Explicit vs Implicit

Explicit
Implicit Analysis u

A direct computation of the dependent variables can

Lecture - 5
q

be made in terms of known quantities

q Unknown appears only on one side of the equation
• x(t+h) = x(t) + h f(x(t))
CE 264
Non-linear Finite Element Modeling and Simulation

u Implicit
q The dependent variables are defined by coupled sets
of equations, and either a matrix or iterative
technique is needed to obtain the solution
q Unknown appears on both sides of the equation
• x(t+h) = x(t) + h f(x(t+h))

CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #2

Explicit, LS DYNA Implicit, LS DYNA

u Internal and external forces are summed at each node point u A global stiffness matrix is computed, inverted and applied to
and a nodal acceleration is computed by dividing by nodal the nodal out of balance force to obtain a displacement
mass increment
..
[M]{x}n = [Fexternal ]n − [Finternal ]n .. ..
[M ]{ x} n+1 + [ K ]{ x} n+1 = [Fexternal] n+1 − [ Finternal]n − [ M ]{ x} n

u Solution is advanced by numerical integration of the above
computed acceleration in time
u Courant condition limits largest stable time step
u Typically requires many relatively inexpensive time steps
u Well suited for dynamic simulations such as impact and crash
(short duration)
u Large numerical effort required to form, store and factorize
the stiffness matrix
u Typically involve a relatively small number of expensive time
steps
u Well suited for static and quasi-static simulations
q Quasi -static analysis: “time” represents a monotonically
increasing parameter which characterizes the evolution of the
loading

CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #3 CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #4

1
Activating Implicit Analysis Implicit Keywords
u Three types of analysis can be performed u *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL (required)
q Fully explicit (default) q Activates implicit mode
q Fully implicit q Defines implicit time step size

q Explicit followed by implicit (switching) u *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLVER (optional)

q Performs the CPU intensive stiffness matrix inversion, [k]{x}=[f]
q Parameters for linear equation solver
u Keywords q Does NOT invoke a linear analysis
q *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
q *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLVER u *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLUTION (optional)
q Parameters for linear or nonlinear equation solver (Newton- based methods)
q *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLUTION q Controls iterative equilibrium search, convergence
q *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO q “linear” analysis selected here (a special case where no iterations are
performed)
q *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_STABILIZATION
q *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS u *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO (optional)
q *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_EIGENVALUE q Activates automatic time step control
q Default is fixed time step size, results in error termination if any steps fail to
converge
• “Not all features are available in implicit mode ”

CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #5 CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #6

Implicit Numerical Methods Linear Equation Solver

u Implicit governing equations contain two problems to solve
..
[ M ]{x }n+ 1 + [ K ]{x}n +1 = [ Fexternal] n +1 − [ Finternal] n − [ M ]{x}n
u Nonlinear Problem
q Find displacements x which satisfy equilibrium Fext =Fint
q Both K, Fext and Fint can be nonlinear functions of x
q Iterative search employed using Newton-based methods
u Linear Problem
q Solve system of linear algebraic equations, [k]{x}=[f]
q Must solve during every nonlinear iteration
q Great CPU and memory cost makes this problem important
u A linear system of equations of the form K.Du=R must
..
be solved within each equilibrium iteration
u Stiffness matrix K is inverted and applied to the
residual load R, yielding a displacement increment Du
u Storing and solving this linear system represent a
large portion of the memory and CPU costs of an
implicit analysis
u Several different linear equations solvers are
available, including direct (Gaussian elimination) and
iterative (conjugate gradient, Lanczos) methods
u Very important to allow enough memory for the
stiffness matrix factorization

CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #7 CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #8

