cere 2019/J.Cannon Water Purification Process and process controlTHORN Leading Pure Water Analytics (METTLER TOLEDO | 3 1964 Dr. Richard Thornton, an MIT professor, founded Thorton Inc 2001 Acquired by Mettler-Toledo and integrated into Process Analytics Division Cree re te Cm ti ek onon k es POS MG eee neue ha mano e cet aT) Dene eee Ee nt Ec) tet em Cur Curent een ne Bevilacqua), EP, JP, FDA, SEMI & PV (J. Cannon) and ASTM (D. Gray) Strong working relationships at system fabricators ages I=l esc) Douay | Urdort: INGOLD OF edge SWAIN Billerica: THORNTON R&D Centre and Production~ o a A, 3) “4 oy Shanghat Broun = 1A Representae Man Offce ‘Sao Paclo fs Represertaive Branch Office MO Main Office Production Manufacturing © MO Branch Officea NTON Innovation Highlights Cate Rr) Long Tradition in Pure Water Analytical Measurements 20655 mag -*tgei s acorn Fa? Bm “eo ‘sw a ise THORNTON -— Leading Pure Water Analytics Perea = THORNTON led the development of today’s state-of-the-art sensors: A ~ Unique sanitary two electrode conductivityiresistivity sensors - Unique SMART sensor technology = Proprietary technology across all parameters: ZO. oC ~ Multi-parameter transmitters across all parameters 7 + THORNTON USP compliant temperature compensation algorithms ° ~ UniCond digital measurement technology = Innovation goes on ~ New ozone sensor = Unique digital TOC sensor with real-time TOC measurement > ~ New ISM multiparameter transmitter family Sodium and Silica Analyzers “ Real Time Microbial Detection= Measurement Parameters in UPW Systems * Selecting Thornton parameters for UPW aI) ification Technologies Crate ao) = Coleridge in the Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner wrote, “Water, water everywhere...Nor a drop to drink”. ™ When discussing Ultrapure water for process use, perhaps a better paraphrase would be; ~“Water, water everywher Nor a drop that’s pure”.Dihydrogen Oxide Coe * Tasteless = No odor * Swiftly Lethal + Scald a human ~ Freeze a human = Forms acids that will remove leaves from trees = 80% of a Potato * 75% of a Bacterium = 95% of a Tomato = 65% of the Human body WATER * Dihydrogen Oxide is chemically closest to; = Hydrogen Selenide, melts at -64° C, boils at -41°C - Hydrogen Sulphide, melts at -82° C, boils at 60°C = Contracts by 10% when frozen * Dihydrogen Oxide ~ Should boil at -92° ¢ ~ Should be @ gas at Room Temperature = Should contract when frozen = Contracts and then expands by 10% when frozen 37 Freshwater + 97% in the Oceans and Seas + 3% non saline, most in ice sheets * 0.036% in Lakes, rivers and reservoirs {FRESH WATER BREAKDOWN, 70% - frozen Glaciers 29% - Underground Aguile: ‘<1% = Lakes, Rivers SteamsWater Pu ification Technologies Perea = THE BUSINESS OF WATER - The world’s most precious commodity - Water has always been a critical component in the success of any economic endeavor. - Virtually every manufacturing business relies on a steady supply of water. ~ ‘Availability of water will be a bigger challenge than climate change’ — Stanford University Business School - “Water the next Oil” — Stanford University Business School - 1in 3 persons currently live in water stressed areas that will rise to 1 in 2 by 2030 Water Purification Technologies Pert Ree ‘SBE q , Every businesshas a differentrelationship with water. Some DAILYDOMESTICUSEPERCAPITA S3it to process raw materials and manufacture goods. Some + canada 778 useit to coo) orcleen equipment. And someuse tas a central + United States 616 leanstlont cite precuctiher ssf, * Australia 605, WATER USE FOR GOMMON PRODUCTS Feenes "16,600 liters of LEATHER aan "15,500 liters of water to make one kilogram of BEEF ce ssipansrd "10 liters