1. A Belgian brewery produces its beer in Brussels, with a price of 10 EUR per bottle.

This
beer is exported to Japan, where a 15 % or 1.5 EUR tax is to be paid to the Japanese
government in order to be able to export the beer to Tokyo.

2. After a severe drought damaged Mexican sugar cane crops in the year 2012, the country
introduced a cap of 250,000 tons on sugar imports. 10 percent of this volume was
assigned to Nicaragua, the rest will be provided by the international market.

3. “ Brazil is considering granting […] [the import] of 750,000 metric tons of U.S. wheat per year
without tariffs in exchange for other trade concessions, according to a Brazilian official with
knowledge of the negotiations ahead of President Jair Bolsonaro's visit to Washington. That
is about 10 percent of Brazilian annual wheat imports and is part of a two-decade-old
commitment to import 750,000 metric tons of wheat a year free of tariffs that Brazil made —
but never kept — during the World Trade Organization's Uruguay Round of talks on
agriculture.

Voice of America - March 16, 2019 (https://www.voanews.com/americas/brazil-reportedly-

weighing-import-quota-us-wheat)

4. “In tightening sanctions on Iran, the Trump administration moved on Monday to isolate
Tehran economically and undercut its power across the Middle East. But the clampdown has
complicated relations with China at a particularly sensitive moment.

The decision to stop five of Iran’s biggest customers from buying its oil was an audacious
strike at Tehran’s lifeline — one million barrels of oil exports daily, fully half of which go to
China. The order was also aimed at India, Japan, South Korea and Turkey, all countries that
trade robustly with the United States.

All are also partners with the United States on major security and diplomatic issues that do
not involve Iran. “We will no longer grant exemptions,” Secretary of State Mike Pompeo
said…”

NY Times - U.S. Moves to Stop All Nations From Buying Iranian Oil, but China Is Defiant, April
22, 2019 (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/22/world/middleeast/us-iran-oil-sanctions-
.html)

5. “[…] When Fidel Castro came to power Jan. 1, 1959. He quickly lost American support as he
publicized private land and companies, and imposed heavy taxes on imports from the U.S. In
the first year of Castro’s regime, U.S. trade with Cuba decreased 20%. […] Cuba made
another jab at “the Yankee imperialists.” In a single night, Castro’s Cabinet nationalized 382
businesses, “including 105 sugar mills, 13 department stores, 18 distilleries, 61 textile
factories, eight railways and all banks […]” After this President Dwight D. Eisenhower
imposed the trade barriers on Cuba on Oct. 19, 1960. Originally it prohibited all U.S. exports
to Cuba except for medicine and some foods. President John F. Kennedy expanded this policy
to cover U.S. imports from Cuba and made it permanent on Feb. 7, 1962.

TIME - Oct 19, 2015 - https://time.com/4076438/us-cuba-embargo-1960/

6. The European Union and ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) are
negotiating under the Economic Partnership Agreements the complete removal of
quantitative and duty related trade barriers for West African countries with regards to
imports into the European Union.

7. “United Nations experts are investigating possible violations of UN sanctions on North Korea
in about 20 countries, from alleged clandestine nuclear procurement in China to arms
brokering in Syria and military cooperation with Iran, Libya and Sudan.

The expert panel’s 66-page report to the security council, obtained on Monday by the
Associated Press, also detailed the appearance in North Korea of a Rolls-Royce Phantom,
Mercedes-Benz limousines and Lexus LX 570 all-wheel-drives in violation of a ban on luxury
goods.” The guardian - mar 12, 2019
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/12/north-korea-sanctions-un-investigating-
possible-violations-in-about-20-countries

8. After Chinese solar energy parts were becoming more and more competitive, as R&D started
to deliver fruits, the US saw its market under threat. Bearing in mind the comparative
advantage of China, the US announced in 2012 that they would impose a tax ranging from
2.9% to 4.7% on Chinese made solar panels.

9. The Secretariat of Economy (SE) published in the Diario Oficial (Federal Register) on
December 27, 2017, an announcement containing the maximum […] of sugar to be exported
to the United States for the 2017/18 sugar cycle. The amount remains unchanged from the
October 13, 2017 announcement at 1,150,612.86 metric tons raw value (MT-RV).

US Department for Agriculture - Jan 26, 2018 https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/mexico-

mexico-announces-maximum-sugar-export-quota-united-states-1