IP IP IP IP

L2 L2 L2 L2

L1 L1 L1 L1
MME S6a HSS MME S10 MME

Diamteter Diamteter Diamteter Diamteter GTP’ GTP’

SCTP SCTP SCTP SCTP UDP UDP

IP IP IP IP IP IP

L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2

L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1
P-GW Gx PCRF P-GW Gy OCS P-GW Gz OFCS

Figure 3. LTE control plane protocol stacks

1
A simple example for packet forwarding over GTP tunnel is described in Section IV.

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LTE Network Architecture: Basic

1) LTE-Uu Interface
 NAS2: NAS protocol performs mobility management and bearer management functions.
 RRC: RRC protocol supports the transfer of the NAS signaling. It also performs functions required
for efficient management of the radio resources. The main functions are as follows:
- Broadcasting of system information
- Setup, reconfiguration, reestablishment and release of the RRC connection
- Setup, modification and release of the radio bearer

2) X2 interface
 X2AP: X2AP protocol supports UE mobility and SON functions within the E-UTRAN. To support UE
mobility, the X2AP protocol provides functions such as user data forwarding, transfer of SN
status and UE context release. For SON functions, eNBs exchange resource status information,
traffic load information and eNB configuration update information, and coordinate each other to
adjust mobility parameters using the X2AP protocol.

3) S1-MME interface
 S1AP: S1AP protocol supports functions such as S1 interface management, E-RAB management,
NAS signaling transport and UE context management. It delivers the initial UE context to the eNB
to setup E-RAB(s) and manages modification or release of the UE context thereafter.

4) S11/S5/S10 interfaces
 GTP-C: GTP-C protocol supports exchange of control information for creation, modification and
termination for GTP tunnels. It creates data forwarding tunnels in case of LTE handover.

5) S6a interface
 Diameter: Diameter protocol supports exchange of subscription and subscriber authentication
information between the HSS and MME.

6) Gx interface
 Diameter: Diameter protocol supports delivery of PCC rules from the PCRF to the PCEF (P-GW).

7) Gy interface
 Diameter: Diameter protocol supports exchange of real-time credit control information between
the P-GW and OCS.

8) Gz interface
 GTP’: GTP’ protocol supports CDR transfer from the P-GW to the OFCS.

2
It, although not one of the protocol layers that form the LTE-Uu interface, is described here for the sake of convenience. The
NAS layer of a UE communicates with its counterpart of an MME through the radio link and over the LTE-Uu interface.

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LTE Network Architecture: Basic

IV. Traffic Flow on the LTE Network

Figure 4 shows the flow of user plane traffic accessing the Internet in the LTE network reference architecture.
Figure 4 (a) shows the traffic flow from a UE to the Internet and Figure 4 (b) shows one from the Internet to a
UE. IP packets are forwarded through the GTP tunnel over S1-U and S5 interfaces. These GTP tunnels are
established per EPS bearer when a user is attached to the LTE network.

More than one EPS bearer is established on each of the S1-U and S5 interfaces. So, in order to identify these
bearers, a Tunnel Endpoint Identifier (TEID) is assigned to the end points (UL and DL) of each GTP tunnel
(When identifying a GTP tunnel, a TEID, IP address and UDP port number are used in general. Here, however,
for convenience of description, only a TEID is used for this purpose). The receiving end side of the GTP tunnel
locally assigns the TEID value the transmitting side has to use. The TEID values are exchanged between tunnel
endpoints using control plane protocols

S1 GTP Tunnel S5 GTP Tunnel

UE eNB S-GW P-GW

Internet
IP Packet
1 2 3 4
GTP-U Tunnel
Dst IP: S-GW Dst IP: P-GW
Src IP : eNB Src IP : S-GW
TEID: UL S1-TEID TEID: UL S5-TEID
Dst IP: Internet Dst IP: Internet Dst IP: Internet Dst IP: Internet
Src IP : UE Src IP : UE Src IP : UE Src IP : UE
Inner IP packet Outer IP packet Outer IP packet Inner IP packet

(a) From UE to the Internet

S1 GTP Tunnel S5 GTP Tunnel

UE eNB S-GW P-GW

Internet
IP Packet
4 3 2 1
GTP-U Tunnel
Dst IP: eNB Dst IP: S-GW
Src IP : S-GW Src IP : P-GW
TEID: DL S1-TEID TEID: DL S5-TEID
Dst IP: UE Dst IP: UE Dst IP: UE Dst IP: UE
Src IP : Internet Src IP : Internet Src IP : Internet Src IP : Internet
Inner IP packet Outer IP packet Outer IP packet Inner IP packet

(b) From the Internet to UE

Figure 4. Traffic flow on the LTE network

When a GTP tunnel is established on the S1-U interface, the S-GW assigns a TEID (UL S1-TEID in Figure 4(a)) for
uplink traffic and the eNB assigns a TEID (DL S1-TEID in Figure 4(b)) for downlink traffic. The TEID values of the
S1 GTP tunnel are exchanged between the eNB and the S-GW using S1AP and GTP-C messages. Likewise when
a GTP tunnel is established on the S5 interface, the P-GW assigns a TEID (UL S5-TEID in Figure 4(a)) for uplink
traffic and the S-GW assigns a TEID (DL S5-TEID in Figure 4(b)) for downlink traffic. The TEID values of the S5
GTP tunnel are exchanged between the S-GW and the P-GW using GTP-C protocol.