of water to make one sheet of PAPER: ieee "10,855 liters of water to make one pair of JEANS 80 liters of water per dollar of INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT Se "1,300 Iters of water to make one kilogram of WHEAT wheaee 8? +40 liters of water to meke one slice of BREAD nasa "2 trot aarti re han cP INE =4,800 liters of weter to make one kilogram of PORK + Czech Repub 219 liters of water to make one pound of PLASTIC + Germany 154 *70 liters of water to make one APPLE + Poland 149 ‘140 Iter of water to make one cup of COFFEE + Inga 108 04 iters fer average shower + Usted 1Gngdom 139 *125iiters for average bath Denmark 114 "148, 000litersto make one car — not including the tires = China 95Water Purification Technologies: espe Water Source - Types Ditton of Eas Wat » Ground waters =~ =. » Surface waters Higher Mineral content Lower Mineral content Low organic levels Higher organic levels Higher Hardness levels Higher TDS levels Less temperature variation Wide Temperature variations ‘Seasonal fluctuations" *May cause certain facilities to switch between ground and surface water supplies Water contaminants Pape * Total dissolved solids (TDS):Ansasuecofe ol of onic sndnoranisatsdssolein wae obtained dying esdves 180" © “+The sum fall ors ina sotuton oten oproxnad by nears oelestical conduct ores measiremens, To sso oes (TDS) “+ measureent ae commony usec asessrevese osmosis unt peromance * Totallonized Solids & Gases: Concerta ofcSasabedionsinsoion extesnedincanconton us ofNaCl(odumchlode “+ Ts detrminas he oper if ction exchange rosin, ans calesoe te eesuemors of Specie Residence “+ Gices Caton Donde, Oxygan lett aor quality and ys peromanoe = Total Solids: To solos n waerncude bon cssohedand suspendedsoiés Deteminedby weghingsarplebetoweand ater evapora. © Mleroblal:2ecora, vies end Progens(andooens). * Particulates: san, dt, decay mara © Organies: compountsnetconan carbon. Oran mate sa broad category tances bath nara arcade molecies coining * carbon andhyogen.Aluieg materin wae s made up of orpnitreeciles The mostcanman se bpradus vende decay, “24h 9 nts, lois sr hare akWater Purification Technologies: Major Classes of Contaminants FE Exelon epanie oul near tel emo) [5 = Good feapabie ot reoving are percertaoes) 00" le ono remo) Puriieation Process Dissolve onze issohved nized ‘cases Dissolved Organics Parteuiates Bacteria Pyrogens Datlaton Deinizaion OH Reverse Oxrosis [ExbonAdsorton cron Fttn [Sub Miron Fin DiraRaraFivaton U.oncaion Distillatio n ' Dilation: Aputfcaton process inohing the phase change of weer from liquid to vapor and back to quid, leaning behind mast ofthe impure in the wake. Spain Vater. Condensin Come" Product ‘Water Coolant “gal KS Boiling Chamber ciLimitations Enerny Intensive Slow process GO, absorption Major Classes of Contaminants E = Excellent (capable lor complete or near otal removal) IG = Good (capable of removing large percentages) IP = Poor (ite or no removal) Dissolved | Dissolved Dissolved Tonized | onized | “rsanien [Particulates] Bacteria | Pyrogens Purification Process istiation E cEw E E E a Deionization Mixed Bed or Single Bed lon Exchange * Delonition: Removal fons tom ter by exchange wih aber ions assockted whe charges onaresi Removing dissohd ins tom soon by passing tough @bed oon excharpe ress, conssing olpaler beads hal exctengehydropenions fr ctons an dro 0n8 ‘er arcnein soliton The iene mpuries remain Sound the reais. andthe hydrogen andhydrom ots comine nth ech hero frm wt, Demineraltion: Somsimas ueodiiechongeely th drzabe, trots othe removal miners end mines sls using ion achonge Continuous Electro Doionztion (E01 Col C=O He Cam, ue cae [+ a0 ow er one