2
Non-linear Equation Solver Element Formulations

u Several different non-linear equations solvers are
available. All of them are iterative
u When the norms of displacement and energy are
reduced below user prescribed tolerances (default 1.0e-
3 and 1.0e-2 respectively), equilibrium is reached within
sufficient accuracy, the iteration process is said to have
converged, and the solution proceeds to the next time
step
u Selected using *SECTION keywords
u Default elements often use single point integration
with hourglass control
q Good for explicit, where element costs can dominate
solution
q Bad for implicit, since hourglass modes cause
convergence trouble
u For implicit analysis it is generally more effective to
use more expensive element formulations which
are less susceptible to hourglass instability

CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #9 CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #10

Hourglass Hourglass Control

u Tips for Hourglass control
u Crash codes use a 1-point integration scheme for
q Lower Young’s modulus than steel, hourglass may occur.
elements to achieve fast computation Increase hourglass control coefficient
u This causes rank deficiency in stiffness matrix and causes q Connecting a 1-D element to a shell may generate large
hourglass modes or zero energy modes hourglassing. Using triangular elements may help
u Two main hourglass modes In-plane Mode
q Improving connections and refining mesh might help reduce
q In plane (membrane mode) or eliminate hourglass
q Out of plane (W mode)
Out-of-plane Mode

Good

Good
Bad Bad

CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #11 CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #12

3
Hourglass Control Element Formulations for Implicit Analysis

u Shell Elements
q S/R Hughes Liu shell element #6
• 2x2 selective -reduced integration
• 6 DOF per node (dx, dy, dz, rx, ry, rz)
• Most expensive
q Fully integrated shell element #16
• 2x2 integration with enhanced strain formulation
• 6 DOF per node (dx, dy, dz, rx, ry, rz)
• Least expensive of 2x2 elements
Bad
Bad
u Solid Elements
q Hughes Liu brick element #2
• 3 DOF per node (dx, dy, dz)
Good Good • 2x2x2 selective reduced integration
• Most expensive

CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #13 CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #14

Element Formulations for Implicit Analysis Implicit Contact Interfaces

u Beam Element u Several contact interfaces are available for implicit

q Hughes -Liu #1 analysis
• 6 DOF per node (dx, dy, dz, rx, ry, rz) q *CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
• One integration point along length q *CONTACT_NODES_TO_SURFACE
q *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE
u Spring Element etc.,
q 2 node, 3 DOF per node (dx, dy, dz) or (rx, ry, rz)
q Springs act only in one direction (no shear strength), u All implicit contact interfaces use the penalty
unlike beam elements method
q Nonlinear F/D behavior and failure can cause u Oriented normal vectors are recommended
convergence trouble
u Automatic contact types often fail for implicit

CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #15 CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #16

4
Loads Automatic Time Step Control

u Ramp up load from zero to final value u *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO

u Load curve should extend beyond the termination u Automatic time step control adjusts stepsize during
the simulation
time for stability
q Very persistent, reliable
q Step size varied such that solving for equilibrium in
each step is equally difficult
Force

u After successful steps

q Compare iteration count to target value ITEOPT
q Increase/decrease size of next step if difference
exceeds ITEWIN
u After failed steps
Time q Decrease step size
q Back up, repeat failed step with new DT

CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #17 CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #18

Model Setup

Honeycomb Block
Implicit Analysis u

122.5 x 122.5 x 150

Examples
q

q C/S Area = 122.5 2

q Length = 150 mm
CE 264
Non-linear Finite Element Modeling and Simulation

u Implicit Analysis
q Crosshead speed –
10 mm/sec
q Output – Rwforc
and nodout

CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #20

5
Dyna Input Dyna Output

CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #21 CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #22

Force vs Displacement Stress vs Relative Volume

u X-axis,
q R.Vol = Current vol/Initial vol
q R.Vol = L1L2L3’/L1L2L3
q R.Vol = (L3-d)/L3
q R.Vol = (150-d)/150

u Y-axis,
q Stress = Force/Area

q Stress = F/(122.52)

CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #23 CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #24

6
Comparison

CE 264, Lecture 5 Slide #25