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LTE Network Architecture: Basic

When a user IP packet is delivered through a GTP tunnel on the S1-U and S5 interfaces, the eNB, S-GW and P-
GW forward the user IP packet by encapsulating with the TEID assigned by the receiving peer GTP entity. In
uplink direction, the S-GW builds a one-to-one mapping between an S1 GTP tunnel (UL S1-TEID) and an S5 GTP
tunnel (UL S5-TEID) to terminate the S1 GTP tunnel and forward the user IP packet into the S5 GTP tunnel.
Likewise in downlink direction, the S-GW builds a one-to-one mapping between a S5 GTP tunnel (DL S5-TEID)
and a S1 GTP tunnel (DL S1-TEID) to terminate the S5 GTP tunnel and forward the user IP packet into the S1
GTP tunnel. In figure 4, the procedure through which each EPS entity forwards Internet traffic flow is as
follows:

a) Traffic flow in uplink direction: from UE to the Internet

① A UE transfers user IP packets to an eNB over LTE-Uu interface.

② The eNB encapsulates the user IP packets with the S1 GTP tunnel header and forwards the
resulting outer IP packets to the S-GW. Here, the eNB selected a “TEID” value (i.e. UL S1-TEID),
“Destination IP Address” (i.e. S-GW IP address), and “Source IP Address” (i.e. eNB IP address) to
make the S1 GTP tunnel header.
③ After receiving the outer IP packets, the S-GW strips off the S1 GTP tunnel header, encapsulates
the user IP packets (the inner IP packets) with the S5 GTP tunnel header and forwards the
resulting outer IP packets to the P-GW. Here the S-GW selected a “TEID” value (i.e. UL S5-TEID),
“Destination IP Address” (i.e. P-GW IP address), and “Source IP Address” (i.e. S-GW IP address)
to make the S5 GTP tunnel header.
④ After receiving the outer IP packets, the P-GW gets the user IP packets by stripping off the S5
GTP tunnel header and transfers them to the Internet through IP routing.

b) Traffic flow in downlink direction: from the Internet to UE

① A P-GW receives IP packets destined for a UE over the Internet.

② The P-GW encapsulates the user IP packets with the S5 GTP tunnel header and forwards the
resulting outer IP packets to the S-GW. Here, the P-GW selected a “TEID” value (i.e. DL S5-TEID),
“Destination IP Address” (i.e. S-GW IP address), and “Source IP Address” (i.e. P-GW IP address)
to make the S5 GTP tunnel header.
③ After receiving the outer IP packets, the S-GW strips off the S5 GTP tunnel header, encapsulates
the user IP packets (the inner IP packets) with the S1 GTP tunnel header and forwards the
resulting outer IP packets to the eNB. Here, the S-GW selected a “TEID” value (i.e. DL S1-TEID),
“Destination IP Address” (i.e. eNB IP address), and “Source IP Address” (i.e. S-GW IP address) to
make the S1 GTP tunnel header.
④ After receiving the outer IP packets, the eNB gets the user IP packets by stripping off the S1
GTP tunnel header and transfers them to the UE through the Data Radio Bearer (DRB) over the
radio link3.

3
For DRB, refer to the technical document, “LTE Identification III: EPS Session/Bearer Identifiers”

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LTE Network Architecture: Basic

V. Closing

The LTE network architecture has been presented as the first document of the “LTE” technical document
series. The LTE network architecture explained in this document applies to a LTE only network provided by a
single operator and thus has covered the most basic components of the EPS system. To be able to move on to
other LTE technical documents that follow, fundamental understanding of the entities and interfaces of the
EPS system is required. The next technical document, consisting of three companion documents, is another
basic LTE document and will discuss the LTE identification applied to the LTE network reference model. These
basic documents would be helpful in better understanding of subsequent documents, which will discuss more
advanced functions of the LTE architecture including LTE interworking and roaming.

References

[1] 3GPP TS 36.300, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2”.
[2] 3GPP TS 23.401, “General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access”.
[3] Magnus Olsson, et. al., SAE and the Evolved Packet Core – Driving the Mobile Broadband Revolution,
AP, 2009.
[4] NMC Consulting Group Confidential Internal Report, “E2E LTE Network Design”, August 2010.

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LTE Network Architecture: Basic

Netmanias Research and Consulting Scope

99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13

eMBMS/Mobile IPTV
CDN/Mobile CDN
Transparent Caching
BSS/OSS
Services Cable TPS
Voice/Video Quality
IMS
Policy Control/PCRF
IPTV/TPS
LTE

Mobile Mobile WiMAX

Network Carrier WiFi
LTE Backaul
Data Center Migration
Carrier Ethernet
FTTH
Wireline
Data Center
Network
Metro Ethernet
MPLS
IP Routing

Visit http://www.netmanias.com to view and download more technical documents.

About NMC Consulting Group

NMC Consulting Group is an advanced and professional network consulting company, specializing in IP network areas (e.g., FTTH, Metro Ethernet and IP/MPLS), service
areas (e.g., IPTV, IMS and CDN), and wireless network areas (e.g., Mobile WiMAX, LTE and Wi-Fi) since 2002.
Copyright © 2002-2013 NMC Consulting Group. All rights reserved.

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