mea Neat af cat 4 no von on Son one one ar on ‘Spherical bead of stirene polmer crossinked with duinbenzeneionizatio Anion/Cation Exchange seme roo ‘ 2 3 4 ca f Anion Membrane Ultrapure Water Cation Membrane Anion Mombrane Cathode {+} Oct Gon Or. ONoe Clon Exchonge ResinDeionization - Electr ere aye Water Purification Technologies: Prat aoi) Deionization Ranovrgdesledon om soon bypassing through bed fon exchange resins, consisting of polymer beads that exchange hydrogen ions for cations and ‘hydroxyl ions for anions in solution. The ionic impunties remain houndto the resins, andthe hydrogen and hydroxyl ions combine with each other to form water: Limitations = SS nl lnc Removal oe Generates pares cones ‘Organic fouling a: oS Ener tense (EDD a waaay |] conainiy aa sine ‘aan ao: BS [=> 3 Major Classes of Contaminants = Excelent (capable lo complete or near ote! removal) prasatvea | ‘plasoesea JS = Good (capable ot | “ronized | tonized | PSOE |particuates Pyrogens removing large solids. | Goses | Organics percentages) > = Peor ite oF no removal) Purification Proce Deionization (ED) E E P > P PWater Purification Technologies: Reverse Osmosis Reverse Osmosis: A process in which water is forced under a pressure sufficient to overcome osmotic pressure through & semi- permeable membrane, leaving behind most ofthe impurites, typically 90-98%. Product water quality depends on feed waler quali. The evra ct canods pur wa oan eer les tou a eenvpemecimenttae fom a less oretaed soluion tb @ more concentrated solution. The flow of water cen be reversed wih an opposing pressure that exceeds osmotic pressure. Wth Reverse Osmosis, water is forced out of a concentrated solution. leaving the solute (impunties) behind. Cmte ‘ete = Prete % Porosity (cut-ot: £01007 Microns ae Sot ‘art ure + Foes ae wares | Water ‘Sem ie. Semi permeable rmombrane mentiane (a) osmocie Flow (B) Osmotic Equilorim 2) Reverse Osmosis Typical RO Membranes = Selection factors for membranes include pH stability, working life, mechanical strength, pressurization capacity and selectivity as well as efficiency for solute removal = Operating pressures are often in the range of 100 ~ 1000 psi (7-69 bars) oT: Sec = Usedifwater is "State-of-the-art RO "Chlorine tolerant chlorinated membrane * Withstand higher pH * Forapplications with "Chlorine sensitive " Bestused where the eran rots eae "Higher rejection rate feedwater is softand biofouling than CAICTA high pH or where high * Not appropriate for membranes nitrates are of concem applications at "More resistant to Se Ts microbial attack, high pressure (e.g. seawat pH and high TDS than desalination GACTA 800-1000 psig range) Mostcommonly usedin RO systems todayRO Membranes Comparison Overview Pe eS bial en) ea Suc Product vater rate to atmosphere @4.1 tar, 25° C (60 psi,77" F) 22000gpd- 4” (7,5001/8) to0ogpd-4"(s.780d-4) | 590 %og- 81.94.00 Ue) Maimum feed vater TDS: 1200mgit 2000 mgil feonductvity) 1,700 Bem 3,000 s8/em Salt Repction 95% + 99% 40° F-86° F 40° F-113" F Feed vater temperature 4° 6-30" ¢ a C-45° 3.0-9.0 Feed vater pH 2.0-14.0 Maimum feed pressure 50-100 psi 50-100 psi (mn suitble ecsure vesel) 3.46.9 tar 3.46.9 tar Boosterpump pressure 80 psi (5.5 tar) 80 psi (5.5 tar) Tmamnum of 7o00ma7 Chlorine tolerance normal0.30.5 ppm. sensitive tocnerime and (0.30.5 maf) RO — Example of 97% Rejection: 2 2 1,000 ppm { 30 ppm a a 30 ppm 4 0.9 ppm ft100 liters 80 liters = Inlet and outlet flow = %Recovery = Permeate/(Permeate + Reject) x 100 verse Osmosis See) Ee Bacal Ceapatre ot complete or near P= Poor {litle or no removal) Purification Process 80 liters => 64 liters Major Classes of Conta Dissolved Tonized ‘Gazer Dissolved oissolved | particulates Bacterio Reverse Osmosis Ga Limitations. Percentage Removal ‘water use Membrane fice Organic fouing Tammparature sensitive Membrane roeWater Purification Technologies: Carbon Adsorption An eflcive method fr removing dissolved organic substances thet cause lass, odors or colrsis adsorpion by activated carbon ‘Adsorptonis the capacty ofa sold paricle to atract molecules tof surface, Limitations Only Organic Removal Generates paticies Biologicaltouing IE = Exealent (capable lor complete or near total removal) le = Cove f removing la laercentages) IP'= Poor (litle orn removal) Purification Process. [carbon adsorption P oy Poo) e e 7 Dissolved | Dissolved Tonized | “Yonized Sol ‘Gases Porticulates| Bacteria | Pyrogens Se eele tou atels sss Removal of particles by size exchusion Removal of patcles by pressure iiven #; Pasion moved i ae acapes: ‘r055-ow separation process (afusion veloc) they are too large to ft trough physical Asemi-permeable membrane works as a bare, pores (Le, holes) in the fer media, and alows fud tat is being punted pass through (the cemeate) whit larger particles Dee ee ioe heehee aera and cortaminarts aa retained the retertato) through the pores Particle 2 Particle 1 S&S = Fiter surface Filtered water Permeate water Initiative FocusSeparation Systems by Pressure and Particle Size Pout aol ean picesine (Weiesen High: Seeker S- fo ee ern Low Particle > Size (uy 0001 0.010022 1 10 100 ~~ 1000 ~=—-10000 = UP Purification Fractions. Cellhanesting Beverage and Breweries Waste water § ,, veamenm of sole ton af mik fiom fermenta- beer cinficaion (auter tun) sluries ae dyes and proteins ivr brut 8B Desainason Clasfication Fine chomicals Thin sugar se Plaments —ymey -—Glaniication of API sturies ——filration ice fitration BB Poishing of Conn, prota sfcom sip afer i evaporator ton of concentration Bcaaverantal Iimingfcarbo. condensate sugars Industial size fermentations ation eet oe ea ieee Pee cue ete Noe: 1 Mleron w (micrometer) cue) x 10sInches Water Purification Technologies. Filtration - micron, sub-micron, micro, ultra, nano Limitations hd * ctr mea vay yen on rite fh a Replace cost “+ Nanotation Arverbsaneteainnt process which ela baticen conan nd ution on he ‘ratonfeparatn pectn. The narorion process cn pass mare ws ower presse operations than revere caress can rma parisesin the 000,000 lec weightage such mis sd end “+ pele colrbodesprecertinwsie ‘Uttattraton:tprocesin wich air ered rough a polymeric mambrans having vary pore sie ‘The membrane nilein conics ad macromolecule sis suf, wile alowng wale fo pss trough "+ Typical molsarysigteat of engesareS000 100,000 Pore sizes range fon 0 01 04 icons Major Classes of Contaminants [E= Sicatent Ceasabe lot complete or near [o's Good eapacie of Dissolved ™ Good (capable sso eet Cane Dissolved |particulates| @acteria | Pyrogens lpercentages) P= Poor ‘little or no removal) Purification Process [Micron Fitrtion P e e = z e [Sub Micron Fitration P ? P ? [UtrarNone Fitration| P P SS = e =Water Purification Technologies: Pompeo UV Oxidation rT 254:nm wavelength (Germicidal, Non-lonizing) sterlizes bacteria by . breaking the Thymine bond in the DNA thus stopping growth “ 485 nm wavelength (Non-Visible, lonizing) breaks dovin organics to ionic ‘components (H-08 CO:) through the formation ofthe reactive hydroxyl racical (OH ") e Limitations ‘Doesnot prevent Bio-m Lamp cost fF = ExcaTent (capable of complete or near otal removal) 5 = coo (capable of removing large Dissolved | Dissolved Tonized | Ionized Particulates | Bacteria | Pyrogens Jpercentages) Solids Gases P= Poor tle or no removal) ° P| eae > (em e Water Purification Technologies romania Major Classes of Contaminants [= tcaent anaes oF complate or near tat removal) Je= Good (capatie or | vissoived | dissolved Tonized | “tonized | 350'V09 lpariculates| acteria | Pyrogens removing large solids, | "Gases ganies percentages) J» = Poor lite or no removal) Purtication Process festiaten e eo e e e e [bcionienson OD e e . . . . Reverse Osmosis ce a G e e e [carbon Adsorption P PO [eee ® r ® lutrarnane Fitreton P a sO e e e [ex omdaton F z £76 (6) ea™ Water Purification Technologies * Selecting Thornton parameters for UPW[sity] P| w 15 (TOC dee eter 11 Songs Tak [Sexage Tank Distbuton Lie) 0] sa) ee “Chemical Measurements Physical Measiireniants: = Conductivity Resistivity 1 aerperetaT - ean across filter/membrane = Flow rate (for % recovery) Flow rate and return pressure _ (through the distributi 1 “= Number of Colonies/mL = Type of bacteria * EndotoxinsWater Purification Technologies Prout RoE} How to apply this knowledge for Measurement & Control of UPW Systems are Criti oes s? What are Critical Measurements cates Measurements of a process or a product that impacts... * Quantity of product ~ average, daily, peak Uses in-process measurement tools and ME oheeiet controls while the product is being - efficiency manufactured. ~ cost of production ~ cost of maintenance focus 3 © Quality of product ee ~ safety Roe ; ~ purity Product focus - QA = out-of-spec eset Uses measurement tools after the productis * Consistency of the product manufactured.What are Critical Measurements? Cutan ole Measurements that are regulated... for Purified Water (HPW) and WF... Product and Process Control = Conductivity ON feor OWN ml NK MSN nO) aY(-1)) Prat ao a) Crea Nera) Porosity (cutom, Potosty (as-om Porosity (tof) Porosity (outom) 0.002 Mierons 2.001-0.01Microns 0.02.0.2 Microns 10.02-10 Microns == fro Pen ec ee huuecuce ce MF, UF, NF to RO applicationsTypical Design Modules Tate Rly * Holow fibres have a = Pafticlar suitable for ‘greater suface area and fluids with higher sais = Siénesariecoeee: hence capacity but are Content a high wscositias eau ot easy ekednan + sua ae tutuar ee madules ere placed ina * Most costetficient atemative * Suitable for applications cover tube Fequring high packing “ + Not for applications where larger fines or sds can Insensitve against fibres density an tigh py ‘tnd bigh Sod conden case blacking arin case of * Canbe backwvashed appeals SERRE ae * Applications: foosabey environmental industy © Agpleancna ecarnsen industy, especialy for ator toatmart, suraco, valor tear, tal vin itaton, pure water Sewage. desabration, rien esi forphatmaceutcals and fharmaceunes, varish stectoncs, surface water Chemicals treater, Le palpi treatment, process water tent ncust, paper and amish, suface treatment Foodindsty What is Reverse Osmosis (RO)? = Reverse Osmosis units are a series of pressure vessels—“housings”—with a number of membranes installed. Weter chemistry and hydraulics determine the number of housings and membranes required = RO systemsuse high-pressure pumpsto force a solvent through a semipermeable membrane that retains the solute on one side, and allows the pure solventto pass on the other side = RO units removeions, organics, macro-molecules, bacteria, suspended solids, collcids, endotoxins and dissolved solids upto a 99% rejection rate (listed as '% re as a TTOMAXIM00 Measurement) = Feed water hes to be pre-treated to protect RO membranes against organic fouling, mineral scaling ‘and chemical Gegradationto assure iong operational lifetime = There are two common types available: + Single Pass = Doubio Pass OR COLON arr eee R Ea MSE eel Sd Differences are in the design, filter quality, and type of membrane used.